Tobacco Control 1992; 1 (suppl): S24-S30 S24 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from

Report of the Tobacco Policy Research Group on Marketing and Promotions Targeted at African Americans, Latinos, and Women

Robert G Robinson, Michele Barry, Michele Bloch, Stanton Glantz, Jerie Jordan, Keith Murray, Edward Popper, Charyn Sutton, Keith Tarr-Whelan, Makani Themba, Sue Younger

Efforts to counter marketing and promotion institutions in the community that influence strategies by the tobacco industry in the United social, political, and intellectual life. This is States have been sponsored primarily by particularly true for African Americans, mainstream health sector organisations. Latinos, and women, who typically stand out African Americans and Latinos are under side of the mainstream and who are more likely represented in such organisations. Although to rely on cultural-based institutions for ex women are well represented in their member pression and definition of their world views. By ships, they are largely absent from positions of contrast the tobacco industry has made an leadership. This is despite the fact that tobacco enormous investment in civic, social, political, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cheltenham, companies have heavily targeted these groups media, and fraternal organisations serving Pennsylvania with specific brands of cigarettes, extensive these respective populations. *?3> 6 In this regard, R G Robinson and comprehensive advertising campaigns, the industry is decades ahead of the health community. Yale University, New and marketing and promotion initiatives.1-4 Haven, Connecticut There is a general lack of activity and interest The importance of focusing on the inter M Barry in tobacco control among African American, relation of tobacco industry marketing and Latino, and women's organisations and their promotion strategies targeted at African Rockville, Maryland http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ M Bloch leadership. Explanations for this have been Americans, Latinos, and women is predicated largely anecdotal. A major question, however, on the fact that these populations remain at University of concerns the large amounts of money received high risk for tobacco use and will often suffer California, San Francisco, California by these groups from tobacco marketing and disproportionately from smoking-related dis S Glantz promotion initiatives, and whether the leader ease and death.3 Also, because the health of individual persons is interrelated with the American Cancer ship of these organisations has been thus com health of their communities, it is important to Society, Atlanta, promised. There has been little systematic Georgia review of this. One reason is that research develop a better understanding of how the J Jordan priorities are established by the mainstream, tobacco industry has influenced community Northeastern reflecting the interests of its members. Indeed, infrastructures, and how this can be altered. University, Boston, although health advocates protested over the Massachusetts targeted marketing of cigarettes to African on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Murray Americans living in the inner cities of America, Social and economic characteristics Aurora University, the issue did not get appreciable attention until Tobacco marketing and promotion activities Aurora, Illinois the aborted attempt of R J Reynolds to develop that target African Americans, Latinos, and E Popper and market Uptown cigarettes that were specifi women are best understood in the context of Philadelphia, cally designed for African Americans.5 their social history and economic position in Pennsylvania This paper, developed as a companion docu US society. Such society is culturally het C Sutton ment to that prepared by the Group on erogeneous and has broad inequities with Tarr-Whelan and Marketing and Promotion (p S19), specifi respect to social and economic opportunity. In Associates, cally reviews the marketing and promotion 1990, white people comprised 80.3% of the Washington, DC activities of the US tobacco industry in relation population of the United States, African Tarr-Whelan to African Americans, Latinos, and women Americans 12.1 %, and Latinos 9 %.7 In 1990, Marin Institute, San and describes specific areas worthy of policy the median income of African Americans was Rafael, California research and analysis. $10328, $10683 for Latinos, and $15035 for M Themba white people. The median income of women Tobacco Education compared with men in each population group and Prevention Background was significantly less.8 In 1984 the median net Project, Sacramento, TOBACCO PREVENTION AND CONTROL California worth of African Americans was $3397, com PRIORITIES S Younger pared with $4913 for Latinos and $39135 for Tobacco control initiatives in the United white people.9 Net worth is a more substantive Correspondence to : Dr Robert G Robinson, Fox States have traditionally focused on changing indicator of inequality than median income Chase Cancer Center, behaviour. Comparatively little attention has because it attempts to account for the value of 510 Township Line Road, been directed to examination of the interaction property and other material wealth. At no time Cheltenham, Pennsylvania 19012, USA. of the tobacco industry with organisations and between 1966 and 1990 have the poverty rates Targeted marketing and promotion of tobacco S25 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from for African Americans been below 30%.10 By There are numerous links between social contrast, the rates for white people during this service and civil rights organisations within the period have never gone above 12.1 %. African American community and tobacco companies. Substantial donations from the tobacco industry have been received by the Marketing and promotion Joint Center for Political and Economic It is important to distinguish marketing and Studies (the African American "think tank"), promotion from advertising. Advertising uses the National Urban League, Tuskegee Airmen various themes and images to positively charac Incorporated, and the National Black Police terise tobacco and tobacco-related behaviour. Association.19 Brown and Williamson donated Marketing and promotion activities encompass $250000 to groups seeking to improve the not only traditional promotion activities that quality of inner city life over a four year stimulate interest in the product, but most period.20 One of the most extensive directories significantly, investments in community infra of African American organisations, the Guide structure. These include support for scholar to Black Organisations, is published by Philip ship and fellowship programmes, con Morris. ferences, and conventions, and the targeting of large sums of money to political repre sentatives, caucuses, and individual leaders. Support for minority-owned business One of the most intriguing developments in Philip Morris has pledged significant percent the tobacco industry is the recent shift in ages of community deposits to minority institu marketing and promotion expenditures rela tions and contracts to minority-owned vendors tive to advertising. Promotional and marketing as part of a covenant with Operation PUSH, expenditures now exceed that on direct ad the civil rights organisation founded by the vertising. In 1975 some 25-5% of the ad Reverend Jesse Jackson.21 Tobacco companies vertising and promotions budget was spent on also have provided millions of dollars in promotions,11 a proportion that has risen business to African American life insurance consistently to the 1989 level of 69,3%.12 companies and banks.11,20 22 Between 1982 and Another indicator is the drop in revenue and 1992 R J Reynolds sponsored seminars for total advertising pages experienced by US persons of colour to promote working with magazines.13 In 1992, revenue for the first and R J Reynolds purchasing agents and purchased second quarter from tobacco advertising was over $500 million in goods and services from $90.8 million, a 26 % decrease from the same companies owned by women and persons of period in 1991. The shift from advertising to colour.23 promotion has occurred at a time of rising total dollars allocated for advertising and promo http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ tion.212 Journalism Lack of interest and the difficulty in obtain For nearly 20 years R J Reynolds has spon ing information have combined to make analy sored a scholarship programme with the ses of advertising and promotional expenditure National Newspapers Publishing Associ directed at African Americans, Latinos, and ation.20 R J Reynolds invested $250000 in this women scarce. 1,3,6'14 Estimates have ranged programme, making it the largest journalism from $4.5 million received by minority and scholarship programme ever funded by private women's organisations in 19876 to $4.3 million industry. R J Reynolds is also an active par for African American groups alone, received ticipant in the National Alliance of Business from Philip Morris and R J Reynolds in 1987.15 Industry/College Cluster programme that

It is believed that African American, Latino, links corporations with African American on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. and women's groups in Washington, DC, are colleges and universities to assist in the particularly targeted.16 Recipients of money development of business-related subjects and from tobacco industry are unwilling to divulge programmes.22 the information and the tobacco industry is renowned for refusing to disclose this in formation. During the past decade, however, Cultural activity several major newspapers have made informed Peter Bell, former executive director of the estimates of contributions. The information Institute on Black Chemical Abuse, noted: "I presented here provides a broad overview of am not aware of any major Black cultural event marketing and promotion investments tar that does not have a liquor or tobacco company geting African Americans, Latinos, and as a primary sponsor."24 Music is a special women. focus.25 Examples include the Kool Jazz Fes tival (sponsored by Brown and Williamson AFRICAN AMERICANS until 1985) and the Parliament World Beat The visibility of African American Concertelected Series. Tobacco companies also pro officials and their power at the local, state, vide andfinancial support for on campus parties federal levels have led the tobacco industry and special to events sponsored by African provide strong financial support to Americans these as well as support for programmes, elected officials and their organisations. conferences Recip and activities sponsored by the ients include the Congressional Black graduateCaucus chapters which tend to be Foundation, the national Black Caucus ofcommunity-based.26 State Legislators, and many individual members of Congress and state legislatures.1718 S26 Robinson, Barry, Bloch, and others Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from

Art called "The Latin American Spirit: Art and During the 1970s, one of the first major Artists in the United States, 1920-1970.30 R J exhibitions of African American Artists, "Two Reynolds sponsors a bilingual magazine, The Hundred Years of Black American Artists,"21 Hispanics in the Major Leagues The tobacco was mounted with funding from Philip Morris. industry also supports the national Hispanic For 1990-1, Philip Morris sponsored the Scholarship Foundation.6 "Black Art: Ancestral Legacy Tour" that The National Association of Hispanic Publi examined how African American artists have cations estimates that 350 Hispanic newspapers been influenced by their African roots.22 receive about 20 % of their advertising revenue from alcohol and tobacco companies.31 Philip Morris is the largest advertiser in Latino Employment magazines and provides funds to the National Individual tobacco manufacturers were among Association of Hispanic Journalists.6 the first major American companies to hire and promote African Americans in significant numbers.27 More than 20% of the R J Rey WOMEN nolds workforce and 23 % of that at Brown and Women's organisations promoting leadership Williamson are African Americans. Roughly in business and politics have been courted for 26% of the Philip Morris workforce are more than a decade.14 A survey of these showed classified as "minority," with 13% in officer that 13 of 53 respondents admitted receiving and managerial categories. Many who work for money, with amounts ranging from $318500 tobacco companies in senior corporate pos to $361500.32 The National Women's Political itions have considerable recognition and in Caucus received large sums of money.314 fluence within the African American com Estimates of Philip Morris's contribution to munity. They include former White House underwrite the National Directory of Women staff, nationally recognised journalists, cor Elected Officials ranged to more than $100000. porate trail blazers, and sports celebrities. Other recipients are the Women's Campaign Fund (more than $25000), Wider Opportun ities for Women, League of Women Voters Media Education Fund, The Center for Women Tobacco and liquor advertising have been Policy Studies, the American Association of the economic mainstays of African American University Women's Education Foundation, publications for decades. In 1950, Philip and the Women Executives in State Govern Morris was attacked by the segregationist ment. The last received $30000 annually for publication White Sentinel for being "the first three years.14 cigarette company to advertise in the negro Efforts to target women generally includehttp://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ press."6 A rise in print tobacco advertising parallel strategies to reach African American occurred after the 1971 television ban when and Latino women. For example, the Women's African American publishers requested theResearch and Education Institute (WREI) industry to target them.28 African American received six of nine of their congressional owned and oriented newspapers and magazines fellowships from tobacco companies in 1989 receive about $6 million in tobacco advertising 90. RJ Reynolds provided $75000 for three revenues, or 1.5% of the tobacco industry's years and Philip Morris $14000 for two years $400 million total advertising budget.22 to WREI for this programme.314 In 1990, at Cigarettes are heavily advertised in African their awards dinner, WREI honoured Johnetta American-oriented magazines such as Ebony, Cole, president of Spelman College, his Jet, and Essence.29 torically a black institution. Financial contri on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. butors to the dinner were Philip Morris, R J Reynolds, and the Tobacco Institute.33 It is LATINOS estimated that WREI receives $100000 an Political recipients of money for the tobacco nually from tobacco. Another recipient is the industry include the Congressional Hispanic American Association of University Women Caucus Institute17 and the League of United and the Women's Research and Education Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the oldest Fund.17 and largest Latino organisation in the United Women's arts projects receive support.34 States.1 In general, tobacco support for Latino The Joffrey Ballet, considered a showcase for groups correlates with their increased repwomen, is supported by Philip Morris. The resentation in the population and rise American in Ballet Theater also formed a part purchasing power.6 The National Council ofnership with Philip Morris.2,35 La Raza, one of the biggest and most influential Philip Morris began sponsoring the Virginia groups in the Latino community, receives Slims tournament in 1971. So entrenched was $100000 from the industry (in a total budget theof relationship that when Proctor and Gamble $3 million) annually for operating expenses offered to take over the sponsorship in 1988 and an additional $50000 from R J Reynolds they were rebuffed. Legitimacy was provided that goes directly to affiliates.1 R J Reynolds when several newspapers joined as cosponsors provided $20000 to the US Hispanic Chamber of the tournament.36,37 to publish the 1989 Hispanic Business Di rectory.1 Philip Morris sponsored Mexican rodeos at a cost of $600000 at state fairs Discussion throughout California and a national tour It is critical to understand that the tobacco Targeted marketing and promotion of tobacco S27 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from industry has been investing in these com criticizing us for accepting money beating down a munities for a long time, and that the industry path to our doors offering contributions. has achieved a status among African ! james Williams, current spokesperson for the Americans, Latinos, and women that is more National Association for the Advancement of than the sum of the money received. The Colored People (NAACP) defending the United Negro College Fund3 communities are loyal to the tobacco industry partly because they have been poorly supported They have nothing to lose. They don't know about through other sources and do not equitably the problems of black media and what it has to do to receive goods and services from other sectors survive. They [media] don't get their fair share of ad of society. revenue anyway. So, should they [government] Other reasons for the disinterest in tobacco decide to ban tobacco ads, a lot of publications might as well close their doors and auction off the control among these communities are less furniture. obvious. For example, women's leadership George Edwards, president and chief executive groups have focused strongly on issues such as officer of the National Black Network, an African reproductive freedom and have been disin American owned radio news and feature network, clined to be diverted, particularly when the referring to critics of sponsorship*1 price would be to deplete their resources and 'Enlightened... generous patrons.' A nation has a undermine their ability to wage aggressive cultural health as well as a physical health. struggles on well defined agendas. Latino alvin ailey, leader of the African American Dance organisations, because they are newly arrived Company, writing to the Surgeon General in 1988 members in the political milieu, may be more on tobacco executives marginal than more established interest groups and, consequently, less able to take a risk in alienating corporate sponsors. Latino organ THE CONSEQUENCES OF SPONSORSHIP : isations, similar to African Americans, tend to PRO-TOBACCO ACTIVITY give priority to economic and education issues There is no doubt that representatives from ahead of health.1 These factors are often the African American, Latino, and women's underestimated by advocates of tobacco con communities, despite encouraging signs of trol who often exhort community leaders to change in recent years, have been less than simply relinquish the "blood money." progressive in adopting anti-tobacco positions. The nature of the loyalty felt for the tobacco Despite the fact that African American leaders industry is well illustrated by the quotes : claim that the contributions from tobacco

I think the sponsor has been there a long, long time. interests do not "buy" their support,38'39 pro I'm thankful they were there when no one else industry positions have clearly been evident on wanted women's tennis, when no one came to watch, major issues such as legislation for "smokers' no one cared. rights," clean air legislation, and efforts to http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ martina navratilova defending the Women's raise cigarette taxes. For example, the NAACP International Tennis Association's refusal to worked with tobacco companies to urge African desert tobacco sponsorship American journalists to oppose clean air acts They know that they're perceived negatively by because of alleged discrimination against representatives who are concerned about health African American workers and opposed grants issues... to tell the truth, I'm not that interested. I'm to universities to study African American just glad they fund us. smoking patterns.41 Representative Charles Alison dineed, fellowship director for the Women's Rangel has used his position to consistently Research and Education Institute* advocate for the interests of the tobacco industry by opposing excise taxes and pro I'm less concerned about taking money from Philip moting allocation of funds to support the on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Morris... then the fact that a lot of these big media companies don't give us a dime. tobacco price support system.18 Certainly the frank newton, president of the National Associ unfortunate support of African American, ation of Hispanic Journalists* Latino, and women legislators is partially re sponsible for the remarkable record of less I think the Hispanic community cannot afford to than 15 % passage of anti-tobacco bills in 1986 just turn their back on these companies who have and 1987.6 been our friends over the years by saying well, now In a 1986 memo the Tobacco Institute that we know that the product you sell can be reflected on its success with women's organ injurious to our health, we don't want your help. tony bonilla, former director of LU LAC* isations with the admission that most key representatives had assured them that smoking The dismal record of financial support for Hispanic was not a priority issue for their organisation. organisations and institutions has created a situation The Congressional Caucus on Women's Issues of vulnerability... It is very difficult for any of our introduced the Women's Health Equity Act in groups to refuse contributions from the tobacco 1991, and of 22 bills, including six that targeted industry when so few options are available. prevention, none explicitly dealt with smoking. jane delgado, executive director of the national Similarly, only six of 115 women's organ Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Services isations endorsed Senator Edward Kennedy's Organisations1 tobacco control bill, and only one of the six What's more important, that the United Negro receives tobacco money.14 College Fund receives hundreds of thousands of The response of the media to the tobacco dollars in contributions from R J Reynolds for industry warrants particular highlighting be scholarships or that it advertises in one of the fund's cause of its critical place in determining public publications ? I don't see any of the people who are opinion and shaping values. When Secretary S28 Robinson, Barry, Bloch, and others Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from

of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan hold this position, has aggressively attacked invited publishers of African American maga the tobacco industry.47 zines to meet to discuss tobacco advertising, all The Mission Economic and Cultural As refused to attend.40 Only a few African sociation, sponsors of the celebrated Cinco de American publications, geared primarily to Mayo festival in San Francisco, refused religious or youth audiences, have indicated $100000 in tobacco money at its 25th annual any broad based refusal to accept tobacco festival.48 Most encouraging, they developed a advertising. Most African American media plan and moved from 95 % sponsorship from have provided strong support for the tobacco tobacco and alcohol to 35 % alcohol and 10% industry.641 tobacco. Also, as well as removing tobacco As with the general media, there is evidence billboards from African American neighbour that articles in African American media related hoods as a result of community protests, to the health consequences of tobacco are not these are also being removed from Latino encouraged.4'42 Between 1980 and 1986, communities.5 neither Ebony nor Essence published articles MS magazine, after publishing two critical specifically about smoking and health, al articles on tobacco, withstood the punishment though the subject was mentioned briefly in of no longer being offered tobacco adver articles on general health.11 In a recent Ebony tising.32 A state legislator in Vermont, Ann article on the 10 leading health problems for Seibert, organised a protest campaign against African Americans, cigarette smoking is men Philip Morris promotional efforts that used tioned briefly only twice.3 feminist oriented date books and posters, and Major women's magazines provide only Bill of Rights posters.35 brief news items about smoking,45 with one study showing that four of 10 prominent magazines carried no anti-smoking articles in Policy research recommendations the 12 years studied.44 (1) SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF MARKETING AND PROMOTION TO TARGETED COMMUNITIES Many data gaps remain. Work should assess TOBACCO CONTROL ACTIVITY the nature and extent of targeted marketing Recent years have shown an insurgence of and promotion within each community, de activity in tobacco control. Most notable in the termine common patterns, and draw con African American community was the Uptown clusions regarding the rationale and over Coalition and their successful struggle against arching strategy of the tobacco industry. Also, R J Reynolds introduction of Uptown ciga we must consider how best to measure spon rette, a brand developed specifically for and sorship. Is it best measured by the quantity of targeted at African Americans. It was a victory money, the duration of sponsorship, or other http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ that had a far reaching impact and helped set the factors? Will it vary according to leadership stage for a concerted national coordination of and type of organisation? Is it true that community based mobilisation against the tar progressive organisations are the primary geted marketing of tobacco and alcohol. The recipients of tobacco money, or are these victory grew from a set of strategies that merely the organisations that receive the emphasised : greatest level of publicity ? What factors within African American leadership different types of organisations facilitate a Refusal to focus on issues that might be willingness to change behaviour relative to the divisive, for example acceptance of tobacco tobacco industry ? Will the community - that advertising by local African American news is, the attitudes and behaviours of individuals

papers -respond differently to changes in different on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. A definition of the problem that emphasised organisations? If so, this can influence social that the entire community, both smokers and change strategies adopted by tobacco control non-smokers, were being targeted advocates. A rebuttal of traditional tobacco industry arguments that portrayed anti-tobacco advo cates as paternalistic and disrespectful of the (2) ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY FACTORS THAT intelligence of the smoking public. FACILITATE TARGETING BY THE TOBACCO Some local organisations of the Urban INDUSTRY League and the NAACP have included tobacco What are the values and norms regarding control in their programme initiatives.3 Poli marketing and promotion activities in targeted ticians Cardiss Collins from Chicago and John communities? Are there differences across Conyers from Detroit have refused tobacco communities? What role does marginality, or money and have cosponsored tobacco regu the perception of organisations that they are lations.18 Representative John Lewis (Demo vulnerable and cannot afford to take risks, have crat-Georgia) has said he will not accept in shaping organisational-based behaviour? If tobacco and alcohol-related contributions.46 similar perceptions of marginality exist among Conyers favours developing alternative fund community members, do they reinforce the ing for organisations that receive significant resistance of organisations to change ? If mar revenues from alcohol and tobacco companies, ginality is important, it can significantly in including political organisations like the Black fluence the nature of the solutions needed to Congressional Caucus Foundation.27 The bring about change. For example, a focus that Secretary of Health and Human Services, Dr targeted the opinions and attitudes of organ Louis Sullivan, the first African American to isation leaders may have to be enlarged to Targeted marketing and promotion of tobacco S29 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from

deal with the economic environment of the (5) COMMON STRATEGIES FOR ALCOHOL, enterprise. A critical element of such a strategy TOBACCO, AND ILLICIT DRUGS is how to encourage support for organisations The question of cross substance abuse analysis from industries other than tobacco. How do and coalition development across tobacco, perceptions of health risk by leaders impact alcohol, and illicit drugs remains largely un receptivity to targeted marketing and pro explored. There are many similarities between motion ? the marketing and promotion strategies of the tobacco and alcohol industries. Are there advantages for prevention and control strat egies to focus on both and develop an inte (3) THE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING AND PROMOTION ON INDIVIDUAL NORMS AND grated analysis? Is it useful to include illicit drugs in this effort ? This is important because BEHAVIOURS illicit drugs, though similar to tobacco and It is relevant to explore relationships between alcohol with regard to health consequences and marketing and promotion and use of tobacco addictive behaviour patterns, remain con by members of the respective communities. troversial within communities and among One concern is whether individuals, who public policy advocates. Nevertheless, the appreciate the support provided by the tobacco critical policy research issue is whether an industry to their organisations, are less sup integrated analysis will facilitate better portive of tobacco control legislation and strategies for organising communities and related policy issues. It may be worth while to enabling them to coalesce around common explore the relationship of marketing and agendas. promotion to use of tobacco. Age differences may be an important variable. For example, awareness of African Americans of the im (6) THE SHIFT FROM ADVERTISING TO portance of tobacco industry support for civil PROMOTION rights organisations may be stronger among How do we explain the shift from advertising older age strata in contrast to women, whose expenditure to promotion? What is deter appreciation for tobacco industry support of mining this shift? Are there differences be media and sports activities may be more tween expenditures targeted at African Ameri prevalent among younger women. Policy re cans, Latinos, and women? Is the shift to search can explore if marketing and promotion influences individual norms and behaviours promotion perceived by community and organ isational leaders and will this perception alter related to public policy or tobacco use. How the stakes in efforts to bring about behaviour ever, in the context of targeted marketing and change? Of concern to policy researchers is promotion, the critical issues concern organ whether this shift is circumstantial or http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ isational and leadership behaviour. Less critical is whether individual use of tobacco is grounded in strategic plans of the tobacco in altered. dustry. This may be a critical element in determining how resistant the industry will be to proactive attempts to shape an alternative environment with a new set of choices that is (4) COMMON FEATURES IN THE TARGETED available to the economic, cultural, and organ MARKETING AND PROMOTION STRATEGIES IN isational infrastructure of African American, THE UNITED STATES AND IN OTHER COUNTRIES Latino, and women's communities. What lessons are to be learned from the experience of the United States ? What lessons are to be learned from the experience of the Summary on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. United States in assessing tobacco industry Exploring issues related to marketing and strategies in other countries, and in particular promotion is fairly novel to tobacco prevention efforts in the Third World ? Will an increase in and control. It will require new tools and a awareness provide a stronger base in the liberal use of qualitative methods to formulate United States for resisting excessive export of appropriate concepts and criteria. It will also cigarettes? Can this impact the regulation of necessitate reliance on researchers and profes health warnings to assure consistency with sionals who are culturally sensitive, and ideally policy for US consumers? Evaluation of will be representative of the communities being tobacco industry strategies can facilitate co researched. If historical context emerges as a ordinated tobacco control efforts by inter significant explanatory component of this national agencies such as the World Bank and phenomena, then it is best to appreciate that WHO. How can developments in the inter context is more than the sum of a community's national community be used in the United historical "facts." It encompasses as well the States? For example, the recent statement by state of mind, the feelings, the pains, and the Nelson Mandela advocating that all sectors of aspirations of the people who make up the South African society adopt anti-tobacco in community. dustry policies can be juxtaposed to the position of civil rights leaders in the United States who evoke African American burdens 1 Maxwell , Jacobson M. Marketing disease to Hispanics. Washington DC: Center for Science in the Public as a rationale for continued acceptance of Interest, 1989. tobacco industry sponsorships. Policy research 2 Ernster V. How tobacco companies target women. World Smoking and Health 1991; 16: 8-11. can determine the best methods for creating 3 Robinson R, Pertschuk M, Sutton C. Smoking and African linkages across nations. Americans: Spotlighting the effects of smoking and S30 Robinson, Barry, Bloch, and others Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.1.suppl1.S24 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from

tobacco promotion in the African American community. 26 Anonymous. Why big tobacco woos minorities. Ad Week's In: Samuels SE, Smith MD, eds. Improving the health of Marketing Week 1990; January 239. the poor : Strategies for prevention. Menlo Park, Cali 27 Novae V. Courting black power: how special interests fornia: Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, 1992 May; pursue the minority vote. Common Cause Magazine 1989; 123-81. March/April. 4 Amos A. Cigarette advertising and marketing strategies. 28 Williams L. Tobacco companies target blacks with ads, Tobacco Control 1992; 1: 3-4. donations and festivals. Wall Street Journal 1986; 5 Fimute P. A war on alcohol, tobacco ads that target Oakland October 6. minorities. San Francisco Chronicle 1991 May 21 ; Al3. 29 Epstein N. Sending smoke signals to minorities. American 6 Levin M. Big tobacco buying new friendships: women, Medical News 1988. blacks courted. Los Angeles Times 1988; May 22. 30 Assael S. Why big tobacco woos minorities. Adweek's 7 Bureau of the Census. Table E states. State and metropolitan Marketing Week 1990; January 29; 24. area data book. Washington, DC: US Government 31 Medina D. Latin media fight tobacco, liquor ad curbs. Wall Printing Office, 1991. Street Journal 1990; August 28: Bl. 8 Bureau of the Census. Money income of households, families 32 Berman AM. The tobacco industry funding of women's and persons in the US: 1990. Washington, DC: US organisations. Not far enough : women vs smoking. US Government Printing Office August 1991. (Current Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, population reports, Series P-60, No 174.) DC: US Government Printing Office, 1987. (Publication 9 Bureau of the Census. Household wealth and asset ownership : No 87-2949.) 1988. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 33 Clayton L. Tobacco influence. The Washington Post 1990; 1990. (Current population reports, Series P-70, No 22.) October. 10 Bureau of the Census. Money income and poverty status in 34 Woodman S. Target. Mirabella 1990; April: 81. the United States: 1987. Washington, DC: US Govern 35 Oldenburg D. A smoky ethical issue. The Washington Post ment Printing Office 1988. (Advance data from the 1990; June 6. March 1988 current population survey); Current popu 36 Jenkins S. Virginia slims notebook. The Washington Post lation reports, Series P-60, No 161.) 1990; February 24: A3. 11 White LC. Merchants of death: The American tobacco 37 DeParle J. Warning sports stars may be hazardous to your industry. New York: William Morrow, 1988. health. The Washington Monthly 1989; September. 12 Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission 38 Blair Y. NABJ says "no" to advertiser. Dallas Weekly report for 1989. Tobacco Control 1992; 1: 73-77. 1990; June 6-13. 13 Don?ton S. Ad page upswing likely after 3 good months. 39 Siewers A. Drink-smoke billboards are painted over. Advertising Age 1992; June 22. Chicago Sun-Times 1990; March 14. 14 Williams M. Tobacco's hold on women's groups. The 40 Smikle K. Profit and loss: post no bills, whitewashing Washington Post 1991; November 14. brigades take on controversial ads. Emerge 1990; June: 15 Jackson DZ. Blacks and billboards' killing urge to smoke 25-26. and drink. Boston Globe 1988; November 25. 41 Ames J. WC Jr. Editor's note : where there's smoke, is there 16 Overby PO. How special interests cater to congress. fire? Emerge 1990; June: 6. Common Cause Magazine 1992; January/February/ 42 Warner KE, Goldenhar LM, McLaughlin CG. Cigarette March: 4. advertising and magazine coverage of the hazards of 17 Anonymous. Close ties to Capital Hill. Capital Journal smoking. Engl J Med 1992; 326: 305-9. 1991; Dec 3: 2961. 43 US Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing 18 Coughlin D. Smoking guns : Black reps are high on funding the health consequences of smoking : 25 years of progress. A from tobacco and alcohol pacs. The Village Voice 1992; report of the Surgeon General, 1988. Atlanta, Georgia: April 21: 11. Centers for Disease Control, Office for Smoking and 19 Tyner J. Tobacco ads geared toward blacks spur contro Health, 1989. (DHSS Publication No 89-8411.) versy : groups like NAACP get industry funds. Baltimore 44 Myers ML, Hollar J, Synar M. Tobacco marketing and Sun 1987; November 16. promotion. 7A. In: Blakeman EM, Engleberg AL, eds. 20 Edmonds P. Black leaders : we're not for sale. Detroit Free Final report : tobacco use in America conference. Chicago: Press 1989; July 24. American Medical Association 1989. 21 Inside PR. Alcohol and tobacco: down for something 45 Kessler L. Women's magazines' coverage of smoking positive in the community. I PR 1991 February. related health hazards. Journalism Quarterly 1989 Sum 22 Anonymous. Dollars and sense. Tobacco and black Ameri mer: 66: 316-323.

cans, Part II 1990 June/July. 46 Schwerzler NJ. Fight over health warnings on drinks could http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ 23 R J Reynolds Tobacco Company. 1992 Travel Guide. lead to bid to curb advertising. Baltimore Sun 1990; 24 Durcanin C. Sign of the times: "sin" ads target blacks: January 29. marketing raises questions of exploitation. Atlanta Con 47 Gladwell M. Virgina slims tournament is backed by "blood stitution 1989; March 26. money", Sullivan charges. The Washington Post 1990; 25 Tuckson RV. Race, sex, economics and tobacco advertising. February 24: A3. Journal of the National Medical Association 1989; 81: 48 Abramson H. Booze makers buy in to racial/ethnic 1119-24. communities. The Marin Institute 1992; Winter No 4. on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright.