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İhsan Altıntaş Revivalist.Pdf T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ REVIVALIST DISCOURSE IN MODERN HINDUISM: A SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDY OF THE RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT İHSAN ALTINTAŞ 140401007 TEZ DANIŞMANI YRD. DOÇ. DR. ÖNDER KÜÇÜKURAL İSTANBUL 2017 T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ REVIVALIST DISCOURSE IN MODERN HINDUISM: A SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDY OF THE RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT İHSAN ALTINTAŞ 140401007 TEZ DANIŞMANI YRD. DOÇ. DR. ÖNDER KÜÇÜKURAL İSTANBUL 2017 T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ REVIVALIST DISCOURSE IN MODERN HINDUISM: A SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDY OF THE RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT İHSAN ALTINTAŞ 140401007 TEZ DANIŞMANI YRD. DOÇ. DR. ÖNDER KÜÇÜKURAL Enstitü Anabilim Dalı: Medeniyet Araştırmaları Enstitü Bilim Dalı: Medeniyet Araştırmaları Bu tez 06/06/2017 tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Önder Küçükural Prof. Dr. İsmail L. Hacınebioğlu Yrd. Doç. Dr. Karim Sadek __________________ _____________ _________________ Jüri Başkanı Jüri üyesi Jüri üyesi BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlâk kurallarına uyulduğu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığı, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversiteye veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. İhsan Altıntaş i ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to analyze Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa’s (1836-1886) revivalist discourse based on three perceptions (i.e. God-Nature, Self, and Society) in the context of the emergence of new religious movements in modern India. Unfortunately, the scope of the study of revivalist movements is generally limited to the Middle East and the Western world, whereas, this piece of work dedicated to South Asia region to make available sources for comparison of Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic religions in the context of modernity. This would be my larger contribution to the study of revivalist movements. I also aspire to provide an academic discussion to the intellectual scholarships in the field work of studying the religions and modernity. The thesis is composed of four chapters plus introduction and conclusion part. Introduction part explains my methodological, theoretical and conceptual framework of how and why I study the revivalist discourse of Sri Ramakrishna, the importance of this thesis, literature reviews, my aims and positions in the Ramakrishna studies, some statements about my study. Chapter one explores the core dimensions of the socio-religious changes in Bengal in order to find the basic elements of the revivalism in Bengal Renaissance during 1800- 1830s. Chapter two contains an overview of Ramakrishna’s life considering his spiritual experience turning into religious doctrines. Chapter three examines Ramakrishna’s revivalist discourses in his daily speeches as recorded in the Gospel of Ramakrishna. Chapter four concentrates how Ramakrishna’s revivalist discourse was perceived by his disciples, especially by his foremost devotee Swami Vivekananda and how Ramakrishna Math and Mission started as an organization. Conclusion part includes all of my research findings of this master thesis project and also it gives a general overview of the concluding remarks of each chapter. Outcomes of his revivalist discourse regarding God-Nature shortly are; everything in universe is an embodiment of God and God is active all the time and takes care of everything; regarding self, attachment to worldly things (i.e. women and gold and egotism) are the main problems of modern man and the solution is realization of God with guidance of a religious leader (guru) by experiencing renunciation, devotion, faith and meditation; regarding society, instead of dogmatism of religions and sects he purposes the idea of harmony of religions. ii ÖZET Bu tezin amacı Hindistan’da ortaya çıkan yeni dinî hareketler bağlamında Sri Ramakrişna Paramahamsa’nın (1836-1886) Tanrı-Doğa, İnsan ve Toplum tasavvurunda kullandığı ihyacı söylemi analiz etmektir. İhyacı hareketler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar genellikle Ortadoğu ve Batı dünyasıyla sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bunların aksine bu çalışma Güney Asya bölgesine yoğunlaşmış olup vahiy merkezli olmayan dinlerin (Hinduizm gibi) modernite ile karşılaşması üzerine yapılacak olan akademik çalışmalara kaynak sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu açıdan bu tez ihyacı hareketler üzerine yapılan çalışmamalara da katkı sunmakla beraber modernite ve din ilişkisine yoğunlaşan çalışmalara entelektüel anlamda akademik bir müzakere konusu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tez toplamda dört ana bölüm, giriş ve sonuç kısımlarından oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında kullandığım metodolojiyi, teorik ve kavramsal çerçeveyi, nasıl ve neden Sri Ramakrishna’nın ihyacı söylemini ele aldığımı, literatür taramasını, niyet ve çalışmamın sınırlarını ve çalışmam hakkında bazı kritik noktaları ele aldım. Birinci bölümde, Bengal Rönesans’ı olarak adlandırılan uzun bir dönemin sadece 1800- 1830’lu yıllarda Bengal’de ortaya çıkan ihyacı söylemin sosyal ve dinî değişimlerin arka planını oluşturan temel elementlerini tüm boyutları ile ele aldım. İkinci bölümde ise Ramakrişna’nın hayatının genel bir özetini onun manevi tecrübelerinin nasıl bir dini doktrine dönüşerek değiştiğini dikkate alarak ele aldım. Üçüncü bölümde Ramakrişna’nın ihyacı söylemi onun günlük konuşmalarında ve The Gospel of Ramakrishna adlı kaydedilmiş kitabında incelenmektedir. Dördüncü bölüm Ramakrişna’nın ihyacı söyleminin onun müritleri özellikle baş müridi Swami Vivekananda tarafından nasıl algılandığı üzerine odaklanarak Ramakrişna Hareketinin bir kurumsal organizasyona nasıl dönüştüğünü tahlil etmektedir. Sonuç kısmında ise tezimde elde ettiğim bulguları ve bütün bölümlerde ortaya çıkan çıktıları yorumlayarak ele aldım. iii TABLE OF CONTENT BEYAN .......................................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ II ÖZET.......................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................ IV LIST OF TABLES AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ VI ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review and Background .............................................................................................. 4 Some Discussions on Hinduism .................................................................................................... 6 My Aim, Contribution, and Method ............................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CHANGES IN THE BENGAL (HINDU) RENAISSANCE (1800-1830) ................................................................ 11 1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Establishments of the Main Associations in Bengal ........................................................... 12 1.3. The Argumentations of Missionaries and Orientalists on Hinduism................................... 14 1.4. Press in the Way of Awakening the Hindu Pundits............................................................. 16 1.5. Debates on Traditional Hindu Beliefs and Customs ........................................................... 18 1.6. Revivalist Discourses in the Magazines .............................................................................. 19 1.7. Young Bengal Movement: Three Main Ideologies ............................................................. 22 1.8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER TWO: THE LIFE OF SRI RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHAMSA (1836-1886) ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1. Childhood ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.2. Some Signs of Spiritual Journey .......................................................................................... 28 2.3. Coming to Calcutta (Kolkata) .............................................................................................. 29 2.4. As a Priest at Kali Temple ................................................................................................... 30 2.5. His Spiritual Guides ............................................................................................................. 34 2.6. His Interests in Other Religions and Sects ........................................................................... 36 2.7. Recognition of His Teachings by People
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