DOCSLIB.ORG

Remembrance and (National/Collective) Memory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

BEYOND CAMPS AND FORCED LABOUR Current International Research on Survivors of Nazi Persecution Fifth International Multi-disciplinary Conference at Imperial War Museum London Wednesday 7- Friday 9 January 2015 ______________________________________________________________________ WEDNESDAY 7 JANUARY 2015 9.00-10.00 Registration 10.00-12.00 Opening Session (Cinema) Welcome Suzanne Bardgett (Imperial War Museums) Sir Andrew Burns (UK Special Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues) Martin Bock (Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future”) Plenary Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett (New York University), 'An architecture of hope on a site of tragedy: the Museum of the History of Polish Jews' 12.00-13.00 Lunch (Conference Room) Draft dated 5 Jan 2015 1 13.00-15.00 PANELS PANEL 1 (Room 1) PANEL 2 (Room 2) PANEL 3 (Room 3) Making good and the restoration of varied Early testimonies Healing after the Holocaust: Health and legacies Chair: Ruth Balint (University of New South Wellness efforts in post-war Europe Chair: Joanna Newman (King’s College, London) Wales) Chair: Christine Schmidt (Wiener Library) Lisa Silverman (University of Wisconsin- Boaz Cohen (Western Galilee College, Akko and Beth Cohen (California State University, Milwaukee) Shaanan College, Haifa) Northridge) Art of Loss: Madame d’Ora and the restitution of Looking for answers in survivors’ experiences: Starting Over: Reconstituted families after the Aryanized property in Austria early holocaust questionnaires Holocaust Jean-Marc Dreyfus (University of Manchester) Olga L. Ryabchenko (O.M. Beketov National Robin Judd (Ohio State University) The long road to compensation: Germany’s University of Urban Economy) A whirlwind of doctors, needles, and tests’: refusal to compensate foreign victims of Everyday life of the forced workers of the health, hygiene and the European Jewish soldier national-socialism and the decision of the so- Spandau Plant by the eyes of a Ukrainian bride called Globalabkommen, 1945-1964 Ostarbeiter Kierra Crago-Schneider (The Conference on Lisa Peschel (University of York) Zoltán Z. Varga (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Jewish Material Claims against Germany) Restitutions of self: reclaiming national identity Memories of camps, memoires of war: personal Rehabilitation and resettlement: the struggle to in scripts from the Terezin ghetto experience, historical trauma, literary expression “normalize” the lives of the tubercular in Post-Second World War Hungarian community in Föhrenwald Michael Berkowitz (University College, London) autobiographies and diaries Ha Shava and the recovery of assets from Jewish institutions: the case of Wulf Jasvoin 15.00-15.30 Coffee/Tea Break (Conference Room) Draft dated 5 Jan 2015 2 15.30-17.30 PANELS PANEL 4 (Room 1) PANEL 5 (Room 2) PANEL 6 (Room 3) Remembering the Holocaust and Jewish Rescue and relief Forced labour History in Czechoslovakia, Austria and Chair: Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck, University of Chair: Martin Bock (Foundation Hungary London) “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future”) Chair: Helen Wildman (University of Wolverhampton) Roxana Ghiță (West University of Timișoara) Thomas Irmer (Rummelsburg Memorial, ”Immigrant” or ”refugee”? the reclassification Berlin/Germany) Michal Frankl (Jewish Museum in Prague) and integration in the United States of Jews Expanding the Ostbahn- German private Museums and survivors’ testimony: escaping Nazi persecution: (1933-1945) companies and Jewish labourers, 1939-1944 representations of the Holocaust in Czech museums and memorials Irene Messinger (University of Vienna) Sabine Rutar (Institut für Ost- und Marriage of convenience as a strategy to Südosteuropaforschung (IOS), Regensburg, Gerald Lamprecht (Graz University) survive the Nazi regime Germany) Jewish history and identity reflected in Jewish Labour deployment in Yugoslav mining museums in post-war Austria Joanna Beata Michlic (Bristol University) industries Rescuers of Jews and their Jewish charges in Eastern Europe: the history of silence Judith Schachtmann (Berlin, Germany) German archaeology and forced labour during the Nazi regime Marianne Neerland Soleim (Uit, The Arctic University of Norway) Forced labourers “from the East” in Northern Europe 1940-1945 17.45 Coach Departs for Macmillan Hall, Senate House, University of London (Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU) Drinks and Canapés 19.00 Welcome and Plenary Lecture Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck, University of London) David Feldman (Pears Institute for the study of Antisemitism, Birkbeck, University of London) Nikolaus Wachsmann (Birkbeck, University of London), ‘After Liberation – Legacies of the Nazi Concentration Camps’ Draft dated 5 Jan 2015 3 THURSDAY 8 JANUARY 2015 9.30-1200 PANELS PANEL 7 (Room 1) PANEL 8 (Room 2) PANEL 9 (Room 3) Forced labour Repatriation and resettlement Children Chair: John Buckley (University of Chair: Jean-Marc Dreyfus (University of Chair: Susanne Urban (International Tracing Wolverhampton) Manchester) Service) Angel Chorapchiev (University of Haifa) and Dieter Bacher (Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute) Rita Horvath (Yad Vashem) Vasilis Ritzaleos (Democritus University of Forced to go – wanted to stay: the role of Holocaust testimonies given by Child-Survivors Thrace) national and international administration for the to two large-Scale historical-memorial projects in The role of the Jewish forced labour battalions integration of former foreign forced labourers in the immediate aftermath of the Second World on the line Simitli - Sidirocastro in the geo - Austria, 1945 to 1955 War strategic plans of Bulgaria during the Second World War Kevin McCarthy (University College Cork) Maryann McLoughlin (The Richard Stockton Operation Shamrock and the children of College of New Jersey) Dallas Michelbacher (Central Michigan Clonwyn Castle: a comparison that suggests Children and war, the Aftermath: Post-Conflict University) Christian children were more cherished than Second World War Jewish refugee children Jewish forced labour brigades in Romania under Jewish ones the Antonescu Regime Michaela Raggam-Blesch (Austrian Academy of Andrea Strutz (LBI for History of Society and Sciences) Nadège Ragaru (Sciences Po CERI, Paris) Culture/University of Graz) Precarious protection: the fate of children of The Jewish mobile labour battalions in Pirin, Reluctant welcome: the post-1945 resettlement "half-Jewish" descent during the Nazi-regime in Macedonia (Bulgaria): writing and remembering of displaced persons and refugees to Canada Austria a silenced History Malin Thor Tureby (Linköping University, Kamila Uzarczyk (Wrocław Medical University) Sweden) Broken childhood: Polish ‘Lebensborn’ children The Swedish Jews and the Jewish refugees. in Austria Public narratives about refugees and survivors in the Swedish-Jewish press 1933–1945 Draft dated 5 Jan 2015 4 12.00-13.00 Lunch (Conference Room) 13.00-15.00 PANELS PANEL 10 (Room 1) PANEL 11 (Room 2) PANEL 12 (Room 3) Compensation and restitution Forced labour Early testimonies Chair: Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan (University of Chair: J.D.Steinert (University of Chair: David Cesarani (Royal Holloway, Haifa) Wolverhampton) University of London) Herwig Czech (Documentation Center of the Kinga Frojimovics (Yad Vashem) and Éva Kovács Isabelle Davion (University Paris-Sorbonne) Austrian Resistance/Austrian Academy of (Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Surviving Auschwitz to come back: Witold Sciences) Studies) Pilecki 1943-1945 Debates in post-Second World War Austria on The topography of slavery - Hungarian forced health damages caused by Nazi persecution labourers in Vienna (1944-1945) Sharon Deane-Cox (University of Edinburgh) Memory, at one remove: translating the Imke Hansen, Christiane Hess, Mena Urbitsch Herbert Reinke (Humboldt University, Berlin) testimonies of women survivors and Nina Schulz A triple victimization? Belgian forced laborers Ghetto-pensions: of disputes, discourses and in Berlin during the Second World War and Michael Fleming (Polish University Abroad, actors thereafter at home London) The Holocaust and British information Kateřina Králová (Charles University, Prague) Doris Tausendfreund (Freie Universität Berlin) management strategy The Holocausts in Greece? Victim competition Museums, archives and record-building regarding the post-war compensation for Nazi Beate Müller (Newcastle University) and Sue persecution Vice (University of Sheffield) Representing Jan Karski: Jan Karski’s Jeff Porter (Birkbeck, University of London) representations: from tape- recorder to Restitution in the early post-war period for Holocaust witness Germans robbed by the Nazis: A trans-Atlantic perspective 15.00-15.30 Coffee/Tea Break (Conference Room) Draft dated 5 Jan 2015 5 15.30-17.30 PANELS PANEL 13 (Room 1) PANEL 14 (Room 2) PANEL 15 (Room 3) Memoralization, commemoration, Prisoners of War Jewish Displaced Persons remembrance Chair: Suzanne Brown-Fleming (United States Chair: Andrea Strutz (University of Graz, Austria) Chair: Suzanne Bardgett (Imperial War Holocaust Memorial Museum) Museums) Lukasz Krzyzanowski (University of Warsaw) Arne Pannen (Documentation Center on Nazi ’Ghost citizens’ in an ordinary Polish town: Roderick Bailey (Oxford University) Forced Labor Berlin-Schoeneweide/Memorial Holocaust survivors returning to Radom Beyond Bonhoeffer: towards a history of and Museum Sachsenhausen) immediately after the war Flossenburg's punishment block The Italian military internees in Germany 1943- 1945 Katarzyna Person (Jewish Historical Institute) Marek Kaźmierczak (Adam Mickiewicz Reactions to the post-war
Recommended publications
  • Gazeta Volume 28, No. 1 Winter 2021

    Gazeta Volume 28, No. 1 Winter 2021

    Volume 28, No. 1 Gazeta Winter 2021 Orchestra from an orphanage led by Janusz Korczak (pictured center) and Stefania Wilczyńska. Warsaw, 1923. Courtesy of the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute. Used with permission A quarterly publication of the American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies and Taube Foundation for Jewish Life & Culture Editorial & Design: Tressa Berman, Daniel Blokh, Fay Bussgang, Julian Bussgang, Shana Penn, Antony Polonsky, Aleksandra Sajdak, William Zeisel, LaserCom Design, and Taube Center for Jewish Life and Learning. CONTENTS Message from Irene Pipes ............................................................................................... 4 Message from Tad Taube and Shana Penn ................................................................... 5 FEATURE ARTICLES Paweł Śpiewak: “Do Not Close the Experience in a Time Capsule” ............................ 6 From Behind the Camera: Polish Jewish Narratives Agnieszka Holland and Roberta Grossman in Conversation ................................... 11 EXHIBITIONS When Memory Speaks: Ten Polish Cities/Ten Jewish Stories at the Galicia Jewish Museum Edward Serrota .................................................................................................................... 15 Traces of Memory in Japan ............................................................................................ 19 Where Art Thou? Gen 3:9 at the Jewish Historical Institute ........................................ 20 REPORTS Libel Action Against Barbara Engelking
  • Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol

    Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol

    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh (1941-1949) A case study in the transnational history of Polish wartime migration to Great Britain Michał Adam Palacz Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2015 Abstract of Thesis More than 400 Polish medical refugees were associated with the Polish School of Medicine (PSM) at the University of Edinburgh between 1941 and 1949. This dissertation argues that the history of the PSM can fully be understood only as a part of the refugees’ broader experience of impelled or forced migration during and immediately after the Second World War. The key findings of this case study demonstrate that the opportunity to study or work at the PSM enabled the majority of Polish exiles to overcome, to a varying extent, their refugee predicament, while medical qualifications, transferable skills and trans-cultural competency obtained in wartime Britain allowed them to pursue professional and academic careers in different countries of post-war settlement, thus in turn contributing to a global circulation of medical knowledge and practice, especially between the University of Edinburgh and Poland.
  • Brexit and Polonia: Challenges Facing the Polish Community During the Process of Britain Leaving the European Union

    Brexit and Polonia: Challenges Facing the Polish Community During the Process of Britain Leaving the European Union

    In its key message for political decision-makers this edited volume is timely, crucial, but most of all straightforward. e message is simple: Brexit is not just about macro-political shis, legal earthquakes and the forging of future global alliances. Brexit is about real people, leading real ordinary lives that are about to be severely disrupted. Millions of people in the United Kingdom – migrants, non-migrants, British and EU citizens – are going to have to adapt to new social and economic conditions. Among them, a large group of Polish citizens who have their own concerns about what the new, post-Brexit Britain will look like. e majority of them call this country their home. It will be up to British and European politicians to make sure this home is a pleasant one. is book is a must-read for anyone seriously committed to this task. Dr Michał Garapich University of Roehampton, London e publication provides the reader with a thorough sociological and legal analysis based on solid empirical material. It truly captures the essence of the right to withdraw from the EU on the example of Brexit, which can be described in one word – uncertainty. Dr Waldemar Gontarski European School of Law and Administration, Warsaw ISBN: 978-0-9568839-6-4 Brexit and Polonia: Challenges facing the Polish Community during the process of Britain leaving the European Union The Polish University Abroad thanks the De Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation and The Hanna & Zdzislaw Broncel Charitable Trust for financially supporting this publication. iii Brexit and Polonia: Challenges facing the Polish Community during the process of Britain leaving the European Union Edited by Michael Fleming The Polish University Abroad, London The Polish University Abroad thanks the De Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation and The Hanna & Zdzislaw Broncel Charitable Trust for financially supporting this publication.
  • Academic Education of Poles Abroad. Tradition and New Challenges on the 80Th Anniversary of Puno Kształcenie Akademickie Polaków Na Obczyźnie

    Academic Education of Poles Abroad. Tradition and New Challenges on the 80Th Anniversary of Puno Kształcenie Akademickie Polaków Na Obczyźnie

    Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów / Adult Education Discourses • 21/2020 CC BY 4.0 • ISSN 2084-2740 • doi.org/10.34768/dma.vi21.533 • s. 143-153 Elżbieta Perzycka* Grażyna Czubińska** ACADEMIC EDUCATION OF POLES ABROAD. TRADITION AND NEW CHALLENGES ON THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF PUNO KSZTAŁCENIE AKADEMICKIE POLAKÓW NA OBCZYŹNIE. TRADYCJA I NOWE WYZWANIA W ROCZNICĘ 80-LECIA PUNO abstract: The everyday life of Poles living abroad is closely related to the tradition of their country of origin regardless of the elements that make up this life. Education and science play an important role in maintaining ties with the nation and the ethos of the Polish national heritage. This article undertakes the description of the conditions for implementing the academic education of Poles in exile and emigration, noting the importance of the activity of the Polish University Abroad for the traditions of Polish culture, education and science. The article also attempts to identify the mission and vision of academic education at the Polish University Abroad, as well as its present and future directions of development. Keywords: academic education, university. abstrakt: Codzienność Polaków przebywających poza granicami Polski, niezależnie od elementów, jakie się na nią składają, jest w ścisłym związku z tradycją kraju swojego pochodzenia. W zachowaniu więzi z narodem oraz z etosem polskiego dziedzictwa narodowego ważną rolę odgrywa edukacja i na- uka. W artykule podejmujemy się opisania warunków realizacji kształcenia akademickiego Polaków na uchodźstwie i emigracji, zwracając uwagę na znaczenie aktywności Polskiego Uniwersytetu na Uchodźstwie dla tradycji kultury polskiej, edukacji i nauki. Podjęliśmy także próbę wskazania Misji i Wizji kształcenia akademickiego w Polskiej Uczelni Wyższej poza granicami ojczyzny, w czasach teraźniejszych i kierunków rozwoju w przyszłości.
  • Political and Transitional Justice in Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union from the 1930S to the 1950S

    Political and Transitional Justice in Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union from the 1930S to the 1950S

    Political and Transitional Justice in Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s Political and Transitional Justice in Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s Edited by Magnus Brechtken, Władysław Bułhak and Jürgen Zarusky We dedicate this volume to the memory of Arseni Borisovich Roginsky (1946-2017), the co-founder and long-time chairman of the board of Memorial, and to the memory of Jürgen Zarusky (1958-2019), who dedicated his academic life to the research on historical and political justice and inspired this volume. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Der Band wird im Open Access unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0 auf dem Dokumentenserver »Zeitgeschichte Open« des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin bereitgestellt (https://doi.org/10.15463/ifz-2019-1). Die Veröffentlichung wurde durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds für Monografien der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft gefördert. © Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2019 www.wallstein-verlag.de Vom Verlag gesetzt aus der Adobe Garamond Umschlaggestaltung: Susanne Gerhards, Düsseldorf unter Verwendung zeitgenös- sischer Illustrationen. Von oben nach unten: Standbild aus der Aufnahme des Dritten Moskauer Schauprozess 1938, https://vimeo.com/147767191; Volksgerichtshof, Prozeß nach dem 20. Juli 1944, © Bundesarchiv, Bild 151-39-23 / CC-BY-SA 3.0; Prozess gegen Priester in Krakau (Proces księży Kurii Krakowskiej), Zygmunt Wdowiński 1953 © CAF, Polska Agencja Prasowa S.A. ISBN (Print) 978-3-8353-3561-5 Contents Magnus Brechtken, Władysław Bułhak and Jürgen Zarusky (†) Introduction .
  • The Making of Polish London Through Everyday Life, 1956-1976

    The Making of Polish London Through Everyday Life, 1956-1976

    1 The Making of Polish London through Everyday Life, 1956-1976 Paweł Chojnacki, UCL PhD Thesis 2 I, Paweł Chojnacki, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract The wartime and postwar Polish emigration allows us to study a ‘parallel’ history of the Polish nation. Poles in Great Britain were free from the restrictions imposed on Poles in the homeland by the communist dictatorship; they were thus better able to continue in the intellectual and cultural paths of interwar Poland. But by the later 1950s it was clear that there would be no early return to a free Poland. Poles in exile had to adapt to their condition, and interact with a rapidly changing British society. As a result, their characteristics diverged from those of Poles in the homeland and – despite their best efforts – from those of their ancestors as well. This dissertation examines the distinctive ‘parallel Polish world’ at the level of everyday life, rather than the central institutions of ‘Polish London’. It focuses on three Gminy (Communities) founded in the 1950s: the Polish Community of West London, the Polish Community of South London, and the Polish Centre in Lewisham. The diverse and enjoyable social activities undertaken or supported by the Communities – dances, Saturday schools, sport, scouting and guiding, charity, religious and national commemorations – were subordinated to the aim of maintaining Polish national identity in exile, and transmitting it to subsequent generations. This kind of ‘Polishness’ was heroic, martyrological, and Roman Catholic.
  • Maria Skłodowska-Curie – an Extraordinary Woman 13 National Research Centre in Kraków 14 Miłosz and Miłosz’ Literary Festival

    Maria Skłodowska-Curie – an Extraordinary Woman 13 National Research Centre in Kraków 14 Miłosz and Miłosz’ Literary Festival

    Contents University news 2 20 years of the Institute of Public Health 5 New programmes: veterinary medicine and Holocaust–totalitarianisms 5 Exhibition ‘Beethoven and eternal femininity’ 6 Jan Błoński Festival 6 Commemorating student Karol Wojtyła International relations 7 Bachchan reads his father’s poetry 18 IRUN meeting in Barcelona 19 ERASMUS staff trainings in Milan and Erlangen-Nürnberg 21 Visit to Freie Universität Berlin 22 Agreement with the University of Edinburgh and the Polish University Abroad at London 23 Poland and Spain in the EU: conference in Madrid Features 8 Maria Skłodowska-Curie – an extraordinary woman 13 National Research Centre in Kraków 14 Miłosz and Miłosz’ literary festival Student life 25 Exchange with Rochester 25 About the first lesson of history of art 28 Student Juwenalia 29 Festival of Science: Matter–Man–Culture 15 University Day – 12 May 16 Admissions in 2011/12 17 Monument to Ignacy Jan Paderewski No.44 Public Health in Europe Scientific Symposium to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the School and the Institute of Public Health his year marks the twentieth anniversary since the founding of the School of Public Health, now the TInstitute of Public Health at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum. To celebrate this occasion, the Institute of Public Health organised a symposium on April 16th entitled ‘Public Health in Europe’ held in the JU Collegium Novum. Among the invited guests were: John Dalli, EU Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection, Professor Helmut Brand, President-elect of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Dr.
  • RLI Working Paper No. 45 War and Resettlement

    RLI Working Paper No. 45 War and Resettlement

    RLI Working Paper No. 45 War and Resettlement: Polish Resettlement Camps in the UK after the Second World War. The experience of creating a settlement policy for Polish political refugees Agata Blaszczyk Polish University Abroad in London-PUNO [email protected] Abstract The subject domain of this paper is Polish immigration to post-War Britain. It portrays the Polish community’s rehabilitation in exile and the British government’s creation of a model migrant settlement policy for Polish refugees after 1946. It explains how Poles successfully integrated into mainstream British society and highlights the importance of education as their route to civic integration. The research leading to this paper examined the political implications of the passage of the Polish Resettlement Bill in March 1947 (the first ever British legislation dealing with mass immigration) and how the original refugees formed much of the Polish community as it exists today. The exceptional aspects of this legislation in terms of modern British refugee policy lay in its clauses relating to the Polish refugees’ entitlement to government support in key areas of social life. Major government departments were assigned special duties linked to the management, organization and support of this group of immigrants. Each of them took different responsibilities. A good deal of this paper is dedicated to the creation of the Polish Resettlement Camps in Britain in 1946. At the end of the Second World War the British Government offered hospitality to Polish soldiers who had served under British command and who were unable or unwilling to return to their native country. Wives and dependents were brought to Britain to join the soldiers, bringing the total estimated number to over 250,000.
  • Sir Andrzej Panufnik: Music and Migration

    Sir Andrzej Panufnik: Music and Migration

    University of Adelaide Elder Conservatorium of Music Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Sir Andrzej Panufnik: Music and Migration By Blake Parham Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) December 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 4 Declaration 5 Acknowledgements 6 List of figures 7 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 9 PART A: THE MAN CHAPTER 1: MIGRATION 19 1.1 An overview 18 1.2 Discussion of Key Terms 20 1.2.1. Migration 20 1.2.2. Defection 20 1.2.3. Polskośd 20 1.3 Comparable Composers 21 1.3.1. Non- Polish Composers 21 1.3.2. Polish Composers 23 1.3.3. Summary 24 CHAPTER 2: POLAND (PRE-1954) 2.1 Formative Years - 1914-1945 25 2.1.1. The Early Years – 1914-1937 25 2.1.2. Study Abroad - 1937-1939 27 2.1.3. The Second World War – 1939-1945 29 2.2 Communist Poland – 1945-1954 31 2.2.1. Panufnik Becomes ‘Composer Number One’ 31 2.2.2. Communism Comes to Poland 32 2.2.3. Constructing the Communist People’s ‘Democracy’ 33 2.2.4. Socialist Realism and the Łagów Conference 35 2.2.5. Solutions to Socialist Realism 37 2.2.6. Panufnik and Communist Propaganda 46 2.2.7. Dual Treatment 51 2.2.8. Defection 52 CHAPTER 3: THE UNITED KINDGOM (POST-1954) 54 3.1 Dislocation from Poland 54 3.2 Troubles in the West 1954-1963 57 3.2.1. The British Personality 59 3.2.2. Suspicion and Scorn 61 3.2.3.