The Praxis® Study Companion

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Music: Content and Instruction 5114

www.ets.org/praxis Welcome to the Praxis® Study Companion

Welcome to the Praxis® Study Companion

Prepare to Show What You Know You have been working to acquire the knowledge and skills you need for your teaching career. Now you are ready to demonstrate your abilities by taking a Praxis® test.

Using the Praxis® Study Companion is a smart way to prepare for the test so you can do your best on test day. This guide can help keep you on track and make the most efficient use of your study time.

The Study Companion contains practical information and helpful tools, including:

• An overview of the Praxis tests • Specific information on thePraxis test you are taking • A template study plan • Study topics • Practice questions and explanations of correct answers • Test-taking tips and strategies • Frequently asked questions • Links to more detailed information

So where should you start? Begin by reviewing this guide in its entirety and note those sections that you need to revisit. Then you can create your own personalized study plan and schedule based on your individual needs and how much time you have before test day.

Keep in mind that study habits are individual. There are many different ways to successfully prepare for your test. Some people study better on their own, while others prefer a group dynamic. You may have more energy early in the day, but another test taker may concentrate better in the evening. So use this guide to develop the approach that works best for you.

Your teaching career begins with preparation. Good luck!

Know What to Expect

Which tests should I take? Each state or agency that uses the Praxis tests sets its own requirements for which test or tests you must take for the teaching area you wish to pursue.

Before you register for a test, confirm your state or agency’s testing requirements atwww.ets.org/praxis/states .

How are the Praxis tests given? Praxis tests are given on computer. Other formats are available for test takers approved for accommodations (see page 50).

The Praxis® Study Companion 2 Welcome to the Praxis® Study Companion

What should I expect when taking the test on computer? When taking the test on computer, you can expect to be asked to provide proper identification at the test center. Once admitted, you will be given the opportunity to learn how the computer interface works (how to answer questions, how to skip questions, how to go back to questions you skipped, etc.) before the testing time begins. Watch the What to Expect on Test Day video to see what the experience is like.

Where and when are the Praxis tests offered? You can select the test center that is most convenient for you. The Praxis tests are administered through an international network of test centers, which includes Prometric® Testing Centers, some universities, and other locations throughout the world.

Testing schedules may differ, so see thePraxis web site for more detailed test registration information at www. ets.org/praxis/register.

The Praxis® Study Companion 3 Table of Contents

Table of Contents The Praxis® Study Companion guides you through the steps to success

1. Learn About Your Test...... 5 Learn about the specific test you will be taking

2. Familiarize Yourself with Test Questions...... 13 Become comfortable with the types of questions you’ll find on thePraxis tests

3. Practice with Sample Test Questions...... 17 Answer practice questions and find explanations for correct answers

4. Determine Your Strategy for Success...... 30 Set clear goals and deadlines so your test preparation is focused and efficient

5. Develop Your Study Plan...... 33 Develop a personalized study plan and schedule

6. Review Study Topics...... 37 Detailed study topics with questions for discussion

7. Review Smart Tips for Success...... 48 Follow test-taking tips developed by experts

8. Check on Testing Accommodations...... 50 See if you qualify for accommodations to take the Praxis test

9. Do Your Best on Test Day...... 51 Get ready for test day so you will be calm and confident

10. Understand Your Scores...... 53 Understand how tests are scored and how to interpret your test scores

Appendix: Other Questions You May Have ...... 55

The Praxis® Study Companion 4 Step 1: Learn About Your Test

1. Learn About Your Test Learn about the specific test you will be taking

Music: Content and Instruction (5114)

Test at a Glance

Test Name Music: Content and Instruction Test Code 5114 Time 2 hours, divided into a 25-minute listening section (Section 1) and a 95-minute non-listening section (Section 2) Number of Questions 84 selected response and 3 constructed response Format Selected-response questions and constructed-response questions. This test will include questions with an audio component. Test Delivery Computer delivered Approximate Approximate Content Categories Number of Percentage of Questions Examination

IV I I. Music History and Theory 32 29% II. Performance 24 21% III. Instruction, Professional Issues, and 28 25% III II Technology IV. Instructional Activities (constructed response) 3 25%

Pacing and The questions in Section I are based on recorded musical excerpts with narration Special Tips that are played individually for each question or set of questions. Section I takes approximately 25 minutes to complete. Within Section I, you may proceed from question to question within the time allotted, but after time expires, the computer will automatically advance to Section II. You will not be able to return to Section I after Section II begins. You will then have approximately 95 minutes to answer the remaining 62 selected-response questions and the three constructed-response questions in Section 2. The suggested time is 65 minutes for completing the 62 multiple- choice questions and 30 minutes for completing the three constructed- response questions.

About This Test The Music: Content and Instruction test measures indicators of the beginning educator’s professional readiness to teach K-12 music in each of the three major music education specialties: general, instrumental, and vocal music education. Such knowledge is typically obtained in undergraduate music education programs. Materials appearing on the test reflect the instructional and cultural diversity and inclusiveness of modern music education settings. These materials also reflect instrumental (woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings), vocal, jazz, and general music instruction specialties across the K–12 grade range. Examinees taking this test

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will typically have completed, or will have nearly A nationally representative panel of music educators completed, an undergraduate music education was convened to study the survey results and assist program. The material in the test, therefore, is not ETS’s professional assessment staff in determining appropriate for those hired in an adjunct capacity to the distribution of topics on the test. Each ETS teach a single element of the curriculum (e.g., those assessment specialist working on this test has hired to teach only individual lessons or classes on a extensive experience in music education. Additionally, single instrument). ETS assessment specialists consult regularly with music teachers and music education professors from The test assesses knowledge and skills from a variety throughout the country to ensure the appropriateness of perspectives. Approximately 50 percent of the of individual test questions and the validity of each test assesses content related to teaching music. The new test edition. other 50 percent covers music content knowledge foundational to professional practice and indicative The following is an outline of the topics covered on of the training expected by the field. The majority the test. Question content is based specifically on of the 84 selected-response questions emphasize practitioners’ judgments of what a new music teacher knowledge and skills common to all music education should know in order to begin a career as a music specialties, such as history, theory, classroom practices, education professional. The phrases and lists included professional issues, and applied technology. below are examples of representative question content one may see on the test. Additional topics This test may contain some questions that will not may also be included as appropriate. count toward your score. I. Music History and Theory

Test Specifications 1. Understands the history of major developments in musical style and the Test specifications in this chapter describe the significant characteristics of important musical knowledge and skills measured by the test. Study styles and historical periods topics to help you prepare to answer test questions a. styles and historical periods represented in can be found in page 37. The nature and questions: distribution of specifications included on the test –– Medieval are based on the results of a national survey given to –– Renaissance music educators. Some of the resources consulted in –– Baroque developing the survey include: –– Classical –– Romantic • National Association of School Music 2007–2008 –– Impressionism Handbook, http://nasm.arts-accredit.org/ –– Early 20th Century • Syllabi for Music Methods Courses, 2nd Edition –– Mid 20th Century to present ©2002 MENC–The National Association for Music –– Jazz, rock, folk, and other popular genres Education, Barbara Lewis, University of North b. characteristics of music related to style and Dakota, ed. period: • College Music Society, –– melody http://www.music.org/cgi-bin/showpage.pl –– harmony –– rhythm and meter • Society for Music Teacher Education –– tempi, dynamics, and other expressive http://smte.us/ elements • Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support –– texture Consortium –– theory and compositional organization • Strategies for Teaching Technology, Carolynn A. –– forms and genres Lindeman, ed. ©2001 The National Association for –– historical contexts Music Education –– representative composers –– representative ensembles and performers • Performance Standards for Music, Grades PreK–12, Paul R. Lehman, chair. ©1996 Music Educators National Conference

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2. Is familiar with the style of a variety of world II. Performance musics and their function in the culture of origin 1. Demonstrates critical listening skills by identifying errors a. North America b. South America a. pitch c. Europe b. intonation of instruments and voices d. Africa –– tuning students on individual instruments e. Australia and the Pacific –– tuning between two or more performers f. Asia –– vowel uniformity

3. Understands and analyzes music in aural and c. rhythm written forms and demonstrates aural skills d. performing as a unified section/ensemble through recognition of melody, harmony, and e. balance and blend rhythm f. articulations g. dynamics a. pitch organization and harmony –– chords, progressions, ornamentation 2. Understands basic conducting techniques –– modes, scales, tone rows, etc. a. beat patterns b. theme and melody b. use of the baton and freehand technique –– contour and motive c. eye contact and facial expressions c. rhythm, meter, and tempo d. tempo and tempo changes d. form and structure e. attacks, holds, and releases e. texture f. dynamics and expressive gestures g. cueing 4. Knows and applies basic music theory concepts when composing, orchestrating, and 3. Understands the interpretation of notation and arranging instrumental and vocal parts expressive elements for performance in a. chords and voice leading relation to score markings and style periods b. ranges and transpositions a. interpreting musical symbols used for pitch –– intervals b. interpreting musical symbols used for –– keys rhythm –– clefs c. dynamic markings –– instruments d. articulation markings –– voices e. tempo markings f. composers’ written comments c. balance g. timbre d. instrumentation and voicing of ensembles e. functions of instruments and voices within 4. Knows a variety of strategies on how to a score prepare a musical score for rehearsal and f. expressive elements performance 5. Understands how musical sounds vary a. score study b. score research a. timbre of instruments and voices c. interpretive decisions b. dynamics d. score marking 6. Knows various sources of printed and 5. Understands basic accompaniment electronic information on music history and techniques (e.g., on piano, guitar, voice) literature a. appropriate harmonies to accompany tonal a. books melodies b. journals and periodicals b. basic accompanying patterns (e.g., c. Web resources arpeggiation, block chords, ostinato)

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6. Knows instrumental and choral/vocal warm-up III. Instruction, Professional Issues, and techniques Technology a. breathing A. Instruction b. physical warm-ups (e.g., stretching, posture) 1. Knows instructional strategies for different c. technical warm-ups (e.g., scales, arpeggios, class settings chorales, vocalises) a. performance classes –– full ensemble rehearsals 7. Knows instrumental and choral tuning/ –– sectional and small group rehearsals intonation techniques –– individual lessons a. instrumental techniques –– rehearsal planning –– tuning students on individual instruments –– rehearsal strategies –– tuning between two or more performers b. elementary and secondary general music b. choral/vocal techniques –– full class –– lifting the palate –– small group –– vowel uniformity –– labs and independent projects –– breath support and body posture 2. Incorporates local, state, and national 8. Understands concert etiquette for performers standards in planning and instruction and audiences and effective techniques for a. recognizes importance of linking pedagogy communicating with an audience in a to appropriate standards performance setting b. ability to evaluate degree to which a. developing program notes and educational instruction links to standards materials for specific purposes and audiences 3. Understands classroom management b. appropriate remarks in performance techniques situations a. physical classroom environment c. techniques of developing appropriate b. rules and consequences publicity for the music program and for c. appropriate actions to take for given events taking place in the music program situations d. appropriate etiquette for various types of d. legal implications performance venues e. planning and pacing f. procedures and routines 9. Understands the practical relationship g. principles of motivation applied to the between acoustics and performance music classroom a. sound production –– intrinsic b. tone quality –– extrinsic c. rehearsal and performance space 4. Understands how to plan and differentiate configurations and setups instruction d. reverberation, sound reflection, refraction e. frequency a. how the distinguishing characteristics of f. amplitude, sound amplification stages of student growth and development g. harmonics, partials, overtones affect music learning –– physical –– cognitive –– social b. scope and sequence c. lesson and unit planning d. student ability

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5. Knows strategies to accommodate diverse 8. Knows and promotes care and maintenance of learning styles and abilities instruments and materials a. aural learners a. care of instruments b. visual learners –– woodwinds c. kinesthetic learners –– strings (including guitar) –– brass 6. Understands how to modify instruction to –– percussion and keyboards accommodate student needs –– classroom instruments (Orff and rhythm a. students with disabilities instruments, recorders) –– physical –– electronic instruments –– cognitive b. care of materials –– behavioral –– printed material (books, music, scores) –– emotional –– recorded material (CDs, electronic files such b. other student needs as MP3s) –– culture and beliefs –– risers and stands –– gifted students –– audiovisual and computer equipment –– English-language learners 9. Knows basic improvisational techniques and 7. Understands a variety of assessment strategies how to teach them that inform the instructional process a. imitation a. use of standardized tests for measuring b. variation aptitude and achievement c. improvisational techniques within various b. portfolio assessment styles c. multiple-choice testing d. assessment using scoring rubrics 10. Knows basic composition and arranging e. assessing individual and group techniques and how to teach them performance skills a. activities leading to composition (e.g., f. appropriate classroom assignment grading improvisation, completion exercises) criteria b. pitch and rhythmic organization g. appropriate course grading practices techniques h. formative assessment–uses in guiding and c. form evaluating students’ progress d. style i. assessments’ role in program evaluation e. thematic construction j. taxonomies of instructional/assessment f. harmonization, accompaniment, and objectives imitation k. techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of g. vocal and instrumental ranges music curricula –– program evaluation (e.g., goals and 11. Knows how to teach a variety of musical objectives, scope and sequence) concepts through performance literature a. elements of music (i.e., melody, harmony, rhythm, form, timbre, texture) and expressive elements b. music theory c. music history d. music in relation to other subjects e. musical creativity and the aesthetics of music

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12. Is aware of approaches for fostering musically 8. Supports students’ learning through two-way expressive experiences communication with parents/guardians a. fostering musical expression in: a. formal and informal: –– performance –– parent-teacher conferences –– improvisation –– telephone –– composition –– written communications, including email b. techniques to teach aesthetics: and departmental websites –– guided listening 9. Understands basic administrative –– analysis, reflection, evaluation responsibilities in a music program –– modeling a. budget maintenance 13. Understands how to integrate concepts used b. inventory in the fine arts and other disciplines in music c. scheduling instruction 10. Is aware of the external influences that affect a. music integrated with other subjects in the the music program, curriculum, and student fine arts participation b. music integrated with subjects outside of a. scheduling the fine arts b. mandates B. Professional Issues c. budget constraints d. advocacy groups 1. Understands professional ethics and legal e. student and community economics and issues specific to teaching music (e.g., demographics copyright laws, confidentiality, appropriate professional conduct) 11. Is aware of career opportunities available in 2. Is familiar with the artistic processes and music and how to introduce them to students anchor standards applied to music in the a. performance National Core Arts Standards b. business c. education 3. Is aware of professional organizations and d. technology resources in music education e. medical a. local, state, and national teacher and music teacher organizations 12. Is aware of strategies for promoting physically healthy performance practices for students b. mentors and colleagues and teachers c. books, journals, and periodicals a. hearing protection d. reference works and Web resources b. health issues specific to teachers (e.g., using the voice in the classroom, work-related 4. Is aware of current trends and issues in music stress) education 5. Is aware of the major contributions to the C. Technology history and philosophy of music education 1. Understands current technologies used for and their implications for curriculum performance and recording production 6. Understands philosophical reasons for a. sound reinforcement inclusion of and advocacy for music in the b. analog, digital, and MIDI equipment curriculum c. virtual instruments a. utilitarian (e.g., comprehensive education) b. aesthetic (e.g., affective education)

7. Recognizes that collaboration with colleagues is important for implementing the curriculum a. mentoring b. collegiality c. inclusion (e.g., IEPs, students with special needs)

The Praxis® Study Companion 10 Step 1: Learn About Your Test

2. Is familiar with technology and instructional IV. Instructional Activities software and ways to incorporate them in the One question in each of the following areas: classroom a. hardware • Instrumental Music Instruction –– cables and audio interfaces • Vocal Music Instruction –– microphones –– music storage devices • General Music Instruction –– speakers and monitors Some of the selected-response questions in Sections –– tablets 1 and 2 reflect content unique to each specialty and b. software provide well-rounded examinees the opportunity –– cloud-based storage to show some understanding of topics both in and –– music assessment software outside their chosen specialties. Similarly, the three –– music digital audio workstation software multi-part constructed-response questions in Section –– music notation software 2 allow examinees to demonstrate understanding –– music pedagogy software of basic instructional practices and materials in each –– music streaming applications –– presentation software music education specialty. Examinees are instructed to try to answer all three of the prompts, regardless of c. multimedia their teaching specialty. 3. Demonstrates knowledge of desktop music publishing software for pedagogical purposes The test is designed with the understanding that not a. input all examinees will be equally prepared in all of the b. output specialized topics represented in the constructed- c. playback response questions. Therefore, the 0-3 scale used d. posting in scoring these prompts allows for the granting of partial credit to examinees’ responses, where 4. Knows the appropriate, ethical, and safe uses appropriate. Please see the General Scoring Guide on for music software and Internet technologies page 26. Questions may be based on any of the a. educational content descriptors described above in Category III. b. interactive Additionally, question tasks may be based on one or c. internet posts more of the following content descriptors. d. filtering software e. copyright f. health and wellness issues related to use of 1. Understands how to select appropriate technology repertoire for the classroom and for performance ensembles with respect to a variety of factors a. Selecting music with respect to –– diverse genres –– appropriate performance competencies for students’ developmental levels ºº primary ºº elementary ºº middle school ºº high school ºº vocal ranges ºº instrumental ranges and transpositions –– cultural diversity –– community traditions and standards –– state and local guidelines –– quality of literature

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2. Knows appropriate sources of student 5. Understands strategies for developing sight- repertoire reading skills a. lists of recommended repertoire a. solfège and other systems b. conferences b. perception of pitch, interval, and rhythm c. colleagues and mentors c. mental practice and scanning methods d. publisher resources 6. Knows instrumental techniques (e.g., 3. Is able to address common performance rudiments, bowings, embouchures) and how challenges and their causes to teach them a. reading pitches and rhythms a. woodwind b. balance and blend b. string (includes guitar) c. intonation c. brass d. technical challenges d. percussion e. style and interpretation e. keyboard f. physical causes f. general classroom instruments g. comprehension causes g. health and wellness issues for instrumentalists 4. Understands organization and preparation of concert programming 7. Knows how to teach vocal production and a. diversity of repertoire (includes performance techniques with respect to a consideration of vocal texts) variety of factors b. consideration of difficulty levels with regard a. vocal mechanism to available preparation and rehearsal time b. health and wellness issues for vocalists c. concert pacing and endurance issues c. changing voice d. programming considerations relative to d. tessitura special occasions and specific performance venues 8. Is familiar with common pedagogical e. pedagogical philosophies related to approaches (e.g., Suzuki, Dalcroze, Kodály, programming Orff Schulwerk, Edwin Gordon’s Music Learning f. awareness of consideration of building Theory, Comprehensive Musicianship, Laban, level and district expectations with regard Phyllis Weikart) to concert programming g. concert logistics planning (scheduling, facilities, publicity, communication with students/parents/administrators, printing programs)

The Praxis® Study Companion 12 Step 2: Familiarize Yourself with Test Questions

2. Familiarize Yourself with Test Questions Become comfortable with the types of questions you’ll find on thePraxis tests

The Praxis assessments include a variety of question types: constructed response (for which you write a response of your own); selected response, for which you select one or more answers from a list of choices or make another kind of selection (e.g., by clicking on a sentence in a text or by clicking on part of a graphic); and numeric entry, for which you enter a numeric value in an answer field. You may be familiar with these question formats from taking other standardized tests. If not, familiarize yourself with them so you don’t spend time during the test figuring out how to answer them.

Understanding Computer-Delivered Questions

Questions on computer-delivered tests are interactive in the sense that you answer by selecting an option or entering text on the screen. If you see a format you are not familiar with, read the directions carefully. The directions always give clear instructions on how you are expected to respond.

For most questions, you respond by clicking an oval to select a single answer from a list of answer choices.

However, interactive question types may also ask you to respond by: • Clicking more than one oval to select answers from a list of choices. • Typing in an entry box. When the answer is a number, you may be asked to enter a numerical answer. Some questions may have more than one place to enter a response. • Clicking check boxes. You may be asked to click check boxes instead of an oval when more than one choice within a set of answers can be selected. • Clicking parts of a graphic. In some questions, you will select your answers by clicking on a location (or locations) on a graphic such as a map or chart, as opposed to choosing your answer from a list. • Clicking on sentences. In questions with reading passages, you may be asked to choose your answers by clicking on a sentence (or sentences) within the reading passage. • Dragging and dropping answer choices into targets on the screen. You may be asked to select answers from a list of choices and drag your answers to the appropriate location in a table, paragraph of text or graphic. • Selecting answer choices from a drop-down menu. You may be asked to choose answers by selecting choices from a drop-down menu (e.g., to complete a sentence).

Remember that with every question you will get clear instructions.

Perhaps the best way to understand computer-delivered questions is to view the Computer-delivered Testing Demonstration on the Praxis web site to learn how a computer-delivered test works and see examples of some types of questions you may encounter.

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Understanding Selected-Response Questions Many selected-response questions begin with the phrase “which of the following.” Take a look at this example:

Which of the following is a flavor made from beans? (A) Strawberry (B) Cherry (C) Vanilla (D) Mint

How would you answer this question? All of the answer choices are flavors. Your job is to decide which of the flavors is the one made from beans.

Try following these steps to select the correct answer.

1) Limit your answer to the choices given. You may know that chocolate and coffee are also flavors made from beans, but they are not listed. Rather than thinking of other possible answers, focus only on the choices given (“which of the following”).

2) Eliminate incorrect answers. You may know that strawberry and cherry flavors are made from fruit and that mint flavor is made from a plant. That leaves vanilla as the only possible answer.

3) Verify your answer. You can substitute “vanilla” for the phrase “which of the following” and turn the question into this statement: “Vanilla is a flavor made from beans.” This will help you be sure that your answer is correct. If you’re still uncertain, try substituting the other choices to see if they make sense. You may want to use this technique as you answer selected-response questions on the practice tests.

Try a more challenging example The vanilla bean question is pretty straightforward, but you’ll find that more challenging questions have a similar structure. For example:

Entries in outlines are generally arranged according to which of the following relationships of ideas? (A) Literal and inferential (B) Concrete and abstract (C) Linear and recursive (D) Main and subordinate

You’ll notice that this example also contains the phrase “which of the following.” This phrase helps you determine that your answer will be a “relationship of ideas” from the choices provided. You are supposed to find the choice that describes how entries, or ideas, in outlines are related.

Sometimes it helps to put the question in your own words. Here, you could paraphrase the question in this way: “How are outlines usually organized?” Since the ideas in outlines usually appear as main ideas and subordinate ideas, the answer is (D).

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QUICK TIP: Don’t be intimidated by words you may not understand. It might be easy to be thrown by words like “recursive” or “inferential.” Read carefully to understand the question and look for an answer that fits. An outline is something you are probably familiar with and expect to teach to your students. So slow down, and use what you know.

Watch out for selected-response questions containing “NOT,” “LEAST,” and “EXCEPT” This type of question asks you to select the choice that does not fit. You must be very careful because it is easy to forget that you are selecting the negative. This question type is used in situations in which there are several good solutions or ways to approach something, but also a clearly wrong way.

How to approach questions about graphs, tables, or reading passages When answering questions about graphs, tables, or reading passages, provide only the information that the questions ask for. In the case of a map or graph, you might want to read the questions first, and then look at the map or graph. In the case of a long reading passage, you might want to go ahead and read the passage first, noting places you think are important, and then answer the questions. Again, the important thing is to be sure you answer the questions as they refer to the material presented. So read the questions carefully.

How to approach unfamiliar formats New question formats are developed from time to time to find new ways of assessing knowledge. Tests may include audio and video components, such as a movie clip or animation, instead of a map or reading passage. Other tests may allow you to zoom in on details in a graphic or picture.

Tests may also include interactive questions. These questions take advantage of technology to assess knowledge and skills in ways that standard selected-response questions cannot. If you see a format you are not familiar with, read the directions carefully. The directions always give clear instructions on how you are expected to respond.

QUICK TIP: Don’t make the questions more difficult than they are. Don’t read for hidden meanings or tricks. There are no trick questions on Praxis tests. They are intended to be serious, straightforward tests of your knowledge.

Understanding Constructed-Response Questions Constructed-response questions require you to demonstrate your knowledge in a subject area by creating your own response to particular topics. Essays and short-answer questions are types of constructed-response questions.

For example, an essay question might present you with a topic and ask you to discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated. You must support your position with specific reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Take a look at a few sample essay topics:

• “Celebrities have a tremendous influence on the young, and for that reason, they have a responsibility to act as role models.” • “We are constantly bombarded by advertisements—on television and radio, in newspapers and magazines, on highway signs, and the sides of buses. They have become too pervasive. It’s time to put limits on advertising.” • “Advances in computer technology have made the classroom unnecessary, since students and teachers are able to communicate with one another from computer terminals at home or at work.”

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Keep these things in mind when you respond to a constructed-response question 1) Answer the question accurately. Analyze what each part of the question is asking you to do. If the question asks you to describe or discuss, you should provide more than just a list.

2) Answer the question completely. If a question asks you to do three distinct things in your response, you should cover all three things for the best score. Otherwise, no matter how well you write, you will not be awarded full credit.

3) Answer the question that is asked. Do not change the question or challenge the basis of the question. You will receive no credit or a low score if you answer another question or if you state, for example, that there is no possible answer.

4) Give a thorough and detailed response. You must demonstrate that you have a thorough understanding of the subject matter. However, your response should be straightforward and not filled with unnecessary information.

5) Reread your response. Check that you have written what you thought you wrote. Be sure not to leave sentences unfinished or omit clarifying information.

QUICK TIP: You may find that it helps to take notes on scratch paper so that you don’t miss any details. Then you’ll be sure to have all the information you need to answer the question.

For tests that have constructed-response questions, more detailed information can be found on page 25.

The Praxis® Study Companion 16 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

3. Practice with Sample Test Questions

Answer practice questions and find explanations for correct answers Computer Delivery This test is available on computer. The following sample question provides a preview of an actual screen used in a computer-delivered test. For the purposes of this study companion, sample questions are shown as they would appear in a paper-delivered test.

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Sample Test Questions The sample questions that follow represent a number of the types of questions and topics that appear on the test. They are not, however, representative of the entire scope of the test in either content or difficulty. Answers with explanations follow the questions. Audio files are provided only for questions 4 and 6. Recordings of the works referenced by these questions may be available commercially or through a library.

Directions for Section 1 (listening): In this section of the test, you will be asked questions about recorded musical excerpts that will be played for you. You will hear each question spoken by the narrator. Each question is followed by four answer choices. In each case, listen to the excerpt and choose the best answer. Base your answer only on the particular excerpt you will hear, unless the question specifically asks about the larger work from which the excerpt has been taken. Each excerpt will be played only once, unless otherwise indicated.

(Music played: excerpt from Ravel’s “Laideronnette, Impératrice des Pagodes” from Ma mère l’Oye)

1. What is the scale or mode? (A) Major (B) Minor (C) Pentatonic (D) Chromatic

(Music played: excerpt from the gamelan music “Bubaran Hudan Mas”)

2. What is the country of origin? (A) India (B) Indonesia (C) Peru (D) Japan

The Praxis® Study Companion 18 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

(Music played: excerpt from Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre’s “Courante” from Pièces de Clavecin: Suite in D minor)

3. In which measure is the rhythm played incorrectly? (A) Measure 2 (B) Measure 3 (C) Measure 5 (D) Measure 6

4. In which measure does the horn player perform an incorrect pitch? (The excerpt will be played two times. Use audio file for question 4 atwww.ets.org/praxis/prepare/materials/5114 ) (A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 11

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(Music played: excerpt from Mozart’s opera Die Zauberflöte, aria “Der Hölle Rache” sung by the Queen of the Night character)

5. What is the style or period? (A) Renaissance (B) Baroque (C) Classical (D) Romantic

6. Which of the following chord progressions is played? (The progression will be played two times. Use audio file for question 6 atwww.ets.org/praxis/prepare/materials/5114 )

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(Music played: excerpt from In C)

7. Who is the composer? (A) Terry Riley (B) Charles Ives (C) John Corigliano (D) Duke Ellington

Directions for Section 2: Each of the questions or statements below is followed by several answer choices. In each case, select the best answer.

8. Which of the following lists the musical genres in the correct chronological order of their development? (A) Motet, string quartet, opera, symphonic poem (B) Motet, opera, string quartet, symphonic poem (C) Opera, motet, string quartet, symphonic poem (D) Opera, symphonic poem, motet, string quartet

The Praxis® Study Companion 20 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

9. The excerpt above is taken from a lied in A major by Alma Mahler. Which of the following best represents the bracketed harmony labeled X? (A) ii7 (B) vii° (C) Aug. 6 (D) V/7 V

10. Which of the following is the most likely cause of faulty intonation by singers in a high school choir? (A) Inadequate rehearsal time (B) Unsupported tone (C) Singing in a foreign language (D) Lack of an instrumental accompaniment

11. Prior to learning about meter, elementary students should be able to demonstrate their understanding of (A) weak and strong beats (B) syncopation (C) subdivision of the beat (D) tempo markings

The Praxis® Study Companion 21 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

12. Which of the following is an example of a critical-thinking skill? (A) Students label the parts of a chord. (B) Students notate rhythmic patterns in all of the common meters. (C) Students compare two different recordings of the same work. (D) Students transpose a trumpet part from written pitch to concert pitch.

13. Creating an ostinato on barred instruments to accompany a folk song is most closely associated with which of the following approaches? (A) Orff (B) Kodály (C) Dalcroze (D) Gordon

14. Which of the following excerpts can be played on the oboe and is within the scope of a high school oboist’s proficiency?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

15. Which of the following ballets was written by Copland? (A) Swan Lake (B) Romeo and Juliet (C) The Rite of Spring (D) Appalachian Spring

16. Which of the following modes has a major tonic triad? (A) Aeolian (B) Phrygian (C) Mixolydian (D) Dorian

The Praxis® Study Companion 22 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

17. Which of the following venues could normally be expected to have the longest reverberation time? (A) Recital hall (B) Coffeehouse (C) Gothic-style cathedral (D) Opera house

18. Which of the following is a well-known, prolific researcher in music education, author of several standard texts on music education topics, and a coeditor of The New Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning? (A) Lowell Mason (B) Bennett Reimer (C) Edwin E. Gordon (D) Richard Colwell

19. Conducting cues are customarily given when (A) a soloist or a section must fade out on a long note (B) a soloist or a section enters after a long rest (C) the articulation changes from one style to another (D) the meter changes from simple to compound

20. The National Core Arts Standards are organized around four artistic processes: (1) Creating, (2) Performing/Presenting/Producing, (3) Responding, and (4) Connecting. According to the standards, how is “Connecting” defined? (A) Relating artistic ideas and work with personal meaning and external context (B) Understanding and evaluating how the arts convey meaning (C) Realizing artistic ideas and work through interpretation and presentation (D) Communicating artistic ideas using multimedia works

21. Which of the following programs would a music educator most likely use to create music theory work sheets? (A) SONAR (B) Audacity (C) Pro Tools (D) Finale

The Praxis® Study Companion 23 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

Answers to Sample Questions

1. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your 9. The correct answer is (D). This question tests your knowledge of modes and scales used to organize ability to provide a Roman numeral analysis of a written pitches. In the excerpt heard in the recorded example, score. The bracketed chord consists of the pitches B, the main melody is based on the pentatonic scale of D-sharp, and A (the fifth of the chord, F-sharp, is C-sharp, D-sharp, F-sharp, G-sharp, and A-sharp. missing). This chord is best described as the dominant seventh in the key of E major, and E is V in the key of A 2. The correct answer is (B). This question tests your major. Thus, the bracketed chord can best be labeled as knowledge of characteristics and identifying features of the secondary dominant, V7/V. world music genres. The excerpt heard in the recorded example features music by a characteristic Indonesian 10. The correct answer is (B). This question tests your gamelan ensemble composed primarily of hanging knowledge of causes of and solutions to problems in gongs, gong chimes, and drums. vocal music performance. Of the choices listed, unsupported tone is the most frequent cause of faulty 3. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your intonation by high school singers. The other choices ability to identify errors in performance relative to a listed are not more likely causes of faulty intonation. written musical score. The excerpt heard in the recorded example contains one error in rhythm: in 11. The correct answer is (A). This question tests your measure 5, beat two, the two eighth notes in the bass knowledge of techniques and methods of sequencing are performed as a sixteenth note followed by a dotted musical instruction. Meter, the grouping of beats into eighth note. repeated sets of two, three, or more beats, depends on the differentiation between weak and strong beats; 4. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your thus, students must understand the differentiation ability to identify errors in performance relative to a before they learn about meter. The other choices listed written musical score. In measure 10, a D-flat (concert are concepts that are not fundamental for elementary G-flat) is played on the third quarter note rather than students to master as a prerequisite to learning about the D-natural (concert G-natural) indicated in the meter. printed music. 12. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your 5. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your ability to evaluate the complexity of skills in the knowledge of the features that characterize music of cognitive domain. In the cognitive domain, evaluation various styles and historical periods. The texture, represents a high-level critical-thinking skill. When harmony, instrumentation of the accompaniment, and students compare two different recordings of the same melodic style of the vocal line are all typical of music of work, they must use the skill of evaluation. The other the Classical period. choices listed describe skills that demand knowledge 6. The correct answer is (A). This question tests your and application of knowledge, but not evaluation. ability to hear chordal harmonies. The progression’s 13. The correct answer is (A). This question tests your unique characteristic is its use of the supertonic half knowledge of common methodologies in music diminished seventh in the third chord. education and the pedagogical techniques associated 7. 7. The correct answer is (A). This question tests your with them. The singing of folk songs accompanied by knowledge of features and stylistic elements that improvised ostinatos on barred instruments is an characterize the music of prominent American important component in the curricular Orff approach. composers. Terry Riley’s In C is characterized by layering None of the other approaches listed include of repeated, short melodic modules and ostinatos and improvisation on barred instruments as a vital part of is an important work that is representative of his the music learning experience. creative output as a composer. 14. The correct answer is (A). Choice A fits comfortably 8. The correct answer is (B). This question tests your within the range of the oboe, which spans from Bb3 to knowledge of important developments in the history an approximate upper limit of A5, for professional level of music. Choice B indicates the correct chronological players. All of the other choices shown extend above or order because the motet was developed in the below that range. thirteenth century, opera in the seventeenth century, the string quartet in the eighteenth century, and the symphonic poem in the nineteenth century.

The Praxis® Study Companion 24 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

15. The correct answer is (D). This question tests your knowledge of important composers and masterworks found in music history. Aaron Copland composed Appalachian Spring in 1944 for the choreographer Martha Graham. Swan Lake, Romeo and Juliet, and The Rite of Spring were composed by Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev, and Stravinsky, respectively. 16. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your knowledge of modes used in analyzing and creating music. The Mixolydian mode has a major tonic triad. The modes listed in the other choices have minor tonic triads. 17. The correct answer is (C). This question tests your knowledge of acoustics and performance spaces relevant for music education. Reverberation is most noticeable in large spaces such as cathedrals, which typically contain walls and floors constructed of hard, reflective surfaces. 18. The correct answer is (D). This question tests your knowledge of professional resources useful for music education and research. Richard Colwell is a prolific music education researcher and author. 19. The correct answer is (B). This question tests your knowledge of conducting techniques. During long rests, performers may lose count and will enter with more confidence if a cue is given. 20. The correct answer is (A). This question tests your knowledge of the philosophical basis that supports the organization of the National Core Arts Standards. In this definition, both personal meaning and external context inform or are connected to artistic ideas and work. 21. The correct answer is (D). This question tests your knowledge of music software often used for instruction or music publishing. Finale is one of several widely used music notation programs that can be used to create customized music theory work sheets.

The Praxis® Study Companion 25 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

Sample Constructed-Response Questions

General Scoring Guide Responses to each prompt will be assessed on the following general criteria.

Score Description Score of 3 The response is complete and appropriate in regard to all tasks posed by the question.

Score of 2 The response is complete and appropriate in regard to all tasks, with some minor errors or omissions.

Score of 1 The response is characterized by serious omissions or errors, but provides some ideas related to the tasks posed by the question.

Score of 0 The response is completely incorrect in respect to all tasks.

The Praxis® Study Companion 26 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

Constructed-Response Vocal Music Sample Prompt Musical example for sample constructed-response question

The Praxis® Study Companion 27 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

Sample Constructed-Response Question Scored Elements

Vocal Music (Suggested time—10 minutes) A. The most appropriate description is selected. Examine the music example shown. B. Identifies, describes, and specifies the location of a significant performance challenge in the example. • Based on the technical demands of the example, C. The proposed rehearsal technique addresses the choose the ensemble for which the example is identified challenge and is appropriate pedagogically. most appropriate: –– Middle school mixed chorus –– High school mixed chorus Score Description Indicate your skill-level choice at the beginning of Score of 3 The response appropriately satisfies your response. all scored elements described above.

• Identify and describe a significant performance Score of 2 The response appropriately satisfies challenge in the example. Specify the location of two of the scored elements the challenge using measure numbers. described above, or responds • Describe an appropriate rehearsal technique to satisfactorily to all of the elements assist students in meeting the challenge. with some minor errors.

Enter your response in the space provided. Score of 1 Two or more responses to the elements are missing, incomplete or demonstrate serious misunderstanding of the prompt, but the response provides some ideas related to the prompt.

Score of O The response is completely incorrect in respect to all scored elements.

BB The response is blank.

OT The response consists entirely of emotional content with no serious attempt to respond to the prompt.

The Praxis® Study Companion 28 Step 3: Practice with Sample Test Questions

Sample Response That Received a Score of 3 Sample Response That Received a Score of 1 This example is best suited for a high school mixed This example is best suited for a middle school vocal chorus. One performance challenge that would be likely group. One possible performance challenge in the for a HS chorus performing this work would be the octave excerpt is the syncopated rhythm dotted quarter note- leap in the alto part in measure 3. (This is also found in eighth note pattern in measure 11 in all vocal parts. measure 11.) This passage needs to maintain the legato (This rhythm is also in the alto, tenor, and bass parts in phrasing marked throughout and needs to crescendo measure 3.) Because of the quick tempo of this piece, smoothly without a loss of tone and without accenting the dotted-quarter note eighth note pattern must be the top E-flat. Students may tend to restrict their throats performed very rhythmically, with a strict subdivision of in order to reach the high note. With insufficient breath the beat. support, the crescendo and legato phrasing will not be To help students learn the rhythmic subdivisions of the musical. beat, I would have the students do an echo-clapping Rehearsal technique: using a set of warmup, vocalize exercise using the rhythm from measure 11. I would have exercises to help students maintain adequate breath all students follow the alto and bass parts in measure 11 support while extending the interval that students can while I clapped the rhythm and chanted the syllables. successfully phrase. An example is to have the chorus do Then I would have all of the students clap and chant a series of vocalizes in which students would slowly sing the rhythm back to me. After everyone demonstrated patterns using the vowel sounds of the text, emphasizing mastery of the rhythm, then we would sing the parts, first keeping the pitches connected, legato, and well- on a neutral syllable (la) and then singing the text. If the supported. For example, singing interval patterns that rhythm was still not accurate enough, I would repeat the begin on a unison and expand by step to an octave. clapping exercise. As the students are singing the vocalizes, I would remind them to relax their jaws, keep the air flow supported, and focus on placing the higher note using their head voice. After students have completed the vocalizes, I would have the chorus sing the passage in rhythm, first with just the vowels then with the consonants, telling them to remember to use the same techniques they used in the vocalizes.

Sample Response That Received a Score of 2 This example is best suited for a high school mixed chorus. One significant performance challenge would be the leaps in the soprano part in measure 11. Successfully leaping from the B natural to the high G natural, and then from the G natural down to the E natural would be difficult for a high school soprano section to sing with good intonation. A rehearsal technique to help the sopranos accurately sing these challenging leaps would be to have them perform a vocal warm-up made up of an ascending minor sixth followed by a descending minor third. They can begin the warm-up in their middle register and gradually work up to the pitches used in measure 11. By performing this warm-up using proper breath control and good posture, the soprano section would be able to accurately sing measure 11.

The Praxis® Study Companion 29 Step 4: Determine Your Strategy for Success

4. Determine Your Strategy for Success

Set clear goals and deadlines so your test preparation is focused and efficient

EffectivePraxis test preparation doesn’t just happen. You’ll want to set clear goals and deadlines for yourself along the way. Otherwise, you may not feel ready and confident on test day.

1) Learn what the test covers. You may have heard that there are several different versions of the same test. It’s true. You may take one version of the test and your friend may take a different version a few months later. Each test has different questions covering the same subject area, but both versions of the test measure the same skills and content knowledge.

You’ll find specific information on the test you’re taking onpage 5, which outlines the content categories that the test measures and what percentage of the test covers each topic. Visit www.ets.org/praxis/ testprep for information on other Praxis tests.

2) Assess how well you know the content. Research shows that test takers tend to overestimate their preparedness—this is why some test takers assume they did well and then find out they did not pass.

The Praxis tests are demanding enough to require serious review of likely content, and the longer you’ve been away from the content, the more preparation you will most likely need. If it has been longer than a few months since you’ve studied your content area, make a concerted effort to prepare.

3) Collect study materials. Gathering and organizing your materials for review are critical steps in preparing for the Praxis tests. Consider the following reference sources as you plan your study:

• Did you take a course in which the content area was covered? If yes, do you still have your books or your notes? • Does your local library have a high school-level textbook in this area? Does your college library have a good introductory college-level textbook in this area? Practice materials are available for purchase for many Praxis tests at www.ets.org/praxis/testprep. Test preparation materials include sample questions and answers with explanations.

4) Plan and organize your time. You can begin to plan and organize your time while you are still collecting materials. Allow yourself plenty of review time to avoid cramming new material at the end. Here are a few tips:

• Choose a test date far enough in the future to leave you plenty of preparation time. Test dates can be found at www.ets.org/praxis/register/centers_dates. • Work backward from that date to figure out how much time you will need for review. • Set a realistic schedule—and stick to it.

The Praxis® Study Companion 30 Step 4: Determine Your Strategy for Success

5) Practice explaining the key concepts. Praxis tests with constructed-response questions assess your ability to explain material effectively. As a teacher, you’ll need to be able to explain concepts and processes to students in a clear, understandable way. What are the major concepts you will be required to teach? Can you explain them in your own words accurately, completely, and clearly? Practice explaining these concepts to test your ability to effectively explain what you know.

6) Understand how questions will be scored. Scoring information can be found on page 53.

7) Develop a study plan. A study plan provides a road map to prepare for the Praxis tests. It can help you understand what skills and knowledge are covered on the test and where to focus your attention. Use the study plan template on page 35 to organize your efforts.

And most important—get started!

Would a Study Group Work for You?

Using this guide as part of a study group

People who have a lot of studying to do sometimes find it helpful to form a study group with others who are working toward the same goal. Study groups give members opportunities to ask questions and get detailed answers. In a group, some members usually have a better understanding of certain topics, while others in the group may be better at other topics. As members take turns explaining concepts to one another, everyone builds self-confidence.

If the group encounters a question that none of the members can answer well, the group can go to a teacher or other expert and get answers efficiently. Because study groups schedule regular meetings, members study in a more disciplined fashion. They also gain emotional support. The group should be large enough so that multiple people can contribute different kinds of knowledge, but small enough so that it stays focused. Often, three to six members is a good size.

Here are some ways to use this guide as part of a study group:

• Plan the group’s study program. Parts of the study plan template, beginning on page 35, can help to structure your group’s study program. By filling out the first five columns and sharing the worksheets, everyone will learn more about your group’s mix of abilities and about the resources, such as textbooks, that members can share with the group. In the sixth column (“Dates I will study the content”), you can create an overall schedule for your group’s study program.

• Plan individual group sessions. At the end of each session, the group should decide what specific topics will be covered at the next meeting and who will present each topic. Use the topic headings and subheadings in the Test at a Glance table on page 5 to select topics, and then select practice questions, beginning on page 17.

• Prepare your presentation for the group. When it’s your turn to present, prepare something that is more than a lecture. Write two or three original questions to pose to the group. Practicing writing actual questions can help you better understand the topics covered on the test as well as the types of questions you will encounter on the test. It will also give other members of the group extra practice at answering questions.

The Praxis® Study Companion 31 Step 4: Determine Your Strategy for Success

• Take a practice test together. The idea of a practice test is to simulate an actual administration of the test, so scheduling a test session with the group will add to the realism and may also help boost everyone’s confidence. Remember, complete the practice test using only the time that will be allotted for that test on your administration day.

• Learn from the results of the practice test. Review the results of the practice test, including the number of questions answered correctly in each content category. For tests that contain constructed- response questions, look at the Sample Test Questions section, which also contain sample responses to those questions and shows how they were scored. Then try to follow the same guidelines that the test scorers use.

• Be as critical as you can. You’re not doing your study partner(s) any favors by letting them get away with an answer that does not cover all parts of the question adequately. • Be specific. Write comments that are as detailed as the comments about the sample responses. Indicate where and how your study partner(s) are doing an inadequate job of answering the question. Writing notes in the margins of the answer sheet may also help. • Be supportive. Include comments that point out what your study partner(s) got right. Then plan one or more study sessions based on aspects of the questions on which group members performed poorly. For example, each group member might be responsible for rewriting one paragraph of a response in which someone else did an inadequate job.

Whether you decide to study alone or with a group, remember that the best way to prepare is to have an organized plan. The plan should set goals based on specific topics and skills that you need to learn, and it should commit you to a realistic set of deadlines for meeting those goals. Then you need to discipline yourself to stick with your plan and accomplish your goals on schedule.

The Praxis® Study Companion 32 Step 5: Develop Your Study Plan

5. Develop Your Study Plan Develop a personalized study plan and schedule

Planning your study time is important because it will help ensure that you review all content areas covered on the test. Use the sample study plan below as a guide. It shows a plan for the Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading test. Following that is a study plan template that you can fill out to create your own plan. Use the “Learn about Your Test” and “Test Specifications" information beginning onpage 5 to help complete it. Use this worksheet to: 1. Define Content Areas: List the most important content areas for your test as defined in chapter 1. 2. Determine Strengths and Weaknesses: Identify your strengths and weaknesses in each content area. 3. Identify Resources: Identify the books, courses, and other resources you plan to use for each content area. 4. Study: Create and commit to a schedule that provides for regular study periods. Praxis Test Name (Test Code): Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5712) Test Date: 9/15/15

How well do What Where can I Dates I will Description I know the resources do I find the Date Content covered study the of content content? have/need for resources I completed content (scale 1–5) the content? need? Key Ideas and Details Draw inferences and Middle school College library, implications from the Close reading 3 English middle school 7/15/15 7/15/15 directly stated content textbook teacher of a reading selection Identify summaries or Middle school College library, paraphrases of the main Determining Ideas 3 English middle school 7/17/15 7/17/15 idea or primary purpose textbook teacher of a reading selection Identify summaries Middle and College library, or paraphrases of the high school middle and Determining Ideas supporting ideas and 3 7/20/15 7/21/15 English high school specific details in a textbook teachers reading selection Craft, Structure, and Language Skills Determine the author’s Middle and College library, attitude toward material high school middle and Interpreting tone 4 7/25/15 7/26/15 discussed in a reading English high school selection textbook teachers Middle and Identify key transition College library, high school Analysis of words and phrases in a middle and 3 English 7/25/15 7/27/15 structure reading selection and high school textbook, how they are used teachers dictionary Identify how a reading College library, High school selection is organized course notes, Analysis of textbook, in terms of cause/effect, 5 high school 8/1/15 8/1/15 structure college course compare/contrast, teacher, college notes problem/solution, etc. professor Determine the role that College library, High school an idea, reference, or course notes, textbook, Author’s purpose piece of information 5 high school 8/1/15 8/1/15 college course plays in an author’s teacher, college notes discussion or argument professor

(continued on next page)

The Praxis® Study Companion 33 Step 5: Develop Your Study Plan

How well do What Where can I Dates Description I know the resources do I find the I will Date Content covered of content content? have/need for resources I study the completed (scale 1–5) the content? need? content Determine whether College library, High school information presented course notes, Language in textbook, in a reading selection 4 high school 8/1/15 8/1/15 different contexts college course is presented as fact or teacher, college notes opinion professor College library, Identify the meanings of High school course notes, Contextual words as they are used in textbook, 2 high school 8/1/15 8/1/15 meaning the context of a reading college course teacher, college selection notes professor College library, High school Understand figurative course notes, Figurative textbook, language and nuances in 2 high school 8/8/15 8/8/15 Language college course word meanings teacher, college notes professor Understand a range College library, High school of words and phrases course notes, textbook, Vocabulary range sufficient for reading at 2 high school 8/15/15 8/17/15 college course the college and career teacher, college notes readiness level professor Integration of Knowledge and Ideas Analyze content College library, presented in diverse High school course notes, Diverse media and media and formats, textbook, 2 high school 8/22/15 8/24/15 formats including visually and college course teacher, college quantitatively, as well as notes professor in words College library, High school Identify the relationship course notes, Evaluation of textbook, among ideas presented 4 high school 8/24/15 8/24/15 arguments college course in a reading selection teacher, college notes professor Determine whether College library, High school evidence strengthens, course notes, Evaluation of textbook, weakens, or is relevant 3 high school 8/27/15 8/27/15 arguments college course to the arguments in a teacher, college notes reading selection professor College library, Determine the logical High school course notes, Evaluation of assumptions upon textbook, 5 high school 8/28/15 8/30/15 arguments which an argument or college course teacher, college conclusion is based notes professor College library, High school Draw conclusions from course notes, Evaluation of textbook, material presented in a 5 high school 8/30/15 8/31/15 arguments college course reading selection teacher, college notes professor Recognize or predict College library, ideas or situations that High school course notes, Comparison of are extensions of or textbook, 4 high school 9/3/15 9/4/15 texts similar to what has been college course teacher, college presented in a reading notes professor selection College library, High school Apply ideas presented course notes, Comparison of textbook, in a reading selection to 2 high school 9/5/15 9/6/15 texts college course other situations teacher, college notes professor

The Praxis® Study Companion 34 Step 5: Develop Your Study Plan

My Study Plan Use this worksheet to: 1. Define Content Areas: List the most important content areas for your test as defined in chapter 1. 2. Determine Strengths and Weaknesses: Identify your strengths and weaknesses in each content area. 3. Identify Resources: Identify the books, courses, and other resources you plan to use for each content area. 4. Study: Create and commit to a schedule that provides for regular study periods.

Praxis Test Name (Test Code): ______Test Date: ______

How well do What Where can I Dates I will Description I know the resources do I find the Date Content covered study this of content content? have/need for resources I completed content (scale 1–5) this content? need?

(continued on next page)

The Praxis® Study Companion 35 Step 5: Develop Your Study Plan

The Praxis® Study Companion 36 Step 6: Review Study Topics

6. Review Study Topics

Detailed study topics with questions for discussion

Using the Study Topics That Follow The Music: Content and Instruction test is designed to measure the knowledge and skills necessary for a beginning teacher.

This chapter is intended to help you organize your preparation for the test and to give you a clear indication of the depth and breadth of the knowledge required for success on the test.

Virtually all accredited programs address the topics covered by the test; however, you are not expected to be an expert on all aspects of the topics that follow.

You are likely to find that the topics below are covered by most introductory textbooks. Consult materials and resources, including lecture and laboratory notes, from all your coursework. You should be able to match up specific topics and subtopics with what you have covered in your courses.

Try not to be overwhelmed by the volume and scope of content knowledge in this guide. Although a specific term may not seem familiar as you see it here, you might find you can understand it when applied to a real-life situation. Many of the items on the actual test will provide you with a context to apply to these topics or terms.

Discussion Areas Interspersed throughout the study topics are discussion areas, presented as open-ended questions or statements. These discussion areas are intended to help test your knowledge of fundamental concepts and your ability to apply those concepts to situations in the classroom or the real world. Most of the areas require you to combine several pieces of knowledge to formulate an integrated understanding and response. If you spend time on these areas, you will gain increased understanding and facility with the subject matter covered on the test. You may want to discuss these areas and your answers with a teacher or mentor.

Note that this study companion does not provide answers for the discussion area questions, but thinking about the answers to them will help improve your understanding of fundamental concepts and will probably help you answer a broad range of questions on the test.

The Praxis® Study Companion 37 Step 6: Review Study Topics

Study Topics b. theme and melody –– contour and motive An overview of the areas covered on the test, along c. rhythm, meter, and tempo with their subareas, follows. d. form and structure e. texture I. Music History and Theory 4. Knows and applies basic music theory concepts when composing, orchestrating, 1. Understands the history of major and arranging instrumental and vocal parts developments in musical style and the a. chords and voice leading significant characteristics of important musical b. ranges and transpositions styles and historical periods –– intervals a. styles and historical periods represented in –– keys questions: –– clefs –– Medieval –– instruments –– Renaissance –– voices –– Baroque c. balance –– Classical d. instrumentation and voicing of ensembles –– Romantic e. functions of instruments and voices within –– Impressionism a score –– Early 20th Century f. expressive elements –– Mid 20th Century to present –– Jazz, rock, folk, and other popular genres 5. Understands how musical sounds vary b. characteristics of music related to style and a. timbre of instruments and voices period: b. dynamics –– melody –– harmony 6. Knows various sources of printed and –– rhythm and meter electronic information on music history and –– tempi, dynamics, and other expressive literature elements a. books –– texture b. journals and periodicals –– theory and compositional organization c. Web resources –– forms and genres –– historical contexts Discussion areas: Music History and Theory –– representative composers • Given a recorded musical excerpt, can you –– representative ensembles and performers identify the time period when it was 2. Is familiar with the style of a variety of world composed? musics and their function in the culture of • Given a recorded musical excerpt, can you origin identify the major characteristics of the style? a. North America b. South America • Given a recorded musical excerpt from a c. Europe work of an important composer, can you d. Africa identify the composer? e. Australia and the Pacific f. Asia • Given a recorded musical excerpt, can you identify the genre? 3. Understands and analyzes music in aural and written forms and demonstrates aural skills • Describe the differences between the through recognition of melody, harmony, and madrigal and the motet. rhythm a. pitch organization and harmony –– chords, progressions, ornamentation –– modes, scales, tone rows, etc.

The Praxis® Study Companion 38 Step 6: Review Study Topics

• Describe the differences between the fugue • In Ireland, in what setting would you likely and the toccata. hear a reel performed? In Germany, in what setting might you hear a polka? • Considering significant composers in history, what were the musical, cultural, and • Given an excerpt of a melody being played, historical factors that influenced their can you identify the intervals in the melody? compositional devices? • Can you identify an augmented 6th chord in • Who composed Prelude to the Afternoon of a a recording of a chord progression? An Faun? inversion of a dominant 7th chord?

• What were some important compositions of • Can you identify cadences in parallel or Richard Strauss? relative major or minor, subdominant, and dominant keys? • Compile a timeline of the historical periods, general styles, major composers, typical • What does a string section playing con genres, and specific works. sordino sound like? Col legno? Pizzicato?

• Given a historical period, can you name a • Can you identify the voice types such as representative work? soprano, alto, tenor, bass, mezzo-soprano, etc.? • Given an excerpt of popular music, can you describe its relationship to and influences • Can you identify scales and tonalities in from older styles? recorded music?

• Given an excerpt of world music, can you • Given a recorded musical excerpt, can you identify its country or region of origin? identify from several printed excerpts the one that represents the main melodic • What does a didgeridoo sound like? phrase?

• What do Latin American and Caribbean • Can you identify the phrase structure of instruments, such as the guitarrón, look and given a recorded musical excerpt? sound like? • Can you identify the intervals in an example • In African music, what is the function of a of printed piano music? In a choral work? In a griot? transposed instrumental score that includes C clefs? • What are some stylistic and instrumentation differences between traditional Chinese • In regard to fugues, what is the difference opera and Japanese Noh music? between a real answer and a tonal answer?

• What are some metric characteristics and • If you had to arrange a duet for flute and phrase structures heard in the music of trombone, how might you use the ranges of Mexico? Peru? the instruments to avoid potential balance problems? • What kind of traditional vocal styles might you hear in music from Ivory Coast? Tunisia? • Can you identify triads and seventh chords Tibet? and how they and their inversions function in tonal music? • What are the traditional social uses of the Seneca rabbit song? • Can you identify scales and modes aurally and in printed form? • Identify one stylistic similarity and one difference between traditional Cajun music • Given a printed musical excerpt, can you and bluegrass. identify the main melodic idea?

• Given a printed musical excerpt, can you identify important themes or motifs?

The Praxis® Study Companion 39 Step 6: Review Study Topics

• How would you recognize examples of 4. Knows a variety of strategies on how to augmentation, diminution, retrograde, and prepare a musical score for rehearsal and inversion? performance a. score study • Can you identify the performing forces used b. score research in Mahler’s Eighth Symphony? c. interpretive decisions • Can you read various forms of music notation d. score marking used throughout music history, including 5. Understands basic accompaniment nontraditional modern music notation? techniques (e.g., on piano, guitar, voice) • Can you identify the sections of a traditional a. appropriate harmonies to accompany march? tonal melodies b. basic accompanying patterns (e.g., arpeggiation, block chords, ostinato) II. Performance 6. Knows instrumental and choral/vocal warm- 1. Demonstrates critical listening skills by up techniques identifying errors a. breathing a. pitch b. physical warm-ups (e.g., stretching, b. intonation of instruments and voices posture) c. technical warm-ups (e.g., scales, arpeggios, –– tuning students on individual instruments chorales, vocalises) –– tuning between two or more performers –– vowel uniformity 7. Knows instrumental and choral tuning/ c. rhythm intonation techniques d. performing as a unified section/ensemble a. instrumental techniques e. balance and blend –– tuning students on individual instruments f. articulations –– tuning between two or more performers g. dynamics b. choral/vocal techniques 2. Understands basic conducting techniques –– lifting the palate a. beat patterns –– vowel uniformity b. use of the baton and freehand technique –– breath support and body posture c. eye contact and facial expressions 8. Understands concert etiquette for performers d. tempo and tempo changes and audiences and effective techniques for e. attacks, holds, and releases communicating with an audience in a f. dynamics and expressive gestures performance setting g. cueing a. developing program notes and educational materials for specific purposes 3. Understands the interpretation of notation and audiences and expressive elements for performance in b. appropriate remarks in performance relation to score markings and style periods situations a. interpreting musical symbols used for c. techniques of developing appropriate pitch publicity for the music program and for b. interpreting musical symbols used for events taking place in the music program rhythm d. appropriate etiquette for various types of c. dynamic markings performance venues d. articulation markings e. tempo markings f. composers’ written comments g. timbre

The Praxis® Study Companion 40 Step 6: Review Study Topics

9. Understands the practical relationship III. Instruction, Professional Issues, and between acoustics and performance Technology a. sound production A. Instruction b. tone quality c. rehearsal and performance space 1. Knows instructional strategies for different configurations and setups class settings d. reverberation, sound reflection, refraction a. performance classes e. frequency –– full ensemble rehearsals f. amplitude, sound amplification –– sectional and small group rehearsals g. harmonics, partials, overtones –– individual lessons –– rehearsal planning Discussion areas: Performance –– rehearsal strategies • Given a printed musical score and a b. elementary and secondary general music recording of a performance based on it –– full class (which you listen to three times), can you –– small group identify the measure where an error in pitch –– labs and independent projects occurs? 2. Incorporates local, state, and national • If you are told the error occurs in a specific standards in planning and instruction measure, would you notice that the music is a. recognizes importance of linking being played forte when it is notated to be pedagogy to appropriate standards played piano? b. ability to evaluate degree to which instruction links to standards • What factors would influence the choice of a conducting pattern for a given passage in 3. Understands classroom management 7/8 time? techniques a. physical classroom environment • In a passage using syncopation, what would b. rules and consequences be the appropriate conducting technique? c. appropriate actions to take for given • Given a diagram of a choral standing situations arrangement, could you discuss the d. legal implications acoustical implications? e. planning and pacing f. procedures and routines • What are the most important acoustic g. principles of motivation applied to the principles in seating arrangements for music classroom instrumental ensembles? –– intrinsic –– extrinsic 4. Understands how to plan and differentiate instruction a. how the distinguishing characteristics of stages of student growth and development affect music learning –– physical –– cognitive –– social b. scope and sequence c. lesson and unit planning d. student ability

The Praxis® Study Companion 41 Step 6: Review Study Topics

5. Knows strategies to accommodate diverse 8. Knows and promotes care and maintenance learning styles and abilities of instruments and materials a. aural learners a. care of instruments b. visual learners –– woodwinds c. kinesthetic learners –– strings (including guitar) –– brass 6. Understands how to modify instruction to –– percussion and keyboards accommodate student needs –– classroom instruments (Orff and rhythm a. students with disabilities instruments, recorders) –– physical –– electronic instruments –– cognitive b. care of materials –– behavioral –– printed material (books, music, scores) –– emotional –– recorded material (CDs, electronic files b. other student needs such as MP3s) –– culture and beliefs –– risers and stands –– gifted students –– audiovisual and computer equipment –– English-language learners 9. Knows basic improvisational techniques and 7. Understands a variety of assessment strategies how to teach them that inform the instructional process a. imitation a. use of standardized tests for measuring b. variation aptitude and achievement c. improvisational techniques within various b. portfolio assessment styles c. multiple-choice testing d. assessment using scoring rubrics 10. Knows basic composition and arranging e. assessing individual and group techniques and how to teach them performance skills a. activities leading to composition (e.g., f. appropriate classroom assignment grading improvisation, completion exercises) criteria b. pitch and rhythmic organization g. appropriate course grading practices techniques h. formative assessment–uses in guiding and c. form evaluating students’ progress d. style i. assessments’ role in program evaluation e. thematic construction j. taxonomies of instructional/assessment f. harmonization, accompaniment, and objectives imitation k. techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of g. vocal and instrumental ranges music curricula –– program evaluation (e.g., goals and 11. Knows how to teach a variety of musical objectives, scope and sequence) concepts through performance literature a. elements of music (i.e., melody, harmony, rhythm, form, timbre, texture) and expressive elements b. music theory c. music history d. music in relation to other subjects e. musical creativity and the aesthetics of music

The Praxis® Study Companion 42 Step 6: Review Study Topics

12. Is aware of approaches for fostering musically 8. Supports students’ learning through two-way expressive experiences communication with parents/guardians a. fostering musical expression in: a. formal and informal: –– performance –– parent-teacher conferences –– improvisation –– telephone –– composition –– written communications, including email and departmental websites b. techniques to teach aesthetics: –– guided listening 9. Understands basic administrative –– analysis, reflection, evaluation responsibilities in a music program –– modeling a. budget maintenance 13. Understands how to integrate concepts used b. inventory in the fine arts and other disciplines in music c. scheduling instruction 10. Is aware of the external influences that affect a. music integrated with other subjects in the the music program, curriculum, and student fine arts participation b. music integrated with subjects outside of a. scheduling the fine arts b. mandates B. Professional Issues c. budget constraints d. advocacy groups 1. Understands professional ethics and legal e. student and community economics and issues specific to teaching music (e.g., demographics copyright laws, confidentiality, appropriate professional conduct) 11. Is aware of career opportunities available in music and how to introduce them to students 2. Is familiar with the artistic processes and anchor standards applied to music in the a. performance National Core Arts Standards b. business c. education 3. Is aware of professional organizations and d. technology resources in music education e. medical a. local, state, and national teacher and music teacher organizations 12. Is aware of strategies for promoting physically healthy performance practices for students b. mentors and colleagues and teachers c. books, journals, and periodicals a. hearing protection d. reference works and Web resources b. health issues specific to teachers (e.g., using the voice in the classroom, work- 4. Is aware of current trends and issues in music related stress) education 5. Is aware of the major contributions to the C. Technology history and philosophy of music education 1. Understands current technologies used for and their implications for curriculum performance and recording production 6. Understands philosophical reasons for a. sound reinforcement inclusion of and advocacy for music in the b. analog, digital, and MIDI equipment curriculum c. virtual instruments a. utilitarian (e.g., comprehensive education) b. aesthetic (e.g., affective education)

7. Recognizes that collaboration with colleagues is important for implementing the curriculum a. mentoring b. collegiality c. inclusion (e.g., IEPs, students with special needs)

The Praxis® Study Companion 43 Step 6: Review Study Topics

2. Is familiar with technology and instructional • Describe two effective techniques you have software and ways to incorporate them in the seen teachers use to control students’ talking classroom in class. a. hardware • Describe how a teacher might include –– cables and audio interfaces opportunities for student learning in –– microphones psychomotor, cognitive, and affective –– music storage devices modalities. –– speakers and monitors –– tablets • What strategies would you use to help a b. software student with dyslexia read sheet music? –– cloud-based storage –– music assessment software • By approximately what grade level should –– music digital audio workstation software students be able to play by ear simple –– music notation software melodies on a melodic instrument? Compare –– music pedagogy software common pedagogical approaches. –– music streaming applications • Describe appropriate course objectives for –– presentation software singing in general music classrooms at c. multimedia grades K–4, 5–8, and 9–12.

3. Demonstrates knowledge of desktop music • Describe three effective teaching techniques publishing software for pedagogical purposes for correcting specific problems with a. input woodwind embouchures, brass b. output embouchures, stick grips, or bowing. c. playback d. posting • What kinds of difficulties with harmony would you expect in a capella singing by an 4. Knows the appropriate, ethical, and safe uses average high school chorus? for music software and Internet technologies a. educational • Given a score for a Sousa march, can you b. interactive identify the aspects that are likely to be most c. internet posts challenging for a less advanced high school d. filtering software band? e. copyright • Name four pieces that you would suggest f. health and wellness issues related to use of including in a spring concert for beginning, technology intermediate, and advanced ensembles in Discussion areas: Instruction your specialty. Name three musical concepts you could teach from each work. • According to The School Music Program: A New Vision, what are some appropriate • Name some arrangers who specialize in musical achievements for students in grades works that are appropriate for an elementary K–4? school ensemble (in your specialty).

• Choose one of the National Core Arts • When is it more appropriate to use a whole Standards for music and describe an song rather than a phrase-by-phrase appropriate student activity that would help approach by rote? achieve the outcome described in that standard. • Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of the fixed-do and the • Describe the course objectives that you moveable-do methods of sight-singing. might develop for a nine-week general music course that meets three times a week that is required for all eighth grade students in a district. Then write a lesson plan for one classroom period that would help to fulfill one of the course objectives.

The Praxis® Study Companion 44 Step 6: Review Study Topics

• What are some musical experiences • How would you summarize the viewpoints associated with the Suzuki method? of music philosophers such as Susanne Langer, Leonard Meyer, Bennett Reimer, and • What are some techniques and methods David Elliott? using dance and movement for instruction in music? • What aspects of educational philosophy contribute to Bruner’s spiral curriculum? • What is an effective strategy for introducing the concept of solfège to a class? • Compare and contrast the value placed on music education by Plato and Aristotle. How • How are chord progressions and rhythmic does John Dewey’s philosophy about the ostinati used in improvisation? same topic compare?

• Give some example of ornamentations • Describe the music library and instrument commonly used in jazz vocal improvisations. storage facilities that are associated with a quality high school orchestra program. • Describe various learning sequences for teaching improvisation. Discussion areas: Technology • When teaching rhythm concepts, in what • Describe how you could use the Internet to sequence should you introduce concepts teach a unit in a topic of your choosing to such as subdivision in triple meter? students in K–4, grades 5–8, and grades 9–12. • Describe various learning sequences for teaching the concept of harmony. • Draw a diagram illustrating how you could set up a system for recording and playback • What kinds of difficulties with rhythm would that includes a CD player, CD recorder, and you expect from a seventh-grade orchestra? self-powered speakers. How might the setup • Give an example of an instructional activity differ if the speakers were not self-powered? that relates to one of the levels described in • What are the basic components of a digital Bloom’s taxonomy of conceptual audio workstation (DAW), and what are their development. functions (e.g., MIDI and audio tracks, mixers, plug-ins, audio interface)? Discussion areas: Professional Issues • Is it ever appropriate to make duplicates of • How are music scores and parts created and sheet music using a copy machine? If so, edited using music publishing software under what circumstances? programs?

• Would it be appropriate for a student • What are some best practices for setting up ensemble to perform for a fee at a sound systems for different performance recreational festival that charges admission? venues? Why or why not?

• What are some of the important publications of NAfME (formerly MENC) in your specialty?

• Which organization publishes Opportunity- to-Learn Standards for Music Instruction: Grades PreK–12?

• What are some organizations of special interest to choral educators, string educators, band directors?

The Praxis® Study Companion 45 Step 6: Review Study Topics

IV. Instructional Activities 2. Knows appropriate sources of student repertoire One question in each of the following areas: a. lists of recommended repertoire • Instrumental Music Instruction b. conferences c. colleagues and mentors • Vocal Music Instruction d. publisher resources • General Music Instruction 3. Is able to address common performance Some of the selected-response questions in Sections challenges and their causes 1 and 2 reflect content unique to each specialty and a. reading pitches and rhythms provide well-rounded examinees the opportunity b. balance and blend to show some understanding of topics both in and c. intonation outside their chosen specialties. Similarly, the three d. technical challenges multi-part constructed-response questions in Section e. style and interpretation 2 allow examinees to demonstrate understanding f. physical causes of basic instructional practices and materials in each g. comprehension causes music education specialty. Examinees are instructed to try to answer all three of the prompts, regardless of 4. Understands organization and preparation of concert programming their teaching specialty. a. diversity of repertoire (includes The test is designed with the understanding that not consideration of vocal texts) all examinees will be equally prepared in all of the b. consideration of difficulty levels with specialized topics represented in the constructed- regard to available preparation and response questions. Therefore, the 0-3 scale used rehearsal time c. concert pacing and endurance issues in scoring these prompts allows for the granting d. programming considerations relative to of partial credit to examinees’ responses, where special occasions and specific appropriate. Please see the General Scoring Guide on performance venues page 26. Questions may be based on any of the e. pedagogical philosophies related to content descriptors described above in Category III. programming Additionally, question tasks may be based on one or f. awareness of consideration of building more of the following content descriptors. level and district expectations with regard to concert programming 1. Understands how to select appropriate g. concert logistics planning (scheduling, repertoire for the classroom and for facilities, publicity, communication with performance ensembles with respect to a students/parents/administrators, printing variety of factors programs) a. Selecting music with respect to 5. Understands strategies for developing sight- –– diverse genres reading skills –– appropriate performance competencies a. solfège and other systems for students’ developmental levels b. perception of pitch, interval, and rhythm ºº primary c. mental practice and scanning methods ºº elementary ºº middle school 6. Knows instrumental techniques (e.g., ºº high school rudiments, bowings, embouchures) and how ºº vocal ranges to teach them ºº instrumental ranges and transpositions a. woodwind –– cultural diversity b. string (includes guitar) –– community traditions and standards c. brass –– state and local guidelines d. percussion –– quality of literature e. keyboard f. general classroom instruments g. health and wellness issues for instrumentalists

The Praxis® Study Companion 46 Step 6: Review Study Topics

7. Knows how to teach vocal production and performance techniques with respect to a variety of factors a. vocal mechanism b. health and wellness issues for vocalists c. changing voice d. tessitura

8. Is familiar with common pedagogical approaches (e.g., Suzuki, Dalcroze, Orff Schulwerk, Edwin Gordon’s Music Learning Theory, Comprehensive Muscianship, Laban, Phyllis Weikart)

The Praxis® Study Companion 47 Step 7: Review Smart Tips for Success

7. Review Smart Tips for Success

Follow test-taking tips developed by experts

Learn from the experts. Take advantage of the following answers to questions you may have and practical tips to help you navigate the Praxis test and make the best use of your time.

Should I guess? Yes. Your score is based on the number of questions you answer correctly, with no penalty or subtraction for an incorrect answer. When you don’t know the answer to a question, try to eliminate any obviously wrong answers and then guess at the correct one. Try to pace yourself so that you have enough time to carefully consider every question.

Can I answer the questions in any order? You can answer the questions in order or skip questions and come back to them later. If you skip a question, you can also mark it so that you can remember to return and answer it later. Remember that questions left unanswered are treated the same as questions answered incorrectly, so it is to your advantage to answer every question.

Are there trick questions on the test? No. There are no hidden meanings or trick questions. All of the questions on the test ask about subject matter knowledge in a straightforward manner.

Are there answer patterns on the test? No. You might have heard this myth: the answers on tests follow patterns. Another myth is that there will never be more than two questions in a row with the correct answer in the same position among the choices. Neither myth is true. Select the answer you think is correct based on your knowledge of the subject.

Can I write on the scratch paper I am given? Yes. You can work out problems on the scratch paper, make notes to yourself, or write anything at all. Your scratch paper will be destroyed after you are finished with it, so use it in any way that is helpful to you. But make sure to select or enter your answers on the computer.

Smart Tips for Taking the Test 1. Skip the questions you find extremely difficult. Rather than trying to answer these on your first pass through the test, you may want to leave them blank and mark them so that you can return to them later. Pay attention to the time as you answer the rest of the questions on the test, and try to finish with 10 or 15 minutes remaining so that you can go back over the questions you left blank. Even if you don’t know the answer the second time you read the questions, see if you can narrow down the possible answers, and then guess. Your score is based on the number of right answers, so it is to your advantage to answer every question.

The Praxis® Study Companion 48 Step 7: Review Smart Tips for Success

2. Keep track of the time. The on-screen clock will tell you how much time you have left. You will probably have plenty of time to answer all of the questions, but if you find yourself becoming bogged down, you might decide to move on and come back to any unanswered questions later.

3. Read all of the possible answers before selecting one. For questions that require you to select more than one answer, or to make another kind of selection, consider the most likely answers given what the question is asking. Then reread the question to be sure the answer(s) you have given really answer the question. Remember, a question that contains a phrase such as “Which of the following does NOT …” is asking for the one answer that is NOT a correct statement or conclusion.

4. Check your answers. If you have extra time left over at the end of the test, look over each question and make sure that you have answered it as you intended. Many test takers make careless mistakes that they could have corrected if they had checked their answers.

5. Don’t worry about your score when you are taking the test. No one is expected to answer all of the questions correctly. Your score on this test is not analogous to your score on the GRE® or other tests. It doesn’t matter on the Praxis tests whether you score very high or barely pass. If you meet the minimum passing scores for your state and you meet the state’s other requirements for obtaining a teaching license, you will receive a license. In other words, what matters is meeting the minimum passing score. You can find passing scores for all states that use the Praxis tests at http://www.ets.org/s/praxis/pdf/passing_scores.pdf or on the web site of the state for which you are seeking certification/licensure.

6. Use your energy to take the test, not to get frustrated by it. Getting frustrated only increases stress and decreases the likelihood that you will do your best. Highly qualified educators and test development professionals, all with backgrounds in teaching, worked diligently to make the test a fair and valid measure of your knowledge and skills. Your state painstakingly reviewed the test before adopting it as a licensure requirement. The best thing to do is concentrate on answering the questions.

The Praxis® Study Companion 49 Step 8: Check on Testing Accommodations

8. Check on Testing Accommodations See if you qualify for accommodations to take the Praxis test

What if English is not my primary language? Praxis tests are given only in English. If your primary language is not English (PLNE), you may be eligible for extended testing time. For more details, visit https://www.ets.org/praxis/register/plne_accommodations/.

What if I have a disability or other health-related need? The following accommodations are available for Praxis test takers who meet the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Amendments Act disability requirements:

• Extended testing time • Additional rest breaks • Separate testing room • Writer/recorder of answers • Test reader • Sign language interpreter for spoken directions only • Perkins Brailler • Braille slate and stylus • Printed copy of spoken directions • Oral interpreter • Audio test • Braille test • Large print test book • Large print answer sheet • Listening section omitted

For more information on these accommodations, visit www.ets.org/praxis/register/disabilities.

Note: Test takers who have health-related needs requiring them to bring equipment, beverages, or snacks into the testing room or to take extra or extended breaks must request these accommodations by following the procedures described in the Bulletin Supplement for Test Takers with Disabilities or Health-Related Needs (PDF), which can be found at http://www.ets.org/s/disabilities/pdf/bulletin_supplement_test_takers_with_ disabilities_health_needs.pdf.

You can find additional information on available resources for test takers with disabilities or health-related needs at www.ets.org/disabilities.

The Praxis® Study Companion 50 Step 9: Do Your Best on Test Day

9. Do Your Best on Test Day

Get ready for test day so you will be calm and confident

You followed your study plan. You prepared for the test. Now it’s time to prepare for test day.

Plan to end your review a day or two before the actual test date so you avoid cramming. Take a dry run to the test center so you’re sure of the route, traffic conditions, and parking. Most of all, you want to eliminate any unexpected factors that could distract you from your ultimate goal—passing the Praxis test!

On the day of the test, you should:

• be well rested • wear comfortable clothes and dress in layers • eat before you take the test • bring an acceptable and valid photo identification with you • bring an approved calculator only if one is specifically permitted for the test you are taking (see Calculator Use, at http://www.ets.org/praxis/test_day/policies/calculators) • be prepared to stand in line to check in or to wait while other test takers check in You can’t control the testing situation, but you can control yourself. Stay calm. The supervisors are well trained and make every effort to provide uniform testing conditions, but don’t let it bother you if the test doesn’t start exactly on time. You will have the allotted amount of time once it does start.

You can think of preparing for this test as training for an athletic event. Once you’ve trained, prepared, and rested, give it everything you’ve got.

What items am I restricted from bringing into the test center? You cannot bring into the test center personal items such as:

• handbags, knapsacks, or briefcases • water bottles or canned or bottled beverages • study materials, books, or notes • pens, pencils, scrap paper, or calculators, unless specifically permitted for the test you are taking (see Calculator Use, at http://www.ets.org/praxis/test_day/policies/calculators) • any electronic, photographic, recording, or listening devices

Personal items are not allowed in the testing room and will not be available to you during the test or during breaks. You may also be asked to empty your pockets. At some centers, you will be assigned a space to store your belongings, such as handbags and study materials. Some centers do not have secure storage space available, so please plan accordingly.

Test centers assume no responsibility for your personal items.

The Praxis® Study Companion 51 Step 9: Do Your Best on Test Day

If you have health-related needs requiring you to bring equipment, beverages or snacks into the testing room or to take extra or extended breaks, you need to request accommodations in advance. Procedures for requesting accommodations are described in the Bulletin Supplement for Test Takers with Disabilities or Health-related Needs (PDF).

Note: All cell phones, smart phones (e.g., Android® devices, iPhones®, etc.), and other electronic, photographic, recording, or listening devices are strictly prohibited from the test center. If you are seen with such a device, you will be dismissed from the test, your test scores will be canceled, and you will forfeit your test fees. If you are seen using such a device, the device will be confiscated and inspected. For more information on what you can bring to the test center, visit www.ets.org/praxis/test_day/bring.

Are You Ready? Complete this checklist to determine whether you are ready to take your test. ❒ Do you know the testing requirements for the license or certification you are seeking in the state(s) where you plan to teach? ❒ Have you followed all of the test registration procedures? ❒ Do you know the topics that will be covered in each test you plan to take? ❒ Have you reviewed any textbooks, class notes, and course readings that relate to the topics covered? ❒ Do you know how long the test will take and the number of questions it contains? ❒ Have you considered how you will pace your work? ❒ Are you familiar with the types of questions for your test? ❒ Are you familiar with the recommended test-taking strategies? ❒ Have you practiced by working through the practice questions in this study companion or in a study guide or practice test? ❒ If constructed-response questions are part of your test, do you understand the scoring criteria for these questions? ❒ If you are repeating a Praxis test, have you analyzed your previous score report to determine areas where additional study and test preparation could be useful?

If you answered “yes” to the questions above, your preparation has paid off. Now take thePraxis test, do your best, pass it—and begin your teaching career!

The Praxis® Study Companion 52 Step 10: Understand Your Scores

10. Understand Your Scores Understand how tests are scored and how to interpret your test scores

Of course, passing the Praxis test is important to you so you need to understand what your scores mean and what your state requirements are.

What are the score requirements for my state? States, institutions, and associations that require the tests set their own passing scores. Visit www.ets.org/praxis/states for the most up-to-date information.

If I move to another state, will my new state accept my scores? The Praxis tests are part of a national testing program, meaning that they are required in many states for licensure. The advantage of a national program is that if you move to another state that also requires Praxis tests, you can transfer your scores. Each state has specific test requirements and passing scores, which you can find at www.ets.org/praxis/states.

How do I know whether I passed the test? Your score report will include information on passing scores for the states you identified as recipients of your test results. If you test in a state with automatic score reporting, you will also receive passing score information for that state.

A list of states and their passing scores for each test are available online at www.ets.org/praxis/states.

What your Praxis scores mean You received your score report. Now what does it mean? It’s important to interpret your score report correctly and to know what to do if you have questions about your scores.

Visit http://www.ets.org/s/praxis/pdf/sample_score_report.pdf to see a sample score report. To access Understanding Your Praxis Scores, a document that provides additional information on how to read your score report, visit www.ets.org/praxis/scores/understand.

Put your scores in perspective Your score report indicates: • Your score and whether you passed • The range of possible scores • The raw points available in each content category • The range of the middle 50 percent of scores on the test If you have taken the same Praxis test or other Praxis tests over the last 10 years, your score report also lists the highest score you earned on each test taken.

The Praxis® Study Companion 53 Step 10: Understand Your Scores

Content category scores and score interpretation Questions on the Praxis tests are categorized by content. To help you in future study or in preparing to retake the test, your score report shows how many raw points you earned in each content category. Compare your “raw points earned” with the maximum points you could have earned (“raw points available”). The greater the difference, the greater the opportunity to improve your score by further study.

Score scale changes ETS updates Praxis tests on a regular basis to ensure they accurately measure the knowledge and skills that are required for licensure. When tests are updated, the meaning of the score scale may change, so requirements may vary between the new and previous versions. All scores for previous, discontinued tests are valid and reportable for 10 years, provided that your state or licensing agency still accepts them.

These resources may also help you interpret your scores:

• Understanding Your Praxis Scores (PDF), found at www.ets.org/praxis/scores/understand

• The Praxis Passing Scores (PDF), found at www.ets.org/praxis/scores/understand

• State requirements, found at www.ets.org/praxis/states

The Praxis® Study Companion 54 Appendix: Other Questions You May Have

Appendix: Other Questions You May Have

Here is some supplemental information that can give you a better understanding of the Praxis tests.

What do the Praxis tests measure? The Praxis tests measure the specific knowledge and skills that beginning teachers need. The tests do not measure an individual’s disposition toward teaching or potential for success, nor do they measure your actual teaching ability. The assessments are designed to be comprehensive and inclusive but are limited to what can be covered in a finite number of questions and question types. Teaching requires many complex skills that are typically measured in other ways, including classroom observation, video recordings, and portfolios.

Ranging from Agriculture to World Languages, there are more than 80 Praxis tests, which contain selected- response questions or constructed-response questions, or a combination of both.

Who takes the tests and why? Some colleges and universities use the Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators tests (Reading, Writing, and Mathematics) to evaluate individuals for entry into teacher education programs. The assessments are generally taken early in your college career. Many states also require Core Academic Skills test scores as part of their teacher licensing process.

Individuals entering the teaching profession take the Praxis content and pedagogy tests as part of the teacher licensing and certification process required by many states. In addition, some professional associations and organizations require the Praxis Subject Assessments for professional licensing.

Do all states require these tests? The Praxis tests are currently required for teacher licensure in approximately 40 states and United States territories. These tests are also used by several professional licensing agencies and by several hundred colleges and universities. Teacher candidates can test in one state and submit their scores in any other state that requires Praxis testing for licensure. You can find details atwww.ets.org/praxis/states .

What is licensure/certification? Licensure in any area—medicine, law, architecture, accounting, cosmetology—is an assurance to the public that the person holding the license possesses sufficient knowledge and skills to perform important occupational activities safely and effectively. In the case of teacher licensing, a license tells the public that the individual has met predefined competency standards for beginning teaching practice.

Because a license makes such a serious claim about its holder, licensure tests are usually quite demanding. In some fields, licensure tests have more than one part and last for more than one day. Candidates for licensure in all fields plan intensive study as part of their professional preparation. Some join study groups, others study alone. But preparing to take a licensure test is, in all cases, a professional activity. Because a licensure exam surveys a broad body of knowledge, preparing for a licensure exam takes planning, discipline, and sustained effort.

Why does my state require the Praxis tests? Your state chose the Praxis tests because they assess the breadth and depth of content—called the “domain”— that your state wants its teachers to possess before they begin to teach. The level of content knowledge, reflected in the passing score, is based on recommendations of panels of teachers and teacher educators in

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each subject area. The state licensing agency and, in some states, the state legislature ratify the passing scores that have been recommended by panels of teachers.

How were the tests developed? E T S consulted with practicing teachers and teacher educators around the country during every step of the Praxis test development process. First, E T S asked them what knowledge and skills a beginning teacher needs to be effective. Their responses were then ranked in order of importance and reviewed by hundreds of teachers.

After the results were analyzed and consensus was reached, guidelines, or specifications, for the selected- response and constructed-response tests were developed by teachers and teacher educators. Following these guidelines, teachers and professional test developers created test questions that met content requirements and E T S Standards for Quality and Fairness.*

When your state adopted the research-based Praxis tests, local panels of teachers and teacher educators evaluated each question for its relevance to beginning teachers in your state. During this “validity study,” the panel also provided a passing-score recommendation based on how many of the test questions a beginning teacher in your state would be able to answer correctly. Your state’s licensing agency determined the final passing-score requirement.

E T S follows well-established industry procedures and standards designed to ensure that the tests measure what they are intended to measure. When you pass the Praxis tests your state requires, you are proving that you have the knowledge and skills you need to begin your teaching career.

How are the tests updated to ensure the content remains current? Praxis tests are reviewed regularly. During the first phase of review, E T S conducts an analysis of relevant state and association standards and of the current test content. State licensure titles and the results of relevant job analyses are also considered. Revised test questions are then produced following the standard test development methodology. National advisory committees may also be convened to review and revise existing test specifications and to evaluate test forms for alignment with the specifications.

How long will it take to receive my scores? Scores for tests that do not include constructed-response questions are available on screen immediately after the test. Scores for tests that contain constructed-response questions or essays aren’t available immediately after the test because of the scoring process involved. Official score reports are available to you and your designated score recipients approximately two to three weeks after the test date for tests delivered continuously, or two to three weeks after the testing window closes for other tests. See the test dates and deadlines calendar at www. ets.org/praxis/register/centers_dates for exact score reporting dates.

Can I access my scores on the web? All test takers can access their test scores via My Praxis Account free of charge for one year from the posting date. This online access replaces the mailing of a paper score report.

The process is easy—simply log into My Praxis Account at www.ets.org/praxis and click on your score report. If you do not already have a Praxis account, you must create one to view your scores.

Note: You must create a Praxis account to access your scores, even if you registered by mail or phone.

*E T S Standards for Quality and Fairness (2014, Princeton, N.J.) are consistent with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, industry standards issued jointly by the American Educational Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education (2014, Washington, D.C.).

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Your teaching career is worth preparing for, so start today! Let the Praxis® Study Companion guide you.

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