Publications by Paul Streeten

BOOKS (AUTHOR OR EDITOR)

The Political Element in the Development oJ Economic Theory, by Gunnar Myrdal. Translated, edited and appendix, 1953 (Gennan edition 1963) (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul). The Great Economists, by R.L. Heilbroner, revised, edited and two additional ehapters, 1955. Economic Integration: Aspects and Problems, 1961 (Sythoff second edition, 1964). Value in Social Theory, by Gunnar Myrdal, edited and foreword by Paul Streeten, 1958 (Germa edition 1964). The Crisis oJ Indian Planning, edited with M. Lipton (Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press, 1968). UnJashionable Economics (editor) (Weidenfeld & Nieolson, 1970). Commonwealth Policy in aGlobai Context, edited with Hugh Corbet, with two ehapters and introduetion by Paul Streeten (Frank Cass, 1971). Diversification and Development: The Case oJ Coffee (with Diane Elson) (praeger, 1971). Capital Jor AJrica: The British Contribution, with Helen Suteh (Africa Publications Trust, 1971). The Frontiers oJDevelopment Studies (Macmillan, 1972). (Spanish edition 1982). AidJor AJrica (praeger, 1972). The Limits oJ Development Research (pergam9D Press, 1974). Trade Strategies Jor Development (Maenlillan, 1973) edited by Paul Streeten Foreign Investment, Transnationals and Developing Countries, with Sanjaya Lall (Maemillan, 1977). Recent Issues in World Development, edited with Riehard Jolly (pergamon, 1981). Development Perspectives (Maemillan, 1981). First Things First: Meeting Basic Human Needs in Developing Countries, with S. J. Burki, Mahbub ul Haq, Norman Hieks, Frances Stewart (Oxford University Press, 1981). Human Resources, Employment and Development, Volume 2, Concepts, Measurement and Long-Run Perspective, edited by Paul Streeten and Harry Maier for the International Economie Association (Maemillan, 1983). 270 Publications by Paul Streeten 271

SOME CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

Vollbeschäftigung (Cologne, 1950), 'Mangel des Preismeehanismus'. 'Keynes and the C1assies', in Post-Keynesian Economics, edited by K. Kurihara, 1954. Studi in Memoria di Benevenuto Griziotti: 'The Taxation of Overseas Profits' (Milano: GuitTre, 1959). Theorie et Politique de /'Expansion Regionale (Brussels, 1961). Contribution on regional problems in developed eountries. 'Commereial Poliey', in The British Economy in the Nineteen-fifties, edited by Worswiek and Ady (Oxford University Press, 1962). 'Values, Faets and the Compensation Prineip1e', in Probleme der normativen Ökonomik und der wirtschaftspolitischen Beratung, edited by von Beekerath and Giersch (Berlin, 1963). Economic Growth in Britain, edited by P.D. Henderson (Weidenfeld & Nieolson, 1966), eontributed two ehapters: 'The Objeetives of Economie Poliey and 'Rieh and Poor Nations'. 'The Use and Abuse ofModels in Development P1anning', in The Teaching of Development Economics, edited by K. Martin and J. Knapp (Cass, 1967). 'Counselling in British Stabi1isation Poliey', in Grundsatzprobleme wirtschaftspolitischer Beratung (Berlin: Duneker & Humbo1t, 1968). Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, an Inquiry into the Poverty ofNations (Twentieth Century Fund, Mareh 1968). 'International Capita1 Movements', Essays in Honour of Antonio de Viti de Marco, edited by Ernesto d'Albergo. 'Edueation and Development', in Festehrift for Professor Dr Friedrieh Edding, Economics ofEducation in Transition, edited by K. Hufner and Jens Naumann (Klett, 1969). 'Aid to India', Year Book of World Affairs 1970 (Stevens & Sons). 'Trade and Liquidity in India and Pakistan', with Akbar Noman, in The Widening Gap, edited by Barbara Ward, Lenore d'Anjou and J.D. 'Runnals (Columbia University Press, 1971). 'Costs and Benefits ofMultinational Enterprises in Less Developed Countries', in The Multinational Enterprise, edited by John H. Dunning (Allen & Unwin, 1971). 'New Approaehes to Private Overseas Investment', in Private Foreign Investment and the Developing World, edited by Peter Ady (Praeger, 1971). 'Eeonomie Development and Edueation', in Essays on Modernization of Underdeveloped Societies, editor: A.R. Desai (Bombay, 1971). 'The Political Economy of the Environment: Problems of Method', in Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics, Essays in Honour of G.L.S. Shaekle, edited by C.F. Carter and J.L. Ford (Blaekwell, 1972). Comments in Reconstruction and Development in Nigeria, Proceedings of a National Conference, edited by A.A. Ayida and H.M.A. Onitra (Oxford University Press, 1971). 'Overseas Development Policies' (with Dudley Seers) in The Labour Government's Economic Record 1964-/970, edited by Wilfred Beckerman (Duekworth, 1972. 'International Capita1 Movements', in Studi in memoria di Antonio de Viti de Marco (Bari, 1972). 272 Publications by Paul Streeten

'A New Look at Foreign Aid', in Foreign Resources and Economic Development, a Symposium on the Report ofthe Pearson Commission, edited by T.l. Byres (Cass, 1972). 'Some Comments on the Teaching ofEconomics' and 'An Institutional Critique ofDevelopment Concepts', in The Teaching 0/ Econamics in A/rica,edited by I. Livingston, G. Routh, 1.F. Rweyemamu, K.E. Svendsen (Chatto & Windus, 1973). 'Probleme internationaler Kooperation in Forschung und Technologie aus der Sicht der Europäischen Gemeinschaften', in Technischer Fortschrift und Unternehmensgrosse, edited by Burkhardt Roper (Düsseldorf, 1973). Preface to Earned International Reserve Units, by Chris Economides (Wor/d Development.Ox/ord, 1973). Summary Report on Six Country Studies for UNCTAD and policy concIusions (with Sanjaya Lall). 'World Trade in Agricultural Commodities and the Terms of Trade with Industrial Goods', in Agricultural Po/icy in Developing Countries. Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association at Bad Godesberg, West Germany, edited by Nurul Islam (Macmillan, 1974). 'The Multinational Enterprise and the Theory of DeveIopment Policy', in Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise. edited by lohn Dunning (Allen & Unwin, 1974). ARTICLES

'The Theory of Pricing' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Band 161, Heft 3/4, October 1949. 'The Theory ofProfit' Manchester School, Vol. XVII, No. 3, September 1949. 'Economics and Value ludgments', Quarterly Journal 0/ Economics, November 1950. 'Reserve Capacity and the Kinked Demand Curve', Review 0/ Economic Studies, 1950-1. 'The Inappropriateness of Simple "Elasticity" Concepts in the Theory of International Trade' and 'Exchange Rates and National Income', both with T. Balogh in Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, October-December 1950, and Bulletin 0/ the Ox/ord University Institute 0/ Statistics, March and April 1951. 'The Modem Theory of WeIfare Economics' (French), Economie Appliquee, Tome V, No. 4, October-December 1952. 'The EtTect ofTaxation on Risk-Taking', Ox/ord Economic Papers. Vol. V, No. 3, September 1953. 'Programs and Prognoses', Quarterly Journal 0/ Economics. LXVIII, No. 3, August 1954 (translated into German and Spanish). 'Elasticity Optimism and Pessimism in International Trade', Econamia Internazionale. Vol. VII, No. I, 1954. 'Two Comments on the Articles by Mrs Paul and Professor Hicks',Oxford Economic Papers. Vol. 7, No.3, October 1955. 'Productivity Growth and the Balance of Trade', Bulletin 0/ the Ox/ord University Institute 0/ Statistics, Vol 17, No. I, February 1955. 'Some Problems Raised by the Report of the Royal Commission on the Taxation ofProfits and Income', Bulletin 0/ the Ox/ord University Institute 0/ Statistics, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1955. Publications by Paul Streeten 273

'Tbe Taxation of Overseas Profits', Manchester School, January 1957. 'Government and the Economy in the USA', Rivista di diritto jinanziario e scienzo dellejinanze, March 1957. 'Tbe Economic Consequences ofOverseas Trade Concessions', Bulletin, August 1957. 'Growth, the Terms ofTrade and the Balance ofTrade', Economie Appliquee, April/September 1957 (with J. Black). 'Sviluppo economico Stabilita e altri fini della politica fiscale', Rivista inter­ nazionale di scienze sociali, October 1957. 'A Reconsideration of Monetary Policy', Bulletin, November 1957 (with T. Balogh). 'A Note on Kaldor's Speculation and Economic Stability', Review ofEconomic Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. I, October 1958. 'Taxation and Enterprise', University of Toronto Quarterly, January 1958. 'Tassazione e iniziativa privata', Revista internazionale di scienze sociali, February 1958. 'Principio de Compensacion', Rivista de Economia Politica, April 1959. 'Unbalanced Growth', Oxford Economic Papers, June 1959 (translated into Spanish). 'Desequilibre et croissance', Cahiers de I'OOtitut economique appliquee, July 1959. 'Tax Policy for Investment', Rivista di diritto jinanziario e scienza delle jinanze, June 1960. Shortened reprint in Mercurio. 'Domestic v. Foreign Investment', Bulletin ofInstitute ofStatistics, August 1960 (with T. Balogh). 'Wages, Prices and Productivity', Kyklos, October 1962. Reprinted in Inflation, Penguin Modern Economics, edited by RJ. Ball and Peter Doyle (1969). 'Socialist Economics' in Collier's Encyclopaedia, New York, 1963. 'Common Fallacies about the Common Market' and 'Problems of Economic Integration', in Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Band 90, Heft 2, 1963. 'Balanced versus Unbalanced Growth', Economic Weekly, 20 April 1963. 'Tbe Coefficient ofIgnorance' (with T. Balogh), Bulletin ofthe Oxford University Institute of Statistics, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1963. Reprinted in Economics of Education, I, Penguin Modern Economics, edited by Mark Blaug (1968) and Human Capital Formation and Manpower Development, edited by Ronald Wykstra, Vol. 28, Nov. 76, No. 3. 'More Care about Capital Use', Yojana (Delhi), 17 March 1963. 'Unbalanced Growth: A Reply', Oxford Economic Papers, March 1963 (translated into Spanish). 'Tbe Case for Export Subsidies', All India Congress Committee Economic Review, April 1963. UNESCO Dictionary of Political and Social Terms; artic1es on 'Welfare', 'Wealth', and 'Economic Equilibrium'. 'Programmes and Prognoses, Unbalanced Growth and the Ideal Plan', &nca Nazionale del Lavoro, June 1964. 'Bergedorfer Protokolle: Economic Aid -a Way to growth or Decline?', published in German 1964 and paperback 1965 (contribution). 'Hilfe, Handel and Entwicklung', Schmollers Jahrbuch, Heft 6, 1964. 'Educational Planning for Development', Overseas Universities, August 1965. 274 Publications by Paul Streeten

'Studying to Make Overseas Aid More Effective', The Times, 16 September 1966. 'International Monetary Reform and the Less Developed Contries', Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, June 1967. 'Development and the Institute of Development Studies', Journal 0/ Administration Overseas, October 1967. 'The Frontiers of Development Studies', The Journal 0/ Development Studies, October 1967. 'A Poor Nation's Guide to Getting Aid', New Society, 1 February 1968 (reprinted in several places). 'Economic Development and Education', Educational Encyc/opaedia, published by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Bialik Institute, Israel. Reprinted in Essays in Honour of Friedrich Edding, edited by Hellmut Becker. 'European Development Policy and Development Concepts', Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, March 1968, Anno XV, n.5. 'Improving the Climate', Ceres (FAO Review), Vol. 2, No.2, 8, March-April 1969. 'EEC Membership: Impact on the British Balance ofPayments', Intereconomics, No. 10, October 1968. 'Die EWG ist gar nicht so anziehend, WirtschaftSdienst, No. 12, December 1968. 'The Case for Export Subsidies', The Journal 0/ Development Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, July 1969. Several contributions to the Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies, Vol. I, No. 4, May 1969. 'A New Commonwealth', New Society, 3 July 1969. 'Linking Money and Development', International Affairs, Vol. 46, No. I, January 1970. 'Nouvelles manieres d'aborder le probleme de l'investissement prive dans les pays en voie de developpement', Revue de la Societe d'Etudes et d'Expansion, No. 238, Novembre-Decembre 1969 Reprinted in Mercurio, Anno XIII, No. 9, September 1970. 'The Role of Private Investment', Venture, January 1970. 'Principles and Problems of a Liberal Order of the Economy', Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Band 104, Heft I, 1970. 'Obstacles to Private Foreign Investment in the LDCs', Columbia Journal 0/ World Business, Vol. V, No. 3, May-June 1970. 'Two Worlds: Problems of Integration', History 0/ the 20th Century, Vol. 8, Chapter 121, One W orld. 'Enoch Powell, the Churches and Aid', Study Encounter, Vol. VI, No. 2, 1970. 'An Analysis of the Factors that Militate Against or are Conducive to the Formation of International Trade Groupings', in International Trade Groupings (Ministry of Overseas Development, 1970). 'An Institutional Critique of Development Concepts', European Journal 0/ Sociology, XI, 1970, pp. 69-70. 'The Developing Countries in a World of Flexible Exchange Rates', International Currency Review, JanuaryjFebruary 1971, Vol. 11, No. 6. 'Development Investment', Venture, June 1971. Publications by Paul Streeten 275

'Confticts between Output and Employment Objectives', witb Frances Stewart, Ox/ord Econamic Papers. July 1971, Vol. 28, No. 2. Reprinted in Prospects tor Employment. Opporrunities in the Nineteen Seventies. edited by Ricbard Jolly, Emanuel de Kadt, Hans Singer and Fiona Wilson (penguin, 1973). 'Regional Integration in Asia', Foreign TraJie Review Annual Number, JanuaryjMarcb 1972. 'Tbe Effects of Asian Economic Integration on Private Overseas Direct Investment', Foreign TraJie Review, ApriljJune 1972. 'Terms ofTrade are not Made on Paper', Ceres (FAO Review), Vol. 5, No. 2 MarcbjApriI1972. Also reprinted in sbortened version, 'Self-Help for Poor Nations', New Society, 13 April 1972. 'Economic, and Social Rigbts and tbe Developing Countries', Mondes en Developpement (2, 1972) Revue europeenne des sdences sodales, Tome X, No. 26, 1972. 'Little-Mirrlees Metbods and Project Appraisal', witb Frances Stewart, Bulletin o/the Ox/ord University Institute 0/ Econamics and Statistics, Vol. 34, No. I, February 1972. 'Santiago in Retrospect', Third World, Vol. I, No. 2, October 1972. 'To Back Moral Appeals by Power', Bulletin 0/ Peace Proposals. Vol. 3, 1972. 'Cambridge Conference on Trade and Development', Journal 0/ World TraJie Law. Vol. 6, No. 6, NovemberjDecember 1972. 'Tecbnology Gaps between Ricb and Poor Countries', Scottish Journal 0/ Political Econamy, November 1972. A sborter version is in Royal Central Asian Journal and in KIljian Ekonami Malaysia, June 1971. 'Trade Strategies for Development: Some Tbemes for tbe Seventies', World Development, Vol. I, No. 6, June 1973. 'Money: Root of All Good?', Third World, Vol. 2, No. 7, JulyjAugust 1973. 'Research', in Food Research Institute Studies in Agricultural Econamics. TraJie and Developmenl, Vol. XII, No. I, 1973, edited by Guy Hunter. 'Tbe Multinational Enterprise and tbe Tbeory of Development Policy', World Development, Vol. I, No. 10, October 1973. 'Alternatives in Development', World Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, February 1974. 'Tbe Limits ofDevelopment Researcb', World Development, Vol. 2, Nos 10-12, October-December 1974. Reprinted in Sdentific Cooperation tor Development: Search tor New Directions, edited by P.J. Lavakare, Asbok Partbasaratbi, B.M. Udgaonkar Vikas (New Delbi, 1980). 'Social Science Researcb on Development: Some Problems in tbe Use and Transfer of an Intellectual Tecbnology', Journal 0/ Econamic Literature, December 1974. 'Industrialization in a Unified Development Strategy', in Employment. Income Distribution and Development Strategy, Essays in Honour of H. W. Singer, edited by Sir Alec Cairncross and Mobinder Puri (Macmillan, 1976), and in World Development, Vol. 3, No. I, January 1975, pp. 1-9. 'Policies Towards Multinationals', World Development, Vol. 3, No. 6, June 1975, and in Essays in Honaur 0/ Felipe Pazos. Politica econamica en centro e periferia, edited by Diaz-Alejandro, Teitel and Tokman, 1976. 'Tbe Dynamics oftbe New Poor Power', in A World Divided: the Less Developed Countries in lhe International Econamy, edited by G. K. Helleiner (Cambridge 276 Publications by Paul Streeten

University Press, 1975); expanded version in Resources Policy, June 1976. Spanish translation, 1979. 'Why Interdisciplinary Studies?', in What We Can Do for Each Other, An Interdisciplinary Approach to Development Anthropology, edited by Glynn Cochrane, B.R. Gruner (Amsterdam, 1976). 'The Meaning and Purpose of Interdisciplinary Studies',. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1976. 'Bargaining with Multinationals', World Development,Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1976. 'The Meaning and Purpose of Interdisciplinary Studies as Applied to Development Economies', Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, June 1976. 'It is a Moral Issue', Crucible, July-September 1976. 'New Strategies for Development: Poverty, Inequality and Growth', with Frances Stewart, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 28, November 1976, No. 3. Reprinted in The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment edited by CharIes K. Wilber (1979). 'Labour-intensive Technologies for the Caribbean Area', with JetTrey James, The Seoul National University Economic Review, Vol. XI, No. I, December 1977, pp. 147-76. 'The Distinctive Features of aBasie Needs Approach to Development', International Development Review,Vol. XIX, No. 3, 1977. 'ChangingPerceptions ofDevelopment', Financeand Development, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1977, reprinted in Challenge, November(December 1977. 'Basic Needs: Some Issues', with S. 1. Burki, World Development, March 1978, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 411-21. Editor's Introduction to issue on 'Poverty and Inequality', World Development, March 1978, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 241-3. 'Basic Needs: Premises and Promises " Journal ofPolicy M odelling, Vol. I, No. I, January 1979. 'Indicators of Development: the Search for aBasie Needs Yardstick', with Norman Hicks, World Development, Vol. 7, June 1979, pp. 567-80. 'Multinationals Revisited', Finance and Development, June 1979. 'From Growth to Basic Needs', Finance and Development, J une 1979. Reprinted in Poverty and Development (World Bank). 'Growth, Redistribution and Basic Human Needs', in Beiträge zur Diskussion und Kritik der 1U!oklassichen Ökonomie; Festschrift für Kurt W. Rothchild und Josef Steindl, edited by K. Laski, E. Matzner, E. Nowotny (Springer Verlag, 1979), pp. 105-21. 'Transnational Corporations and Basic Needs', in Growth with Equity: Strategies for Meeting Human Needs, edited by Mary Evelyn Jegen and Charles K. Wilber (New York: Paulist Press, 1979). 'Development Ideas in Historical Perspective', in Toward a New Strategy for Development, Rothko Chapei Symposium, (pergamon Press, 1979). Reprinted in Internationales Asienforum 1/2,9. Jahrgang, May 1978; and Regional Development Dialogue, Autumn 1980, Vol. 1., No. 2. Also in Changing Perceptions of Development Problems, edited by R.P.Misra and M. Honjo, (Japan: Nagoya, 1981). 'Basic Needs and Human Rights', World Development, Vol. 8, February 1980, pp. 107-11. Pub/ications by Pau/ Streeten 277

'The Choices before Us', International Development Review, Vol. XXII, Nos. 2- 3, 1980. 'Self-reliant Industrialization', in The Political Economy 0/ Development and Underdevelopment, by Charles K. Wilber (1979) and 'Eisentandige Industrialisierung', in Khushi M. Khan (ed.), Self-reliance als nationale und kollektive Entwicklungsstrategie (Munchen: Weltforum Verlag, 1980) and in Strategies 0/ Planning and Development, edited by Saeed Ahmad Qureshi and Dr Muhammad Arif, Planning and Development Board, Punjab, Pakistan. Con/erencia Internacional sobre economia Portugesa, Lisboa, 26-28 Setembro 1979 (Lisboa, 1980), pp. 483-8. 'Reply', with Norman Hicks, World Development Vol. 9, No. 4, April 1981. 'Constructive Responses to the North-South Dialogue', in The Challenge 0/ the New International Economic Order, edited by Edwin F. Reubens, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981), pp. 71-89. 'Comment' on Benjamin Higgins, 'The Disenthronement of Basic Needs', Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. I, No. I, Spring 1980. The United States and World Development: Agenda 1980, John Sewell and the staff of the Overseas Development Council (contributor) (New York: Praeger, 1980). 'Basic Needs in the Year 2000', The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. XIX, No. 2, (Summer 1980), pp. 129-41. 'The New International Economic Order: Development Strategy Options', in Development and Peace, Vol. I, No. 2, Autumn 1980, Budapest, pp. 5-25. 'Development: What Have We Learned?', in The Relevance 0/ Economic Theories, Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association at Warsaw, Poland, edited by JozefPajestka and C.H. Feinstein (Macmillan, 1980). Foreword to Danny M. Leipziger (ed.), Basic Needs and Development, (Cambridge, Mass: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1981). 'Issues for Transnational Corporations in World Development', CTC Reporter, Vol. I, No. 10, Spring 1981. 'The New International Economic Order: Development Strategy Options', in East-West-South Economic Interactions between Three Worlds, edited by Christopher T. Saunders (Macmillan, 1981). 'New Strategies for Development: a Comment', with Frances Stewart, in Hommage a Francois Perroux (Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1977). International Responses to the Brandt Report. Towards One World? edited by Friedrich Ebert Foundation (London: Temple Smith, 1981), contribution. 'Growth, Redistribution and Basic Human Needs', Development Strategies and Basic Needs in Latin America, edited by Claes Brundesius and Mats Lundahl (Westview Press, 1982). 'Approaches to a New International Economic Order', World Development, Vol. 10, No. I, January 1982, pp. 1-17. 'The Limits ofDevelopment Research', in Social Sciences and Public Policy in the Developing World, edited by Laurence D. Stifel, Ralph Davidson and James S. Coleman (Lexington Books, 1982). 'The Conflict between Communication Gaps and Suitability Gaps', Communication Economics and Development, edited by Meheroo Jussawalla and D.M. Lamberton (pergamon Policy Studies, 1982). 278 Publications by Paul Streeten

'Commentary on Cancun', Third World Quarterly, July 1982. 'Environmental Aspects of Development', in Expansion, Stagnation and Demokratie, Festschrift für Theodor Prager und Philipp Rieger, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 8. Jahrhang, Number 2/82. 'Basic Needs and the New International Economic Order', Perspectives on Economic Development Essays in the Honour of W. Arthur Lewis, edited by T.E. Barker, A.S. Downes, J.A. Sackey (University Press of America, 1982). Also in Monde en Developpement, No. 39, Tome 10, 1982. 'The New International Economic Order', International Review of Education, Vol. 28, No. 4, 1982. Special Issue: 'Education and the New International Economic Order', edited by John Oxenham, UNESCO Institute for Education, Martinus Nijhoff. 'A Cool Look at "Outward-Looking" Development Strategies', The World Economy, Vol. 5, No. 2, September 1982, pp. 159-69. Also in Essays in Honour of A.N. Damaskenities, 1982. 'What New International Economic Order?' in Ordnungspolitsche Fragen zum Nord-Süd-Konfiikt, edited by U.E. Simonis, Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik, Bd 129, pp. 79-112 (Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt, 1983), and Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Vol. I, No. 2, Winter 1982. 'Trade as the Engine, Handmaiden, Brake or Offspring of Growth?', The W orld Economy, Vol. 5, No. 4, December 1982. 'Food Prices as a Reflection ofPolitical Power', Ceres, March-April 1983, No. 92 (Vol. 16, No. 2). 'Twentyone Arguments for Public Enterprise', in Global Development: Issues and Choices, edited by Khadija Haq, North-South Roundtable of SID (Washington oe, 1983). 'Development Dichotomies', World Development, Vol. 11, No. 10, October 1983, pp. 875-89. 'Direct Private Foreign Investment, Transnational Corporations and Development', in Commonwealth Economic Paper No. 18, Towards a New Bretton Woods, Challenges for the World Financial and Trading System, selected background paper prepared for a Commonwealth Study Group, Volume 2, Commonwealth Secretariat, November 1983. 'Why Development Aid?', Banca Nazionale tiel Lavoro Quarterly Review, December 1983; also in International Journal ofDevelopment Banking, Vol. 2, No. I, January, 1984. 'E Possibile uno sviluppo independente?', Politica Internazionale N. 11-12, November-December 1983. 'La Interdepedendencia desde una perspectiva Norte-Sur', Informacion Commerical Espanola, No. 605, Enero, 1984. 'The New International Economic Order', Occasional Paper No. 3, Michigan State University Center for Advanced Study of International Development, 1983. 'Development Dichotomies' and comments on Albert O. Hirschman's chapter in Pioneers in Development, edited by Gerald Meier and Dudley Seers (World Bank Publication, Oxford University Press, 1984). 'Basic Needs: Some Unsettled Questions', World Development, September 1984. Index

Africa,241 Amsden, A., 131 building of 'super-highways', 74 Andean Pact states, success of collec­ African countries tive action by, 105 growth: data on, 151-2; from 1960 Argentina, 162 to 1980, 148; imports' import­ depressions in 1930s and 1980s ance to, 150; poorcountries', 147, compared, 155-9 passim 149; relation of export instability export oftechnological services, 133 to, 142-4 propped up by Latin American import instability 143, 146: need to loan, 1984, 108 overcome, 149, 150 trade with Eastern bloc, 246 inc1uded and exc1uded from survey, Aristode, 29 145, 151-2 Arusha Declaration, 1967, 217 need for greater foreign exchange ASEAN, trade skirmish with reserves, 149-50: paucity of Australia, 104 internationalloans, 149, 150 Asia,241 relation of outward orientation to exported manufactures from centr­ growth, 139-40: alternative ap­ ally planned economies in, 250, proaches, 140-4; litde evidence 251-2,265 for, 140-1, 146; theoretical case Asian Wa// Street Journal, 108 for, 141, 142 Athabaskan tar sands, 75 sources of data, 144--6 Australia, 241 Afghanistan, trade with Eastern bloc, cereal exports, 194 246 trade skirmish with ASEAN coun­ Aharoni, Y., model re managerial tries, 104 discretion, 226, 228, 229 yield variability in cereals, 194 Albania, 173 agriculture: growth of labour pro­ Bagehot, Walter, 67 ductivity, 171; international Lombard Street, 78 trade, 174, 175; production Balassa, B., 127, 140 growth rate, 167, 168 Balogh, Thomas, Lord, 3, 10, 15, 16, communal land tenure, 165 27 health, education and life expec­ Irrelevance 0/ Conventional tancy, 1980s, 184 Economics, The, 5 population growth rate, 1960-81, relations with Paul Streeten, 4-5 169 Unequal Partners, 8 Algeria view of neoclassical theory, 5, 25 communal land tenure, 166 Banca Nationale de Lavoro, 8, 16 self-managed farms, 187 Bangladesh, trade with Eastern bloc, trade with Eastern bloc, 246 257,260

279 280 Index

Bank of International Settlements trade, 175; production growth (BIS), 101 rate, 167, 168 Banking centralised decision-making, 178 crisis of 1980s, 10 I communalland tenure, 165 lending to developing countries, population growth rate, 1960-81, 78-9, 81: 'development debts', 169 79-80; recessionary effect, 60, 65, Bulletin 0/ the Ox/ord University 78 Institute 0/ Statistics, 8 nineteenth-century, 78 Burki, Shavid Javed, 23 Baran, P. A., 15 Basic needs strategy, 23-5 successes, 26 Beckerman, Wilfred, 38 Canada Bhagwati, Jagdish N., 116, 117 cereal exports, 194 and Brecher, Richard A., 115, 118 cereal stockholding, 209, 210 Boston University, 14 yield variability in cereals, 194 Brandt Commission, 100, 102, 104 Caribbean, depressions of 1930s and reforms proposed by, 96 1980s compared, 162, 163 Reports, 95, 103, 106 Carr, Edward Hallett, What is Brazil History?, 9 debtor-power, 107, 110 Central America, depressions of 1930s depressions of 1930s and 1980s and 1980s compared, 162, 163 compared, 155--60 passim Chandra, N. K., 256, 258, 259 export oftechnological services, 133 Chile 'gasohol', 134 asentamientos, 186, 187 market dependence on USA, 110 depressions of 1930s and 1980s Petrobas, 133 compared, 155, 156, 158, 159 success of individual land tenure, China, I 11, 241 187 agriculture: cereal imports, 194; trade with Eastern bloc, 246 cereal reserves, 194; growth of Brecher, Richard A., 115 labour productivity, 171, 173; and Choudhri, E. U., 115, 117 international trade, 175, 176-7; and Diaz-Alejandro, C. F., 117 production growth rate, 167, 168; and Feenstra, R. c., 117, 119 production teams, 178; 'produc­ Bretton Woods Conference, 87, 94 tion responsibility system', 179; Britain yield variability in cereals, 194 food deficit, 174 capital accumulation in Hebei prov- neo-/aissez1aire ideology, 1980s, 162 ince, 181-2, 182 Reform Act, 100 communalland tenure, 165, 186 shipping services, 129 fuel exports, 176 stops servicing US First World War health, education and life expec­ loans, 1930s, 161 tancy, 1980s, 184 trade liberalisation, nineteenth c., population growth rates, 1960-81, 99-100 169, 170 trade skirmishes with Indonesia, trade skirmish with USA, 103 Malaysia and India, 103 Chipman, J. S., 119 Bulgaria, 241 Clark, W. E., on inconsistency of agriculture: growth of labour pro- public investment with Tanzanian ductivity, 171; international ideology, 217, 218 Index 281

Cline, William, 90 trade, 174, 175; production on effects of deflation by OECD growth rate, 167, 168 countries, 40-1 communal land tenure, 165 Colombia, depressions of 1930s and health, education and life expec­ 1980s compared, 155, 156, 158, tancy, 1980s, 184 163 land refonns, 185 Commodity prices, see Third World population growth rate, 1960-81, Commonwealth Secretariat, 150 169, 170 Group, 102 situation in 1930s and 1980s com­ Communalland tenure, 165-6 pared, 162 collectivisation, 185-6 trade with Eastern bloc, 246 countries practising, 165, 166 Czechoslovakia, 241 'free rider' issue, 180 agriculture: growth of labour pro­ growth of labour productivity in ductivity, 171; international agriculture under, 170-3: com­ trade, 175; production growth pared with individual tenure, rate, 167, 168 171-2, 173 centralised decision-making, 178 growth of output per head under, communal land tenure, 165 168-70: compared with individ­ population growth rate, 1960-81, ual tenure, 169 167, 168 growth of production under, 166- 8: compared with individual Department of Overseas Develop- tenure, 167, 168 ment,14 international trade in agricultural Development Studies Association, 58 products and, 173-7 Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos F., 154, 155 peasants' attitude to, 185, 186 Dick, R. and Dicke, H., on compara- problem of vested interests develop­ tive advantage in services, 124-5, ing, 186-7 127 question of advantages in promot­ Dobozi, I. and Inotai, A., on East­ ing development, 180-8: creation South trade, 261 ofequality, 181; fullemployment, 'Dornbusch Report', 43 181; potential for capital accu­ mulation, 181-2, 188; providing East Gennany (GDR), 241 framework for industrialising agriculture: growth of labour pro­ countryside, 182; providing ductivity, 171; international framework for local politica1 par­ trade, 175; production growth ticipation, 183, 185, 187; provid­ rate, 167, 168 ing social framework, 182-3, centralised decision-making, 178 187; providing welfare, 183, 184 communal land tenure, 165 question of efficiency, 177-80: population growth rate, 1960-81, managerial problems, 179-80 169 socialist policies and, 188 East-South trade, 240-2 Cooke, Peter, 101 definitions of North, East, South Corn Laws, 65, 66, 68, 100 and West, 240-1 Council for Mutual Economic dimensions and trends, 1955-82, Assistance (CMEA), 241, 262, 263 242-7: bilateral agreements as Cuba trade basis, 246-7; compared agriculture: growth of labour pro­ with E-W and E-E trade, 243- ductivity, 171, 173; international 4; ·expansion, 243, 253, 254, 264; 282 Index

East-South trade--continued Engel's Law, 72 greater importance for Ethan S, Epicurus, 30 246; greater importance for Ethiopia, communal land tenure in, USSR than E. Europe, 246; share 166 ofE in foreign trade ofS, 244-6; European Economic Community share of S in foreign trade of E, (EEC), 198,211 244-6; southern countries most Common Agricultural Poliey concerned, 246 (CAP),46 division oflabour between E and S, yield variability in cereals, 194 260--4, 265: avenues for increas­ Exchange rate, use in combating inf­ ing southern manufactures, 263, lation, 52, 53 264: no help to southern indus­ trialisation, 261; similarity of E­ Feder, G. 144 S to W -S trade, 261; similarity of case for export expansion leading to S-E and E-W trade relations, growth, 141, 142 260; structural constraints on Federal Deposit Insurance Corpor­ trade, 262; trade pattern's Iikely ation,78 permanence, 261-2, 263 Food Aid Convention, 213-14 gains from, 253-6: advantages and Food and Agriculture Organisation disadvantages of bilateral trad­ (FAO), estimates safe level of ing, 253--4, 254, 255; distribution world cereal reserves, 203-7 of gains, 256-60, 264; Eastern France bloc's, 255, 256; effect of com­ failure of expansionary policies plementarities of demand, 254, during recession, 42 263, 264; reduction of Sexport managerial discretion in SNEA, 226 instability, 255; trade balances, shipping deficit, 129 1965-75, 256, 257; USSR trade stops servicing US First World War surplus, 256 loans, 1930s, 161 move from bilateral to convertible Frank, A. G., 21 payments, I 970s, 247, 254-5, 256 structure and composition, 1955- Galbraith, J. K., 27 82, 247-53: E exports, 248-9, Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 103, 107 252; food, 248, 249; fuels, 248, General Agreement on Tariffs and 249, 261; manufactures, 248-53 Trade (GATT), 92, 94, 115, 122, passim, 260, 265; raw materials, 161 248, 249; similarity to N -S trade, George, Henry, 75 253, 260, 264-5; Sexports, 249- German Democratic Republic 51, 253; Soviet armament ex­ (GOR), see East Germany ports, 249 Germany, suspends reparations, Eastern bloc, 240, 241 1930s, 161 part of industrialised North, 241 Ghana, trade with Eastern bloc, 257 Eastern Europe, 240, 241, 242 GiIIis, M., 218 see also East-South trade Gold standard, 9-10 ECA 'Transport and Communicat- Goldstein, Morris and Khan, Mohsin, ions Oecade' for Africa, 74 on effect of slowdown in OECD Economist. The,42 countries on non-oil LDCs, 43--4 Edgeworth, F. Y., 34 Griffin, Keith, 165 Egypt, trade with Eastern bloc, 246, Grosser, I. and Tuitz, G., on E-S 257 trade, 260, 262 Index 283

Group of77 (G77), 102, 106, 109,241 Institutional economists 'New International Economic dilemma of economic values for, Order' (NIEO), 95, 97, 103, 109 7-13 reforms proposed by, 96 reformist left among, 12-13 Guatemala, success of individual land Inter-American Development Bank, tenure. 187 164 International debt problem amount of developing countries' debt,89 Helleiner, G. K., 139, 149 essential elements in solution: ad­ Heller, Joseph, 67 justment of trading patterns to Heller, P. S. and Porter, R. c., on aid repayment, 91; assurance of export -orientation and growth, repayment, 91; need for insti­ 141 tutional intermediary, 91 Hicb, Norman, 17, 23 fallacies concerning, 88-91: case­ Hicks, Sir John, 39 by-case approach, 89-90; collec­ Hirschman, Albert 0., 15, 16 tive approach, 89, 90; costless Holzman, F. D., 259 answers, 90; costs of adjustment Hume, David, 30 must be paid by debtors, 90; on Adam Smith's 'curious facts', 34 financial response only needed, Hungary, 241 89; insolvency of debtor nations, agriculture: growth of labour pro­ 88; irresponsibility of debtor ductivity, 171; international nations, 88; postponement of trade, 174, 175; production payment the answer, 89 growth rate, 167, 168 Latin American, 160-1, 163-4 communalland tenure, 165 present problems 87-8 population growth rate, 1960-81, proposals for solving 90-1: inter­ 169 national response, 101 progress of collectivisation, 185 see also IMF, proposal for debt refinancing subsidiary India, 111, 174, 183, 198 International Encyclopedia of the agriculture: cereal reserves, 202; Social Sciences, 6, 8 growth in labour productivity, International Grains Agreement, 172, 173; growth of production, 211 167 International investment export of technological services, extending free trade to indude, 131, 133 115-19: confticting-interest out­ IDA ftows to, 109 come, 115, 116; effects, 116-19; population growth rate, 1960-81, under GATI 115 169 International Labour Organisation trade skirmish with Britain, 103 (ILO),23 trade with Eastern bloc, 246, 257, 'basic needs strategy' concept, 23 260 International Monetary Fund, 79, 89, Indonesia, trade skirmish with 90, 139, 149, 150, 161 Britain, 103 cereal financing facility, 212-13 Institute of Commonwealth Studies, finance for African countries, 150: Oxford,14 form needed, 150 Institute of Development Studies, optimism about world economy, Sussex, 14 1984, 58 284 Index

International Monetary Fund­ Lai, D., 96 continued Lall, Sanjaya, 122, 133, 134 proposal for debt financing sub­ Foreign Investment. Transnationals sidiary, 92-4: funding of, 93; role and Developing Countries (with of,93 Paul Streeten), 20 response to banking crises, I 980s, Laos, communalland tenure in, 166 101 Latin America, 241 International Wheat Agreement, booms of 19208 and 19708, 155-6: failure to negotiate, 210 comparison of export sectors, Iran, trade with Eastern bloc, 246 159 Iraq, trade with Eastern bloc, 246 contrasts in depressions of 19308 Islam, Nurul, 192 and 19808, 159-62: in c1imate of Israel, communal land tenure in, 166 international political economy, Italy 161-2; in foreign investment and managerial discretion in ENI, 226 loans, 160-1; in export sector, shipping deficit, 129 159; in import sector, 159-60 external debt, 163 Jahrbücher for Nationalökonomie und similarities in depressions of 19308 Statistik, 2 and 19808, 154-5: decline in ca­ James, Jeffrey, 217 pital inflows, 156-7; deteriora­ Japan, 102, 241 tion in commodity terms oftrade, motivational factors behind suc­ 156; devaluations, 157-8; ex­ cess, 34 change controls, 158-9; import shipping services, 129 cuts, 157; soaring interest rates, Jenkinson, Tim, 51 156 Johnson, D. Gale, 177 success of conservative program­ Johnson, H. G., 117 mes, 163 Jones, R. W., 117 Lavigne, M., on E-S trade, 249, 256, Junginger-Dittel, K. O. and Reisen, 260,261-2 H.,143 Lehrer, Tom, 22 Leibenstein, H., X-efficiency theory, Kaldor, Lord, 3, 53 219-20 distinguishes 'price' in primary pro­ Lenin, V. 1., 21 duction from industrial prices, 48 Uvy-Bruhl, Lucien, 18 Kampuchea, communal land tenure Libya, trade with Eastern bloc, 246 in, 166 Lim, D., 143 Katouzian, H., on competitive ad- Lindbeck, Assar, 40, 41 vantage in services, 125, 127, 129 Lindbiom, C. E., 16 Kemp, M. C., 117 Lipsey, R. G., 26 Kendrick, John, 40 Lipton, Michael, 58 Kenen, Peter, 90, 92 Loxley, J. and Saut, J. S., on vagueness Keynes, J. M., 59, 61 ofTanzanian development goals, General Theory 0/ Employment. 228-9 Interest and Money, I gloss on Ricardo's rent theory, 63 Krueger, Anne, 141 MacBean, A. 1., 142 Kuhn, Thomas, 18 McNamara, Robert, 23, 88 Kuwait,60 Mahbub ul Haq, 23, 87 current account surpluses, 1981, 79 on basic needs strategy, 24 Index 285

Maizels, A., 142 ~ayyar, I>eepak, 240, 255, 262 Malaysia, trade skirmish with Britain, ~estle's, boycotted by ten countries, 103 104 Malthus, Thomas, 59, 71, 76 ~ether!ands, shipping deficit, 129 Malvinas/Falklands War, 157 ~ew Zealand, 241 Manchester School, 2 ~icaragua, communalland tenure in, Mannheim, Kar!, 18 166 Marshall, A., gloss on Ricardo's rent ~orth Korea, 241 theory,63 agriculture: growth of labour pro­ Mendershausen, H., 258 ductivity, 171; international Mexico trade, 175; output per head, 170; collective ejido in, 186 production growth rate, 166, 167, communalland tenure, 166 168, 170 depressions of 1930s and 1980s collectivisation, 185-{j compared, 155, 156, 158 communal land tenure, 165 export oftechnological services, 133 health, education and life expec­ HYL steel process, 133 tancy, 1980s, 184 Michaely, Michael, 44 land reform, 185 on relation between export expan­ population growth rate, 1960-81, 169 sion and growth, 141 ~orth-South negotiations Mihyo, P., on limited government alternative strategies, IOI-{j: bar­ control of Tanzanian public en­ gaining, 103-5, 112; concentrat­ terprises, 229-30 ing on modest reforms, 102; Mongolia,241 identifying reforms to promote agriculture: growth of labour pro­ development, 102; maximising ductivity, 171, 173; international performance within present rules, trade, 174, 175; production 102 -3; power of collective action, growth rate, 166, 167, 168 105-{j,113 health, education and Iife expec­ areas for negotiation, 106-12: tancy, 1980s, 184 buyer-power of South, 106-7; population growth rate, 1960-81, countries' political sensitivity and 169,170 aid, 108; debtor-power of South, Moran, c., 142 107 -8; investment and tech­ Morishima, Michio, 34 nology transfer by M~Cs, 107; Mozambique, communalland tenure, issue linkage, 109; power, for 166 South, in large contracts, 107; Multinational companies, Code of problems for least developed Conduct, 96, 97 countries, 109-10; seiler-power Myrdal, Gunnar, 4, 5-{j, 10, 15, 16, of South, 107 19,26,27 barter deals, 104 American Dilemma, An, 6 debt crisis and, 10 I Asian Drama, 6, 13, 15, 17 differences between ~orth and 'Logical Crux of All Science, The', 6 South,240 Political Element in the need for freer trade, 98-9: examples Development 01 Economic of national interest supporting, Theory, The, 5, 6 99-100; gains for weakly rep­ relations with Paul Streeten, 5-{j, resented consumers, 98-9; poli­ 8-9 tical opposition to, 99; producer Value in Social Theory, 6, 7 opposition to, 99 286 Index

North-South negotiations-­ inflation, 1979-83,47 continued internal commodity production, 46 proposed reforms of international recession, profit recovery and real economic system, 95-{;: moral wage falls, 72, 77 basis of, 96, 97; challenges to, 96; recessionary efTect of bank lending Iittle action of, 97, 101, 112; to developing countries, 60, 75 mutual interest basis, 97, 98 slowdown in growth from 1973, question of aid, 100 39-44: conflicting theories on, question of commodity price stabi­ 42-3; efTect of oil price increases, lisation, 100 40, 41, 50, 65; efTect on Third 'rules' of the game, 95 World countries, 38-9, 40-1, strengthening southern countries' 43-4,53; growth rates, 1960-83, negotiating position, 110-12: 39; part played by deftationary collective self-reliance, 111-12; policies, 40-1; role of anti­ concentration of purchases and inflationary policies, 41, 42, 60; borrowing, 110; diversification of role of reduction in investment, selling outlets, 110; reduced depen­ 41 dence on externaI world, 110-11 wage increases reduced by unem­ Nott, John, 103 ployment, 49 Norway, shipping services, 129 Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 47, 65-8 Oceania, 241 passim, 72, 79, 107,261,264 Ohlin, B. and Samuelson, Paul, de­ dass unity of landlord and entrep­ velopment offree trade theory, 8 reneur under, 71 Oil difficulty of rentiers financing en­ advantages of producers over ear- trepreneurship, 72 Iier food-and-fibre producers, 75 rental income, 76 E-S trade in, 248, 249, 261 world losses through 1970s' actions easy to restrain output, 71 of, 105 efTect of price increases on OECD countries, 41, 50, 65 Pakistan, trade with Eastern bloc, 246, expenditure on compared with ex­ 257, 260 penditure on food in Ricardo's Paszynski, M., 262 day,75 Perkins, F. price inelasticity, 71 on inconsistency of technological Okun, Arthur, 39 choice with Tanzanian develop­ Organisation of Economic Co­ ment goals, 218 operation and Development Tanzanian public enterprise (OECD) countries, 240, 241, 263 studies, 226, 227 comparative advantage in trade and Peru, depressions of 1930s and 1980s services, 124-5 compared, 156, 157, 158 efTect of fall in imported commodity Philippines, 183 prices on wages, unemployment debtor-power, 108 and inflation, 48-9: statistical Pickett, J., 219 verification, 50-2, 56-7 Pinochet, Gen., 187 efTect of unemployment on wage Poland,241 rates, 47 communal land tenure, 166 individual land tenure compared dissolution of co-operatives in, 185 with communal, see Communal Popper, K., 76 land tenure Prebisch, Raid, 15 Index 287

Quarterly Journal 0/ Economics, 2, 7 health, education and life expec­ Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford, 14 tancy, 1980s, 184 population growth rate, 1960-81, 169 RaifTa, Howard, 228 on accountability and control in firms, 224 on trade-ofTs between confticting Samuelson, Paul A., 1-2, 10,21,26 objectives, 225 gains-from-trade theorem, 115 Raphael, D. D. and Macfie, A. L., 29 Sapir, A. and Lutz, E., on compara­ Recession, the continuing tive advantage in services, 125-7, caused by monetary ftows, 59: efTect 129, 135 of bank lending to developing Saudi Arabia, 60, 75 countries, 60 current account surpluses, 1981, 79 caused by public policy, 59: efTect of Say, Jean-Pangloss, 61 withdrawal of investment, 60 Say's Law, 59, 63, 64 caused by transfer ofRicardian rent Schumer, eharles, 90 from entrepreneurs to oil ren­ Seers, Dudley, 13,96 tiers, 60-1, 62-3, 64-5, 80-1: Sen, Amartya, 28 efTect of income redistribution on Singer, H. W., 116 demand, 64; farmland rents not Skachkov, S., on E-S trade, 261 analogous to oil rents, 65-6; oil­ Smith, Adam, 21, 100 rent threat compared to 'Adam Smith Institute', 28 Ricardo's food-rent threat, 66- fascination with curious facts, 34-5 74; parameters today compared pluralism and sympathy in theories to Ricardo's day, 73, 74; problem of,29-31 of no alternative to oil, 66, 68, 76; policies claiming descent from, Third World demand compared 28-9 to 'colonial' demand ofRicardo's prudence and common motivation day, 73, 74; today's rentiers, 60 in theories of, 31-2, 33, 35-6: on false dawn of recovery, 1980s, 58 rules of conduct, 31, 32, 34 Ricardo, David, 65, 68, 71, 76, 100 Theory 0/ Moral Sentiments. The, behaviour of rentiers in time of, 78 28,34 faith in Say's Law, 64 view of self-interest, 32, 33-4 notion of wage share, 77 view of the rich, 32-3 Principles, 62, 63 view ofusefulness and virtue, 32-3, rent theory, 59, 61, 67: fall in profit 34 and, 61-2, 63, 64, 68, 70, 76; Wealth 0/ Nations. The, 28, 29, 34 invalidated by grain imports into South Korea, 102, 111 Britain, 66; squeeze on accumu­ agriculture: growth of labour pro­ lation under, 62 ductivity, 172, 173; growth of sees food as crucial to rent squeeze production, 167, 168; output per on growth, 69, 70 head, 170 Rohatyn, Felix, 90, 92 equitable distribution of income in Romania countryside, 187 agriculture: growth of labour pro­ export oftechnological services, 133 ductivity, 171; international indices of real exchange rates, trade, 174, 175; production 1976-82, 158 growth rate, 167, 168 'political' aid to, 108 communal land tenure, 165 population growth rate, 169 288 Index

Soviet Union, 198,240,241,242 First Things First: Meeting Basic agriculture; growth of labour pro­ Human Needs in Developing ductivity, 171; growth ofproduc­ Countries (with Burki, Mahbub, tion, 167, 168; international Hicks and Stewart), 23, 24, 25 trade, 175 Foreign Investment, Transnationals centralised decision-making, 178 and Developing Countries (with cereals: ftuctuation in production, Sanjaya Lall), 20 207; imports, 194; yield vari­ Frontiers 0/ Development Studies, ability, 193, 194 The, 6, 10, 16, 17,28 communal land tenure, 165 'Institutional Critique of Develop­ peasant coercion, 1930s, 185 ment Concepts, An', 17 population growth rate, 1960-81, 'Limits o( Development Research, 169 The', 18-19 see also East-South trade 'New Strategies for Development: Sri Lanka Poverty, Income Distribution success in providing basic needs and and GrQwth' (with Frances services, 187 Stewart), 21 trade with Eastern bloc, 257 on Adam Smith's belief in educa­ Stewart, Frances, 17,23,95,221 tion,29 'Conftict between Output and on development, 11-12 Employment Objectives' (with 'Programmes and Prognoses, Paul Streeten), 19 Unbalanced Growth and the 'New Strategies for Development: Ideal Plan', 16 Poverty, Income Distribution 'Programs and Prognoses', 3, 6, 7, and Growth' (with Paul 10,26 Streeten), 21 publications, ix, 3, 270-8 Stigler, George, 'Smith's Travel on the relations with Gunnar Myrdal, 5-

'political' aid to, 108 lation to stabilisation in OECD Tanzania area,47-50 communal land tenure, 166, 178 comparative advantage in trade ser­ difficulties in formulation of vices, 122, 132--6: advantage of national objective function, 228- specific skills, 133; determinants, 9: Report ... on Long-Term 128-32; existing studies, 124-8; Industrial Strategy, 228 in insurance, 126-7; in shipping National Development Corpor­ and transportation, 123, 126, ation, 233 128-9, 132; in technological ser­ state-owned enterprises: case vices, 123, 129-31, 132; specialis­ studies, 230--6; conceptual ation and, 134, 135; trade services framework of analysis of, 218- defined, 122--4 26, 236; failure of investment 1arge proportion of income spent on planning, 227 -8; Kagera (sugar), food,73 231,232; Kilombero (sugar) ... 231, larger use of fossil energy than 232; Korogwe (maize-milling), deve10ped countries, 73 231,232,233--4; limited capacity neo-Ricardian oil-rent-induced for government contro!, 229-30; 'limits to growth' and, 73 managerial discretion, 229, 230; relation of public enterprises to gov­ method of research into, 226-7; ernments: 'bureaucratic man' Moproco (oi1-milling), 231, 232, hypothesis and, 221-3, 231, 236; 234; Morogoro (footwear), 231, 'engineering man' hypothesis 232,233; Mtiba (sugar), 231,232; and, 220-1, 223, 232; limits of Musoma (textiles), 231, 232; govemment control, 224--6; Mwatex (textiles), 231, 232; managerial discretion, 226; neoc­ Printpak (inks), 231, 232; Sabuni lassical model, 219, 223, 225; Industries Ltd, 231, 232, 233; technologica1 implications of al­ technology inconsistent with ternatives to neoclassical model, national objectives, 217-18, 223--4; X-efficiency theory and, 230--6 219-20, 223, 232 Sugar Development Corporation, seasonal unemployment, 181 228 see also East-South trade and T ANU party, 229 North-South negotiations Tanzanian Industrial Studies and Trade services, 122--4 Consulting Organisation Tyler, W. G., on export orientation (TISCO), 234, 236 and growth, 141 Third Five Year Plan, 1976-81, 227 trade with Eastern bloc, 257 Uekawa, Y., 119 ujamaa villages, 178 United Arab Emirates, 60 Thailand, power of large contract il­ current account surpluses, 1981,79 lustrated by, 107 United Nations, 87, 155 Third World, 240 Committee for Development commodity prices in: Latin Planning, 102 American in 1930s and 1980s Conference on Trade and compared, 156; OECD countries' Development (UNCTAD), 92, recession and fall in, 38-9, 43--4, 94, 122, 123, 145, 146 53; question of price stabilisation Development Decades, 95, 102: in N -S negotiations, 100; re- International Development 290 Index

United Nations-continued 'Berg Report', 140 Strategies (lOS), 95, 97, 100, 10 I, disbursements, 89 104; reforms proposed, 96 IDA, 87, 92 United States of AmeriCa studies on basic needs, 23 banking failures, 1930s, 161 World Develop11U!nt Report, 145, cereals: exports, 194; price changes, 146 197; stockholding, 209, 2IO; yield World Develop11U!nt, 14, 17 variability, 193, 194 World Food Conference, 1974, 202, International Emergency Food 213 Reserve, 214 International Undertaking on Marshall Plan, 100 World Food Security, 215 opposed to international cereal ag- World food security in cereals, 192-3 reement, 211, 212 alternative measures for promoting, shipping deficit, 129 212-15: Food Aid Convention, trade skirmish with China, 103 213-14; IMF cereal financing fa­ vigour of 19805, 162, 163 cility, 212-13; long-term con­ Uruguay, depreciation of currency, tracts, 214; preferential access for 19305, 157 developing countries, 214-15 different countries' share of stocks, Venezuela, depressions of 1930s and 206 19805 compared, 155-8 passim international grains negotiations, Vernon, Raymond 207 -I 0: insufficiency of private on principal's problem in control­ stockholding, 208: need for ling agent, 224 stockholding subsidies, 209-10; on problem of confticting goals, 225 plan for international price­ Vietnam, 241 stabilising buffer stocks, 207-8, agriculture: growth of labour pro­ 208-9, 2IO; reasons for break­ ductivity, 171, 173; international down, 2IO-12 trade, 175, 179, production international measures for, 202-3 growth rate, 167, 168 interrelated' instability in cereals communa1land tenure, 165 and feed sectors, 195-7: disease health, education and life expec­ problems, 196; effect of feed tancy, 1980s, 184 prices, 196; problems genera ted 'political' aid to, 108 by monetary sector, 196-7 population growth rate, 1960-81, major exporters, 194 169 major importers, 194 national measures for stabilising Weber, Max, 19 supplies, 199-262: holding of on scientific freedom, 19 reserves in food or foreign ex­ Wells, L. T., 'engineering man' hypo- change, 200-1; improved agric­ thesis, 219, 220-1 ultural techniques, 200; improved Wheeler, 0., 143 marketing and distribution, 200; Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 18 irrigation, 199-200; problems of WiIIiams, 0., 'bureaucratic man' importing, 200-1, 202 hypothesis, 219, 221-3 price instability, 197-8, 212: dis­ World Bank, 14,25,92,139,144,167, advantages, 198; from 1950s to 170, 228, 234 1980, 197; national policies and, appraisal of Tanzanian footwear 197-8; reasons for, 197 enterprise, 233 production variability, 193, 195 Index 291 scientific advance and, 195 safe level, 203-7; problems of sources of consumption instability distribution and price, 207; re­ in developing countries, 198 -9: serve stocks, 203, 205; working ftuctuations in domestic food stocks, 203, 205 production, 199; variability in yield variability, 193-4, 195 import price, 199 world carry-over stocks as % of Yugoslavia total utilisation, 206 communal land tenure, 166 world reserves, 203-7: estimating dissolution of co-operatives, 185