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And Blue Jays in Florida THE MOLT OF SCRUB JAYS AND BLUE JAYS IN FLORIDA BY G. THOMAS BANCROFT AND GLEN E. WOOLFENDEN Departmentof Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 29 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1982 THE MOLT OF SCRUB JAYS AND BLUE JAYS IN FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS This series,published by the AmericanOrnithologists' Union, has been estab- lished for major paperstoo long for inclusionin the Union's journal, The Auk. Publicationhas been made possiblethrough the generosityof the late Mrs. Carll Tucker and the Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation, Inc. Correspondenceconcerning manuscripts for publicationin the seriesshould be addressedto the Editor, Dr. Mercedes S. Foster, USFWS, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Copies of Ornithological Monographs may be ordered from the Assistant to the Treasurerof the AOU, Glen E. Woolfenden, Department of Biology, Uni- versity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620. (See price list on back and in- side back cover.) OrnithologicalMonographs, No. 29, viii + 51 pp. Editor of AOU Monographs, Mercedes S. Foster Special Reviewers for this issue, Victor R. Dolnik, Biological Station of Rybachy, Zoological Institute, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, USSR; Martin L. Morton, Departmentof Biology, Occi- dental College, Los Angeles, California; and Kenneth C. Parkes, Life Sciences Department, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Authors, G. Thomas Bancroft and Glen E. Woolfenden, Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 First received, 22 December 1980; accepted, 7 April 1981; final revision completed, 16 July 1981 Issued January 14, 1982 Price $8.00 prepaid($6.50 to AOU members) Library of CongressCatalogue Card Number 81-86487 Printed by the Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Copyright ¸ by the American Ornithologists' Union, 1982 THE MOLT OF SCRUB JAYS AND BLUE JAYS IN FLORIDA BY G. THOMAS BANCROFT AND GLEN E. WOOLFENDEN Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 29 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 MATERIALS .......................................................................................... 1 METHODS .............................................................................................. 2 SCRUB JAY MOLTS .............................................................................. 4 FIRST PREBASIC MOLT ........................................................................ 4 DEFINITIVE PREBASIC MOLT .............................................................. 7 BLUE JAY MOLTS ................................................................................ 23 FIRST PREBASIC MOLT ........................................................................ 23 DEFINITIVE PREBASIC MOLT .............................................................. 25 COST CURVES FOR MOLT BY JAYS IN FLORIDA ............................ 35 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 37 THE SCORING SYSTEM ........................................................................ 37 FIRST PREBASIC MOLT ........................................................................ 39 DEFINITIVE PREBASIC MOLT .............................................................. 41 INTERACTIONS OF MOLT AND BREEDING ................................... d........ 43 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................ 46 SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 46 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................ 48 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Intensity of the first prebasicbody molt in juvenile Florida Scrub Jays examinedin successivehalf-months .................................. 6 2. Intensity of the first prebasicmolt in juvenile Florida ScrubJays of different ages ...................................................................... 9 3. Intensity of body molt in adult Florida Scrub Jays during differ- ent remex stagesof the definitive prebasic molt ........................ 12 4. Remex scoresof individual Florida Scrub Jay breedersexamined two or more times during one definitive prebasic molt .............. 13 5. Remex scoresof individual Florida Scrub Jay helpersexamined two or more times during one definitive prebasic molt .............. 14 6. Remex scoresfor adult Florida Scrub Jays examined during the definitive prebasicmolt ............................................................ 18 7. The timing of breedingand the definitiveprebasic molt in Florida Scrub Jays .............................................................................. 20 8. Remex scoresfor late-nestingFlorida ScrubJay breedersrelative to day in their nest cycles ........................................................ 21 9. Remex scoresfor four breedingmale Florida Scrub Jays exam- ined four to six times during one definitiveprebasic molt .......... 22 10. Intensity of the first prebasicbody molt of juvenile Florida Blue Jays examinedin successivehalf-months .................................. 24 11. Intensity of body molt for adult Florida Blue Jaysexamined dur- ing differentremex stagesof the definitiveprebasic molt .......... 29 12. Remex scores for 20 adult Florida Blue Jays examined two or more times during one definitive prebasicmolt .......................... 30 13. Remex scoresfor adult Florida Blue Jays examined during the definitive prebasicmolt ............................................................ 32 14. The timingof breedingand the definitiveprebasic molt in Florida Blue Jays ................................................................................ 34 15. Molt cost curves for Scrub Jays and Blue Jays in Florida .......... 36 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Percentageof juvenile Florida Scrub Jays examinedin successive half-months molting feathers in various regions during the first prebasic molt ............................................................................ 5 2. Percentage of juvenile Florida Scrub Jays of different ages molting feathers in various regions during the first prebasic molt .......................................................................................... 8 3. Percentage of adult Florida Scrub Jays in each remex stage of the definitive prebasic molt replacing primaries and second- aries ........................................................................................ 10 4. Percentageof adult Florida Scrub Jays in each remex stageof the definitive prebasic molt replacing rectrices ................................ 10 5. Percentage of adult Florida Scrub Jays in each remex stage of the definitive prebasic molt replacing body feathers, alulae, and coverts ..................................................................................... 11 6. Mean rate of the definitive prebasic molt in Florida Scrub Jays, basedon recapturedata and regressionanalysis ........................ 15 7. Variation in the rate of molt for 10 individual Florida Scrub Jays .......................................................................................... 16 8. Percentage of adult Florida Scrub Jays examined in successive half-monthsmolting feathers in various regions during the defini- tive prebasic molt ...................................................................... 17 9. Percentage of adult Florida Scrub Jays examined in successive half-months that had started the definitive prebasic molt ............ 19 10. Percentageof male and female Florida Scrub Jay breedersin suc- cessivehalf-months that had startedthe definitiveprebasic molt .... 20 11. Percentage of juvenile Florida Blue Jays examined in successive half-months molting feathers in various regions during the first prebasic molt ............................................................................ 23 12. Percentageof adult Florida Blue Jays in each remex stageof the definitive prebasicmolt replacingprimaries and secondaries...... 26 13. Percentageof adult Florida Blue Jays in each remex stageof the definitive prebasicmolt replacing rectrices ................................ 27 14. Percentage of adult Florida Blue Jays in each remex stage of the definitive prebasic molt replacing body feathers, alulae, and co- verts ....................................................................................... 28 15. Percentage of adult Florida Blue Jays examined in successive half-monthsmolting feathers in various regions during the defini- tive prebasic molt ...................................................................... 31 16. Percentage of adult Florida Blue Jays examined in successive half-monthsthat had started the definitive prebasic molt ........... 33 vii INTRODUCTION Molt and breeding usually have separate schedulesin the annual cycles of birds. The mostcommon explanation given is that by staggeringthese two events birds are subjectto less energy stress(Kendeigh 1949; Farner 1964). Reported exceptionsinclude some birds living in tropical climates,where presumablyfood availability fluctuatesless seasonally,and some birds from high latitudes, where apparentlyfor a shorttime duringthe year sufficientfood existsfor the completion of both molt and breeding(Payne
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