Stock Number One of Six Student Guidebooks in a Series of 11 Ar

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ED 137 6 0 08 'CE 010 738 AUTHOR Workman; Jean; Hansen, Mary Lewis TITLE Exploring Careers in the Humanities. A Student Guidebook. INSTITUTION 1- Technical Education Research Center, Cambridge, Mass. SPOHS AGENCY Bureau of Occupap.onal and Adult Education (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. Div. of Research and DemOnstration. PUB DATE 76 CONTRACT OEC-0-74-9253 NOTE 197p.; For related documents see CE 010 734-744 Photographs may not reproduCe well AVAILABLE1FROMSuperintendent of Documents,\U.S. Government Prin ing

1 Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 017-080-01649-4, $2.45)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$10 03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Career Exploration; Economics; Education; Geography; History; *Humanities; Instructional Materials; Language; Laws; Museums; *Occupational Information; Occupations; Philosophy; Political Science; Professional Occupations; Religion; Resource Guides; Secondary Education; Social Sciences; Sociology; Special Libraries

ABSTRACT One of six student guidebooks in a series of 11 ar and humanities career explorati9n guides for grade 7-12 teachers, counselors, and students, this student book on exploration of humanities careers presents career information on 13 specific occupational areas:(1) Educators,(2) Historians and Archivists, Anthropologists, (4) Economists,(5) Geographers, (6) Political Scientists,(7) Sociologists,;(8) Language Occupations, (9) Lawyers, Judges, Paralegals, Legal Secretaries, and Court Reporters, (10) Museum Workers, (11) Philos9phers,; (12) Occupations in Religion, and (13) Special Librarians. An iintroductory chapter gives a general overview of humanities occupations: definitions, skills neededr education required, job settings, and problems. Each chapter on a specific area includes general discussion of the field and what people-in that field do, desCciption of personality characteristics and interests that are approp iate, education required, types o employers, Job forecasts, typical problems and rewards, and sources of further information. Appended is a chart listing nearly 200 humanities occupations with their corresponding functions or skills and level of educational preparation necessary. (JT)

Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished materials not avglable from other sources. ERIC makes every effort to obtain the best copy' available. Nevertheless, items of marginM reproducibility we often encountered and this affects the quality of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the-best that can be made from the original. pioring arorp:in th .Humahitiqs

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U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALT EDUCATION A WELFARE NATIONAAL. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS DEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY 'AS RECEIVED FROM. THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN STING IT POINTS OF VIEW QR OPINIONS STATED DQ NOT NECESSARILY REPRE BY SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF JEAN WORKMAN. EDUCATION POSITION OR poocy MARY LEWIS HANSEN PROJECT DIRECTOR

TECHNICAL EDUCATION.RESEARCH CENTERS., INC. .44 BRATTLE'STREET 'CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETT'S 02138 2

U.S.'Oovernment Printing Office Washington: 1976

------: For gam by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrIntLng Glace, Wva- inaton, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 017-080-016494 ii ursuant to Contract'So. OLE-0-74A:' 5

Curriculum II topoent Branch N on of Research and Demonstration Bureau of Occupational and Adult Ecluoation U.S. Office of Education Department of Health, Education and Welfare under

PartI. Curriculum Develo patentiii Vocational and Technical Lducation . /catlunal tdation Amendments of MB uhlic Law 90-S7 ei

Discrimtnation Dr h - Title VI of the Civil- Rights. Act Of 1b3 a ate No person in the United Skates, shall, on the ground:of race, color,or, no- tional piigin be excluded from participation ini be denied the benefit of or he subjected to discrim- ination under any program or activity receiving federal financial as$istance." Therefore, the Vocational Education program, like all other programs or activi. ties,receiving financial: assistance from the Hepart-, ment ef Uealth, EduCation and Welfare, must he operated in compliance with this laW.

The project presented or reported herein wa$ performed pursuant to a contract from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health. Education and Welfare. HoweXer, tho opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the piisition or poliCy of the U.S. OffiCe of Education,' and no official endorseMent by the U.S. Office of Education $hould be inferred.

U.S. Coternoont Printing Office. ashington: 1976 Photo Credits: p. 10, Alyce*Jackson courtesy of U.S. Office of Education, DHEW; p. 29, courtesy of U.S. Office of Education, DHEW; p. 36, courtesy of U.S. Department of. the Interior, National Park Service; p. 58, courteSy of U.S: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey; p466, Alyce Jackson4_courtisy of U.S. Office of Education,DHEW; p, 80,-Consolidated News Pictures,,c6urtesy of U.S. Office of Education, DHEW; p. 86, The Ohio University, courtesy of.the U.S. Office of Education, DHEW; p. 98, courtesy of the U.S. Office of Education, DHEW; p. 118, 'courted.), of U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park/Service; p. 138, courtesy of U.S. Office of Education/DHEW. TABLE OF CONTENTS

HUMANITIES OCCUPATIONS AN INTRODUCTION 1

EDUCATORS i1

3. HISTORIANS AND ARCHIVISTS -23 4. ANTHROPOLOGISTS 37

S. ECONOMISTS 49 6. 'GEOGRAPHERS 59 7. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS 67

8. SOCIOLOGISTS 73

9. LANGUAGE OCCUPATIONS 81 iO LAWYERS, JUDGES, PARALEGALS, LEGAL SECRETARIES, AND COURT REPORTERS 99 MUSEUM WORKERS 119 PHILOSOPHERS 133

OCCUPATIONS IN RELIGION 139 SPECIAL LIBRAR ANS 151

APPENDIX - HUMANITIES-OCCUPATIONS 155- I. HUMANITIES OCCUPATIONS AN INTRODUCTION

are the Humani ies? f humanitie\help us define -"what'it means to be human," If you have a ready.answer to what is a humanities occupation? this question, many of thena- tion's leading Scholars would Defining Humanities Occu ations like to hear from you. "Defin- tng:the Humanities" has been-the The U.S. Office of Education,

subject of debate and discussion . which sponsored the research and for many years. A universally writing of this book, groups occu- accepted definitionllas not-yet pations into clusters, Or groups 'been found. It is agreed that of occupations, requiring similar people or "humanTeingS" are the interests and abilities. Some central concern of the humanities-. examples Of clusters are: Con- '.Many see, the humanities as the struction OccUpations, Transporr study of "what is means to be tation Occupations, Public Service human." Occupations, Arts and Humanities Occupations.

I 'would understandthe As of 1971, the Humanities humanities as giv.ing each ope of us 'somesu'ilderstandipg cluster includeecinly two (lan- of who we are individually,' guages and history) from our present list. where we!ve been, who we are Then, Congress created flow and where we're golng... the National Endowment for the Humanities. Public Law 89-209 s1 Dr..Johh Knowle includes in the humanities,:

[Humanities is]....the.record Language, both modern and 'of man's search,tor answers classical; linguistics, liter- 'to the.questions that never ature; history; jurisprudence; go ou-Lof style, questions phi.losophy; archeology; com- about... man's relationship parative religion; ethics; to man and 'God, onels.own the history, critioism, theo y identity. and practice of the arts; 2

, Copeiand- 1 -Dr. John Knowles in "The State of o,he Humanities," Chan Summer 1975, p. 41 2Evelyn M. Copeland,:itiliJoi,March, 1905, p.183 Sonic Definitions humanittic method; and the _ study and application of' the humanities to thi,cur- In discussing the Humanities occu- rent conditions of national Tational cluster,.we.use the terms "occupation," "field,"- "job." In this Guidebook you will also,see We have uSed Congress' list of the words "career," "setting," humanities fields as the base for and-"task"Aised often. r the Humanities occupations de- When you think of a "career" you scribed in this Gilidebobk The may think of a one-jbb, full-time accompanying chart Shows the oc- profession:: a career in law,,a cupational fields currently in eareer in medicine, a career in :the Humanities Occupational Clus, education, etc.. Would you include ter, The HumanitieA occupations a person's part-time hospital vol- are all "people-centered."They unteer job as part of his/her focus on people as individuals career? -Would you consider a stu- -They helplus to :and in,groups. dent's night-time waitressing job define, understand, and -deal with Tart of a careei? Well, we would.

our relationships-to, each other . and to the world we have.struc- Here' are definitions of some tured for-ourselves. terms used throughout the Guidebook. We left out .psychology and Career All the work, paid or social work because they are not unpaid, full-time or part- considered a,"humanities" field time, that a person does by people Working in the field. in a-lifetime. Some occupations-havobeen omitted because:they are included in Occu ation - a group of related other occupational clusters. Be- activities or tasks which are cause our aim is to acquaint stu- a person's "title." (What

dents: withos many occupations is - is your occupation? I am,a possible, %,e have also added to teacher. am aR economist. the listapproved by Conkress. I am an historian:) .Sooial sciences Were. added. Edu-7-, Job - usually a more specific cation wasadded.as a separate '- term than occupation. (What field because teaching offers the is your job? I am a,first greatest:number of jobs for prat- grade teacher. As an econo- 'tioners in social sciences, mist, I am a financial ana history, literature, philosophy, lyst for Exploso Chemicals. , and language.,:Auseum workers As an historian, l-am director - were also added-because muSeums of East Chop_Historical Society. are essential& "people-centered," preserving and exhibiting the Task - A speific activity per- Cultural historyof human beings. formed on the job: (I write letters. I punch, computer For our purpbses then, the cards."' talk on the phone "Humanities" are the ocCupations to clients: listed en_ the chart.- Eadh occuF pational field.is discussed in Setting - Place where person some detail-in a separate- chapter ?Jerks- (Schoel, factory of...this Student Guidebook. museum, government agency) HUMANITIES_OCCUPATIONS

T-eachers EDUCATION Administrators__ Counselors

'HISTORY Historians .and Archivists

Anthropologists Economists I SOCIAL SCIENCES Geographers Political Scientists Sociologists

Interpreters Translators Teachers Linguists Language skills in o her jobs

Lawyers

Judges . Legal Assistants Paralegals) Legal Secretaries Shorthand Reporters

Administrators CuratorS tonservators MUSE(JM WORK Registrar's, Technician'

! Educators

PHILOSOPHY .AND ETHICs Philosophers:

ergy Religious Brothers and Sisters. MisSionaries ChurCh Administrator Religious EduCators

HUMANITIES LIBRARIANSHIP Special Librarians . 4

Field - A group-of jobs with data and information must be similar focus which sometimes organized and studied. 'require similar skills -- the humanities:field, the Educational Re uirements for social science field, the .HumanitigampationS field of history. The majority of occupations inthe' What Skills are Needed Humanities-require college, or both in Humanities Occu-ationsl college and graduate, or post-col.-7. lege, preparation Advancemeht Cbgnitive skills or thinking in the field is often-related tol skills, are basic skills in every further or continuing study. Spe- Humanities occupation. The Hu- cific educational requirements manities worker asks a question, fer each field are given in indi- ,or is presented with a problem. vidual chapters. Heishe must know: Each course of study includes basic courses in language and How to obtain information science. A student i'majors" or about that problem takes the greatest number of * HOw to organize the:infor- ccmrses in a Chosen field, such mation obtained as economics/or history. As the student progresses from one level * How to check or validate to the next,education becomesfmore and assign importancesto specialized, more concentrated on various parts of the information 2:=1!ZI1111;e:11= * How to relate or assemble some fields such as law,archliva 'the inforMation into an work, er museum studies often does answer to a question,or a not begin until graduate school. posSible solution to a. A bachelor's degree in any one of problem thesocial sciences, history, or . English is a gOod Veginning for * How totran5mit information any Humanities Occupation.-Each so that it can be understood worker in a- specialized Humanities by-others. field needS to know enbugh about the other fields to know what hei- Ideas or words are the ''produc she does not know:- Workers in of most Humanities occupatieps. each Humanities'fieid haveneed of Unexpressed ideas or,ideas which each other's-expertise. Basic, cannot be transmitted.and under- aCquaintance witliother Humanrties - stood by others have little value. fields allows the worker to ask Clearly, basic language skills -- the right questionS,'-consult the speaking and expository writing' needed expert, ind obtain the -- are very important to every needed information. Humanities worker. .Humanities majors who include CoTputer skills and skills in courses in statistics-and computer working with statistics are in- use in theircourse.ofStudy will creasingly called for in. Humani- find the-best chances-for employ- ties occupations as more and more ment. 5

Tegrees:Oranted by Post Hi h School Educational Inn tutions

Years of Study Degree After High School Typ Institution

=Associate Community college or junior college, Technical institute Bachelor's ,4 College or university Master's 5-6 University or graduate school Doctorate 7-10 University or.gráduate school

Humanities JoblSett ngs Problems in Humanities Occupations-

The major job settngs or places There are not many members of where people traind in the 'minority groups in Humanities manities work are: schools, occupations at this time. iron- government agencie. private iCally, though many social scien- business (includidg lalofficeS), 'tists deal with problems of MinOT- churches; and museums. If Hu- ities, minorities and women in manities occupations interest their ranks are few. Some profes- you, but for whatever reasohs sional groups are taking stePs to you do not feel you Would be able remedy this problem by allOwing to complete the educational re- college entrance for minority mem- quirements or develop the needed bers with other than the usual skills,-you might enjoy working academic background. Affirmative in a setting with. Humanities' Action'programs in Federal govern- practitioners. ment agencies seek to instge equal treeatment and advancement oppor- . Every school, government-agency, private research firm, law office, =es for minority members and

_ _ churchand_ museum. needs Cafabler_ setretaries, administrators, ac7 The greatest problem facing most countants,.and maintenanCeperson- people seeking work in the Humani- nel.- Antinterest in Humanities ties is lack of jobs. Job openings can also lead tatany intriguing have been declining for several possibilities for paid,or non- yearsmd unless there is a suddon paid work as a museum guide, - economic upswing or a dramatic teacher aide,. orpolitical growth in demand for Humanities paign worker, services, this situation is not likely to change greatly over the next five to ten years. There are presently more graduates in each of the Humanities fields limited by-space, time, and budget: than there are job openings._ Since salaries are constantly Consequently; there is much com- changing and often vary-among petltion for jobs and onlythe settings and from one-geographic .moSt qiialified are likely to region to another, we have not in-' succeed. Some Humanities workers .cluded salary information in this have found paid work in unrelated book. Most people in'Humanities fields while'maintaining their occupations receive a salaryHput interest in ;Ile Humanities on sOmp=are:in business _fer themselves their-own.time. Others are work-. and are paid by the hour or for a. ing part-time but Are happyto specific piece of work. be in the field of their choice. To learn More about all.facets of. HuM9gities occupations ask your lumanities Occu ations guidance counselor for materials Ranked from Most to Least Numbers available in the guidance office- of People Presently Working about your .field of:particular in the Field intdrest. There are published occupational briefs which yoU can 1. Education send for to gain inforMation about specific occupations if Religious Occupations 2 your counselor dbes tint lave them 3. Law and Related OccuPations available Ask your school or Community librarian for assistance. 4. Language (Teachers) The Occia ationdi Outlook Handbook c4 5: Economics publiShed by the U.S. Departmen of Labor contains much informa- History 6. tion about occupations and includes 7. Museum Work, salary ranges. There- are many bbeks available about specific Socioloy. occupations. Books-in:Print lists g \ PolitiCal'Science bytit-le and author any presently available book as weil as,a list 10. Geography of publishers. You can buy a book Special Librarians. whieh is not available locally by ordering.directly fromhthe pub- Anthropology lisher. Reader's Guide ta_Peri- 13. Philosophy odical Literature sts magazine articles under subj-,zt headings. .14. Language (Interpreters and Trans ators) The P225I1(124iLat_s_iLiaLLI lists the many, special interest If You Want to Learn More clubs and organizations-in tle United States. Professional as- This book_is only an introduction sociations are an excellent source to occupations in the Humanities of career information. to give you an idea of thecareer Most professional associations:

. possibilities that exist.=

Though welave tried to give a , '.Publish newsletters which broad overview of career poSsi- keep members informed' abOut 'bilities, wc,Were, of course, 11 relevant political issues people who work in the field which and about new.research and._ interests you. Ask questions

-deVelopments in the field - about what they do during their work day. Have placement serviOes=which If they answer, "I push back the frontiers of-human list.job openings and which understanding," ask mote'speeific assist members in- finding questions: :To you'read, write, jobs.: Membership in a professional association, often talk-on the phone?" "What do you provides,needed "contacts" read?"'"What, do you/write", ,Ask or acquaintance witkother if their jobs have tnytf6ct bp -the non-job part of their lives. people in the field who:can be helpful to a ptrson's Ask:what yeti could do now_:th/Sur- career-by ptoviding,expert ther your interests -- perhaps- a parttime or volunteer joh, per-. information when peeded .or haps some at-hoMestudy, maybe by giving leads to,job' visiting for a day in an-office or ,openingS. a courtrobm. TrY to ge blic attention for their coçerns, interests,- Lastly,eep your mind open, Though preparation 'for most HuMani- ,andfor achievq"aments of mem- ,- tits occupations)is.a long.process,- ', berS, They lobby for wanted you do hot 'have to decidernOw.. political -changes and kepp Tven:if you do decide now; you- newspapers informed of their, have time to change your views and accomplishments./ fore you specialize in college or ' Are-interested in the eduCa- graduate school. For moit Humani- tional,preparation.fbr the ties occupations, however, you profession:and in recruiting do need to start Work now so you ,young people., will be qualified for college entrance. Be aware of the poSsi- Many professional associations - bilities and requireMents of eachr have excellent career infermation occupation so that when the time: available on request'. cpmes,, you_ean make an informed: choice and be-prepared to follow If you want to learn more, the it through. :best thing.to dt5 is talk with-

a SomPoin 'About Humaniti Od-cu atienS

Humanities occupations are "people-Centered."

Thinking skills=are 'important in Uumanities occupations. Basic language skills ---speak-' 'ingnd writing -L:are.,neededi4lse. Some ,comptter training is'becoming important.

Most Humanities occupations reqUire further- . .education after college.. 1is Advancement in Humanities,c upations related,to education'.

Jobs are.scarce. Competition is,stiff. Only the most qualified.will win thefull-time'jobs' of theii, choice. There are limited posibilities for part-time work. _ _ _°

interest in Humanities can_lead to satifying, , . . eisure 'activities and-volunteer Work I ;

When 1, was\in coliege, it seemed to me that I could.

'makeone of three choices:' I could be a scientrSt

or-an:artist or I could go intopolitics an0 try to -improye the State of the world rlght away.. l,looked

,..over'my assets. I had done,enough painting'to have -.reaSon to think'l might become,a painter. I yas_ interested in'writing and hacrenough talent so it

was reasonable to think I might become a writer. could talk in public... It-Yahard to mpke-a choice. There were so-mOW. taScinatlhg thihgs to do, on any one of Yhich'ode,

/Could-spend a lifetime.... I chose science betause'.

I wanted to'be sure my Work would count.',. Andli.

turned to-isocial adienceS because my interests lie - in what happens to people;BUt the actual _choice wps still unclear.:/. .1 discovered in anthropology a fascinating field in which my several-interests

-- in people, in,sciance, in the-fate of human . beingS, in the arts, in yriting, and in speeking,

could be combined. I lay awake all one.night.

By Morning I had decided to become an anthropologist, --Margaret Me8d3

jhough you may not make as _dramatic and clear-cut a choice as Margaret Mead, yQu too have many abili ies and many choices to make i4pursuit of your career.-

3_ -Margaret Mead. .Anthroio1oists and What TheDo. .New-York: Franklin Watt$,'1965. pp. 156-58.. Copyright .1965. by Franklin Watts, Inc. Used 'by permission.

, 14 / gDUCATORS

All ocf7yo know' tachts, and FA-as .The chapterwill answer some gen.. other educators c Q3unSelors eral questions aboutteachers'and and principals Some of you have othereddcators whith-junior and 'even thought that jou might Want senior high_school. students'-ask to become a tedehrer yourse3f when the time comes)to earn a living, ' Do teachers and goUnselors WhatIthevere doing? or at least,-you've., heard adultp say about-you, "Oh, she's so good What do teachers,do when they with chi,ldren, she should go into aren't in the classroom? education,"_or ,"He's such an ideal- .Why do-people become ed6C-Oto'rs?' . ist Awhatever they mearcbk thati] he should bea school counselor * What jobs exist in the field: or something" or perhaPs with a of education besides teaching? bit of honesty,'"He'll neverdbe ---! a pro ball-player, but he"s.too -7 What influence do teachers good to leave football-- he have over. students ] - should be a Coach." * Whatare the characteristics . - Because eduCation is thelmos good teacher? , a bad one? familiar field'in Humanities ' How much do Oducarors earn? (see page 3 again for a'list of fields), we begin this book which *-What ore,th possibiOties explores Humanities occupations +or getting teacking jobs? by discussing educators. We-be- / -gin with educators alio-because We also provide in9formatiow -most'people with careers in Hu- about careers 'as edOcatorswhich manities' work as educatOrs; law-. students- may_not ha6 thought-about: Forinstance:' yers ,and- economists are the 'major excePtions. "Educators" includes, _ of'course, many people otfierthan Where do EduChtors Work?

those directly responsiblefor a / classrobm. This chapter,focuses In prisons, museums, churches,'hos- on.teachers, however,- as mdst pitals, factorie, book and maga- educators, are:now,teaching, and zine publishing Iouses, insurance -=almost all non-teaching educators companies, etc.,'etc., etc.,-- began their career by leading Thsome kind of formal education can- students in a classroom. and does occur in'most every place that brings pedple together. Most educators, of course, work in and intellectual development schools at one or another level: among Youngsters in any group. nursery, elementary, junior high, Where is.this learn 64? -The lOve secondary, two-year-college, can't be, but an understanding of four-year college, university. of the differences and of teaching There are also educators involved techniques to help two, three, in-adult or commpnity sChool pro- four, and-five, year-olds grow and grams, in postsecondaryone-year prepare for elementary schoolare programs leading to a diploma or learned. Many, headsteachers at certificate, ta.correspondence this level hold at least a bache- school_programs and in giving lor's degree from_a four'-year Col- privateinstruct on. lege.;..their assistants maY.have an :- associate degree froM a community ,The leyel a hich,an educator college or very, very occasionally works:caA.make a great difference only a:high school diploma with an in the:job. You are aware of the intensive course in earlY ehild- / difference just between-seventh hood development. .- and ninth grade 'students! ;Clear- ly it takes one- kind.of educator The,teacher usually has freedom to work suecesfully with kinder- in planning each school day's ac- prtners and yet-anotherteteach tivitiesi-except that,wiping noses graduate seminars in microbiology. must occur eyery day. A pre-schoOl To the educator,.particularly-to or kindergartenteacher without' the teacher,.the age or edutation- enthusiasm for and patience with al- level of the student have dra- children of ihat'age groUp-islike- matic'effeets,on the job. Let's= . ..ly an unhappy person -- so are the, follow you as- student- to see children. some of these effetts. . Grades - 6f Of.course;by the How Does the Student's-Educational upper elementary grades you can le Teacher's ob7 tie your own shoes and blow your own nose! 'Your personality and .First, little kids: You are four- -.academic possibilities are differ- years ald with a-nose that runs enf in each grade, but the-older constantlyJrom October 2.3-to- you grow 'the moreimportant mental April 25.--Yeu. like to pretend achievement becomes.over social that you can-read, even When you and physical hold the book upside.down. -Yeti- Elementary teachers have obta ne : can't ride'a tricycle verywell at least a bachelor's degreein a Undeveloped big muscle skillsl) four-year college-or university in but you can use a big p.aint brush order to learn how to teach young- without dribblIng paint-dOwn the sters the fundamentals ofmath, page (well developed smallmuscle language, science, and social stud- skills!) You are shy, but you Elementary teachers must be love group singing that involves certified by the State Department' moving around. of Education in-the state, in Which The Rre-ichoblinursery school they plan to teach. In many school curric- or kindergarten.teacherneeds systems, the basic subject first to love children and to un- ulum is set for theteachers; who derstand the great differences may also be responsiblefor subjec -in-ph _1, soclal,,-emotinnl, _surb,a'q art_orLraizi, Because-elementary school stu- you want to'be treated like en,. dents, even in one claSsrooM, adUlt academiCally. Some of you range considerably in'skill lev- may be very sure that you want to els, elementary.teachers Should be An engineer, an insurance in- be super organizers if they-want vestigator,- an accountant, a.po- to-teach each student-at-his _cmro scientist,: a parent and her own level. ,:rhey also neek homemaker, a conservative, a lib- to have warm personalities: an eral, a Whatever. Many of you are elementary teacher.can capture' : still poking about, exploring'AlM a child's curiosity and love of those roles. and worlds ahead of learning so that it stays for you But a main function now is life -- or can kill it forever. to achieve Adademically. 4 Increasingly'bigh-school teach- -_::Grades 7 9. -You are either in one-of these grades now,or- ers have_not only a bachelor's have left the junior high_years degree/and Certificatibn but also a maste'r's degree'-(in education_or behind not too long_ago:.You'are. -,thUs familiar.with the great var-. in-a.subject such as-history or biology or forestry) because it iations among students in these impOrtant for these teachers to grades socially, and physicAlly.- pass:knowledge and4ki1ls on to ..Because many middle/junior high 'itheir,students. .11bije concern with schools' group students accerding.' the_student's- perSonality is to academic abilities, diffefen- ces in rental development do not sirable, teachers on the secondary,. ,school level can be committed to show-up in-one Class; howiVer,t.. - _moSt junior high teachers have thesUbject as. much if not more than to- the student. The freed6m one-er more classes for- each of- three different achievement-lev-, in planning curriculum and teach-: ,els:infthe saMe grade and'the, ingtechniqueS is usually the same AsJon-:earlier grade levels=in each -same:sUbject. Discipline may require a great deal-ofattention. school,district (it depends on the. sthool hoare,the superintAndent, -Teachers on the junior high/ - and vocal community re'sidents1) middle school level usually have- bachelor's degree as do ele7 After hi_gh school,.comtunity- mentary teacherS.in preparing-1.- colAezp: Students _in junior col- .for their jobsand they are-cer- leges, community.cdlleges,-or tech- tified. They may have t6 know niCal institutes catrtake programs Morethan elementary teachers do which offerjoh skials in about about the-subject,_ They fieed wo years; your education would love kids equally well,-and per therOpe Cbmplete with A Certificate_ haps have even more patience! or associate's .degree.. However,. your plans.could be to transfer Grades 9 or__ 10 12: Now you =to a four-year college or univer- are mostly ready to concentute sity'to acquire a bachelor's de2 on acquiring facts, ideas,_skills, a trade. ,You are still changing Teathers on this educational'iev-, -physically and-especially emo- el still enjoy personal contact tionally. YoU mayhe hating With students.without, discipline school and home. You may-he,lean-.:., problems,loUt concentrate on ihi on teachers and parents, but

18 Scademic performance. BeCause college with only a mater's-degree their education must prepare .- The university level teacher (pro- them for intensive skills and feSSor) has acquired, with yery knewledge .instruction, they have , few excePtions-i a Ph.D. or-its -a-bachelbr!s and often a master.,s equivalent. degipe. There are now-many-peo- Academic freedom-is hghlY.-prized ple-ith Ph.D.'s applying for by postsecondary teachers in four-. ; tead' g jobs in two-year-colleges. .year colleges and universities.- These teachers valUe the Talvilege is .similar The of Choosing-what to teach and ,how :to th iinivérsity -- teachers are- to teach it. _ not likely ,to be,greatly ccncerned. _ ,with iheir students1 personal ThefollowiNng chartho s the growth because their main-func- different-levels-of education-and tioniis-academicinstrUction--. siimmarizes--Our PTpVious-AiscusSion: ,exCept -diat it:is stilitsometimes-

, 'posslble'to teach in a fouryear

Teacher's - Educational Freedom,in Amoimt of eve Degree'Granted Preparation Curriulthn Student _Contact

Nursery/ Kinderarten none BachPlor! reat very.great /- r-- Elemaltark Bachelor's niedi urnt at 7 .Stheol -Junior High none Bacheler' medium

; Baghelor's Senior 4ligli diploma and/or medium medium -Master's

; Two-year Master s, associate some. medium medium Technixal Ph.D.'s Institute_

Four-xear Bachelor's; College ,Some great usually Master's llttle [

Bachelor_ Master's, Ph.D. - usually 'Hniversit- or' essential great little equivalent What Do ,Teachers Po When I. had thought a teacher was sup- Aren't in the Classroom? posed to spend time teaching st6dents.. All that discussion of differences in te4ching according to the These teachers instruc ors, student's level-of education was professors) usually spend fewer necessary before answering fur- hours per week in the classroom ther'questions. For example, than teachert on the elementary/ most teachers_of pre-schoolers secondary level. They are sup- spend a little time-preparing posed to spend their_ non7classroom special aCtivities, and some time working hours cOnducting research answering,anxious mothers' phone in the_subject-they teach, and re-_ calls. But their out-of-school porting the-research results in classroom time,is much freer than books or articles in scholarly .for teachers for grades 1 = 12.' journals.' Working with CommunitY groups is another non-classroom -----For these teachers, there are activity required of teachers in meetings,with other teachers of some college subjeCts. This kind the same gracie Or same subject, of out-of-Classroom requirement is Meetings with pri.ncipals and . cur- called "publiSh'or periSh."What riculum coordinators, meetings is means to you, if you are think- with students who like to hang ing of becoming a teacher, is that around teachers and meetings with if you are teaching on a high edu- Students who need help, study cational level, yob mill spend,muCh , halls to monitor, P..TA. meet- of Your time away from students -ings, teachers' association meet- reading in your college library ings, school club meetings after -r-your own,hete librarj,. school, schobl dances and other functions to chaperone, lunch Teachers are like everyone else room duty, hall duty, telephone in the world when they spend time . calls from unhappy parents and that belongs only to them 7- some now and then from happy parents. of them do nothing but sleep, eat, And for excellent teachers, and'watch television; others have grades 1- 12, there Are lessons interests which range.all over the place. Teachers as a group_ _ pl/an every.nighe for the.next school day and papers to p-ade (except for College/university so that students can get them teachers, who tend to spend more back right away. time in recreational-reading) are just as varied-as any other group College and university,teachers of workers in using their free haVe many of the' same kinds of time. "Free time" for most teach- msetings. ,They also meet,to plan ers is 'limited to weekends and college course requirements and vacations. Good teachers spend., to discuss.appointments of new even more timp after school lets faculty members.. As,a college out on homew rk than yob do. "economics instructor said, During sum er vacations many I didn't realize before be- teachers work ae, other jobs; in , coming a university faculty fact,' 80% of the male nd 44% of 'member the amount of non- the female teachers mustearn teaching activilties (keeping extra income to supplement their. . records, attending meetings). teaching salaries. 16

-- Do Teachers Like, Good Qualities

What Thetare DoiEr . TeaChers'giVe time to students The answer, to this queStion'de- after-regular class or schoel,

pends greatlk.on the Andividual hours. : .teacher/professer and the s.chool_ They'have a sense of humor; they and other,factorsi. Some of can see the lighter side of any these factors are: / Situation. Do the students enjoy _ When necessary, teachers can put learning? / themselves at the, same ,level of Do discipline problems the students; they remember what bother the teacher? .it's like to be a student: Is the 'salhry adequate to Teachers/professors have com- -live on in the community? passion. for ,pressures on stu- 'dents--(other homework, home life, Oa' peoplin the 'community. , social life valueteaehing as-a'gareer?

/ .They'are organized sathatstu- Is theteacherls-subject , , dents -know ekactly What the ,considered importanein teacherS expect of them. thechool-er college? . = / Teachers will Ocasionally aban- Does the teacher/professor don the lesson 0.f.the dray-to like the Subject? like chat and to reveal soMething, students?' like learning? about themselvei as. people, not s the building warm in_the just teachers. winter, cool An the summer, They will use a_variety of and the clasSroom quiet? , teaching techniques; theY' do Don't laugh lat that last ques- not alway's fecture. /tion. The answer can affect the teacher's_feelAngs about teachl, 1114L191.115_ ing,-and can make a not the - difference between good and bad Jeachers AO not explain subject ones. clearly.or:thoroughly;'they are

What are the Characteris ties Teachers seem to need .to feel of 4 Good Teacher? -a- BA& One? superior by not admitting that 'they. are wrong about d particu- You and your,classmates can make' lar point. _a list for teachers pfesent, past

and future (obviously, "good" or It is apparent that .teachers do . "bad" qualities depenli oft the _ notlike b'eing teachers. - needs of the student being taukht). _ Some suggestions with,which to t,--71s fine that SUggestiOns for begin your list are: .good,qualities outweigh those for bad! '..-You can-of course, add to either list. Wh- do Peo le Become Educatofs? Other teachersbecome edu_ators - because-they admireda high school Some people choose teaching be-; or college teaher. " I saw some- causethe field.of 'education of- 'one who was absorbedin the sub- fers security. In most public ject and that absorptionbecame_ school-systems, a teacher who-is a Model for me," explaineda col- legePsociology teacher. hired for a fourth continuousyear '"I always . obtains "tenure," whichmeans that felt that I had more incommon he 9r she cannot be fired witho4 with teachers than I didwith bus- an eitremely good reasciA,I(for- iness people. The goals of the example, being absent very fre academic community pursuit-of quently). On the Postsecondary knowledge, -exchange ofideas.-- level, .teaching time before ob7 appealed to me," a collegehis- taining tenure is usually lortger ory-teaeher Said. upto six or seven years. Another-kind of reabri-fOr he-. :Having tenuregives a teacher coming A teacher is explained by a great sense-of security, for. these words: even-in times_of a-poor ecOnomY !Hied:an:early-Urge to create-- the tenured,teacher is assured In the, claSsrooq, I discovered/ .-of a-job (the-situatiekmay-_ - , a talent for creativity--involv7 .change, however; some colleges -ingJOsmg people from which.,li, now offer.contracts to-teachers ret6INesatisfaE!'ficT unrelated 'for perfects of seVeral 1'6! MOney. 'Aftel%30iyears_ Of -rather than'teriUre until re- :- 'teaching; I have never.. regretted tirement). -thTs choice.- (Htgh School if Recognition is 'also an i por- -1HumanitieS,Teacher: AriZona)7 tant reason-for becoming a teach- Sometimes people wishing. teibe- i er. c The teacher may notrn as, -come teachers have-to argue With much As the.plumber,. but the com- their paentsabqtt&choie munity still recognizes the teach- Patents wilLheagainst-teaChing er's job as being one of special lpartly-because manrteachers/ could importance. earn more- Meney working.inibthee :occupations.*-- In.the CasebOf a: Many people become teachers 'for :Special:education tieacher.who reasons unrelated te-meney'or re- Works with mentally retarded:. cognition. A high school art dents,_her .parents objected to her teacher:for example, becoluing-a teacher becauSe, "they just slid into teaching. It .did mot. wantIme teachingPfunny' was a way of supporting.myselt kids. TheY Said there Would be while painting'. I. found that no jobs:"- liked teaching. It helps my The'ouilook for teaChing jobs work as an-artist. Teaching these,days is:a serious_problem also helps balance the lone- on all leVels Of teaching, liness of being an artist.- 4:. What a _he Job Pros ects? A person who trains high school, teachers infilm and other media -Three problems face people whp- became a teacher "because a nt to hecome teachers. One is teacher is needed. have A that.fewer childredare_beingborn. need to'be needed." ; Wlth fewer students to educate, the people who-tunj.mursery and 18

and elementary schools, high Don't goi ntb teach ing un less' schools, community colleges, four- you are commi tted toi t and can year Colleges, and universities- show superior ability. Other- are hiring far fewer new teachers. wise you will feel tretendous At the same time-the educational problerp of job security that institutions mil/oh train people will Mike the extra years of to become teaChers are generally training useles5. Find out: dontinatt-to-train more-teachers about what-pripppects,there are than there are available job open- Jor jObs ai lab lein a particu- , ings. A third preblem-isAat in 'lar'subject=. .(College-history a poor.economy, teachers presently teacher, Virginia) holding jobs are'keePing,them, rather than trying new. School The U.S. ecopomY) the world-Aft- systems or other kinds of jobs. uation, Federal funding of special programs,:and society's'attitudes So_there are more qualified 'toward education can affect.the teacherS aVailable for jobs than number of teaching-jobs aVailable, 5 there arejO'hi-- for the teachers. In these days, for example', a read- This Problem will most .likely . ihg specialist says'that better continue through the 1990s.

. prospects exist for her field.than -From the-student's point of view,

: for regular:classroom teachers! the-oversupply of teachers cap be-__That is because societrisnow For example, teachers,_ useful. recognizing the' needof-someistu- are'generally now meving into all dents.for extra help With'reading, ,parts of .the dountry -- whether , usually in.verY small groupSAd- inner city, suburban, er rural Students:workinewith a specially -to lind jobs, "inStead of staying trained,reading teacher. 'However, in the town whpre they were brought the situation could change. If .up or where theY'received their the state or-0,S. qovernment' teacher training. 4he student in StoPped,paying.for special teach- the inner city can learn ney Ways-. ers, then the jobs might not eXist= -of understanding people from a -- - ,Local communities are often unwill teacher who grew up. in a rural/ - ing or-unable to provide' moneyfor area; the opposite-45 -equally true: special,teachers out of local _ But for the persdn'Who Wanis taxes.: become a teacher, the lack of Some educational areas have more jobs is -discouraging. Many picot-) e openings now than,others for teach--

who-are noWteaching say: , -rs% An Area often mentioned is Th-bre7area-l-ready too many vocational edUcation and industri- teachers.1 There is ___artAnother-area/is special turnover.' The job market-for educatiohl particularly-for_teach- special teachers, suchas readers who work with severely mental-- ing -tutors, depends on'whether ly or physically handicapped st6- the 0.5.- Government will give dents,- Media teachers-believe'. local school Systems money for :that: the high-schobl and college .these jobs.- (Elementary read- interest in film and television ing Itutor, Vermont) -Will-increase the-demand fer people speciali.zing Know- -ing a language in addition o 19

English is a help in gettiaga a teaching job is geing to-be- teaching deb.-' tough for many, many years. A hopeful note exists for qualified teachers who are members 'of Hoy: do Ps2IDLIt Teaching Jobs? minotity groups. Public school 'systems which stronglY emphasize Sometimes elementary and secondary equal-employment oppertunities teaching jobs, including opportun- are seeking qualified blacks and -ities in other countries,are ad- people with-Spanish surnames (par- Vertised in the Wantadvertisement ticularly if they,are fluent in secti.on ot_big city.newspapers. Spanish). ,Often jobsfor ail educational lev,_ els are advertised in special nswsL in the future, there may bemo e Taners and journals which are aimed jobs-ter physically handicapped at educators. The career placement people. Schools and colleges_ office of the college wherea teach7 which receivefunds from the Fed- er has prepared will have lists of eral gchernment will be required somk job Openings in theimmediate to open opportunities to qUali- geographical area. :The.locak,ef- tied teachers andadministrators fice of the stateti DepartmentOf who are physically disabled: Pre- Employment May have some teaching sently blind teachers-, people with jobs. listed; the State DefiNtment - hearing.problems, and wheel chair 'of Education should have_jobopen- uiers- are successfully workingas ings listed. edtkators..

, An elementary teacher aide On the collegeand university recommends: level, eqU41 employment laws are opening more teaching and admini- Nowadays, getting a job is by strativejobsto tVemen. However, knowing people 'because there there are departments in colleges are more_teachers than jobs. L. anduniversities which still re- would go directly to the perSon sist hiring women and giving,them t w6nt to work for, and 'not to: tenure. -the.personnel office of a schooi system. Op all educational:levels, edu7, caters may find-that a. larger- Often, if an applicant .makes:it number qf openings in their par- to the interview stage, sincere, ticular field exist in rui7al Areas. enthusiasm is- a plus, Some teachers seek jobs iri foreign countriessuch as Austraiia. Get on the substitute teacher Others work for thkfede/ ral gov-' .list. Then impress-a teacher. ernment, teaching for \lista, the' or administrator in the system; Peace-Gorps-or-chl-rdrer-f. service Make'contacts-and use theM. men and women in Armed forces (High sthoo_i Humanities tedoher -.schools. _ Zrizona) summaryfor mOst people Unless yiou can get into and-do wanting to teach from nursery well in/one of the best univer- school all the way through,the sitles in the country, dop't university level/*the job-out- try to-get a college teaching

job. . Unless you cap publish good -Finding , your dissertation,1 don't take On the elementary and secondary a job at a university.-1 (Col- levels, administrative jobs such lage English teaaier, California as curriculum,coordinator,principal,-assistant superintendent of , 'The student considering becOming instruction, director of counsel-' a college teacher must chooseboth ing services; and- superintendent

his undergraduate college and grad- are challenging- and,important- po- '-uate School' very carefully. Grad- sftions. The competition.for the uate schools in particular are jobs is,great. The people holding. ranked according tothe academic them have more flexibility=in the excellence_of_particular depart- daily.schedule than do classroom ments. The colleges hiring the teacheis, but they-will also Spend Ph.D.'s from graduate schools can mare time at community meetings to be very choosy about which'school's explain the school ,programs. A candidates yill be hired, because disadvantage to.being an admini-' there are more people with Ph.D.'s strator, according to a music seeking jobs in most fields than teaCher is: there are postsecondary teaching While I would haVe more influ- jobs available. For example, the ence over the music program as young woman who wants to teach coordinator for the whole school geography on.the college level system, J__4woul.d have far less needs to investigate which under- -contact Wlth-students. graduate schools hive excellent geography departments in ord ,As exPlained befdre; career ad- to be admitted to ona of th vancement.on the-four.-year college graduate schools in geograp and university levels requires a without attending one-of the tep -Ph.D. degree and also publication sthools her chancesOfIettilig a of scholarly research.. The_facul- teaching job are v Ty slim. instrurgr 4: ty member,hired as an may-he .promoted to assistant pro- ow do-Teachers Mdit_120 fessor without publishing, but it has become increasingly, difficult Sven in today's tight job market, to obtain the next promotion-to people' do,gq. beginning teaching associate professor without having jobs on7all educational levels. published an article or book in Some of these teachers advance. _ __the-subject -area=being -taught. -Obtaining tellure_is_one-impottant Faculty members who dO 'hot become __mark-of-adilzihcement in a teaching associate professors are dropped job. Being recognied as a super- without being granted tenure, and ior-teacher by students or admin- must seek teaching jobs atother istratorsis another mark. Being _. - ,.,- colleges or universities: The given teaching salary.increases highest level on the posts'econdary- for taking'additional courses is. career ladder is full professor. yet another.. Moving into admin- ,Professors,can become deans and 'istrative jobs, which generally college presidents. involve higher salaries and often require special courses-in edu- catidhal administration (except onthe postsecondary level), is still another way of advancing. What Kinds of Jobs- pect'editeriallexperzence when are Related to Teaching? considering-new employees, Reople.with a background in educe- For. the perpn interested-in:edur- tion- can work in publishing'cbm-. 'cation who cannot or does not want . as edtor-s; indeeaT. tekt- geth. teaching job_in a i-choel book.publishers usually 'require------setting'-there are other related- that the editors .have had teaching areas. One large.and:interesting, _area is-in-training workers for experience.- Textbook. pubidShers also hire-educators to sell text- businesses:--- ipookS.to schools and Colleges. Most large manufacturers and business firms have a training-: Museums employ people with edil cational.background'to put.onpror 'departMent,.- The people in this .grams -for visiting.schocil_students,..- dePartment are resPonsibli-for providing new eployees with iob and to prepare exhihits.: Super Skilds or with en-Understanding of viging volunteers in a museum.(br, in any:setting whiclv.Uses volun- ..the company's policies and:pro-. ,

, -:teersYis a fob-.Suitable for a-- cedures..-,.They writeinstrction-u , . persoh With teaching tperiende.' d1 materials; prepare films, and

-plan coUrses. ,-The_training de-- . Research firms specializing in partment often:is, also responsible eduea-nhal problems, and State for human relations werkshops, to.---.and Federal offices or Departments help.people work togethermore of Education, are further soUrces

smoothly.'. of jobs related to_teaching. --These - -jobs-will involve,resWch or ad- Another educational job is in -minisrative skills zp additioh'. 'college administration. The heads to a teachingthackground. of academic departments and deans are aculty members'With a ph.D. If Yoh Want:to beaTeacher ih a sub, ct area.. However, there a . manynon-teaching posi-. 'r.,. iWhile teathers have all sortSsef tions. Felr example, every.col- advice for young people who/are lege has,a deVelopment office to raise funds, a registrar's office '-tbnsidering the educational...field, as: a career, a.very concrete sug- to keep stkident reCor4,--and-a gestion for potential elementary financial-aid offi.ce to help stu- and secondary'teachers -- dents get-financial assistance. Most 'Colleges have an alumni of- Try te observe or volunteerin fice, epublic information office, tlassrooms with very geed teach7.,;_. and a job placemente+fce. ,All ers. Attend'a college with an of these offices'have,administra- education program:that involves tive jobs for people who like interning or working in class- working in an academic setting recniS right'frem the beginning bui-ao not desire to obtaip-the about-.whetheF there Ph.D. necessary for teachingln are any-jobs- in the field. some-colleges' administrative-jobs (Elementary_teacher, Vermont) require special experiehce:_ -for -Right pow-as a jiinior'or senior example,the director of-the puhlic high school student,- you.:can_talk infOrmation office-which publishes to all- the different kinds of-edu- Catalogues would most lkkely.ex- cators in your school system. about- 22

their work. Talk to tellege'teac 'Many books have been written ers and adffiinistrators, too. :Theseabout teaching, but two:may' be' people will: be- Pleased to -.ansWer especially interesting to people your questions. Watch them in thinking about education as a- action, too, and as you observe, career: thinkabout- whether-you,would Up_the Down Staircase. B. joy doing-each job..t By.volunteer- Kaufman. ':Englewood:Cliffs, ing, to tutor younger students,- you New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1964. Can get:some actual teaching ex- periende. Teacher.'Sylvia Ashton-Warner. New York: Simon and Schuster,: 1963.

-Sources-of Additional Information:

American Association of Natienal ,Education Association Community and Junior Colleges -Customer Servide OneTupont,Circle, 1201 16th Street,-N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington, D.C. 20036

-,American Council on-Education Phi Delta Kappa 'Publications Department 8th and Union One Dupont Circle, N.W. 'Bloomington, Indiana 47401'

. Washington, D.C. 20036 --Occupational Outlook Handbook. American .Association of School Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau Administrators of Labor Statistics. 1801 North Moore Street Arlington, Virginia 22209 Work Br -fs (Junior High Level). :Chicago:- Science ResearCh American Federation of TeaChers Associates, Inc. 1012 14th Street, N.W. #319 Teacher Aides, 1972 . Washington, D.C. 20005 , #219.Nursery School Teachers,1972 #175 Kindergarten and Elementary American Personnel and Guidance ...... SchooiTeachers-,-1972---- Association #320 Teachers of'Exceptional, National Career information .Children, 1972 Service' #1.50 High School Teacheri, 1972 1607 New: Hampshire Avenue, N.W. W148 Guidanee Codaselors, 1972 Washingten, D.C. 20009 #69 College Teachers, 1972 3.. HISTORIANS AND ARCHIVISTS'

Deborah Sampson served as to major conflicts or along coun- an infantry soldier with.the .try roads unnoticed? Was she . 'Fourth. Massachusetts.Regiment issued a.uniform and bayonet?-

in the Revolutionary War. , Dur- Hospital records of_the early 1780's :ing her three years in. the:Con- dould.reveal the length.Of:her_StaY, tinental Arty, she was,wounded and the seriousnesa'of.her wounds. twice. ln 1783at the age of PerhapS* some:of her letters to' 23, she was honorably.dis- anxious,Telatives still exist. charged.1 Peraps she is. mentioned in the correspondence of her companions,- What',s that'again? Some, people or her CoMpany 'commander. tight dismiss such a tale as "non-: :If the historian'asks,,"Where sense," others might accept the did Deborah come from and why did story as told. An historian would be curious. The historian would she Onlisti?" further search' will want'to know gore about,Deborah, be necessary. Records-of birth, to check the fatts,,to learn about of churche, schoOls,'or courts her, childhood, or her life before mightoffer clues., ActuallyDe- the war. ',Where Would the histor bprah .unknowingly did historians' ian begin? a great.servide by keeping a'diary

for,most of her young life. . In it Historians Research she writes that,shé was angry be- dause her t3o foster brothers had' A lot of careful, time-consuming died while fighting in-Virginid research,is necessary to_uncover She bddate determined to_carry on their-fight7--Andfighi. she did, the.facts of history.. Thehis- untilT783. In 1783, a Case Of torian's first clue might be the statemeht that Deberahserved With typhoid removed her fro* aCtive service and revealed that aaol- a'Massachusetts Regiment. Mili- tary redords of the time Might dier, using the nate' Robert Shurt-- answer some of the following queS- leff, was,.actually Deborah. Sampson' , who had done 101)1e-service to her tions. Where did she-enlist? new nation.- A.citation from ihe Where'did her regiment traVel

1 . George V. Rogers. "Women's Liberation,- c 1781." 'The-New England, Galaxy, Vol. XVIIi No. 3, Winter*1975.

2 8

23 24

'Massachusetts legislature, ap- To disengage whatHS true from proved by John Hancock, exists- what is of doubtfUl authority; to confirm this fact for today's to separate the real'from the historian. fictitious; to disentangle the facts from the.fancies mith But .the_historian, still curi- which they have:been mingled is

ous, prObablyrhas more. questions. . the design... But to draw the What happened to Deborah when her line accurately between the two 'military career-ended and she had has been no easy matter.2 obvidusly received a good deal. of 'public attention? Were there Historiana Anala 'books written.about.her, or news-, paperarticles?.. Did-she_talk at -Although the:,historian has done an loCal citizens' meetings? .Did 'enormous amount of research; the_ she receive any veteran's bene- work is not yet complete. The A fits? Did she work for a busi- findings must be analyzed ,Were ness?The historian, still search- the books and records acCurate? ing, might contult-,newspapers of

-Did the Town Clerk, when copying . 'the-timegovernment:records,.bus-,-the-reCOrds- of the 18th century, iness accounts, town tax records, Make an error? Could a diary or census 'reports.'Throughout .written on chemically treated pal- this search the historian has per belong to someone living in

taken'notes,citing the sources . 1815? The histOrian calls upon ,(exact titles of records, books, his/her own education andiknOW-- etc., their,date and place of ledge-of 4 certain period'of his- -publication) Studied, and the in- . tory,a certain geOgraphical area, formation found in them. .This oran.institutiOn, such as the will be an aid if the historian army, to verify some findings. . wishesto return to the notes Presently accepted historical fact later, df further questions arise is-compared with the fact,presented _orjf'other historians wish to in the sources at hand. If Debo- consult..the documents. rah's diary stated that' the major

An Histoan'.s Sources

TrimarySource - an account of an event by a par- --ticipant-or=eyewithess,-could-be-in-thez-formof*. aphotograph,- a,diary, a letter; or a tape record- dn., etc. I Secondary Source:- information about an event compiled bY Someone not_ present whenthe event Hpccurred7- -could be in the form of a bocik,. a :newspaper article, the sCript for a play., etc.

?James Adams Vinton.-Life of Deborah Sam son, the Female Soldier of the.livolution. Boston:'J.K. Wiggins and William Parsons 7-- Lunt, 186'6. As quoted in Rogers,, "Women's Liberation, c. 1781.1' 25

fighting of the Revolution oc- The Tasks an ArchiviSt curredjust off a Los Angeles freeway, the historian would have Chances are the hiStorian would not good reasonto doubt her story. haVe been able to unravel. Deborah's 'References and otherbooks on the story without the help of an:ar- era or subject are conaulted. An chivist. An archiVist identifies expert in a related field, Such as and-acquires Original:documents. . Massathusetts history,- might-be Ofiginal_documents-are created called on for help or a,scientist by participants in, Or eyewitnesseS might assist in determining the' to,events, These-documents could age of the paper on which the ac- include letters, diaries, records counts are written. of buSinesses or individuals,-maps, photographs, films, sheet.music, .1listorians Interpret recordings, and in recent,times, computer cards. The'archivist Convinced thatthe *research-haf Must'decide which Materials will been thorough and that dates, ,be most useful to the particular events, people, and institutions collection-being maintained. \qk are described accurately', the his- letter from George Washington which terian presentS the facts and in- inquires about the health Of a terprets the st0ry which MAE been friend would not necessarily be-- 1 discovered. The story might be long in*an archival collection fo-l told through a book or published cusing On his early military. cam- article, threugh' an oral report :The authenticity of-ha- to other historianS, through an terials i.obeentered'in acollec- exhibit or through a classroom tion- mustbe/checked. Obviously ! discussion.- The facts of the anote frowiJohn.Hancock to his I past may tell.us more about a lady-love on- the back of a bus I certain part of our history, our schedule would not-be authentick government, or our-social customs'. 'other-_materials may require the I= The'historian may relate past- archiVist toseleet methodsto events to Current one.s.:Deborah- determine the dates of.old.papers. Sampson!s: exPeriences and fee1-7 ings in the 1700's maybelp us 1:}ociiments acqUired through gi understand the WOmen Soldier oU or purchase must be preserved fir the 19701s. The historian may future use. If pages areorumbl interpret Deborah's story to give ling, pr colors fading on maps,I us a fresh view of our military the archivist .arranges for appro- forces; to the,historian the past --priate-repairs-.---Nexti-the-archiv- is not-stale Stuff. ist chooses an effective Way of 26

Valuable Archives Need Protection

Under the dome...of the Nationai ArchlYes.., the great documents,ofAmerica's formation, Written-in flowing scri,pt on sheets- of parchment, are permanently dis= -played.'The pages of ttle Deciaration'of lpdependence Constitution, and Bill of Rights,are sea(ed into individual bro-nze and glaSs cases in which-air has been replaced by protective helium. Light'filters prevent fading. At closing-time, the documents are lowered from their marble- setting into avault below the floor.3 '

presenting the various documents, -Personality Characteristics_ of photographS, or recordings. If Historians and Archivists ;Some hand-written letters are to be presented'in book forth, the Curiosity about the past and'pa- archivist may choose to reproduce tience to dOcareful aild detailed' them phOtographically to show the work are characteriStics of workers author's nervous and scraggly in the field of-history. Organiz- script..-Or, after careful editing-a,completeand accurate stbry ing, the letters' may be printed-- of the past, from many siParately. so that their cc:intent can be easi- discovered facts is a time-consum- ly read. Sometimes exhibits ate ing task. Self-discipline is re- set up for the public. Brochures quired to do thorough research are written to explain the dis-, work'and to spend many hours work- play or the display itself has ing:alone. Goo&dommunications notes telling the background and skill's are necessary in presenting .date of each document. research_results to others. A :cooperative spiritihelps when re- Archivists assist researchers 'seardh 'is interrupted to help An- to locate and use documents. ,others find'useful' Materials. other responsibility of the archivist is alerting_the public to the What Education is Required? availability of-collections-.----For 1 _ - this reason archivists write ar- FUture historians and.archivists ticles for magazines,which circu-' must be willing to spend years in late to those working in, the field':training. A-college degree.is of history, and 'publish catalogs' necessarysfoi'all historical work, listing the materials in a,par-,. preferably with a major emphasis tioular tollectioni museum li- on history accompanied by Courses brary, historical society', dr in the social sciences -- anthro- government agency. pology and sbciology) for example.

3- -National Archives General Information Leaflet No. l 1974.

3 1 27

Some:training in statistics and. university, or a position in a

Computer methods isa benefit . museum or historical site. '9

when looking for:a job. 'When _ a student receives a degree'from 'Where Historians and a four-year college,'the.jeb hunt- Archivists Work ing:can begin.- There are nota great.manyjobs for those enter- Most:people working .in the history: ing the,field. field are teachers in,colleges and If education courseswere taken, universities; some teachin high. a new historian,might teach in a schools,Many archivists and his- -junior or senior high_school.' torians work for.theFederal Gov7 Others might get a jobas a guide, ernment, for Departments .as diverse or interpreter at an historical as AgriCulture and'Defense, for the. site;.aS a:research assistant in Departments of Labor:andState, and a museum, or as a genealogist. for the. Smithsonian Institution. Anotherpossibility ts to work The-National Archives' and Records at cellecting, preserving, and Service administers Presidential cataloging as an assistant to an Libraries, 15..Federal Records archivist:- 'Centers across the-Country,,and the-National Archives in:WaShington With further study and the re- ceipt of a mdster's degree in Archival: Science, a newly gradu- .Some-historians and archivists are also concerned with the pres ated archivist couldlook fora . job with.a government agency, ent_-- with keeping dadly- records a historical society, or a pri- of'overnment regulations and proclamations. vate library'Training,in publie They decide. whith administrati-n is an asset when of the mountain of papersaccumu- applying fot a Job with a govern- lating daily should be saved, ment agency. -micro-filmed, put in computer memories, orthrownout like yes ,Nearly all-historians and ar-' terdayJs: newspaper. .chivists who-teach in colleges and universities have completed Archivists and-historiansare_ a doctoral degree. The? have a employed in the thousands ef'State broad background of knowledge_ and local historical societies' and are specialists-in ene-par- acress the country._They:work for

'-ticular,area of history-or ar- muSeums, for libraries!, for his- ' chil-ral work. .MoSt present-his-. torical-sites, and for-genealogical societies whiCh trace the torianS specialize _n a facet of . -Dnited.States history orTuropean hiStery'of families through many history. Areas of'specializatton generations, - may be as diverseas colonial -Historians and a chivists-keep -agriculture or-the rise of -indus- the retord straight'foriStateand

trial unions. . With a master's_ local governments, for-businesses, degree .an.archivist might find and occaSionally, for labor unions, a poSition'as a'eurator of manu- churches;or:priVate associations. seripts in an historical society; A few historiansAdviSe film and 'an historian with-a newlyearned theater companies which.are drama- doctorate might.find a part-time tliingihiStoric events.or people -teaching job.in a college or from another century or decade. 28

Most jobs aredone in office _obs are Scarce Now conditionS with regular- hours, :though the demands of.teaching College and-university teaching and research occasionally re- positions in history are very dif- Auire long and irregular hours. ficult to find. Many graduate' students hear about openings from 'Historians who work as direc7 their professors who' have:in turn tors of historical societies and heard of openings from friends heads of departments,in colleges teaching in other schools. Job and'universities have many de- openings are often posted at con- mands on their tiMe. ThoUgh the ventions of historians and archiv- desire to 4o-research work iS ists, and openings-are sometimes often first,-much time ls spent listed in the newsletters of pro- answering correspondence,,coor7 fessional associations -- the dinating'anctsupervising staff American Historical Association, activities, and representing the, American Association for .State and sehootto the outside World. Local-History, and Society of Amer- Archivists and historians may ican Archivists. combine,work in different places Membership in professional so- One might work part-tite in E. cieties is a good way to keep up CuiScake'Histerical Society-while with new developments in the, work teaching a course in his'tory at of others. The societies also keep W. Cupcake University. One may 'members informed of possible in- . work part-time at,:a, historical fluences on the field such as new site or museum While-writing a discoveries, the,availability of, textbook. ,Historians and archiv7 government funds for research, ists also,.may change jobs because or new, teaching methods. . 'of economic neceSSity, to find more satisfying work, or to take The Future is Not Rosy a job with'greater, responsibilities -An:assistant direct& in Unless dramatic changes occur in a'small museum might move to a. the next few years, finding a-job larger museum where he/she would in the field of history,is likely become head df a division. An to be very tough indeed, even for openingwith the National-Archives those with a doctoral degree. Jobs might lure a prOfessor from in teaching are particularly scarce, teaching. but other areas may be emerging. Some hiStoriansand archivists The National Historicat Publica- become journal or_bOok editors. tions and Records Commission has Some may retire to write the had funds'authorized by Congress definitive historical novel tell- to help states organize andprei ing of Henry 1/III's-devotion to-' serve vital records; Many people his-seventh:wife; and some may, now in.the field feel thatfuture get_unrelated jobs and use their jobs will be available in records Many ci- leisure time to do-volunteer work - management for cities. relate& to their.training. The ties and states have,not kept pace Kennedy Library-and American with the growing mounds of recordS Antiquarian, Society,,for example, on our birth, marriages,divorces find volunteers- an invaluable taxes, dog licenses, etc. Those assistance. trained in computer methods.of --Jobs are scarce now Future historians and archly- ists with computer training may find jobs managing the many records kept by state and local government agencies. cataloging will help-to reduce There-are Rewards all that pile of paper to print- and Annoyances, outs of needed specifics. Ar- chivists will be needed, in some Keeping alive an accurate picture = 'business and manufacturing firms of the past, or origins, traditions, as awareness grows of the impor- Teople, and events is. setisfying ,tance of historical record-keep-' to historians. An archivist ex- ing. Historians are being asked pressed his feelings this way:. to investigate and write the histories of corporations. Doing At is exciting to work-with work on a short-term basis, as documents that are an impor- one archivist did for the Ameri- tant part'of our national can Chemical Society, may be an heritage, to help protect

increasing source of work .in the and conserve them, to lead . future, others who need themhto- work with them, an&to contribute in this fashion to historical scholarship. On the other hand; he said, Problems often arise when people feel they have a right to remove The work is occasionally, an important document from an loneiyUnd sometimes- archival collection for study or (rarely) one Must help display. The archivist must weigh persons who are unpleas-' the responsibility to preserve a ant.. colleciion against the responsibility to let people use the documents Sometimes the work is ted ous.and in it. Deciding what to keep in sometimes the facts': do hot sup- an arEhive somefitifli- presents prob- port the_point One might like to lems. Controversy arose recently Make: For example, an histOrian. over the possible disposal of -may not want to believe-that many' Selective Service draft records colonial leaders were loyal tO.' by the Department of Justice; his- King.George:&oring. the Revolution. torians and archivists feel'these records would be valuable-to future research.

-Work in Histor is Not. Dull

They [the documents] capture the 5weep of te past:' slave ship manifests, and the EMancipation Proclama- tion; captured German records and the Japanese-sur- render document from World War II; journals of'polar expeditions and photographs of Dust-Bowl farmers, Indian treaties making fransitory-promises; and a richly bound document bearing the bold signature 'Bonaparte' -- the Louisiana Purchase Treaty that' -doubled the territory of the young Republic.4

Nationa Archives D eral Information Leaflet, No.1, 1974. 31

Ty So e Historical Research Or city clerk how old recorids are -on Your Own stored. Search your attic or ce1=- .lar Torflettersi pictures,ior You might try tome historidal're7 -clothing which Might tell you About search of yOur 6wn. Choose Great earlier parts of Your parentriVtrs-.--' Aunt Gladys'or somb-other member Interview-older residents of Your-: of your family and ask your par- neighborhood to: find outjloW the ents about her. The town whert- street' where you live looked 30 she lived-probably has a copy of years/-ago. Or_try your hand at her birth or immigration record. recording living history:'write- Feltaps cousin Horace has kept abou*, A day in your life that would some of her old correspondence. help:someone 50 years from now,to :Try to write'a short history-of underStand the 1970's. And if you her life:or-construct ,a family ,dreilcurious,you might Want to :tree to see where you fit in. viit Shron, MassachuSetts, where: Visit your local historical s6- ,DpborahSampsbn Gannett is burled ciety to see what types of ma- and where her home Still stands. terials it has; Ask'the Own

When a society-or a civiligation perishes, one condition can always be fouhd. They -forgot where they'

came from.. ' -Carl Sandburg5

.S -Mo o .of itan Association or Htateand Local History.' 32

Some Points to Remember-About Historians and Archivists \

What is a historian? A person who searches for facts about-people, places, events, and things, and then puts the facts together to telli a storY..The historian -often studies the pas+, but the past- is not always '"old.7 A record of what.happened to you_in the sixth grade is part of history.

How does a historian find facts? .pN) cheCking, re-checking, and comparing: Business, governMent, church records * Diaries, letters, photographs., recordi,ngS Booksmagazines,- newspapers Work of other historians and arChivists.

What.is an archivi

A person who: Collects ,Arrang s Prese le/vas Exhibits Helps others use Writes about historical documents

Wlee do historins and archivists work? The greatest number of historians are teachers. Others work in offices in: * Museums 9Dvernment agencies

* Libraries . * -Historical societies A few work for:

* Churches . Labor- .unions Film and theate -companies * BoOk publiihers

7 How do you become an archivist or historian?

By taking:1-he.college preparatorycourse in high school And history courses duringjour years of college. And more specialized courSos for severalyears. -after college

Are there any-jobs for people who like hiso-- but don t go to collegeT

Sure, there-are .interest,ing jobs as: * Museum guides * Library aides Workers.in historical societies And, on yoUr own you can visit hiStoricaLsites, read books about the mak- of history,- check on your family tree.

Are there many jobs for historians and archivistsnow? No, very few. It is particularlyAifficult to

f!n teaching job in a college or university.

vIre arp t best opportunities for jobs? fter college and graduate study, look fora job helping the government keep its records straight. If you have some.Computer training-you!-I-4-be, hired sooner...,

Are there any disadvantages in the work of his orians ano archivists?

As said before, work is hard to find. Research is -Jiieri-'a long and sometimes boringprocess. The work very detailed. A lot of work miist be done alone ard when you do consult other people theyare sometimes unwilling to share information.

What do historians and.archivists lAe about-theirwork? Presevina'partof the past Fitting'puzzle'parts together to forma complete picture , * Fihding new knowledge of the past thathelps people Understand today

3 8 34

Sources of Further Information

American Histerical Association 400 A Street,,S,W. Washington, D.C. 20003 As bf early 1976, a b oklet on careers in history was being pre ared.

American Association for State,and Local Hi tory .131,5 Eighth Avenue; South

, Nashville, Tennessee 37203 "Careers in History with Historical Organiza- tions", Free brochure. A wide,variety,of technical leaflets -- from "Identifyi4-AXes', Adses, Hatchets" to "Pro- ject,s for Young, People" is listed'.in "Publi- cations for the-Profession." The lisO.s free. Each leaflet is SO*: -,WhiIe some leaflets may be vtry technical, just the listing of:topics- gives an overview of tasks carried out in historical organizations.

Society.of.American Archivists .The Library,.P.O. Box 8198 .University of Illinois at Chicago Cicle Chicago,' Illinois 60680

Education,Director - CaeerS And Courses in Ar'chival Administration. Free booklet.

American Antiquarian,Society 185 Salisbury Street Worcester, Massachusetts 01609 Free brochure describing the soc ety and its vast holdings.

The Genealogical Ins itute 10 South-Main Street .Salt:Lake City,' Utah 84101 Various charts, outlines and work heets to aid in tracing a family. free

National AlcIlives and Records.Service General Services Administration Washington, D.C.

3 9 , -:- _ ?"

_ _

,. ANTHROPOLOGIS'tS

Anthropologists deal with everything about a people what they look like;,their physical measurements and blood types; where they came from; what they believe about thel_rcpest; how they bring upitheir children; what they make and what tbey-buy,from other\people; what they sell -and what they inherit; what 1-h9y think of as beautiful and what they reject as ugl; and where they believe-their souls go when they LMargaret. Mead

When a recent space probe was Physical Anthro ologists -launched. toward the 'outer planets, ii carried with it a message to The physical characteristics of whatever intelligent life might people, their bodies, and the use exist on worlds other than our of the body from the beginning of own. Tbe Message-was not wfitten time on earth to the present,.are in any language aS we know it, of special interest to physical but in symbols or marks that anthropologists. -Physical anthro- might be interpreted by.a being pologists want to know how our who can reason. A diagram of our bodies developed, and changed solar system and drawings of the through time. They Want to.know male and the female body were in- about primates or apes. *They,want, eluded as part of the messak. . to know how we are related to early If this message is ever received, cave dwellers, to our grandmothers. it will probably be studied by Was much of what you look like. Venusian anthropologists.

Margaret Mead, Anthrop2jogistS and Whatiey_psi, p. 16.. Copyright c 1965 by Franklin Watts, Inc. Used by.permissionY Afithro-6 b iSts-

Physical hropologis studthe-human body, 3. development' and use,-

hropologists st dy: Beliefs Va ues avior anguage aterial cu Environment

:--- determined by heredity?,,, Do you the world is also copsidered. Do have grandmother's strong, long all Floridians have-Istraight hair fingers and grandfather's deli- while all Californians have curly cate facial features? Physical loCks?., PerManents, wigs, and anthropologists want-to know if- hair dyes would, no doubt, puizie- 1 our bodies develOPed in response the anthropologist:_from onter space. , to 'different natural enViropments. , When Og and his family changed Cultural Anthropolo their living habits from the * Ethnographers hunting, whichr equiredrluchrun- ! Ethnologists fling, thrthwing, and grappling, Linguistic -, to a more settled life as seed 'AnthropOogists growers,.did their bodies change ! Archeblogists. in any measurable way? Does terrain or climate affect develop- Other anthropologiiis, Called CUl- ment does the mountain dweller Itural anthropologists, are .con- differ physically from someone (-:.erned with our beliefs and.values, who lives on the desert?The our .behavior in societiesandin study of bodily processes, such the naturai world,,, our language, as aging or high blood pressure, and our toolsand the Way,we.use and their effects in different them. Certain anthropologists, societies also belongs in the ' calied ethnographers,conduCt in- realm of the physical anthropolo- depth studies of a-particular-,way gigt- of life. 'They may.phobse to 'study

Physical anthropologists.are_ a "prititive gropplor tribe (a . interested in our cbmmon featUres -group isolated from 'bther,people-; and the variety in.those features, who dO.not read or write or-prac- among different groups of people: tice technologi_cal 'skills as we the.difference in hair in color, -know them). TheY may study cer-. in texture, in relative curliness, tain.aspects of a larger society-,

. in speed of growth is a feature such as.the-Chinese Aericans in which might be studied'for par- 7-San Francisco, or the\employees of ticular groups. Distribution bf Megabuginess, Inc.'Many ethne- _Physical characteristics around :graphers today Are reCording the 39

practice-of-fast-disappearing If you-say-"ShAzami" with-enough handcrafts. Ethnographers at- 'gusto, does it really make you tempt to learn everything they feel'you.could "leap tall buildings can about the pople they are- in' A single bound"?. Why are cer-. jstudying, from the minute and_, tain words considered "swears"? ':differing details of their daily Some linguistic anthropologists lives (such as the use or non-use describe languages as spoken in of a'toothbrush), to the actions and the beliefs surrounding the .one place at one poinf.in time. The Cajuns of the Louisiana bayou, common-experiences of birth 'and for example, have a distinCtive = death. speech; certain Indian tribes of Ethr compare and'ana- South America have a language un- lyzé several ethnographic studies. known to the rest of the World. They look for similarities and The linguist constructs diction-

differences in the lives, of like .:aries and grammars of lAnguages , and unlike ,peoples. They note that might otherwise be lost. He/. fmtterAs of livingssuch as how she listens to the sounds, learns ,accepted behavior is learined by the vocabulary aAd the grammar, the children, and whethef child- and records the language by.means ren are raised in a aompunAl fash- of phonetic symbols. If "ABZ" as

. ionOr in a family. Some 'ethnolo-, spoken today in cur cities is simi- gists work with the written re- lar to the ancient-language of cords of people's -- their litera- "OBZ" or to languages spoken in ture, the iliscriptions on their the remote mountains-of Abyssinia, graves, or their mpsic -- to com- the linguist will compare the struc- pare and contrast e people who ture and vocabularies to learn .pake the records.. about the development of-languages. As a result, hé/she may also learn LA;nuageS -- how th are about the migration of the people spokenhow they are tten, who speak them.-. how they relate to behavi-dr -- are the special interest of- 1111gujsticanthre ologists.

fi Archeologis s

We dig, and sarof these pOts and pans, these beads and weapons,. 1-hat they -date back to 3,000 or 4,600

and the on-looRer 'is tempted,t0 exclaim at - their.age, and to_admire them simply because .they -are old. Their realrTiterest lies in the.fact that they are new.2 -Sir Leonard WoolleY

Sir eonard Woolley, D gging Up the Past. .40

patterns takes careful, detailed -notes. While people eat a meal;

Archeologists'dig to find-new - anthropologist might record what knowledge,about-people's past. is'eaten, how it is eaten and .They attempt to reconatruct a with what utensiis; what conversa- culture- from:material. evidence; tion takes place during the meal, The'object or artifaCt:uncovered and who,is.served first, etc. To in the. earth .-- the-way it is record observation's anthropologists lying, whether, it is whole or' often use cameras-and tape record-- broken;-where ieis in relation ers in addition to penand paper. tà other objects ..tellssome-- -AnthropOlogists Often collect, thtng,about the last person,who artifacts. An.artifact is-any toUdhed it: the Cave man; an object-shaped and used by People. Egyptian, or a pilgrim:. The

FOr example, a Comb shaped from . -archeologist will try to,place. twigs would be an artifact. A_ the jar,.necklace, or.weapon that:. bunCh of twigs collected at.ran- has been found in a certaintime, dom wpuld show what grows in an period Heishe 'will deScribe its: .area, but it would not be an arti7 shape and function in- relation, to fact.. other known objectS.,.'Terhaps,the plan.of the entire_area.will be- Any artifact collected by anthro7- re-Constructed bY placing theob- .pologists the bone fork from jects relation to bases of dinner, ansexcavated bowl ,--- is buildings, Or to the.:skeletons :Catalogued and_nuMbered. Anthro- Also uncovered. pologiSts often-make,measured_ drawings of the artifact and note What.All'Anthro o o ists Do precise-color and.decoration. :Ob- jects Are often photographed in Thelughanthropology is concerned plar before they are lifted-from -With many different facets of the .irth at a dig. Anthropolo- gi s makeAetaiied notes to ex- people's, lives, all=anthropologists have certainttasks in ,common. Pliin each object and number-their notes wiih-the same number marked All anthropologists: on the object.. Observe In the laboratory, office, or Record.observations_ tent, anthropologistl,analyze_ Conduct research .their notes, the Collected objects, * Analyze and any recordings, drawings, or * Report findingsand -photos. Material is organized. conclusions. Similarities and differences are noted. All ant4ropologists'are-skilled -and_informed dbservers. The an- Ald anthropologists look at their thropologist knows about va ying 'new knowledge-againstthé back- patterns of social behavior. For ground of what.ia already known:. example,-in.certain societies, One Might tap the computer's mem:17_ belch shows the appreciation Of a ory to printout facts previously good meal., Wealthy Romans of long fed in aboutother bOwls found in ago gorged'themselves to the:Toint the same location or,in the sathe of actual sickness. An anthro- time period. One might do library: pplogist.interested in food 'research- on the relationship Of -7,- -food:availability and nomadic Detailed Catalog:of Findings riving patterns. Another might:: Behaviorar or belief pat- yconsult other experts,..historians terns, object descriptions, or physicians, who hdd recently* for,example) cOmpleted researChwhich could COntribute new facts to the'pres- Measured drawings ent study. Photographs-

Re orts are Imortant Education isa. Lon Prodess

Satisfied that study has beet Though the scope of anthropology thorough, the anthropologist Is is.enormous, there are very few- .now responsible for reporting jobs available. To enter the findings and Conclusions. A competition for these jobs,a dig.thaf has uncovered the life master's degree is needed. To -of-Jost kingdoms ds-useless if- advance, a.doctoral degree is need- unrecorded. The family life of ed; completing the-study.for this A vanishing tqbe will vaniah degree requires seven or more years without a trace if it is not of training after high school. The written about,.or -phOtographed.

college student takes courses in . - Writing and publishing the all branches of anthropology, both : report about an anthropological physical and,cultural. After 'atudy,often takes as much time four years of college the student and money as the atudy itself.' chooses an anthropological spe- Reports appear in journals read cialty and attends a graduate by .others dn the anthropological schmil with a strong department field. 'If the project has been in the specialized field chosen. a large one,'and the reporf is Anthropologists also need some sevéralyoluees ih length, the :knowledge of:' schoor or foundation which spon- History sored:the' study will usually'. Sociology. publiah the report. Geography . An anthropological repOrteon- Art History --tains.the following kinds'of Architecture Foreign Languages . information: '11 Geology Importance of the Study Chemistry 'Biology Reration toother Botany.

similar studies . If they are not experts in these. e NeW knoWledge gaine fields theMselves, they need to -by this, stUdy ,be able to call upon'those who are Methods,of,Researeh ,to assist them.' Anthropologital , study requirescooperation among ' How study was,carried many professionals. --Out -01111ffaniummiralMINIMMIMEW Anthr'opology is a discipline' in whidh a studea.can' bring into play every gift, every interest, and every/ skill; a discipline which allows him fo live as a whole human being while he makes_his best contribu tion to the future of,man, -Margaret Mead

-For anthropologists education taking notes and when it isI ime is continuing proCess. -Through- to publish the report of thecom: , out their career, they must keep Pleted work. up with new processes, neW-Ais- coveries, -new theories. Personality.: PatientAda&tabl-e;Persuasive lp_21_1 Skills are Needed Anthropologists:enjoy doing de- Anthropologists need to know how _tailed work, making careful,nOtes .to use cameras, recording equip: or measured drawings.. Patience is _ ment, and Microscopes. The cam- needed for long study. Catalog- era helps to record facts.for ing objects; arranging notes, and study. An artistic pose is not supervising staff.also require necessary; showing-an artifact organizational skill. :in place and from all'ankles is. PersuasiVe talents are needea. 'Allanthropologists make precise The_archeoldgist_mustget_permis- _ measufeMents-and Construct Mea-

..-- sion,to dig an private or public Some surpd (or scale) drawings. lands-and must assure the .host , anthropologists make land surveys that the work is worthwhile bP- and maps;. sori& test soil samples. . cauSe important facts will he Anthropologigts sometimes date learned. The anthropologist must their fihds with the help 'of cOfivince the people to. be studied other scientists-Ahrough special _that the team_will be a welcome methods., (Varying amounts of addition to fheir daily lives. carbon-14 in vegetable and Often persuasion-is-needed to yanimal remains and phosphores- secure funds for field studies. ence in pettery can tell scien- . tists the approximate age of an Physical endUranee and adaptabil- obj.ect.) Other anthropologists ity are sometiMes called for. need architectural skills to Study may take Place in a tropical construCt building models ta' to or_ artic climate.. Digging may be build on site remains to make a tiring. JElectricity.or running scale reconstruction. water may not he available. The-. best position for conversation Soule knowledge of_computer with- the natives may-he a squat, technology is increasingly ne- and-the foods available might Male - cessary.. Ability in one or more one long for the local supermarket% foreign language§ is an_ asset. The ability to typz is needed,- When living.in-the midst of a .and clicking keys can be heard community-that is the ,subject of a study, theanthroPologigt must , from many an expedition tent. Writing clearly is essential when be aware that he/she'is algo 43

... an inva er in t eir culture. _e Other anthropologists are.em 'she may be truSted aS.a keeper o ployed by Federal and.State govern- secrets even though tho§0 secrets -7 ment agencies_ Anthropologists will later be told ina Paper de-. ..ofteh partiCipate in the develop- :livered to a professional society. ment of-impact-statements which, Anthropologists'are sometimes:sub- tell'the governmentof the possible ject to. feelings of doubt about:the effects of'a nuclear plant or a w4y of-life they have long valued factory on the'people and natural = When they,beeome part-Of a grOup: 'environment of an area. :1,vhith values very*different thipgt. .in a hunting society, the seholar The_need for-environmental and without a-spear may bean outtast. cultural impact Statements .when a highway-A.s planned, when an air- Where Anthiaologis port runway is extended . -- may create a growing demand for State Schelials Archeologists., The State Arche- * -Museums ologist would direct surveysor Government Agencies, hire other archeologists-whoare familiar with-a local area'to Most anthropologists teach ai Col- , carry them out. Similarly, anthro- leges and universitieS_(see chap- pologists may become increasingly ter on educatorsy-;---There may also involved in resource management,* ; 'be-opportunities Ter high school. making people aware bf trends in teachers..During the summer many thinking Or use which may be waste- anthropology-professors- work oh ful of valuable natural ,= or cultural -fi d-5 tudie5`-fimanced-by-their resources. school, -by a imiseum,'by the-government, or by a private foundation. .The River Basins Survey Program of the Smithsonian Institution Field studies are usuallya group_ -effort where each anthropologist hire archeologist,s'to:do surveys of, may be a specialist; there,are areas that are:to be flooded.: The few studies now where an.anthro- National Envirpnmental. Policy.Act- \pologist ventures off alone to:- of 1969 requires that before,a "live among forgotten tribes. public utility such as a nuclear plant Anthropologists may work in built, a surveyba done to insure museums where research is conduc-- that'ne sites or itemsof arChe7 ted, 'Where exhibits are prepared °logical interest are destroyed and elabeled= Here assistance, is without-a-record having been made. given to:.0her schdiars-and. te). -the publie to, helP..them ,underStand The National Parks Serviceoper- studies recently completed by the .ates National Historic Sites where museum:staff, A head,ofa museum anthropologists cooperate with his- .department or--a'curator will spend torianS in interpreting the site a great:deal of time planning-and for-the pUblic. At-these sites sugerVising the budgets and,Pork anthropologists may be involved ofothers. :Many museum anthro-, in-digs;7 in restoration Work, and pologiSts alsa participate in ih preparing exhibits-and training -field studies at some-time during guides. The Bureau of Indian- :the year. Affairs, the C.I.A.,:and the U.S.- IijfurmatiOn Agency-alsdemploy anthropologists,- Other'Places would give us much information about the industrial revolution A few.anthropologistS condu in this country. toUriSts-On'visits to digs w ere -There are opportunities in avo-, they actually dig as well as UT. cational archeology. A person' Anthropologists work.on communi working as a secretary or engineer programs to ease poverty, to_pro -and who finds archeologY interest- vide health services, to plan ex- ing can volunteer tO_work on a dig pansion Of business, to open-upf. in spare time. There are also areas fOr:recreation., Nations ' opportunities for students to work which are_undergOing cultural and n digs during summer months . = technological-change may hire etimeS volunteers are paid -anthropologfsts to help ease the' vel expenses; often the), get transition.- e food and housing at-the dig, -Anthropologists designed the and in some cases the vounteer cockpits and space suits for some must pay for participation in the of our astronauts, so ik we ever dig. Students often receive col- make ii to Venus, they-will have- lege credit for their participa- had a,part-in that:accomplishment, tion in archeological excavations. too. Other anthropologists help Avocational archeologists often .to design automobile daShboards; 'take courses in archeology; as still others may be involved-in their knowledge-grows, so do their planning living centers:for work-. Chancii to participate in digs. ers on theAlaska oilpipeline. Anthropologists,are likely to become involved in:a new area-of the Future study called socio-biology. Socio-biology is concerned with Thogh the field of,anthropology the way-in.which organied sOci is very\small. and 'most of the-jobs .eties (animal orhuman) protect, are 'in college or-university 'and thereby, perpetuate, certain, teachin where opportunities 'are _physical, characteristics. Future feW, there are anthrOpologists anthropologists will probably employed in areas which have assist in the planning of more expansion possibilities. total environments such as-space Work fa-public archeology sur- war stations or undersea cities. vey work -and statements of impact) .=islikely to increaSe. /Clot of %How Do Anthro-o o ists Find Work? this work is done on a-cOntract basis: -the archeologist is paid Anthropologists learn about job a_fee when-work is cOmpleted. openings,from other-anthropologists' This work-is often performed dur they ,have met in the course of ing.summers by archeologists who- their-work. Professional associa. are teachers during the rest of tions-, such as the Archeological - the year. Institute of America and-the-Ameri- can Anthropological Association, A growth in indUstrial arche- may inform members:ofjob openings;- ology is expected. Many-nine- their newsletters also note avail teenth century mills are -now in ability of research from govern- = ruins.% The exca-vation and study ment or private sources. Both. of these'sites by-archeologists 45

\ 1 organizationsipublish:aguidt_o- money to spend time in extensive anthropology,-#tudents.Who will ,and ca eful'research. Other soon teekjobsr ' problems arise. If extraordinary finds are discovered, to whom do Advanta es and Disadvantages+ they belong to the funding agency, to\the school' of the_chief, (The excitetent, the sense of-pre7 anthropologist,J or to the citiens ervation and disCovery, as-one'+', or government of the locality where archeologist:put it -- 'the anse. _the 'discover); is made? Objects of "making_ history out of broken sacred fo one societY have occa-r artifacts and traces in the dirt" sionally become'the museum exhibits

-- make long_hours of research- in another. s worthwhile. The _fact that i6 certain instan- But the job' -is not-all joy ift ces people visiting other countries discovering(the equal of-a King- have posed as anthropologists in' Tut's tomb.: When the research .order to gain information for po- bilds'are being paid 'by someOne litical use caused professional else, the aathropologiSt somt- anthropologists to issue a state- times feela,pressure to produce, , ment-of,e0lics which strongly to-have "sOmething to,show" in opposes such practice. return for:the.sponsor's-invest- Mant. There may-not be enough

Views of Arithroeoloical: Research Projects

,ThereJs an.incredible feeling of exhilaration _ an international feeling of adveriture..The excavatdr

_ Is constantly at fever pitch,-mondering.what the next' spade-full'willJurn up. _Among'all ,the volunteers 'there is a Camaraderie... Everyone,is basically the same; ratherkhungryvery, dirty, and alwais.just a

little emotionally high. ' -A Student/Voiunteer, York, .England

r Time, fu ding, job,location, available assistance; prolessiO al associates, etc, are almost never_ade- -quate for1 the research-projects envisioned. Seldom can what is ideally possible actually be accomplished'. One has to learnito apprediate such,posjtive results as can be obtained-With-the resources at-one's &is- posal.; without, of course, giving up one's conception . .._ of the ideal.1 --7 , - ,; -A Director for-- Archeological Research

5 0 -- If You are Interested What do they think is impor ant,

c- What phrases of conversation are If you would like'to look further repeated often, as greeting,"as 'Tito the joys and woes-of being an parting? Do these phrases limply anthropologist, you might read.ac- any underlying assumptions? What counts of some of the discoveries foods seem particularly appealing? of Egyptian tombs,,or of anthro- Is this because-of their nUtrition- pologfsts living with people of al value? What possessions are,

different culture . Visit the most prized?Contrast some of your P-i?museums where the of anthro- br ,friends' answers tO answers given pologi-sts.is on display in the '. by your parents or by your younger exhibit cases and On the explana- brothers and sisterS. Write to a tory labels. Visit an'excavation pen"pal in Afghanistan and ask the

or a restoration in progress at -same questions. Jot it all down _ a National Historic site. Ask in your diary and send it on the about the work underway and,about next launch to Venus. YoU'll be, volunteer work opportunities., doing those Venusian anthropolo- -_Make some anthropological ob- gists an'enormous servite! servations of people in your ,own social group.. ,

Sources of Further In_or ation

American Anthropological AsSociatiOn 1703,NeW Hampshire Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009: Jobs. H.R.. Bernard and Willis Sibley. Pamphlet, $1.00 On Becoming an Anthropo (4g.t A Career Pamphlet for Students. Walter Ooldsthmid

"What is Anthropolog " Free brochure. ArcheOlovy and Archeolo ical Regburces: _ CharlesR.-McGimsey III. Booklet, -40*.

Archeological Institute- of America 260 West Broadway New York,New York 10013 ArcheOlogy. ,JohnH-Rowe. Booklet, single copy free. Fieldwork OpOrtunities (list) $1,00. (mainiy"f6r,colleg0 students) Society for Historical'Archeology Institute-of Archeology-and Anthropology Hniversity of South Carolina -. -Columbia; South Carolina 29208 ,2paytUnities in Historical Archeology% ,Booklet, 25*1

Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washinton, D.C. 20402 Above Ground A cheology. ,9ooklet,,60 (No Y3.AM3/6: 2 AR 2 S/N 2405-00528)

Books-- AnthrciThatTheDo. Margare New York:Tranklin Watts, 1965.

Archeologists and What They Do. Rober BraidWoo New-York: Franklin Watts,_1960.

A Definitive Study of°1our Future'in Archeo Gerald Larue. New York: Richards Rosen Press, Inc% 1970.

lAming Up the Past. Sir. Leonard Woolley. Balti- more: Pelican. Books, 1937

InVitation,to Archa6O1ogy,-James Deetz. -Garden City, New York:, Naturah.History Press, 1967.

People_and Places. 'Margaret Mead-. New York: The World Publishing Company; 1959.

Return to Lau hter, ElenoreSmith.Bowen. Garden' City, New York; Doubleday and,Company, 1964. Can the public that is sour on lemons have. itc taste changed One luscimis leMon pie sits in through effective advertising? the middle of_arropm full of peo- - ple.walting for'46gsert. You,,as Influences Keep in Mind an economist, have a problem to solve.. .How will you divide ttlat-, Governmeht fiscal policy single pie? The central.problem If the consumer has to pay a that.all economists must deal with $5 tax for each.lemOn pie, will this reduce sales? how to use scarce resources- to satisfy themany-Wants and If another country is willing needs7of-society. to pay more for pies; will the baker sell for the highest kopek? What to Consider If ahother cduntry can sell its 6:Supply. lemon'pieshere for a lower price, will bakers here make Are there.enough natural re- enough money? sources:--- lemons, sugar,.and. flour -- so that more pies ,can What to 'Do be made.? If you we e asked-to make a-reporX IS there enougl-vlabor? Are there enough people to-piCk on the turrent state of pies, how lemons? would you.go about it?

Is...there equipment:available- Data Collection erin Are`there. enough ovenSto-keep Questions t6rning outpies? How many lemon pies are current Is there money available to, ly produced? 'buy splies and equippgnit_i and toipay.workers? How many-people are employed in making these pies?' What are the current prices in Do enough.people want lemon' ,various parts of the country- . for pies? pies so that,-the baker gets fair price? ',How many consumers who want lemon pies have no way to.buy_nne?. ,

-49' so

Thdse.are the*kinds of ques- ileporting the_Answers. tions:that economists hebd an7 swers--to. 'Your figures must be, Next,' you will telIsomeene_about accurate or conclusions-could be .Your findings. You.might talk to in error. It may take many hours yourboss or address a luncheon of routine work to gather all,the meeting,but.most -likely you will data.' write a report.- -You must be-able to write clearly. The readers who You might. tonsult: -7 have riot gone through the. Same re The U.S, Bureau of Census, to search process that you-did must determine current population be'able to.understand the data,

figures; , your'methods of research.and anal-' ysis;and-the'cpnClusiOng_you have The-U,S. Bureau of Labor Sa- reached. In some cases,,you.might tistics,..to find out about be asked to recommend a courSe7of employment levels;= action, or to foredast trends. Banks, to see if they are In'mahy' cases it'is the_economist't tending_mo_ney_tptattn task to deacrtbe,_cbiectiVe,ly what_ businesSes1 economic conditions exist at a- given time.. Unions, to find out wha- salaries are being paid .to Where Economists'Work workers., . Approximately three-quarters of -a. Analyzii g Data ecenomistS today worl in:private industry. Schools, colleges, and Once you- are satisfied that you Universities employ the next great- have collected the necessary data, ettnumber as teachers, and you will analyze the figureS. If significant percentage-work fOr the amount of figures, or statis-- the Federal government. Some tics,is greater than you can easi economists axe self-employed, ly deal with, you may detide to and they carry out various researCh use a computer to store and sort prOectS for.different clients on all-those figures. a contract basis. They are paid You might arrange that data into when their work is completed., -As tables. You will decide which you are aware from daily newspa- , data are.the most important and persj-newscasts., and trips tuthp what relationships between the _Lsgrocery store, economists play a _ _ _ data tell the most about what is majorrole in our lives.. There really happening. You will think is Constant talk of rising prices,

about the importance of data re- = unemployment, unavailability of lationships to future trends, to lean money for: home-,buyers,'etc,_ growth, expansion, or decline in the:supply and.demand cycle.. Private Industry You will have to think about Economists,work fer industries as other factors whichmight in- diversified as oil, cereal, or fluence the supply nd demand c36sillOtkc. These organizations cycle: is'Congress considering need-help in determining how a ban on lemons? effective their-production and dist_ bution efforts are in rela- 'marketing research worker tion 0 their coSts. is alsd How do the interested in public prices the company preferences pays to supr and how those preferences pliers,affec -their profits are and . formed. It is the marketing the retail price charged re- to. cus- search worker who is tomers? portrayed on What are the effects of Hour tv screens_asking Mr. current legislation Zilch on their pres- why he bought Xylo .ent Operation-and the prospeet soap whem his natural preference- would.seemto fel. growth? .Needlessto say, an be for Zappo.-, .Mr.Zilch might' econemist working for U.S.Steel then be asked to.completea ques- has specialized knowledgeof the _tionnaire, by phone er-on.paper, steel industry, it§ unions,,and -about his choice of BrandX. Lts'natural resourees. The eeono- , u - mist working for..Q-eneralFoods is Beginning market researchwork- knowledgeable about current:crop ers may copy:.datafrommany-sour- estimates, and what priceslarm- ces, edit questionnaires,conduct- -ers are receiving for 4nterviews and crops, this surveys, tabulate . month, --the-reSUItsi-and-code-the - returns. There are often part-timeoppor- tunities for interviewers and ! survey workers. -Marketing research workers help. Marketing researchers producers and consumers of work.for goods private industry, for,:research and service§ to communicatewith firms, for-advertisingagencies, each other. Marketing research for radio, televisiony and'newS- workers .must know theuses and papers..- Such organilationsas strong-points of their product; hospitals and museums use they must know the company's% market researchers-to studYways of im- sales records, wholesaleand re- proving their servicesor attrac tail Price-trends, andwhat the ing- Contributors. competition has to offer. A 5?

Conve sation with a arket Resarch Anal st

What was your preparationo become ama*ket resea c analyst? degree ineconomics4 I have a bachelor'

What-are your tasks? make decisionson how I help the product manager of to increase sales test the effecti.Veness productadvertising-bydesigning questionnaires for consUmers on their use.and awarenesS.of.our interpret the results 'of.the-. product. .Then I questionna i res. at4s-does, a4enee4fryour )ob? Writing is ,important and sois an/ability to think logically and analyticallyand to deal with numbers. Computer skills willbecome-increasingly helpfulin the future._

What personality characteris your job? Being able to work well_forand with people.

What is advancement? for me For some -I-1-k change in, title and=-7-pay ; it's ,the real ilation thatI 'm a better analyst=

How are you-paid? salary, wIthregulèrincreases. I recei v

What is most `atisfyingabout your work? LOOking-back-and-see ing-that-my-anal=ys-i-s-was_cor also \enjoy the ,sense ofaccompl ishment rect. I effort. that comes from\team ,

What is least satisfyingabeut your work? routine work, doingreports'that I am bored by arefraditionarbutio longer needed- sense' Are there any areas of yourjob which give you a of conflict? is I 'disagree With thephilosophy that net profit my superior d irects a primary goa I I must doas it's the wrong way. even if I feel 53

Banking_and Finance patterns; and population growth.and decline, Regional and urban econo- An obvious place for economists mists research the impact cf urban to work isin banking and finance', renewal and develepmentopf Federal:. both private and Federal. Here programs-for.poverty and housing, . they deal with theproblems of or of air pollution standards on investment for the bank and for the economy of a city Or region. private- clients. They worry about inflation, the relationship be-: Education and Advancement tweeh purchasing power and eco-

nomic activity,:the flow of loney. The student Considering the'idea . Economists are interested in of wrestling with the problems of whether you used the five dollars tomorrow's ecenomy-as an economist, you received from Aunt Agatha,for mustylan to attend college; Fu- Christmas-to purchase stock:in ture economists concentrateon Bar Z Ranch, or deposited it,in economics studies, but alto equip Zilliont DowntOWn ,Tru5t, bought themselves with a:strong back- an :economics7textiors-tudk-A17 ----ground-in mathematics, fiffTUding-- in your Shoe. statistics anct perhaps. actounting and computer methods Additional Economists want to know.about courses are history!, poliical how:banks regulate lending. If science, sociplogY,..or,psychology. bdnks lend money to a pie-making A bachelor's degree; earned after business, will they also lend money to someone who wants a completing four years of study, qualifies the graduate for some lavender bathtub? Taxation-is entry-level positionS anOther area of 'investigation. Examples are'beginning researchersin.a The 1975 tax rebate wat the government agency, management'. direct.resuit of an effort to giVeApeople more purchasingpow r interns.- on a State.housing program, 1 and thus stimulate economic or.marketing reSearch workers in 4 I business. activity. Other possibilities include writing or. =editing arti Labor Unions cies about economics for a newspaper Or Journal', Orperforming Some economists-specialize in actuarial (insurance) work. labor..They, too; are Concerned Bycontinuing education toward with supply and deMand. Labor. a master's degree; economists are economists research:the needs and able to geta better.ob,Sooner.j demands of workers and labor or- The longer an economist studies, ganizdtions,for wages,- pensions, the more specific it the drea and insurande. They study the studied. -A person with a-doctoral needs and policies of management degree in economics has-studied and the current labor-laws one phase ef'edenomics very carefully, such as taxes, labor, or .Re ional -Planning banking. With a doctoral degree a beginning econothist Could get a -.Regional planning involves econo- job as a-director of research mists in studyinga particular projects, as an analyst in a region's natural resources;.past, bank, -or as a college teacher. current, and future employment

5 7 54

Some Answers from an Economist/Consultant

What was your preparation to become:an economis

, I have'a bochel9rts degr6e ih sociology, and a doctorate in business administration.

What 'was your.work experience hefore you became a 'consultant And had your own business?

I taught economics in college, managedinvestments fora bank, was economic advisor to'a State House of-RepresentatiVeS,. and worked on the stfiff of a,: large:research firm on the problemS Of urban.eco-. nothic

at are your tasks as a consultant?

I develop' a statement abobt an economic problem, payUe a forecast, a statement about sales-or tax rates. The problem Must be clearly-stated in writing and In tables. I -recommend ways in whic a client can change economic_behavior or improve'

What knowledge.and skills do you _need to become a consulting economist?. .You heed knowledgesotdata'sources andjhe histoty Of the field; you need techniodes tor-handling data. My background in,iociolOgy,js helpful to me.

Are there any helpful personality traits? Yes, salesmanship end an ability to relate well to others.

,What ard'some Of the advantages.of your job? enjoy the-vib-Tiety and tife'lhdependence.

Are.there any.disadvantages? The uncertaintY and the huttle to get business; my incothe this Oar Was between fifty and.sixty thousand-dollars,,but last year,it was only

four thousand, Sometimes I get fruStrated when - my recommendations are not carried ow- by a client.

Vhat advice do you ave for students? Beserious'about work there is a life after school, and education is useful.

5 8 SB

Job Outlook to d ,Etate:legislature one of. his biggest enjoyments is working Presently there is a &lir ambunt and cooperating with people from of competition-for job openings, many different fields. When'he -particularly for an economist performed an unemployment study withouf,,an advanced-degree, for a town, he had-to look at prob- People now wOrking in economics lems from the'point of View,of an think that there will be-a,small architect, a city planner, a,poli- growth in'jobs for bank economiss, tician.-While working for a:hous- -ancOobs for_marketing research ing authority, this economist ,-,workers are likely to:increase. worked with the,tenants-and with Jobs are Somewhat:easier to find social workers. in largecities like Mashington, - -Now York, Chicago',-or 1.0 Angeles. And the Disadvantages :The new brancb.of economics called econoVetrics is a growing field. -In school:everything we learned Econometricians'use formulas pr about jn economics was blaCk .------ec-onoffilt &ad-Iv-111-1-e. n buSige7S7s4 every-

much asformulas areused.in al- 'thing1,s grey. ' gebra and -geometry. '-Marketing Research Worker Many economists find out about job openings.from their'friends Back to ihe problem of lemon pies and-contacts, from job,:listings --:_what happens when you don't .in personnel agencies, and oc- agree.with your bosSTLf your casionally from:newspaper adver- sympathies are with the.fruit tiSements, Most,economists be- pickers' strike,: can you work for long to the American Econcimic .Louie's Leffions? Louie might be Association-or-Association. of .askingyou to produce figures which BusinessjconbMists,.which often would show that :the Wei-kers list: job openings in their news-,. mands should not be met eVen though: :letters' to members. , Louie's profits would easily-meet wage increases.. Can yOU-respond Advantages fairly Without letting your 'feel-, ingslaffect your handling.of the The economist may find satiSfac- facts anclfiguresT Should'you tiOn 4Whelpinggovernment make, do marketing research:for Fred-

..=low-income housing or Poverty morb'syace Cream:when you'have

programs more effective. An . an Idea it will not: help anyone's .ecOnomist is nOt likely to be face a bit -- and could possibly bored with the.chance to Consider cause Cancer? problems as diverse aS the current level ofthe yen'on the open mar- r_f_You are Interested ket, or the,eurrent reaction to a new product -- maybe three- Among_the many ways to further dimensional televislon. your inte'rests is reading the: daily newsprer to learn what is An- economist who works for' many different people as a consultant happening ill government, in banks, in industt)q on the stock market, Alas' conducted studies 'on golf_ ball in infernational trade= sales and has: served as anadvisor Think about what some of the,problems discussed mean to you, your family, your parents about the money they the company your parents work-for, earn and whatthey do with it. or .even to someone very different Perhaps you could run the family from,you. if you see on'tele- budget for a month and see what . vision farmers killing their- beef are the most important expenses. eattle, try to figure'out why they You might talk to people think this is a good course. of youAalow who work in economics, action. Wha,t-effect might:it. have and perhaps check with them to see on,the price of:your hamburgers,: if other families do_similar==things or on the'profits of your eousin's with their income.Ask whatef- reStaorant,..or the:stock market? fect this has on the country, your Your parents often work as- econo-State,',the local bank. Another mists athome; and perhaps-they- economist might give you.different could let you'share their-work. answers. There are conflicting The family's scarce resource is ideas.among economists,just as' money. Your wantsa new-bike, there are many facets to the field. sleepimg-bag, a trip.te-Disney- There are-many=ways-to slice-your land) and your needs (food,- cloth- pie. ingshelter ) are-many. Talk to]

Soorces of Additiona nformation

.AmericanAgricultura1.Economies Association University .of KentuckY Lexington,. Kentucky- 4.0506 ,EconemistS imAgriCol.torar, Business, Govern- ment... and Rural_Affairs.Tree pamphlet--

American Stock Exchange 86 Trinity Place New York, New York.10006 Journey Throggh_a 8tock EXChange. Booklet, 5,0* Market for the Million's. Booklet "Nerve Center" and "SpecialiSt-onthe AMEX." Free brochures.

National AsSoCiation of-Business Economists ,28349 Chagrin Boulevard

Cleveland, Ohio 44122 . Business Economics Careers. BOoklet, single copy free.

60 57

AMerican Economic Association_ 1313 21st Avenue, South Nashville, Tennessee 31212:

,AMerican Marketing Association 222 South RiVerside Naze, Suite 606-. Chicago Illinois 60606

Society of Government Economists P.O. Box39066 Washington, D.C. :2001

6 1 5 8

6 2 GEJRAPHERS

When-you:think of geography doeS' barriers to trade? Economic geo- it bring to mind:pictures of "far graphers might also be concerned away places_with .3trange Sounding with the current problems of names"? Do' you think_of ycnir- farming -044h-surplus-in-one-area self-in a pith helMet adventuring :.and.famine in -another); with fores- to Zanzibar? It is true that some:try, and-with fishing. They:are geographers do assist otherna- .interested in marketing activities tions= or chart remote areas, but over what mountains did your -most geographers are concerned cornflakes pass beforethey hit with problems closer to home. your bowl? Geographers-study space and place: * Physical GeOgraphers they study-land formations-- vol- canos and-valleys; they study water- from bay to bathtub. They study-Physical geographers study geolog the presence of mineralS ahd they cal formations, their structure study dirt. They-look at plant and how they change. They are in- life supported by the'soil and terested in-water, climate, ahd they are concerned'about the,cli- animal or vegetable life and how mate that is a help or a hin- each affects the other.. Domany drance. ',Geographers relate these hikers.wear down-a.mountain?-Will studies of space and place topeo- a flood change the course-of river pie and their problems of choos- rapids or the soil for Aunt Flora's, ing places to live, tinding work, next_Crop of chrysanthemums? and_governing them$elves.----- Phys_ical_geographers_are often in-- volved in ecological studie$. Different Geographers. Thdy study the effect of waste dis-, Different Problems posal n surrounding areas, the possible drainage of industrial 9 Economic Geogra hers Waste into a nearby swamp or swim- ming pool-Other physical geo- Economiegcographers want .answers graphers do elevation studies. to questions. Where is the best ,If you struggle to the topofa 'place to establish a bnsiness? crag, you may find that a geo- Are thereexisting naturalre-, grapher has been.there beforeyou . sourceSTIs there transportation to place a metal plaque telling available are the geographic the number of feet above sea level. 60

Others study access: there are Geogaphers stillareas in the world which are very difficult to reach. The urban geographer's concerns Some physical geographers may are simllar to-those of the region coniider the-effect of terrain- al geographer in that the economic, and,climateon things as differ- politital, and'physical interrela- ent as military defense and tiohships of an area are:conaidered. 'health. Urban'gpographers may be involve& in city planning (in placing parks 122LiIiEal_cfagraphers and apartment clusters)-; in urban renewal;. in zoning (allowing cer Political-geographers_concentrate tain areasJor industrial deVelop on how political-processesaffect ment); in assesaing land value; 'geographiclxiundaries and vice andrin'setting traffic patterns. _versa, Howdid World War TI Moro than many other geographers chango a pre-I940 map Of the they must be aware of Federal and ,world7How_many_states_are_boun7 local _legislation affectingia par ded by rivers-or. mountain ranges? ticiilar city or the adminis-tration .Is an ocean point-a good lOcation_ of 4 particular program. for a planned holising development for 1mi-income families? Why d6 El-L9-_RaPh!E certain ethnic groUPs live on the river in the.south side of a 6rtographers transform the curved city? The boundaries a pelitical earth to flat paper. .This geographer is concerned.with may' precise and time-consuming task be local-er international; some- often requiring drafting talent; day perhaps, eVen intergalactic. and the-use.of complex maOhines such as .eomputeri-and photogram-

R e anaLcogL__p____.4-hers metric devices which help in lo- catingi or plotting,.:specific A regional,geographer.combines points. There are many _decisions the interestsof the physical,: :to be made- before a map is com- economic,and political geographer pleted: what,kind of-a map do you and looks at one'geographic region. want -- one to Show roads,- one to The region may be as small as show elevations, one,to show water Altoonaor as largoas North depths, one to show population _America._ The 'limits of a particu- -density?. What scale will be used? _ Aar study may be set by the person, Does one- ihch equal one- foet or business, orgOvernment requesting represent 100 miles? What type, . \lt may boa study of agricul- sizes will be used in printing the turalmarketing or .the effeets of map?. What.colors of ink? What water P011ution throughout the -symbols indicate swamps or gas region.. Jo-addition to special- stations, or military installa- ized knowledge Of the region'S tiOns? Cartographers make these geography, ihe geographer is ex- decisions. pected _to understand:the language_ and culture to-some degree, A Geographer CompleteS a Project Where Geographers Work One_EXample

. If you -. think of geographers as . To choose the best site for Mabel's ranging across the_counttyside,-it- Meat Market,-or a new industry,- a may-be surprising to learn that.;the

geographer will-do a great deal . largest humber of geographers teach more than picking anice shady in high schOols, colleges, anduni-. - Spot- Research is done on the- yersitits.. (See chapter on cduCa-,

local population,- on transporta:7 - tors.-) Geographers are also em7., tion and traffic-patterns, on- ployed by city-and county govern-, agriculture and local products, on ments as planners;:as directors of soil-and-geologic structures; The.. -urban'renewal, ,as consUltahts on geog pher might consuit'economists, _various:problems.' State goVern-, -and'a.gineers: familiar with the mentS commission geographers to area. Area reSidents might be in- carry.out particular studies; such

terviewed to see if they would-wel- as the wayaplanned dam May alter . come a new business. -The geogia- -the fishing of an area. pher-WIT17-learn,aboUT-Iocal and- The-Federal government hires.geo- State 20ning laws which may affect - graphers to work in many different

the.siteA.ocation. _ 'clepartments-suCh as Defense 1,40 When ail- neceAsary information ping, Aeronautical Chart And In- has been gatheted, the geographer formation Centet,'Coast.and. Geo- studies-all.the evidence; certain detic SurveyBureau of Census, factors-willbe tore important 'the-National-Weather Service, and. than others: If there are many.: the .Bureau of-Land Management. A

grocery,stores aiready:in the area, . geographer in government might hold obviously Mabel's Market will not varied,jobs from-locating a missile thrive, On the other.hand; if silo to deciding if Penobsuit:Bay zoning ordinances are currently is really,a geographic bay, and -restricting, but the town welcomes therefore,:correctly-named. Some the.idea of Mableis with enthusiL geographers serve as attaches in asm, there is a chance.that.a United States Embassy offices in, vote would change the ,zonint. foreign-countries, where they obtain and exchange map information.. Possibly, the geOgrapher 'will suggest two sites, each with dif- Geogiaphers working for ptiVate ferent advantages and disadvan- buSiness often assist in chooSing tages-.---A-report-on-tht-pbssibte tht best locations for new br -ex-.

sites will have to be ptesented. : panding enterprises such,as chains citArly so -that the people- making- of fast food,stores. Sometimes: the decisions will understand all -they plan railroad or air routes the facts. The report.might be for getting a product_to..its,mar- giVen in a speech to a._ Board bf et. 5bmetimes they research ef7 Directors,'uSing.tables.. and graphs fects cif a newrtsort community on as illustrations'. 'Perhaps-site ,an existing. town sewage system. photographs or maps wilLbe pro- .Geographers might also work for, vided with a.writterLreport. textbook -and map publishers,' for geographer with training in plan- travel agencies, or forTrivate ning would include steps for car- research foundations. tying-out the location of Mabel's and note the budget for each step. 62

College Preparation is Necesaa2y A Geographer Also Needs S ecial Skills Acquiring-the skills of-a geographer takes years of, training. In addition to an-ability to pre- After high school, four Or more sent information:clearly and to-read years of college is required._ an'd sometimes constrmt maps, the Not all who-work in the field geographer often has special train- concentrated their Study'Specific-,ing in-surveying. And in the use of' .ally on geography while in col- meteorological inStruments.: _Aerial lege; math Or engineering-might photographs,and photographs,taken have been the maih,course with 4. by satellites require a trained.eye numberof coursei in geology,-geo- to spot specific-geographid fea- graphy, or education,' tures '7-- a mountain does-not stick- up on an aerial photo.' knowing how A-person. with a Bachelor. of to=usaa cOmputer te compilesta- Arts or Sciencadegree in geo7 tistics.or to pinpoint map readings graphy..and the required ceurses

. is an asset to ail geographers. Oc, in-leducation-could-teach-in-ele

casionally a geographer is called . mentary or high schoOl. .Another- upon to Construct models'of terrain.' person,might choose further study in cartography.. Other four-yeary Findin- Work college graduates with training in geography might -become junior Geographers looking for government planners, or work as editors for jobs are usually required to pass textbook firms after they-acquired a written examination. Others some teaching experience. .- ofteri look for openings in Jobs in Most practicing geographers Geography, published ten times spend at least two years after yearly by the Associatiori:,of-Ameri- college earning a master's degree. can Geographers. The American- Many study for three or more Institute of Planners also keeps years beyond college and earn a its members informed of available doctoral degree. A doctorate is positions. Chances for jobs in 'an asset to a geographer in find- geography are likely to grow as con- ing work and a necessity for those cerns about land use grow at Feder- who want to teach in colleges and al; State, and local levels. Prob- universities. All geographers lems of urban planning will require have basic training in geography; people with geography and planning specialty courses ,are also taken. expertise. Economic geographers take many eonomics courses; physical geo- Some Advanta es, Some Disadvanta-es raphers study geology and perhaps meteorology. The political In th6ir work, geographers enjoy /geographer is helped by courses contact with many professionals, in history, political science, such as architects, engineerS, and sociology. ,The urban geo- politicians; and geologists. Occa- grapher should understand the sionally a task will require travel-

/ legislative process. The car-to- or:hiking intoa remote area to Helping to I grapher takes many special cour- verify a map-point. ses in various aspects of map- change.a run-down=neighborhood can making. beargreat satisfaction, but change

6 6 63

often takes a long time and the a chance to exchange ideas about geographer or planner soMetimes proposed changes. :There is:prob- does not -see immediate.results ably someone with geography train- from the work. Findink.a sitp ing involved in planning the for new business tan be nerve- changes. Try attending a hearing wracking if local residents are and asking what the geographical suspicious or hostile, but the considerations are. Think about, satisfaction of doink a job well how you A-muld plan a new recreation and of bringing new services or area or a business site. jobs to an.area often outweighs AlmoSt all geographers-are in- such_annoyances.-Dealing with a variety of, people and problems terested in maps. Look at an atlas requires a cool head-and an alert in your library to-see the,variety -mind, of- information given. Helpyour family plan a trip on road maps* What:About You? Or, choose a site for your Own, ideal existence, whether in- a city No doubt.there are changes cu -or-th-6-WOOd'S7--what-geographic rently,being planned in your feattires would be necessary:for community -- a new road, or a survival,, for,erijoyment? -Planning the uses of spaae and placeCan: new business. Publit hearings be a challenging problem.,

often are held to give people ,

(3 7 CISEII1E1=L:ILL/4-IL

What do geographers Ao? They work-with problems of space and place.

Are -there Aifferent_ kinds of geographers? Yes, some help choose the best location for bLisinesses. Some study:the boundaries between., countries, and states. ,SoMe are interested in changes ih the surface cif the earth-a-hd in climate. Some want to know how-a nearby ri_ver or mountain affects city life and -vice-versa.

Where do geogranhers%work? Most teach in schools. Others work.for: '* government agencids * private bus-ineSses book and map publishers

0 Does a.geographer. need special -skills and educati.on? .Both. Most geographers go .to schodl _for two or more years after college-. Special skills that rffi-ght'be needed-are: reading satellite-nhotos, surveyingQusing Meteorological instruments, us.ing a computer.-,.

V at about map-making',,don't geographers make mapsT- Some do, but most maps ace_made by cartographers. Cartoaraphers, heed a college education and special skilkS. in drafting andusing complex 'mapping machines'. Most-crtographers work for the govern-7 ment or 'For map publishingoompahies.

How does the future Too.k fdr geographers? Quite good. Planning the,use of-_land is a growing part of government work. But teaching jobs are scarce. 65

SOurces of Additional Info±intion

Association of American Geographers 1710 16th Street, N.W. Washington, D. 20009 Careers in Geogra hy, edited by Saivato e J. Natoli. Free booklet.

American InStitute Of:Planners 917-15th Street, NAT.' _Washington,j).d\= 20005 Ralph .11TheChallengedflirban'Planning.';1 Hirach. Article', Also has-readi-g list ava4.4' le.

National Council for,Geographic

115 North Marion \, Oak.Vark, Illinois 603.01

Geographers and What They po._ lilliam Warntz. NeWYork: _Franklin Watts,-Inc 1964.

Practical Work in GeOgy.= 'Gamier. London: Edward-Arnold; 1_963. 66 7. POLITICAL SCIENT S7S

Political science is the study of ( Pol 'caUse-i-P-Plias are also politics.It is, not a.surejire cpneeth abbut -how-a-tystem of method of.electing your favorite government affects people.,'HOw candidatp, theUgh the election of .are their lives- influenced by,the , your candidate is part of the -goVernmental:system in which they -study. Political scientists are live? 'How does it affect their interetted in the governments of work', their diet, their income, - townsi counties, ttates, and,na- ,Pr their housing? Does America tions,. They investigate why the today fulfill:the intentions of ,governtent has rthe goals that it the Bill of Rights? Do we inter- does, apd why,people accept those pret our Constitution the. same way, goals. What ideas of government people did nO years ago? Have make democracy -different from the mainlan&Chinese-created what' communism or from a, monarchy?' 'M40 intended 20 years ago?' Rolitical scientitts altd-want to know,about what promotes in- The questiOnsabeut governments' /ternational cooperation and what are Many;_the problemt are endless. The future, is a Puzile.' ,TherPfore, causes:conflict= Is thp United. Nations a successful peace-keep- a.political Stientist usually ing body?' Whattauses war? :chooses only one facet-of politics- , on. which tO concentrate. A spe- The structure of government cialty might be-political partici- --7 theCongress, the Pentagon, pation, the government of.a par- the Tre4tury Department, or,the ticular country, of international Parliaftent and the Central Commi relations.- :tee are studied carefully by _ political scientists.'They,want You Were 4 Political Scientist to knowby whatprocess gover6- mental goals are carried out. If you were.a political scientist, Do citizens participate in the' hired-to-find outabout political process? Is:there a Pearlyword's Chances for re-elec- Yote? ,Is there a royal proclaMa- tion,'what would.You do? You tion? Does power-in, the govern- would study J.Q.'s voting,record, ment rest with the people governed, his proposed lawt,,and theprets .;With the army, with the church, coverage hp has recently receiVed. with land-holders, or with a king? -You would also stpdy the pOtential. _

7 1

67 68

voters where they live, their private firms on a contract basis.. income their age, etc. Records -Others are paid a fee to write on J.Q. .and his legislation would ;occasional articles for magazines, be available from his offiee,or newspapers, or journals in their non-:teaching timel-. the library. To find out about. public reaction to J.Q. yoU will The Federal government employs probablY have to interl.ileW many political 'sientists in the Foreign peopleim-person or on the tele- Service, the Agency for Internation- The responses-to-questions phone. al Development, the Department_of. will most likely'he coded.for com- Health, Education, and Welfare, puter input. Many people may give and many other departments. Most a favorable response when asked work for the U.S. State Department. about Representative Pearlyword'S in Washington, D.C. State govern- welfare proposals and this re- ments also hire political scien- sponse Wijl-appear on the compu- tists to help,plan, administer, or However, the re- ter printout. do research on individual programs. spense,,"J.Q. is a:it@VII".is Individual elected officials em- more difficult to trace to a-par- ploy political scientists as ai4es " ticular-election issup and advisors. When all your information has Some political scientists werk- been gathered, you mill decide. for the firms,which conduct polls' which items are'moSt importaht. that- tell-us- howthe-public feels- Will'theGOverner's opinion of about a Certain iSsue or howTopu-.. J.Q. Matter as'muchas'the ()Pin- lar a Particular candidate ion Of the folks from J.Q.'s heme day. A few political scientists town? Will,his past voting record.seekoffice-themselves. Others against welfare funding_ affect his trained-in political science :current proposed :legislation?. 'write,about current eveht-s: Some When you have a Clear picture. of, who-Study political science in JA.'s chances in the coming elec- -cullege go on to law school or tion, you will probably discuss graduate study.in.publiCadmini- You your findings with hiM. -stration, then.become-lawyers OT might write-a rePort for his,cam- _specialists in some branch of'gov7 paign manager You might- be asked- urnMent. work. to.predict J.Q.'s chances of win.-- ning a higher office in-the fu-. In all of these jobs-political

ture. Your task could be to sug- . cientista need to be self-disci- gest campaign Changes thatiwould -plined,and responsible. They are win more_ votesd or simply:to re- often asked-to solve-problems port current public sentiment which have-no easify.recognized. solution. They need energy to 'WherePolitical Scientists Work keep,pressing for information and. for-new ways .of approaching prob Approximately 80 percent of.poli- lema. _They need adaptability to tical scientists teach in colleges deal with .a,variety of peliticel

and universities. (See chapter . issues And people.. They also need- on educators.N In addition to patience for-detailed work. teaching and aaMinistrative duties, some do research jobs for goVernment agencies, or for 69

An Aide tO a Member of the State Legislature.

-. Talks about His Job.

As a legislative aide what different taSkt'and a-tiv are you likely to Ido during-,your.working,time? ,

I he I p the Rep retentat i vets conSt i tdents

I. send.coples of legislation,- help eoMe'find tel Lthem_their:sCores±en_civil service tests, help tome f nd.,answers.caboyt 'ava I !able servides and-Iveterans' benef its.

wr te press re I eases -onI eg s 1 at 1 on government programs,. on -action, by the Governor. The5e- releaset- are reviewed and approved-by the .Repretentative.before :they are sent to newspapert.- establ ished a filing and index system on legislative bi I Is, those initiated by my boss as well as those

fI ed by others.

I ma i nta i n contact w i thlobbyists who reprent spec ialinterest groups .------

1 Coordinate .the Search for co 1 lege-s udent voldnteers - to work for legislators

you have.much independence in .yeur work

A great deal The job grows with.you. WorK1 creates.I

thore work. When' I see that work needs-,to 'be 4one; I. do i t.

What, was your educational preparation

I have a B.A. in Pol itical -Science, butI ,an selftaught to a great. extent.

How did yeu-_get your job as a legislative 'aide? 1- spent one year as a volunteer for-a jpolitical campaign and Introduced myself to-:my current b ss at the victory

party. 1 appi led for this position wOle I. was still a student.

How might others get ajob like yours?

/ Sending a formal job application. Usiyrg pertonal contacts.

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Are there any special skills which -are helpful to a person in your position?

Yes '. you need to have some ability to w ite draft versions . of legisiation and todo legal. research You need an ability to read quickly and write well . It is helpful to have some graphic arts skills for campaign lif6rature

What_pPrsonality_characteristics,are'needed.?__ You need to be able to work' with 'people with different philosophies. You need to believe in the political -protegs.

-Edudationat Pre aration- Findinglob--

Students who graduate from a.four- For those seeking jobs, help is year college with a bachelor's most often found through .contacts. Professors earl advise their gradU- degree in political science may ,- find-work as trainees in govern- ate students about teaching-open- ment_programs,,in personnel work, ings. A student who has Volun- 'or, with the right cqntacts, as teered io-worksfor a pOlitical c. _ , legislative aides.- A master's .Paign may hearthat another can- degrec, obtained after several didate needs help or that .an-in- years Of further study,, is helpful cumbent has an-opening for an aide. when looking for a job in private Government openings are usually research firms. A master's de-r posted in the agency where'the gree is also needed for teaching opening exists; thgse jobs usually in,community and junior colleges require a written examination in

addition to- interviews.: . A doctoral degree, which,requires seven.or more years ofedu- The%American Political Science .cational training after.high Association has a placement ser- school, is essential to most po- vice to help its members-find jobs . litical scientists. -Political. And if new graduateSTind-jobs, scientists who are.directors-of they are both very talented and government agencies.and those who very lucky. There are'very few teach at colleges and Universities job openings in teaching or in must have a doctoral.degree. government_work.. Perhaps a re- vamped legislative system will

_ In addition to their-knowledge authorize-funds for aides and ad- of politics political scientists visorsjor-each member of State should be familiar with economics, legislatures andhe U.S. Congress, geography, sociology, and history but.until that time, :there are more The ability to work with statis- political,scientists than.there are tics'is also an asset. jobs._ This situation is likely to continue for-five-to ten years. z 71

There is iome posSibility for ,scientist may hope to become a back-and-forth movement in.pOli- chief:advisor to a government = tica.l.science jobs. Some teach-, agency or perhaps administrator , ,ers leave their studies for govern- of a government program Or department jobs, some government offi- ment., A person might hope to leave cials-return to teaching. There A job as advisor to a State Repre- are alSo-opportunities for advance- sentative for:the office of a ment.. Qhce in'a joh,'a political U.S. Senator.

Satisfactions and Difficulties

What do you find satisfying about your job as a legiSlative aide?

I like tO meet people; I enjoy calling cobstituents and giving them good news. It's satisfying to set up a good system (li,ke my billindex) -that-wo-rks well and to participate in some;way_ in-the passage Of meaningful legislatiOn.

Are there any aspects of your job.that are upsetting?

.There are about-any Job. I don't like' to'give a. constituent bad news.. Thoy think- it's my fault. It's Ailflcult to cope with .disappointMent when you feel that someone you like has voted the

"wrong" way. I am painfully aware that-soMe good work gets Shot-down through politi-cal ,games-:- I, Could not work for someone who operated in' this-Way.

Were.there any particular experiences which led you into the political science fiefd?

Yes,in high school I participated fn the=Model

United Nations program. Later I was active-in the

anti-war, moveMent where I met seme very dynamic

andrcOmmitted people. I also 'earned a-lot 'by listening while tending bar at political parties

(and I didn't have to pay to get in). ical Science for You? single course_ Of action Oh each -- iSsue. To find out if the field of po Velunteer to Work for a local tical science is for you, ask candidate for election--.-, -Study yourself which courses you most your local government to-see what -enjoy now. If the answers are aetion you can take-to make,changes,. history,-civics, or sociology -- to influence other votes, and-to you're on the right track. If make your opinion known to offi- -dealing with many different prob7 -cials. AlSo learn what opportuni- lems upsets- you,_political science ties_for inflUeneing..the government ,-may not be for.you. Read current are not within your reach or the news magazines; imagine your ad- teaeh of the average citizen. Even vice to congressional leaders tolli if you do not choose to become a campaign fAnancing,- or honoring political scientist, a I.ifetime of our military commitments in var- involvement in the political-pr6-- Imagine ious:parts of the world. cess can be interesting and de- some of,the possible conflicts in-. manding. volved in having to recommend.a

'Soure of Additional Information

Departmental Services program: 'American-Political Science AssociatjoiiT 1527 New Hampshire AvenUe' -WashIngton, D.C, 20036 Careers_and the. Study of_PcaiticalScience, Mary H. Curzon, editor -Booklet, singlecopies-25*..

American Academy of Political and Social Science 3937-Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 ublications list gives an idea.of varied' topics of interest to political scientists and other sociaLscientists.

7 6 :SOCIOLOGISTS

Sociologists study the many groups that man forms families,'.tribeg, communities, and states, and a great variety of gocial, religious, business, and other organizations that have arisen out of 'li.ving_together-, They study-and behavior and-An- teration of these groupS, trace their-origin and growth, and_analyze the influence of, group activities on individual members.1

'Some sociologists specialize.in group.member\departs from normal problems ofcthe family. Some are behavior.' If faces are usually most interested.in. urban problems. -painted blue, what happensyhep .0thers:conceptrate on the effects a group member paintS'hig/her of living rural setting or face red?, ih an underdeveloped country. Systems of edutation,' economics, How Does'A Sociologist Study' G172,14q or politics, and their effects on each other and on people are stud- All Sociologists condudtreseareh. ied.- Sociologists anaryte methods If a 'sociblogist decided tustudy_; 'of influencing.public opinion and a groutrof 16-year-old friends, of dealing with large crowds of there.aremany-ways!the study - people. The methods of sociolog could be carried out. cal research -- of surveys; of ,case studies, of controlled ex- -First, the sociologist would agk -periments -,7_.:are the primarrcon-- question --for example,''.'How. cern of other sociologists-. do group.members interact on an- individuari basis?" or ."Oh.what .AII sociblogists are concerned basis rio members choose a group with norms, oraccepted behavior leader?"..-To answer the question,' and beliefs which group memberg :the eociologist uses varions Meth- Use to regulate their actions. ods,of'gathering facts.- The sodi- They are interested in how members ologist might just obserVe the' function witlhin accepted "normal" group. The sodiolOgist.might'par- behavior patterns-. They also ticipate in.the group hang want to know what happens when-a around with the gang for a while,

1 --Raymond W Mack;-A Career ih Sociology'', p.6.

7 7

.73 74

_go .to clasS; meet with group mem- for example, the,studtnt with many- bers in lbe hallways and after home probleMs may talk more fre- school. Eventually each member quently with certain group members .of the group woUld probablytalk who. offersupport.' to the sociologistpriVately or Drawing on specific.information fill out a questionnaire tonstruc7 the.sociologist is able to,make: The sod.; tedipy the soCiologist. general statements about-the group., "Who are your ologtst might ask: .Examples of such siateMents might best friends?" "If,yOu;have a be: members talk frequently,-And' school problem, which of your each offers.the btheraympathetic- friends would help?". "If you are help for family problems; the upset- about an argument at home, group meets dailyat-iggie's ice -Which of your friends would you Cream, Griselda is.the group leader tell?". A chart might -be made.. 'in this setting because she buys . showing whom each member of the everYone-hot fudge sundaes. group picked as a best, frien& -Me-sociologist_ might_compare 'Gtiselda -relationships'in.Griselda's-grouP: withthostof,another group in Irma Alfred School.. if every.group-.in,school were stUdied the sociologistwoUld Herman _probably use a computer to file. and sort information. After com-7. The sociologist might look at' pleting a study, the sociologist town recoirds'to find information writes areport telling hoW the aboutthgfamily of tech group research. Wes-.conducted. Certain memberie/she might want to sociblogiSts prefer te conduct-re-;. knoW wha' work the family members SearCh through'controlled experi- do and how muCh money they make. tent; others prefer'a.method in- If school records are available, volving sympatheticunderstanding gtades or,the reportS of the guid- of group processes. Describing the ance counselor-could btexamined. methods which were used.for_Con- Home-room teachers, neighbors, ducting research isA verYimpor- and relatives of group members tant part bf the sociologist's .might be interviewed report; beeause different research methods may.lead to different con- At each'step of research, tht clusions from the same sei of facts. sociologist carefullynottS every fact ..Notes may be so'Ptecise In the report, the sociologist that they tndicate how many times also tells the conclusions reached.- per day eaCh Member of the group Each Conclusion is carefully docu- talks to another member. 'Where., Merited with facts and figures. the conversations take plate Might If thtreport,states that group' also be noted. members get along withtheir par eirts, the responses of students- Next, the socblogist studies and pArents to survey questions the faets gathered and decides will-be quoted. The repert which are the mest4mportant. define layets pf society in a Facts maY be brganized in tables, school -- Griseida-is.con4idered or in.graphs; Certain sets of A itader;-Gus' is-considered d. facts may be coMpared or related: loser. Or it may doseffbe how 75

various groups -conflit and.Coop- for sotiologists to work inmental- erate, Do the artists get along.. 'health research are growing. with.the jocks?'Thereport will outline:the normssof the Students Sociologists may work,for polling It maytell how a new student firms like the Harris and Gallu0 learns'whatis important on the pollswhich sample national opinion -high school Scene,or how students on current issues For private

who do not conform to the-expec- industry sociologists work with , tations'of:other.students are=made personnel problems,'do public rela.-7 to feel-uncomfortable. tions work, and cOnduct public opinion surveys on company. image-and The ;etiologist's report might new products. be publishe&as part ofa textbook or in a journal for other socio-' -SociologiSts are also employed in logists..' (The studentS ancltheir marriage and-family clinics, in schOol would nbt be identifiedby youth organizations such as the name uniess_they had given-their' YMCA, and in CoMmunity centers. ==permiSsion)--ltrmightbe-presentedin these_settings-theymightcoun- to the school ComMittee or to the sel individuals with problems,or

, guidance department. Or, it bight administer community-wide programs be subMitted to-a private research for, health screening or recreation. firm which.had sPonored the study. .In any case, the sociologist must Criminology A Growing Tield ':write clearly. An increasing number of,socio1O- Where Sociologi- S Work gists are working' as criminologists studying the causes and-definitions = . SOciologists teach, do research, .6f crime as well as ways of pre7 counsel, and administer. ApProx venting crime. Are opr institu-; mately 80-90 percent of sociolo- tions for dealing with crime.- gists teach in colleges and uni- prisons and,the=courtsystems-- versities. Many6f them carry effective? What'is the.social or- out research projects and write ganization Of a prison? How do the journal articles in addition to 1)rocesses of punishment, probation, teaChing. and rehabilitation function? Soci- ologists might act as Probation or - Many socloloiSts conduct studies parole officers, as counselors--to--- for government, for hospital's, for' juvenile offenders, or even as' private.businesses.. Some socio-. police cOmmisioners., Others May logists working for government be hired as consultanti to research agencies do :population surveys. .a specific topic. Jobs for soci- Others studythe effeetiveness of 'ologists with.private correttional public health or educatiOnpro- services are increasing, = grams in different neighborhoods,- and-More sociologists are beComing Educational Re uirements involved-in urban planning. In evaluating health care systems, For.jobs as college teachers, as sociologists might ask: ."What consultants, or-as directors of kind of- peoPle_ticeive good medi- government programs a doctoral cal care?" "Where are doctors' -degree, requiring or more

Offides- located?" , OpportunitieS years of Study after college,

7 9 76

A-Dired- f-Research-,--State-Corrections:Depertment," Talks About His:Job

Wha askS do you perform:on thejob --

I do statistical reporting,on'the, Jourf,people through correctional insti ti.rHons.art-s*.f,ng tion's such as 41-14,1 many people-,:ar4 tution and what programs do 'theY:Oarticipate-,in?,P

1 do :ptluational research to determine.the effec- flyer' ss of different,programs an'd ihe Off'enders most and least likely to benefit from-these prO- grams. L manage a data infor ation system so that,information from my resea ch'can be used for management and policy decisio

I design research studies (questionnaires, etc.) on new programs-,--such as prison furloqghs and half-way houses

I review Tepor drafts reports1 myself,

I ,spend time telling othermhow research results

,can be understood and applied. I talk to'the

. State Commissioner and to prison wardens.

Do you engage in activities outside your workthat are related to sociology?

Yes, I teach part7time atia university 'and I,giv talks.at community organizations such as the League of Women Voters and the Lions Club.

is needed. ReSponsible pesitionS ,graduates.might also 'find Jobs as in probation work and counselin-, adMiniStrative assistants in urban .in junior college teaching, as well renewal-programs-, or as junior as in researchand-statiStical.work planners in recreation Or other are open to those-holding maSterls' Overnment departments In addition to courses-in all four years Of colle-wifttha major phases of sociology, .inciuding research methodologyi sociologiSts openings, -but some may_hope to need courses in economics,ilistory, find a job as!a caseworker in a :and. pelitical 'science, and a good- welfare agencY, as a research as- baCkground in Mchology..: Those sistant, or as-an .interviewer-In .who)(now.. methods of data.processing a 06blic opinion sUrvey Tor govern--have-greater thanCes of finding mencer private in8ustry. College jorbs

ci 77

Sociologists Find Jobs What Pedple are Sociologists?, Job,openingsin-teaching are very scarce; those thatare open are Because the limits ofsociology axe most often-located\\through one's not clearly defined, sociologists

- graduate/school professors who Peed to be independent thinkers who know abOut openings.through the 'can tackle'problems or studies/which "grapevine." .The American Soci- have not been tackled before.r- WofkL ological Association publishes ing with grourT requires social. the American Sociologist which poise and good communicating skills. 'lists-employment openings four Counselors in court syqems or in times a year. The National Coun- A family clinics need to deal objec- cill'on Crime and Delinquency dis- tively with some very emotional a Job AnnouncementBul- problems and, on rare occasOns ,letin to its members. ///tributes Newspaper With the physical'risk ii,yolved in ' ,listings often indicate openings working with criminalsoT.in for research or adminitratiVe _ down-sections. ef.cities- assistants, and civil serviee announcements are issued for openings in government work.

_ / Conflict-s and SatisfactiOns

In the-choice of a career we all bet our live Here is-the bet for 'sociology.: a fia:c.-offering-g eat in- -herent-Interest, variety, and'freedom'-- and Is() the

risks that attend these great rewards= What ekes . . going right in'sociology to satitfactory,is jtst that it is so easy to go wrong. The study of society is naturally so_interesting That,if you are:boring or --bored, it is your own fault.2

Sociologitts sometimes work in programs are net, effective-, it is-\ situations-Whereconflicts could, pessibip that,the report will'not , . - arise. They may find occasions be published in order to preserve when-their'skill at dealing with jobs and reputations. groupt Could be_used.to manipu,, _late group thinking Or to "tell" Pn the other'hand, soologists the ideas of:a particular indus- find many more situations when i their-Work is rewarding and useful_ 'try or government group. If a sociologist is hired by the,wel- to,educators, to lawmakers, or to fare department to retearch the business administrators. They effectivenesS of its programt take satisfaction from helping'peo-: 'and ',the sociologist finds the. ple understand some of the actions

'Raymond W. Mack, A Career in _SociolOgy, 78

and reactions of Socigty and from of Commerce, the Parent-Teachers

applying the'results of their re- . Association, the Knights Of Colum- search to community problems. bus, the Masons, or B'nai How are these groups alike and.how Does _Sociology interest You?' do they differ? Try to think of categories of information such as' Can you be objective about your- age, sex, jobs and numbers of mem- self and Others? Try-making a bers, list of,officers an'd duties, chart:of the relationShips in a dues, by-laws, etc,,,which you group to which you:belong, Can could resparch,in all of them. you list certain ac:tions. which 1%'ould you enjoy finding,out this would make someOne unacceptable kind of information? 'if so a to your group?Think of,groups career in sociology might be for in your, town such as the Chamber you.

lf you are interested not just in understanding for its own sake but in psing that understanding in trying to change the world for the better -- whet you conceive to be better --,through government or other social service, or even through poiiticai action, there is a place in sociology for you=3

-:Raymond N. Mack, A Career in. .FPN

8 2 79

Sources of Additional Information

American SoCiological AssociatiOn 1722,N Street, N.V. Washington,'D.C. 20036

A Career _in .SociologY. Raymond W. Mack. Free. booklet.

The Fortune Society

29 East 22nd Street: . New York, New York 10010

FOrtune News A newspaper Concerned with the prison system and the rehabilitation o criminalS.

National Council on Crime and Delinquency 411.0Hackensack Avenue: Hackansack,liew Jersey 07601 '"Carders in .the Criminal Justice System." Free:brochure.:Also.extensive reading list available mhich-is informative in itself.

Books

Inquiries in Sociology. Sociological Resources for the Socigl Sciences. -Boston= Allyn.and Bacon', 1972.

Street Corner Society. William Faote Whyte. ChiCago: The UniversitY of.Chicago Press, 19SS.

Flmto.01S_Youth. A. B. Holiingshead. ChicagO The:University of Chicago Press, 1949.

8 3 80

ace

,N0 hac hact fth

-E . LANGUAGE OCCUPATIONS

A New York taxi driver loses a'fare'because'he doesn't know Spanish. A corporate president waiti in silence whije an interpreter closes a deal With lmportant Japanese lnvestors. A nurse in Maine can't diagnose a complaint because the patient is French Canadian. An aspiring opera singer adores Cosi'fan tutte, but can't understand -- or slng a,Word of it.- A gov7, ernment scientist learns about the latest breakthrough in, solar energy a full year after it klappens, because the news :first came out Iry Russian. Jii of these people could do their work,better iy they knew a foreign ,lan-oua_ge...l

Language Skill- -- An'Asset Opportunities to 'Use Langua§,kilds,

Many Careers . *In Government Jobs (Some E_amples) The ability to use a lang ge other-than one's own is.an asset The Department of Agriculture--- 'to .any.career.' In many cases hires attach4s. Attach4s usu- knowledge of foreign-languages ally are agricultural experts ,is not the primary-'skill.requPred who also ,can use a foreign lan- for obtaining'a jOb, but it is nn guage well enough to he ableto important secondary skill. Being 'help peoply of another_country ablY .tospeak.and read a second with a farming-problem. 1.11guage in_oddition to having .skills and training as an astro- The Department of Justice hi es naut:, a/secretary, an administra- -speakers of many languages to tor, or an agricultural expertjs help at imMigration hearings. verYimportant:and a definite ad- Needs customs officers and border vantage An today's job market. patrol people who'can use anotifF1- language.

1 -Richard I. Brod and Lucille J. Hon Langua es and Careers,p.S.

81 82

The Department of State -- hires Each agency also has openings for Foreign Service and Consular varying degrees of language,exper- officials. Language skills are tise. Some employees may need not a requireMent for entry in- only skills which will carry them

_.,tothe Foreign Service, but of- . through short social encounter ficers are expected to learn a 7- "Good morning.,Nice'weather=" foreign language before they are Others will ,need to carry on de- promoted. Consular officers ar- tailed discuss-ions of trade agree--- .range visas for -citizens of oth- ments. MOst agencies'require that er countries= Secreta,-ies with employees be U.S. citizens, and the Foreign Service have excell- most also require a Written- eXami- ent chances for travel and ad- nation. vancement (often hetter than in private business), The Agency n Private Business for International Development hires ecOnoMists and political Trivate'business has thegme.a-res offiCers with langtlage skill number of ,openings for people with a'second language. Spanish, Frencb4 Office of Economic Opportunity and Portuguese are the languages needs people with skills in most,commonly-needed. One language Spanish and Native American major who had-just been hired by languages for work in ACTION. a rubber company. said, --The UhitUrNatiOnS- :-- hires gufdes,

seCte-Varies',and stenographers -From my own knowledge I could who can speak and read more than list thirty large- concerhsvwith one language= active multi7national interests and divisions.: Caterpillar, The United States Information Gveral Motors, United States Agency hires people to pro- Steel, Kraftco, General Foods, vide information and-cultural Kodak,. Yost to name a few, all services such as films, radio have.la/rge international, opera- broadcasts, books, and pamphlets tions./ (Foreign Lanqu&es ond in.the language of the host Careers, p.30.) country. -The Peace .Corps, the Department many U.;S. companies with offices of Defense,..the Narcotics Bureau nbroad'make it a policy to hire of the Treasury'Department-all citizens of the host country= need peoplerwho can speak-a lan- Often, however, these companies 'guage, in.addition to English.. still place, executives abroad or \, The Bureau of Census hires col- send 'aver teams of workers tO help\

lege graduates :trained in econom- set up new businesses.- . ies and-sociology who also can usp a foreign languagew10. in- The import/export business -- terviewing people in their homes cars, oil, clothinC'coming from or whop doing population,researCh otherCountries to us, and mheat, steel, and Cordwood goingkrom our pch government agency has.dif- coUntry,to another off.ers the ferent requirements as to what best chances _ employment in . professional training (such as private industry to those with political science, economics, language skills. Bilingual agri-business etej is needed. -

8 6 83

Elementary Proficiency

Able to satisfy routine-travel needs and minimum courtesy requirements. Can'ask and answer questiOns or topics very familiar to him... Errors in pronuncia7 tion and grammar are frequent but can be understood by a native speaker- used to dealing with foreigners attempting to speak his language. Any person at [this] level should be able to order ,a simpie meal, ask for shelter or, lodging, _ask and give simple-. directions, make purchases, and tell- time. Able to read some personal and place names ,street signs, office and shop designationS, numbe s, and, isolated words and phrases.

Limited Working

Able to satisfy r-oytine social demands and_ limited work requirements. Can handle with confidence but notwithfacility most social situations including introductions and casual conversations about current events, aswellas work,familyandautobiographical information. ,Can-9etj-he giSt of most conversatio-hs on non-technical subjects...Accent, though often quite faulty, isinteligible... Does not have thorough- or 'conf ident control of the grammar. With extensive use of a ,dictionary can get the --general sense of- routinebdsiness letters, international neWs-items,\or articles in technical 'fields within his competence.

Miiimum Professional Proficiency .`.". Abia....to participate ;n most formal and informal conversations on practical, social and professional topics... Vocabulary is broad enough that he rarely has to gropefora word;_ accent may .be obviously fordign; control of grammar good:, errors never inter- fere with understanding and rarely disturb the native speaker.- .- .Able\toread standard newspaper items addressed to the general reader, routine/correspondence, reports and technical`daterial in,l4is special ,field.... without using a dictionary. -School of Language Studies, Foreign Service Institute, U S Department of State: 8 7 84

secretaries who are-capable of follow. . Banking needs tellers, tallcing on the phone, writing a economists, and foreign exchange letter,- greeting people, and mak- experts Who know another language ing appointments in two languages as well as how many rubles OT yen are much in demand. Clothing_ the dollar is worth today. _buyers whp travel to France and Italy can strike a better bargain- *In Journalism and make a-better impression if they can speak a little French or At a crucial point in recent Italian. -The car or bicycle im- history when the United States porter who can speak JapaneSe at resumed-relations With,China, dinner will have a better recep- -it was laarned that Only six tion than.the-one who_ looks blank .American:Journalists spoke ly.at his bowl of rice; Spanish, Chinese. In the whole Middle. French, and Portuguese are the East at, the time of heightened languages most,needed in impOr;/ Arab-Israell.00nflicts, only export, but new trade agreements- One professional journalist haVe. created a growing need for spoke fluent Arabic and only Arabic and Chinese. a few spoke Hebrew.:?

Tourism ObvioUsly American jcairnalists abroad who can queStion people in- Nmerican- products go to other Arabic or in Chinese are going to countries, and so do American get ihe best and quickest stories people. 'Tourists from other for their papers. There 'are for- countries Come here. Almost all eign.departments of magazines.

hotels-in foreign countries have like Time, Newsweek, and Vogue. . someone who ,can speak English,': The Reader's Digest is published but only a small- fraction of ho7 in 12 languages. Many.textbooks Is and motels\in,this country and some poetry volume's are pub-. bave someone who'can handle the lishe4 in twe languages, or bilin- needs of the foreign visitor who gual editions,'Where English ap- does not speak-English. Members pears on one page and its equiva- of hotel/motel Projett.Weicome lent Spanish, Japanese; or Russian -have agreed to bave people with on the facing page. '. knowledge of,Spanish, French, German, Japanese,'-in.addition 6 e A- to Fnglish available to assist vi'sitors. ,Travel agents,-eyer- Many people get their first glimpse seas operators, and tour gditie. Of another country througb films. are all better. at their jobs if Writingsub-titles requires thp- they can tisO a language,other \ rough understanding of-another lan- than their native tongue. guage. Film dubt2ing is a war of combining language skills with *In Banking dramatic talent: dubbers try to \match English words to the mouth Wbere American peopleond goods movements of actors speaking an- go; Ameriqan money is sure to other language (or' vice versa

Brod and Honig,NtoileLgjiLlagi.L4F2_AjrAj.?2mi, p.I7. Xithout dubbing we might imagine Other Jobs the heroine to be saying sweet 'nothings-when she is really say- Having some skill in another lan-

ing, "You creep, you.are standing guage is. useful:to many other. jobs. on my.foot." Anthropologists, sociologists, -Cultural eXchange prograts Jing 'political sCientiSts,-geographers, the Bolshoi ballet to New York. and economists may p.se another- Agents who arrange such programs language in their work. HiStorians, are going tO make a smoother ex-- librarians_, and-lawyers often ileed change if they can understand ability in-anOther languageso do Russian. MusicianS must be aware :policemen,' doctors and nurses, social workers, and clergy members. that espressivo andp-It_ddo not mean strong-coffee, or a sMall butl"with expression," and "plucked". Museum workers handling loan :exhibitions fromHother.countries and those-doing research:in art history would also/lbe helped by some ability in-another language. / 86

LANGDAGE AS A PRIMARY SKILL I.p.21Treters,.Jranslators, Teachers

Interpreters speaker is still talking._ If the Premier says, "Nice to meet you," Interpreting,and translating are in Chinese and then stops and two careersin which ranguage Waits for Inez to say the same skills are Of primary importance. thing in English, this is:called- The.interpreter listens to some- consecutive interpretation. In- one speak in Chinese in. French, terpreters may usel)oth methods or in Swahili, and then speaks in one day. the same words in anOther lan- .guoge, such aS English or German. 'Conference Intertreter

Imagine that Inez.haS.heet'hired Much of an-interpreter's work is as the interpreter for a'group of ' done at conferencessu0 as the American journallists visiting Po- Disarmament Conference-in Geneva, Acing. If the Premier-begins !his Switzerland, which has sted for welcome in Chinese'and Inez iM- 25 years. Other internationdl mediately.begins in English, she conferences are, of course, of is_ doing simu- aneous inter re shorter duration. Simultaneous tation, interpreting while the. 87

interpretation is preferred at nnd poetrY.. This is very diffi- conferences. -The- United Nations cult workrsince word-for-word interpreters do simultaneous in- translations may destroy the-art terpretation; the turn cif and feeling-of the original. Here can bring:you a representative's the reproduction of the original

- remarks in four other languages. author's- theught and feeling is. mostimportant. The English ver- -l'Escort Interpreter' sion of Dostoevski's Criffie and Punishment is consideredn.sgreat .When Chinese,acUpuncture'experts a work of literature and as power-- come here for-a conference, Inez' ful as the-original Russian. might be hired as their escort Most translators specialize in interpreter. Her tasks would an area of non-fiction writing. include: helping with_hotelre,_ ScientifiCTtnh-s-ratOrt-§ -specialize' servations;. ordering meals; mak- in chemistry, medicine, aeronau- :ing phone call§; leading'tours of tics; or physics for example. hespital§, city sights and art mu- Other translators are specialists seums; shopping for presents to in law or economics. Translators bring, home to the kids; anil'just 'who specialize understand the chatting seciably. During the vocabulary Of4i1leir field and course of a tour she might also usually' have some- basic training do some translation of a travel in the specialty., . brochure, or of correspondence from American-doctorS inquiring What Translators Do about acupuncture. A translator with a letter, a .Translators research report-, or an'advertise- ment to translate will first read Translators work with written the entire text for general under- words.. Books written in Russian standing. As reading progresses, are translated into piglish; the unknown words are underlined.- Bible has been publiShed in al- Next the trxislator looks-up un- most every known language. Trans- known words,in dictionaries,or lators refer to languages-as refresh'his/her memory about "source" and "target"--languages. a,neW proces§ mentioned by check- Tony has 'been hired to translate ing a research-report. A trans-., sales brochures for La Dolce Feeta 'iator must 'have availble and Italian shoes. The brochures are know how,O. use a great many ref- written in Italian; this is called -etence boelkS. After all unknowns- .the,source language. Tony will_ -have becote knowns.,-Jhe translator translate the brochures into En- prepares 4 first-draft. It might' glish, the target language. Usu- .bo typed'er tapp-/recorded. When ally the target language is the the draft is cempleted, the trans- translator's native or "mother" lator checks it for accuracy. tongue. The report must be as easily read in:English as it was'in the origi- Translators Special i ze nal.langUnge. Usually §everal:

. drafts are made before.a trans- Translators usually specialize in lationis coltiplete. A translator's a.certain area. Literary trang- work is sometime§ checked by a lators translate novelS, plays,

9 1 reviewer or revisor, a person Special Ski.11S with a lot of experience in both translation and work ih a spe- Translators and interpreters are _cialized field. Reviewers.point Often competent typists'and'steno- out errors or sometimes change' ,gr'aphers: Verbatim reporterS at the translation to be sure that tho;United Nations take shorthand it is understandable. at 200 words per minute Trans- lators and interpreters have li- Translators, like interpreters, brarTskills which enable them to often work at conferences-and use dictionaries, encyclopedias, meetings. Translators at con- -and research reports with ease ferences usually,work in:teamS. They operate recording machines Some meetings,require word-for- and often heft earphenes and micro- word transcrip_tsothers_only_ phones-frem7one-conference-rooM-to----- Short summaries,of proceedings. another. Interpreters must,concen- 0 a word-for-word report of pro.- trate on every:word said,- and re- cedings iS needed quickly trans- member each phrase without stumb- lators may Work in ten-mihute ling ,Devotien to acCuracy is shifts, using a tape recorder impOrtant for both the interpreter While in the meeting. ' Next, the and the translator. Justi.magine translator does the translation thedifferences between our "to," and'passes it -immediately to a "too,". and "two," between a home, typist. If there'is no hurry "run," a "run in a stocking," and a translator may have,several a trial "run" -- and some'of a months in, which to'prepav a ver- translator's and interpreter's batim report. Troblems are obvious:

Trainin and Pre :a .on When you think of physical,skilis ers and Translators needed by interpreters and translators, you might,think:of a strong A college degree:is uSually ne- arm for vax.rying suitcases from cessary for translators and in- city to city, 'or ,the,good hearing terpretersbecause they need to. needed for interpreting, but who know a gre'dt deal about the bis7 ever considered a strong-tongue tory, politics,_art, and litera-, and vocal chords? The opera star ture of_laoth their own country and- and the interpreter can both'be other 66untries. Translators and put:out of service by a hoarse interpretOs must know:correct voice. The ability to form cer- grammar, spelling and phrasing; tOn sounds;'. like the "click" they mUst understand gestOres and- Sound calle&for.in some African Slang. For.example, the European languages takes, a great deal of -gesture for parting.in some Coun- practice and a flexible tongue. tries looks,very much like an Kissing fi5h could ptObably sound American "come here.% Interpre- /a'better French "u" thah mest ters and transiatorS also need to 'Americans on their first try. understand different dialects or variations.in accent and usage, wtihin a language. Special training courses for certifiCation in translation and interpretation :are available.in severalschools./ 89

Personal Qualities

Certainly in the'case of a free-lance translator working at hOme, self-di cipline is essent.i-al. Perfectionism is Useful, both in poliShing the English of the finished text and in getting the proper terminology. Finally,. honesty: not taking on work beyond one's abi[ities, :and meeting dead- lines religiously. Failure to attend to the latter two points'is invariably fatal to a career. -A Translator

63 Sometimes a great deal of tact is but she has difficul y making called for in explaining the cus- trayel arrangements; she is not toms of one country to visitors likely to adapt well to life aS from _another. Grabbing.your-roast a travelling interpreter. Adap- with your hands may be frowned ow tability dnd independence are two: at the Ritz, but in another place personal quaiities needed.forhis it may be the only porrite thing kind of work: Interpreters need to do. Aunt Suzabelfe may be able the poise {common to all.good-pub- to dream fluently in four languages, lit speakers and they need to be quick thinker

TallAn_vAth a Translator Who Runs His Own Business

What- different kinds ok tasks do .you:Zo'dittingyour working ,time?

In order of time spent', frowmost to least, I translate texts on my dictating machine;'sellmy serviceS to clients; do the minimum amount of office and administration work needed tooversee my office help and tYpists.

In what particular geographic areas are there likely to be high concentrations of translator Washington, D.D. has theelargest number of translators, -followed ,by Nem York City, buta free-lance translator can work wel,1 anywhere as long as the postal service exists. go"

What about the future?What do you think is the- general outlook through the next five'years for people who are translators; Will they be 'able to find work?

Yes, I:jut hey MUst keep abreast of the.rsttuation through m-mbership in. organrzations'such as the American ranslators AssOciatiion. ,They.must-edlebt the languges that forai-a pool of workT(e.g_, PUssian, erman, Frenbh ln thei,,base. oftechnical translator-; Arabi-6, Faral,- and-Romenien for-fhos with polit cal or intelligence careersin:mind). They must p rovo their superiority:Fathf:VaSt-see of infi ior -trangTators whD-clurter up thefield and often give It a bad.name.

What chauges do you foresee in twenty year

I ri .r ii s -f computerstordvocabu Iur les and gI c ar ies, decreased importance of Raper dictionar' s / * More us of teletype and telek to link translator and c ent, rather than the slow and'ih- efficient m 11; * Universal use of dictating equipmenti nstead of typindto pr duce trans]ations.

\ Finding_ Jobs_ Directory of Translators which record Aualifications of indi- After all their training is cot- viduals.- Free-lance interpreters pleted, how do translators _nd and translators= mustj)ound doors Tho e and use the phpne to' reind coMM- , interpreters find jobs? who Want-to work for the uni ed cial services, businesst s, and Nations take a'written exam a- publishers Of their talents and tion. Most government.jobs re availability. obtained, by taking the.Feder Service Entrance Examination and,. Free-Lanc Work-. follow-up interviews. The Asso7 ciation of Professional Trans a-- The majority of interpreters and tors has a placement service. AranSlators do free-lance,work. Membership in the American Tr ns- They do not work for any single' lators Asseciation and the Am ri-- company and do nen reCeive a can Society:of ,Inteipieters m y salary, Some interpreters and provide'needed contactS. Liss translators sign:term contracts of translators With specializild with an employer'for the length skills are maintained in London of a-b9ok, a research report., a and New York. There aredireC- conference, 9r a tour.. They are tOrieS such as the International-. then paid a fee:on completion of. 9 91

their work. Interpreters are or research reports'-- for a- fee. usually paid by the day., and Some agencies have a small full- while they are-travelling, all time-staff,- but since there are so their expenses are paid. :Trans- many languages to be translated, lators may-be paidby the day, most maintain a list of translators by the.page-, by the number of with their -languages and areas of- words translated, or by the hour.' special knowledge. The agency calls,the translator, who is- paid 'Work Settings by the/agency when thettrabslation -is coMpleted. Interpreters and- translators whb work full-time and who are paid /A.few translators and interpre- salaries ate rare indeed. :There -.fens ate employed On a salary basiS _ --are-only-several- hundred"in-the- =by41miti,national-private-busineSs.,- country and most of them workjoy and research foundations. the U.S. Government. The Language Service Division of the U.S. be Advancement parttent of State has theitgest staff of full-time interprters .It is occasionally possible for a and translators; it alsehires stenographer.with language exper- many free-lance workergifor con- tise'tp break into-the transl,ation =Terences and speciali;assignments. field by doing some translation If the target langurge is English, at conferences. .Translators and an interpreter or1frànslator for -interpreters who have been working this division ne sito-know two for years dften mOve,up to become revipwers and rbvisors-ofother_ other languages/Ifl. the inter-_ translator's work IntOpreterS pretation or.tOnslation,is from . English,!only,;. ne other language move up to becPl 1e coordinators of all interpretin. activities at is-required. he Joint Publica7- ': -large conferences. They Often have tions Research Service of the , Department of Commerce does many a handin actual planning Ofsome

translations for other government international conferentes,.since , agenOies. much of the succeSs-- of the meeting depends upon good i-nterpretation. When thinking ofAnterpreters _and translators, many peoploithink Problems and- Satisfactions immediatelyibf the United Nations. U.Ninterpreters must know!three Some of the problems an oscor of -the 'five official U.N. languages terpreter laces are öbvilous -- ChineSe, English, French, Span- irritable andldemanding'tour mem= ish., and. RusSian. Very few Ameri- bets, and the pressures and ex- .cans have been able to meet,the haustionof constant travel and difficult requirements for a-job irregular-hours. as A U:N. interpreter or transla- - -Other problem.are not so obvious. , ton. . The,interprcter must be very care- Commercial translation agencies ful-at-to allow his/her personal-, are busiasseS which translate ity to intrude while interpreting.°, :,,whatever,people need translated A peacemaker must faithfully trans= 'correspondence, architectural late every hot word of a nasty instructions, business contracts; aa-guniient. A translator must.put 92

as much effort into something he as a bridge between peoples.' or she considers boring and use- Helping governments cooperate, less as that considered fascinat- business people.make trade.agree- tang and a contribLition to.world ments, and one country appreciate understanding. the poems and novels of another I is an opportunity open to few The greatest sense of satisfaction for most translators and people interpreters comes from acting

Rewards and Conflicts

What do you find rost satisfying about being a translator? To those who may think of translatiOn as a dult'job ot looking up words fln dusty dictionaries,1 say,

look at me. I have made the business fit my per7

sonality. 1 meet interesting people on 'ffly assign-

ments, I go into laboratories to learn the parts of

machines, I trayel, and.1 am respected as a crafts- man who excels at his trade. The laSt is every

man's goal, I feel.

1 set-the pace. I can wOrk4hard, or not at'all.

1 can work all night, weekensi or,go away for-9 month -(provided I'Ve made'arrangements for,work to

be done in my absenCe,-of cdurte).So,,Ireedom is 4fLE uppermost in the list of good thingt. Secondly,

I can continue wOrking without fear Of being laid

off at 65. Third, J can-do my work anywhere,-even on a plane wiith a portable dictating machine, earn-.

.ing my fare 0/1 flyilFourth, the money I earn is very good Jorlmy needs... and- fter a childhood of poverty, that/s fine

What do you find least satisfying about your work? I'm a perfectionist..-.-the work is never going to

be:good enough tO Satisfy'Jne. I can't hope to know

everything'about a:given field, but I. will try my

best. Even so, I sometimes feellike a charlatan,

delivering a tall& on a'subject about which I kilow little if anything -- the words are in good English,

but the jargon might make an expert, in the field , Are there any conflicts that translators might have to deal with?

in . found'when I spent some tiMe as a translat the intelligence community in Washington-that could not sleep at night, thi.nking that my translations were being fed into a computer that would determine the number of missiles to be launched at +he Soviet Uni,en and its allies in the event of a war, to ensure.maximum destruction of the places

and people about whom l had written.

Lansuage Teachers on 4Ineators. If teacher have any energy left, they may do rans- How do interpreters translators, lation work in theirnon-tleaching- time. fotegn service officers, etc., . . , I I learn other languagesT Thereare There are-various qUalifieations- over 80,000 teachers of languages necessary. for different teaching in elementary schools, high,scheo jobs. Elementary and high schOol colleges, universities, and pri- teaching usually requires" a mas- vate schools. Some teach foreign ter's degree (five years !after languages to English-speaking-stu- high school) -with .many cOurses in dents; some teach English to language and education.[A doc speakers of other languages. toral degree (Seven or more years

Sone teachers Speciali.ze in after high school):is. n4essary . linguistics, the study.of lan- fel- college teaching. PFivate guage structure, of graMmar and schools have varying requirements. vocal:patterns. People who are Native speakers of lang 'ages other than English can Someti es find linguists stUdy the common and ; differing elements in all lan- paid or volunteer:'positions as guages.- Most linguists are teacher aides though'tqy have no teachers, ut some are anthro- formal education. 1 pologists and others are involved in developing computer What Ab9utYou!? languages. A few hope to find a commonlanguage which all peo- Does working and using Ianother lan- ple could 'share., thereby helping guage sound excitingt4_ you? Your to create a more peaceful world. best chances are to de.elop your Esperanto ahd Interlingua'are language skills while _cquiring attempts at such a language. training/in another field such-as chemistrY,engineeringjor market- In addition to teaching duties ing. Remember:that interpreters' coadUcting vocabulary drills and translators are ai/ery small and classroom cOnversations,, tap- and,selectgroup.-'The fluency ing tomorrow's assignment necessary requires not justgood teachersgradepapers, supervise - _ but_ m arkedl_y exce11 en t, 1 an guage taco or chop-suey making for clubs, abilities,_. and much exposure to meet with students and the facul- another culture. You May have ty salary .committe (See chapter this exposure if you are Greek- 94

Italo-, or Spanish-American and magazines; listen to local-radio you are growing in a home where programs broadcast in other; lan7 two languages are spoken. guages, If.poSsible you can travel, study_or.get a job fora-while Taking two language courses in in another country. -Though few high schooljs a.good- way to begin people become full-time translators your training. Being Capable in or interpreterS-, yoU can add to _English is also important.:.JOin- your future employment possibili- ing the language club will give ties through everything you learn you soMe idea of customs of other about other-languages and other countries. Use every, chance.you people. have to,talk anotherlanguage. Try to read foreign newspapers or

Some Advice for Students Interested in Becoming Translators

o Pick a language or family of languages that is significant in translating in the United States (e.g., German, French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic).

o Learn that language inside out.

Take courses in the area in which you plan to do the translation (biology, physics, etc. for technical translators; history, geography, politics' for the translator who wants a career with -the CIA or National Security Agency),

4 Learn-to,type -- I wish I hadj

-A Technical Translator

9 8 Sources of Additional _Informa ion

American Association of Teachers of Spani-h and Portuguese chita State Univers_:y Chita, Kansas 67228

"Vocational Opportunities." Elizabeth KeeSee. Reprinted article.

Americhn Philological Association 431-32 North Burrowes Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Careers for Classicists Pamphlet,

Center for Appliea Linguistics 1611 North Kent Street Arlington, Virginia 22209 "Manpower Surve on Women and Minoriti November, 1973. Reprints from Bulle in of Associati n of llepartments of Modern-,Lang!1: \ ."The Employment Situation in Classics " W. Robert Connor: "Foreign Languagas in Ma. Communications Media." Giselle Huberman and Vadim Medish. "Language-Oriented Careers in the Federal Government."Carol S. Fuller. "Languages in Communication: Expanded Opportunities for Language Majors in Business and Industry." Loyal Gould. - "A Preliminary-Look at Potential bob Alterna tives for Bilingual Students and Students of Foreign.Languages: A Career Education-Concept." F. LeRoy Walser." "Russian for Business and CQmmerce.. " Luba H. Kowalski. Reprinted from the Liii_wst_ic F2211.21.1:. "What is aScientifie Linguist?"' 96

Modern Language Association 62 Fifth Avenue New York, New York .10011 Forei h Languaget'and_ Careers. Richard Brod and Luoille Honig. Booklet, 25 En lish, the PreProfessiona aio Linkwd E. Orange. Book1et sing-le copy 7

United States Information Agency Office of Special Programs Washington, D.C. 20547 The. _Global Communications'Revolution. BeoklbC and one-sheet descriptcOn of USIA, free.

Books: Careers with .fp_u_igE_Imi._!Inl. Angelo Cohn, New 'York: :Henry 1. Walck-, 1963, Handbook of Foreign Languae Occu _ations. jUne Lowry_ Sly2rif.== New York: Regents Pub7 lishing Compnifi-, 1966. Your Future in TransLating :and Interpreting: J.F. Hendry.- New York: Richards Rosen Press, 1969. Opportunities in ForeAgn_12111._ilge Careers. Dr. Theodore Huebener. Louisville, Kentucky: Vocational Guidance Manuals, 1975.

Additional Reso roes

American Council on the. Teaching of Foreign Languages ()2 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 40911 American Society of Interpreters 1010 Vermont Avenue, N.W. Suite 9 7 Washington, D.C. 20005

American Translators Association P:0.-Bex 129 Croton-on-Hudson, New Yor.k 10520 Internationa1 Friendshi0 League (provides pen pals) 40 MOunt Vernon Street --. Boston, Massachusetts 02108

100

ID. LAWYERS-, JUD6ES, PARALEGALS,' LECAL SECRETARIES., AND COURT REPORTERS.

LAWYERS

Lawyers are the negotiators, the adjusters, the- advisors, the draftsmen, the organiiers,-the-planr ners, the peacemakers.,. -Erwin Griswold

Every day newspapers carry ac- They ask questions and try to de- counts of activities of lawyers termine facts. What happened? in school busing cases-, in much- Who was involved?,. When? Where. publicized criminal trials, in_ Why? divorce cases of famous people, Lawyers advise clients of their and in salary negotiations for rights and dufies under the law. sports figures. Tv shows por- 'You have a right to free speech, tray lawyers as being romantic, but loud shouting of your opinions aggressive, and involved in the at 4 a.m. violates the, right of ,lives of clients. Is this all your neighbor to a good pightls- real? Not necessarily. - sleep. Lawyers do most of their work All lawyers do research. They, in offices and mot of the prob- have many books outlining local, lems they work', on do not make Statc; and Federal laws. They juicy newspaper or tv stories. keep up with recent laws enaCted When someone you know needs the by-Congress and by State legiS- help qf a lawyer, the assistance latures. They check past court is usually in selling a house, decisions on problems similar to in making a business contract, these of their clients, and they in drawing up 0 will, in getting read,about new decisions made by payment for damaged property -- the courts. For instance, lately net in cases which attract pbb- you may have read of cases where licity. students who-feel that they have been unjustly suspended from school What Does a Lawyer Do? are using/the services,of lawysrs; such cases require research ty fhe A. person who brings a.prOblefil to lawyers:i ',lawyer is called a client. -, Law- yers discuss- problems with clients. 102 100

When-researCh is comPieted,-law- Lawyers in court act according to yers -may-recommend a eourse Pf establtshed prOcedures. They make- actiOn or they may carry out an motions, and present evidence. action requested by.a client.. They examine witnesses and 'present They,may advise-a client td sue arguments to convinee the court for.damages, or to set up a trust to reacha decision which is bene- fund to avoid large inheritance ficial to_their clients taxes,'.or:eat the request of a Advising., researching, and repre client,.they may prepare wills senting elients are tasks that all and business-contracts= The ac- lawyers do, but two different law- tion oflawyers Is of course de7 yers may have two very different 1 termined by the client's needs.- jobs.' Tim and Eva,.botkrecent LaWyers tepresent their clients. law school graduates, answered In other words they.act Tor, or some .questions about theirwork. pn behalf of, theirelients. Law The, answers were the same to some 7_yers_represent_theirelients int questions, but quite different to court cases; often there is no need for the client to appear.

'Two-Lawyers Talk About TheiWorkin Lives

EVA TIM

What is your job?

I I I am an associate attorney. I am a law partner. o n. alaw firm with another lawyer, work for a Wall Street Law firm in New York.

For w om you work?

Myself. . Thefirm's partners.

Do you frive reedomto_plan yOur own time o make decisions?

I Must work under the a Yes great deq P.Tt guidance of a partne. 101

EVA TIM

Whot _different kinds of tasks do you do durin your working

1 am in genera! practJce. I do, I specialize in corporate law. I

all 'kihds of legal work, I pre- research specific points in legal pare wl.11s, assist people'when reference texts 1 write briefs they_buy a house, transfer pro- long or short Rapiers which ex7

perty,-prepare deeds. I :do some plain a,lawyer's (or a client's) divorce Work, Some collection position on,a point of law.. work getting peopie to pay write memos for partners,abOut back bills. '1 work on inheri case in progres5; the partner.then

tance taxes. I am involVed in a talks with the ciJentand.passes

few criminal cases; I go to court on the information 1 have dug up.

when necessary. I correspond I attend bearings where trial with clients, call other attort issues_are discussed, and hope7 neyS, file, keep financial record7 fully simplified, before a trial begins.

her- any skills thatarehel- you your job?

Both agreed:

A good use of the English language is essential to all lawyers. You must:be able to organize and present materials clearly,-both orally and in written form.

. You need negotiatlon skills, that You need to know how to use a allow you to bring two people in legal library . conflict to an agreement.. You need business skills,and an ability to compete for clients.

What ,y characteristies,are assets to lawyer:9

Both agreed:-

Lawyers need-to'be thorough and accurate.. You' need self-dJscipline to keep at.work and to complete it.

You need curiosity and'an'eagerness,to learn, an c. ability, to keep up with developments in many fields. You' muSt respect people's confidences, and be able .to talk with people persuasively, ' Youmust be calm, poised, and self-confident. Youneed guts to-go into cburt and fight1t out. Yo0need fleXibility to do whatever is required.

104 lo ?

Are there thin syou. do du_in- your non-Working time that are,related o your work?

Both agreed: Yes, read, read,:-read. Keep up with new developments. Maintain membership-in professional associations.

How are you p±Idy

EVA TIM _ if a cash award is made to one .A yearly salary, and one that is -04-my clients in'acourt case considered good for a beginning

, Lsometimes get a-percentage of lawyer. the amount.. :Some people pay me .a retainer, an amount somewhat like a salary to ,keep working on 'their various legal Rroblems. Some people pay me by the hour.

What education is needed for your job?

You needca good exposure to his- I earned a matter s degree in tory, government, economics,and 'history before 1 started law school. philoSophy, Go to a good law School, preferably :Ivy league, or be'at the very top of your. . class in another law sch 01.

To what extent are you sel -laught?

Ninety percent!, laW school did .Very little, I constantly draw not really prepare me for the- .Upon. My train)ng and the-advice' of other lawyers in the-firm. kinds of problems 1 deal,with

How do law ers like you -find work?

-Through-professional associations,. I ipterviewed)aw firms while

-----by mingling with people in the ' was stillin law-school community, and through reCommen- dation from other lawyers, cll-

. ents, and friends. Are chances for- findin ike yours better in certain .arts of the _country?

Chances for Starting your own gen- _There are jobs for special sts in.,

eral law firm are better in smaller'all 1 rge cities. :communities. , What would-you consider an advancement in your oresen ob?

EVA TIM

A chance tb do more trial Becoming a partner-.

What other_ jobs m ht this ob dead to? it mi-t lead to,an executive Thie is a good position fbr career positi in business or be- development. It might lead to a coming judge; most likely job in government service, Or'be- becominAa specialist in'one coming a partner in a private firm. aspect o law

What is most eatisfyin o you about your work as a lawyer?

I love to get-k-ople's affaJrs --I like hard work and the,feeling in good order and L enjoy solving of pride in a job well dOne.:.

problems. 1 also.like tO win cases.

What isleast satisfying to you?

- Inability to get legal procedures Long houA rs, lack of independence . under control I'm always,. making motions to the court to cor

rect a procedure I did wrong earlier.

Are theretimeswhen you have asense 4f conflict about your job?

Yes, sometimes I advise a client SomaHawyers might find working to settle out of court and then for a large corporation to be worry that I haven't really unacCeptable. On a personal level r\epresented him fairly. Sometimes congicts may arise-if you find l'am upset about defending a cli- your superiors lazy, incompetent, ent Jthink is guilty. I get and unsympathetic en if you are tired of putting the beSt face working hard, on everything. Sometimes clients want advice on how to evade the

law. There are enormous ethical . considerations all the time. 104'

Tim's job is fairly typical of contracts,:they check mortgage .4n the,young lawyer starting out.with loan agreements, and advise-On a large firm and specialtzing,in -correct tax reportage. They.hand one aspect of law practice. Evals divorces, unravel child guardian- tasks are typical of those handred ship problems,-and counsel.feen- by a'lawyer beginning his/her own: agers accusd of vandalism..They. practice-. .'As-a.new _lawyer Eva is represent people'charged-with burg-. !lucky in having:enough clients to lary and treTpassing=i; and those -keep her busy full7time. Many ,charged_with soeking their neighbor laWyera)Ust starting out may hold at a Saturday night partY- a full-time job with a,firm while. ,SomeAawyers or la-wjirma spe- trying to build thbir own business 'cialize-in one aspect of law; such durin 'their off Mors. : as matrimonial matters, personal ,ThOugh Tim-and Eva dodifferent :injury, or.criminal law.:Other tasks oiCthe job and'haVe differ- areaS of concentration might be ent personal opinions on issues international law, maritime law, ---Sucnas conflicta'in.their work, or -P,atent/1aw,pro7 they agree pn a number-of points tects rights on.inventions and en- They both Stress'the importance gineering modiftcations.: _public of asound educational background ;interest law includes pnVironmea- -inEnglish, history, and the Socialtal laws which define.the-eurrent-, sciences (economics, political ly acceptable limits=of15ollutants science, sociology). Thougb Tim- ip our-air and water,--and,eonsUmer. rarely''works directly with'cli- laws which protect people from- ents and Eva ConstantlY does', false advertiiing claims and un- they both agree on the personal-L usable merchandise. ity CharacteristicS needed by 2 ..Lawyers working for the State') Lawering is hard work lawyers. and Federal governments-Toften-spe-- = requiring peise,,aggressiveness, cialize -in one ofthe areas men- flekibility, self-diScinline, and tioned. above.:' They work-in the.= Both say that good a lot of time. Departments of-Justice,. Defense; oral and writtencommunicatiOn' and Treasury,=.'which'ineludes : skills are crucial; So is the ternal Revenue, in State consumer 'ability, to organize 4nd present protection-agencies and in welfare, Tim facts andideas clearly. -offices, to name a few agenCie; And Eva thought that most law- Lwers in the Office. of EconoMic Yers would agree-with them on OpportunitY tell.people if they these points. are eligible for: special_ai,d, for a pension,: for-social Security Where Lawyers WOrk payments: -- Like Eel and Tim, most lawyers Lawyers work'for private indug-' -are in private practiee. That is tries such as, U.S. Steel, ItM, they are in .business for them- and SunshineNabisco. /Some are, selves-and share an' office with counsels to professio-al organi- one or more paihners, or they zations and unions su h as Actors work for a private law firm. In tquity Ot AFL-CIO; ers repre- general practice, lawyers handle :sent professional= a etes during all kinds of cases for clients.- negotiations for corftracts. Some They plan wills, they write lawyers specialize ft legal aid i.vprk, helpingeoplewho. would Many people trained as lawyers not- normally 'be able to= afford do not- practice- law, 'but use their. a -lawyer,' s fee:. _(Thee lawyers 'legal skills in other kinds ef are paid by 'government .funds or work. Manufacturing,finance, -private charitable contributions. hospital and college etIministl-a- A_small number of -lawke?s teach tion, real estate and other sales. in law schools. ,Others use law are, examples- of fielfils Where a as a starting point, -in ra political legal background is valuable. -career:two thirds of the U.S. Presidents have brlawyers, as

are many members. . oCongress

Judges and lawyers work together In cas _where there is no- jury, ,in private hearings and in'many -judge_ decides the case.In a different coui'tthooms Each court- trial .where a jury ipresent the rciort0s-- presided over by -a judge jUdge\ often makes clear.. to jory or magistrate.' .The j,udge is the -.. Members exactly what the legal is- superier; officer of the' court and sueis in -a patkticular trial For establiShes:the ruleS by which a example,the fact that- a woman has hearing..or-trial Proceeds.. A been fOund guilty of .5=Cealing capdy judge:must, ofcourse, remain from _a ,\baby would_ not have any .ef- thin :the limits-of, the Jaw-. at fect -on\ a charge agaisst her for_ TaFl-times 'The fudge eiamines-= speeding; the jury -is charged to evidence' presented by the lawyer- "consider thepeeding question 1_-.'fbr the prosecution .(the person, only.. company,.. . Or Stato bringitig char- , , Depending upon the verdict in a ges) and the lawyer.- forf-thede- paryicular case, the 'judge may eñse (thOto answering the 'char7 aWard damages, dismiss- the case, ge).-. Thg :judge decides'-if.'the. or sentence someone to a.prison evidence is appropriate to- the term.Again, the judge must act particular issueLon-Thal. within Yhe limits, of the laW; A The judge settles arguments person cannot be sentenced to' 25 between,attorneys in the court-__ years of hard labor-if thelimit room.The judge- mayruleone o for the crime,committedhas been them 'out of -order. f_Or, a 4tigges- set-at ten yearS .People -cannot- tibn may be made-as to a, procedur- be orderectzto pay fines, larger

al change which would satisfy than the law., - both -laWYers . 106

\ A judge also writes and does- appeals frem lowerTederal cour research'. : Legal decisions and :Or State Supreme Courts, and pi opinions,must be clearly, stated. 'side at trials which involve th Reasonsfcii.decisions must be United State's' a's a nation._ , / understandable and supporting- -There' are/also a number of spe- iesearch-in previous cas6S ac- 'cial Federall courts,. such as the, -curately -, Court of Military Appeals, :the, coUrt ofCkstoms_and_Pat'ent Ap- ThereFare Many Different Cou peals,and the Tax Court of tli United States. -JUdges'and lawyers wOrk in many diferent courts. Judges in lo-- All jidges-of Federal courts are , general courts hear.all linds appointea tT.the President ofthe- 'United-States-and approved by the of cases. In \large metropolitan areas there are OftensPecial Senate. Appointments last for.the icourts for juvenile Ortraffic lifetime of the judge,. States: havedifferent methods for select-, cases. Judges Work in State Appealg and Supreme Ceurts,_ ing Judges; the,maiurity,are elected by voters for a limited.length where several judges hear a . oftime. Judges are-appointed:by. case together. : -:the governor oi_the legiSlaturein, .Cases inVolving violation uf [ states which.do'not holdeluttions= Federal-law ate tried before a judge-in a U.S. District Court. -Judge Ma strates Casesitri0,in a U.-S. bistrict Court Can be appealed in oneof , Judge Magistrates (orJusti-ces of eleven-U.S. Court of Appeals:- the Peace) usually work inrural At: least two judges hear'every areas. Their tagks are:varied, case:in'an appeals court-. and combine some elements_of Judges sometimes "move up" 'lawyerS' and judges' Work. _Jus-, within the court system -- from tices sometimes.perform-marriake local. Court to appeals:court:to ceremOni-e's and witness the,signing They act as "free- supreMe court.-The tUghest honor Of'documents. And greatest responsibility'in lance district attorneys," prose- the legal profession is tieing a cuting wrong-doers in their juris- judge in,the U.S. Supreme Court. diction. They act as both judge The nine justices,of the Supreme, and jury_for-tfiffic violations and other minor cases. ,Court hear cases of controversy _ between two or more ates,

109 No .arle can ,be--a truly_competent lawyer uhressi-he is . _ - a\cultivated Man..'i The'bestWay.;toprePier,e.for., the\ laW1h..--taleome to the studw.ot 'the-laW.ai,a.Werkrread'- . , .,. r , _ pers96...jhue:elone-aah:one;adqurre,the-'capactty'tO_,_ use the. English langdage'on,patier:tapd ih speedll'andl- ---

'I'll. -thehabits' ot clear_thinking-whioh-Oniya4riay- -liberal. education can,give.--- ., ...- -, ., . . .., 'NcHlieAMbOrtent-for a layyeriS;the,c4tIvation , , of tte:-i7ginative,- faculties'b,4 reedtng ppetry,-;see- . - - - ing great paintings,.;,:and_ listening tolgreat mdsic.. 7Fell)i Frankfurter' _

1 ----- The "bar" is the railing where_prisoners7tradition- ally Stand,in a tourtioom-.- 7The-bar" has come to.; -meaniAhe-entiregrOup of lawyers>practicing-before the bar, in other words, all-lawyers working today;,

. Each state has different fules,,fer,admitsion to the bar. Becoming a lawyer (or a judge) usually requires:

Taking the eollege preparatory.,cour e in- high school Completing four years of college In-a survey of-Members-of the American Bar Association 'Ca professional associationlof, lawyers and judges) English language And literature were considered the most valuable.pre-law sub;- jects. Government was in second place, economiCS in third. * -Taking the Law School AdMission Test Attending law school for three years full-time (or _equivalent part-time) earning a.J..D. (juris doctor degree. (A few states still AD not requ*e,formal studYof law.) ,-.-

Passing a written examination given by ilie Sia e . Board-of Examiners

Being ia-1.LS. citizen of good moral character

. Albert Love and James Chielders, Listen to the Leaders in Law. .108

1 In addition to this long educa- For many, job hunting may be a- The tional process, the acquisition long and difficultpriocess. of_some specialized knowledge. is American Bar Associatlion has a also helpful to certain,lawyers: placement service to help its mem- engineering knowledge,is an asset bers find positions. -to-patent lawyersaccounting to Some people think that a system tax_lawyers./Psychology might be_ of prepaid legal service (a sort useful to tht lawyer who hopes to of legal,iinsurance policy) will handle Criminal cases.,' provideportunitiesin the fu7 ture forwmany new lawxers. Under Finding Jobs this .'System employees, lof aCompany Or members of aunion?pay a certain ' New lawyers graduating from. amount out of eachai heck for schools aPproveeby the!American legal services;:Then, hen emOloy- Bar Association And ranking-high ees do need the servicesof a -in their class will_ beable to lawyer, the companyoilunion pro- 'find jobs. At present however, vides one at no extra charge. there are more- new graduates --, , each year than jobs available.

_ bout Lawyers and-judges

Lawye s tell people theirrights and duties under the law' ' do, research inli.brariesand legal I , records. write shore:summaries,=b4defs:icorres-i.

pondence 4 prepare legal documen ssuch ills

And contracts . , represent.people indOorce,dtraffic, tax,' environmental,.'labor;personal 'injury and many!other.casesi Most lawyers specialize ihonearea.

Mose_lawye s are in privatepractiee4:They work for a firm of law partners; orthey )01.Orkforf.them- Other lawyers workforgoverment'agencies,\ businesses, labor'unions,andprofesspnal organizations.

LawYers-are paid by variousmethod Lawyers who work for someone else;suCh as a, gOvernment agency; ! .are-,Taid a yearly salary;others,redeivefee'sjor tdch piece of work; some atepaid/bk the hour.- Still others,receive apercentage of awards made to their clients bythe.court. ,o To becomejnembersof most Statefbars, it *s netes- sary to ge to college, complete three-years of law-school, and pass a written.examination.

There are more law 'school graduates than there are jobs available. Starting out on your,own is risky, but-the-best chances are.in the suburbs.

Judges establish rules for.a hearing or trial, hear and examine.evidence -sty4y-previous cases and opinions of other judges deCide-cases where there is .no jury ,.-/ronOunce the:end res,Ult of a trial', such as,-,sentencingr or dismissal of a case write case summaries, opinions, And decisions

o Judges need the'same educationalItraining as lawyers.. U.S.',.GovernMen.t. judges are appointed by the'Presi-- dent,:', Their joh'lasts for.their lifetime. Judges in states-may be appointed by the governor or legislature or elected the procedure depends upon.the particular statets laws. SOME LAI1RELATED OCCUPATIONS

. -- Most lawyers do not work alone k the court reporter to read (though' some do) In, their back the statements of the last offices,they are assisted by witness. When doing research on capable legal secretaries and : a .case-a lawyer may consult with some have the help- of paralegals! a law librarian. In the courtroom- al lawyer can

A t has -been estimated that if every,: lawyer in -the country ( some 300,000) dev9ted f u 1 i me 1-.6 -the needs of the p6or, the poOr would Still be .Under-: represented=The use:Of the paralegal- personnel s seen . by many as a way to make .a dent -i n-this

orl,Forporate law. Ald work is 'deli'e under the supervision of a Paralegal is a new, word and a-new lawyer. job% 'People holding..this- jOb are Presently there,is no required sometimes caLled legal secretariei, raining which leads to a license legal assistants , research ass or a degree of certification -for or lay advocates, Primar-' tants , - _paralegals. Some .private train- ily they help laWyers bring legal ing courses exist, and most of services to the large number of these programs 'require completion! people who need them.. The re-. -of high school' before entering. sponsibilities. of' paralegals erg Many paralegals are trained:by as varied -as 'the lawyers who hire the lawyers who hire them. Para-, them. While none can represent- a legals, the National AssociatiOn client in court, paralegaqs do of Legal ;Assistants , -and the Amer- interview clients. They also ican Bar ASsociation are consider- an maintain files, and, libraries ing suggested. courses Of study at search public records for infor- =this time, particularly at the' mation. Sometimes they wrfie two-year community college 'level. short summaries of cburt cases or prepare legal documents: Oc- In large offices, paralegals may, casionally they testify in court work with legal adininistrators or about documents they'have re- office managers esPecially trained searched. Some paralegals draft for lawYdrS.offices; in smaller pleas, a person's answer -to Char-, offices they Tay asSume some ofz ges. Most paralegals are spe- fice manager's tasks.Again, in cialists in one particulaf field large offices, a.paralegal -may do of law; such. As real estate _ research in a library maintained

2AgilliaM P.- Statsky, "Paralegal: A New Career in Lawi" Technical Edueation Re-orter. -hy a laW librarian e chapter egal Secreta es on.special-librarians); in smal er"officesjthe paralegal may check A leg-al secretary must have good books\in and-out of the library and-skills he/she,should type 60 -order 'new additions: w.p.m. accuratelyand- take short- -,. hand at 120 words per minute. Pre- Many\peoplein the-legal profes- paring legal documents such as con- sion be ieve lithat paralegals will tracts, wills, and house sale good employment prosa haVe ve -agreeMents- requires-perfect-copies-- In addition -pects -in the future. with no strikeovers or spelling -to,assis ing lawyers.in private errorS. Familiarity with legal firms, p ralegalsotOuld expand terms is also necessary. The the.serv ces of govdrnment agen- "Party of the first Part"-does nOt cies-like the Office of EconoMic Mean the get-together befor'e a Opportunityj.egaA Services officts,- -dance. or help. to perform.preliminary in- vestigations 1* hearings within In addition to re lar secretar- government departments. Other. ial duties --distrib ting people are'concerned thatpara- making phone Calls,' ng, greet7 legals may be competing for jobs _ing visitors, filing, and 'scheclU1-:. that would Otherwise-be filled-by ing appointments --:a.,legal'secrer young.lawyers in need of work. tary often Maintaini thb "docket .or register of a lawyerts,eases.: -Paralegals enjpy the challenge -as wRll as.,maintaining of respon'ible wprk and the re -Of legal reference-books'.,,A legal ,-ward 'of helping people locate sedretarY is sometimes askeeto resourcewhich they might other- assist-with comPl6Cpaperwork'in wiSt not 7 have known about. How- -the courtroom: ',el/et*, some.paralegals. are frus-, trated pecause their roleS are Most legal secretaries have com- 45net clearly defin&l and thty seem pleted high school; many have at-, '- to have no-decisipn-making poWers. -tended college..Some schools offer Some'find satisfaction in fcillow- speCial training courses which . , ,,- inva-, case'from-research to ver- clude business- law and terminology.

dict, while others like the Vari- Job prospectS.for- trained and . ety'-:Of'working on many different- skilledlegil secretaries are good. cases. Those who enter paralegal The office hours:_are usually regu- WOrk in the near futtire while be lar and:the surrounding's gener- -limits and responsibillties are ally Pleasant; Ihe pay-is slightly- still being explored, will have higher than that for Other secre- - an unusual chance tO plan their' taries. own Working fUtures and to define:their tasks in a varied field. 112

ShorthandReporters rmorters are ApPointed by judges; other's must take'a civil-service , Court Reporters: take down axaminatien-in order to'qualify.- word7for mord, everything There are also reporters'who do- said duringeourt proceedings. 'work on a free-lance basis. They Hearing.Reporters: -record pro-. a. temporary Court work, or get- ceedings of.hearings of gov- hired to record testimony at an- ernment agenCies. -a-'ctident scene, record a stock- --holders_ meeting,take notes'-at record Legislative'Reporters: union sessions:where members are speeches and.,:debates of Con- negotiating wages, and.other-simi- gress .and St'pte legislatures. lar work-. Some freelance report-, ers seek work on their own;. others Shorthand reporting Often requires work through reporting agencies keepinepace With'tark.af.the Speedwhich locate Work', send- reporters_ G od Of over 225 viords.per minute% on-temporary assignments, And-pAy-c. hearing Is often- necessary, espe :the-repel-ter part of the fee col---; qiallk.if.tempers and voices are. lected froM the Client-. high in the courtrooltH ACcuracy -and:Concentration are Very imPor7 Shorthand reporting:requires com- tant;_--a_mistake could havd a'seri- pletion of high School pnd excel- Ous .effect on_ the outcome.of'a Irent Shorthand'and typing'skills. .case: _The'National Shorthand-Reporters-. Association sets standards for the -.Shorthand reporters operate_sten profesSion andoffershe1pinlo type,machineS which type in alpha- cating jobs. Most reporters com- betic shorthand form. A tran- plete two years of study beyond script is requested these short- high_school and some statesre- hand-notes are-then typed out, quire that ihey pass a Written often by fhe reporter: Sometimes examination to qualify for 'a cer-' a-keporter reads-the notes into. : ificate. a dictaphone; the tape is-then tranicribed by a typiSt. Shotthand reporti g requires the patience 'to sit for hours and A reporter who-has a full-time never allow your .attention to wan-. job in a couMor p'government der. Reporters do-have..a chance '.agency:is Called adOofficial" to. hear some interesling cases,' reporter% SoMe official court but also some boring Ones. As hegal secretaries are in demand.

111 Shorthand reporters- have good chances for_ jobs with agencies that take on many kinds of reporting- jobs. Jobs as "official" reporters '(hired by a judge) are harder to find.- -Opportunities (Crf paralegals are growing -- slowly .

you are intereSted in any of thinkin4 about the differences the occupations/in- the lawi, field, - between words, between pne way of visit a courtroom and .,consldpr putting- a thought and -another, 'you the duties of each person present might enjoy law stpdies, paralegal Do you-have the skills and per- work, or work as a legal secre-. sonality which would enable you .tary. Not every worker in law_ to boode Onle of:them?Talk to needs the poise of a courtroom a local lawyer whe.handies all ,2 lawyer; in,Some law cases quiet- kinds of 001 work. Consider research is most important. - In ,as which kind of work appeals most field as varied- as law, th'ere is to you. a place-for different styles as

_ welI as different abilities.,_ If:, you enjoy debating- and your TJUlish studie4, if yeu like Paralegals e Do legal work. under thesupervisionof lawyers. They -- talk to clients search_through Public records and'case histories keep legal files and libraries up tedate write summaries of court cases prepare some legal documents

Many paralegals artrained on-the-job by the lawYers they work for. Some lawyers prefer that paralegals have .some college training. There . are training coursesavailable 1lasting six months to two years

Legal Secretaries_

'El Need excellent typing skills(6 words per minute) .L_ rapid shorthand (120 words.per minutp

. - a, knowledge of legal termsand Some. legal processes,

OInadditión -to regular secretarialduties legal setretaries may keep .the lawyer's docket;keep the legal library in' order, . help arrange-papers --.-in the courtroom (now and:then

-_! Legal secreta les need a highschool diploma and ,a special -course in legal termsand proced es..-

:Shorthand Re orters

Use a machine that takes shorthandat225 words per minute.: With this machineshorthand..rePorters -take' down word-forword .everything sat.d in lacourt case (or ,in a hearing or legislativelssion).

i_ Usually train for two yeara_after.,highschool to earn a certificate. '-'' 16.

17 Sources of Additional Information =

.--Alumnae Advisory Center 541_MadisOn'Avenue New Yorki New York 10022 "Law" and "Legal Assistant." :Joh fact sheets, 75* .each.

American Bar-Association 1155 East 60th Street Chicagos, .111inois,60637

Careers in Patent Law., Booklet 25*. 'as a Career. Booklet, single copy and Use of Le Assistan Booklet

Association of American Law Schools Law School Admission Test Council Educational Testing Service P.O. Box,944 Princeton,:New Jersey 08540

Pre-law Handbook..,A discussion on pre-law and IlViTiTiaTITIa77-list.of law schooli, $2.50.

Association of Independent 5chools and Colleges 1-730 M Street,- N,W. Washington, D.C. 20036 "Your Career as a Legal Sec etary." Free brochure.-

National:Asiociation of-Legal Assistants 3005 E. 'Skelly Drive, Suite 120 Tulsa, Oklahoma 74105 DefinitiOn of legal.assi-tant and membership _

National Association of Legal Secretaries 3005, E. Skelly Drive, Suite 120 Tulsa, Oklahoma 74105,

"Sb You Want to be a Legal Secretary. Brochure, 5(f. /- Articles /

"Law School Graduates Face-TightJob'Market." Steve Ginther. "The Uncertain 1.oad to LawSchoo 4kidmit ance " liernard J. Lammers, "Legal Assistant New Career in the Making. Al'ex Kacen. All of the-abovein Oc-c22E.5.1LJ2j2EEECJ?2J'a 19, 3 (1975);

"Shorthand Repor Career World,3, "So you Want to be a LegalEagle."Career 3, 5 (1975)-;

"A Paralegal is Not a Lawyerin a Wheelchair." William J. Manikos per, October,A19M).

"Paralegals: A New Career in Law."Wil1iam10- Statsky. Technical Education-Re 1, 3 (1974).

Books

Careers in,the Legal Profession. Paul,Sarnoff. New York: Julian Messner, 1970.' he Leaders in Law. Albert Love and James Childers. 'New York: Holt, Rineari.and Winston,,1963. (Caution --this book,asSumes' all lawyers are'male.) The Lawyers. Martin Mayer. New York:-'llarper and Row, 1967.

Talk About Their Life,and Work. Bernard-Asbell% New rk: -Petei H. Wyden, 1976. Your Future as a Shorthand Re orter. Edward J. Vad'Allen. New Yor1: Richards Rosen Press, 1969. 1

, ,. m _ 'N'''.'''& ;- Pg"%r .,j-Wlre

-Magi

1. _

*tm I 11, MUS EU WORKERS

-7

hat is a Museum? Four Major Categories of'Museums .

A museum is a copaetion of ob- Thejour Major categories axe: jects arranged in a/meaningful Maseums-of art way. Anybody might collect coins; candy wrappers, or old socks. If Museums of natural his ory these are stuffed under the bed, Historical'museums they have little resemblance to a museum. However, if the col- Industrial: muSeums. lector arranges objects by date, by color, or_by duign, the person Art museums collect paintings, is performing some'df the tasks drawings, and ph9tographs; they done in a museum. gather sculpture and useful and beautiful objects made from metal, Museums, like objects,,come in wood, pottery, and paper. Natural all shapes and sizes. Thereare history museums fOcus their collec huge museums like the Smithsonian tions on plants, animals', and min- Institution which exhibit dinosaur erals; sbmetimes exhibits in these skeletons, paintings, airplanes, museums-demonstrate man's cooper- and maybe even socks. There are ation: or interference with the Small museums devoted to a collec- natural world. tion of arrowheads found in one person's backyard. The greatest number of- museums _ -are,historical. An historical Some mpseums are started by a museum may concentrateon_one re- group of private individuals or gion dpd haVe anything that is of a single company. A group of interest from the area--: rocks, people interested in carved ivory plants, 'old Clothing, antiquei,"- might pool their money and time _ .legal documents-, or family por- to,collect, research, 'and display traits of prominent-citizens.. ivory,. Many museums-are run in An historical MuSeum may focus-on 'cooperation with a college or uni- the history of one'man, such as -versity, and mank are sponsored -Mark Twain or Harry Truman, An by local, State and Federal goy- historical museum may 13e a single erhments. house where .colonial patriots met 120

or it may be a. reconstructed vil- Museum Directors lage of the 1856's. Some historical museums are,eoncerned Onemuseum director outlined'his .Witiv'the history of one group tass as: f ilch as Afro-Americafis or Ameri- Relationship with trustees can Indians, Some are related .to (or board of citizens from a single religious.group such, as the community) , the Shakers;others concentrate on Military,history.or the history O program administration, of a single spOtt. Public relations. Industrial museumocuS on With the trustees or the,govern- technologiei4 progress, the his, ing board,.the directorsets pol- tory of inventiene and the chan- icy, superviseS-finances of-the' ges in industries which have museum, and puts board decisbons 'occurred over the years. Exhibits into action. Trustees- or members in these museums often-demonstrate of the board are,usually not paid. the effectsof industrial process- 4 In a private muse46-they are often es on our,country and,oUr -lives. elkted. In,a government museum It is here that,people get achancethey may'be appointed and called to sit,in an astronaut's chair, . . . a commission or a:board of direc to work pulleys and-electro-mag- tors.-,They appoint and work with nets, or to see an-exhibit on the director. mining yesterday and today. With the board members, the7. MAny'muSeums combine types of director decides questions Of exhibits.' -A museum of science general policy -- does the'museuM :and industry often has exhibits wish/to reach,morelow-income.peo-: on plants and animals,' on.human pleI- Does the museUm staff wish health, and on important chemicaL to establish,more.cooperation with and physical prOcesses used by. public.schools? Should the, focus, industries. 'MuseumS foeusing on. of the museum be_changed from per- O ne ethnic group show ill facets manentexhibitions'to traveling, of group life art, rell'ion,, exhibitions? General policy de- history, and contributions to ag- cisions will have:some effect On riculture and technology, linanial questions. If more : people are to be, reached by mu- Functions-of a Museum seum programS, should admiesion: be charged?,Ilow will traveling A museum, whatever its focus; has 'exhibitions be paid for?- Should five main functions: private,donations be sought to Research. support a school:program.; is government fUndinVaVailable? Collection -When polidy hae'been decided; Preservation ,and friiancial decisionse.made,-the direetar7.-is:reSponsible for pot- Exhibition ' ting policyeinto actiOn. If.the Edudation. board Votes-to' create new pro- People who work in museum'carry grams-or collections, the director out ong or more of these functions,-sets up a budget,-hires the 121

necessary people, and then super- .MoVing from a small museuM to a vises, schedules, and evaluates large museum is sometimes con- their work, sidered a promotion; so is.leaving TThe direPior is often respon- the-Job as assistant director in a sible, at least:in part, for the large milS'eum tobecome the director' ,museum's.public image and fer of a sMaller one. .' fund raising.lie or she may lec- There is no one educational ture at club luncheons, attend course which trains someone to be: cocktail parties with well-known a museum director; A-director- has . citliens, meet-with museum members!.usually continued-his/her educa- -committees, and members of,school tion beyond college. A director bdards in the area In seeking.. may be trained in museoiogy (in funds for new or continuing pro the history, functions, purposes,' jects, the.director must convince' and management.of mUseums),. :Some Various people, coMpanies, Or directors have graduate degrees in government committees-that their adMinistrationl some in art:history. contributions will reflect well Others are recognized seholars in on themselves while doing a worth-. the subiect -- whether it.is old while service to ihe museum and locks or old socks - to which :the

the public. . museum,i's dedicated. in small:museums having. the title "'director" may mean doing CUratOrS everything from gathering collections,and writing:exhibit labels, ;A curator is, an expert in a par- to sweeping floors and greeting ticular field. In large museums_ ViSitors. In large museums it there...are often many departments may Mean coordinating the work of and many curators; sMall museums many complex departments,'in ad- limy have jUst one,. 'In a large art ditiOn to such tasks as planning museum'an archeological expert on to meet the retirement needs of Grecian Urns'may be head of a De- securit:y guards, and calming an partMent of Classical Art and a angry Curator orl,dard member who_ .scholar. of 17th century,painting feels his/her opinions are being may dirept,a Department of Euro- overloOked. The director, like pean Paintings.: In.a small:museum, an orcjiestra leader, Must be sure the curator may be responsiblefor that a1 parts of a museum work all paintings, pottery,.and sculp- well tgether. ture from prehistoric times to the present. Directors often begin their careers as assistants to directors, In a natural history museum the aS able administrators in educa- curator,of a department may be an tion or business, or occasionally, anthropologist, a botanist, a as fund raisers or publicrela- geologist, or a zoologist. In an tions people..Artists are seldom historical museum the curator May. directors of art museums, although be an historian:who is expert in an artist who alSo possesseS ad- a certain period of.history; such ministrative skills would make an as-Civil War America, or an ar- able director. chivist reponsible for a collection of historical documents=

124 122

The industrial museum curator Clara or an assistant carefullyi the usually has a_thorough knowledge records each sock selected for She may haVe of Mining, of-steel processing, buselan's collection. or-of aeronautics, depending on it photographed; the sock will cer- -the focus of the museum. tainly be measured and describe& in detail. She will note thehi's- Curators work closely with .the tory of the object and the source mUseum direotor. Thry=are re- from which the museum obtainedit. sponsible for meeting theirde- Each obyect is marked with anuMber partmental apd forsehed- so that records of theitem can uling and supervising the wOrk be easily kept and traced.. If'new ofpeeple in their particular additions require repair or if/ the -department. A,curator heading a-. collection is in nee&ofmainten- departmentjn/a large:Museuni of ance, Clara consults withthelcon- aPY sort haS a job-with eqUally servator about scheduling some_ great,or greateerespOnsibilities sewing, knitting, orreweaving..- as fliose Of a directorin a small i Clara and the museum,director museum. discuss exhibitionplani, debiding Curators',tesks are Many.. Clara, that a,socks exhibit will e/a

. curator of thej)epartment of Tex7, crowd-pleaser. Together they tiles in xyz MUseut,,isrespon- decide if the exhibit'should/ show ,sible.forAhe socks. Collection. a history of socks or a comarisen, Among.her responsibilities are of socks from different coutries. loans to asi priyate_families.for Th'eyt_discuss whether the exbit . from their collections or.to -ask will be-permanent, temporar, or' anothermuseuM -for examples' from . one which travels every tweweeks- ixsalos-rxecent exhibit... She may to a different school. suggest purchasingexamplesof . ith the fine needlework from a dealer,' Next, the cUrator, works Clara is likely to do fieldwork: exhibitions staff on choo_ing the Should collect samples from.places-whrre best methods of display. wall, 'socks are likely' to be;.inclosets, the socks be hung on.the locker rooms', or -laundromats. shown in wooden or plastiF cases, Clara will want to be surethat or 'displayed onmolded stYrofoam every important kind ofsock is feet?Together'Clara.and the the possi- represented-in XYZ's -collection; exhibits staff explore bilities of using picturr slides acollection-without sweat sockS, add tojthe pub- or nylons, fbt eXample,WoUld be or recordings to incoMpleie,.She wilr Also want- lic's:understanding of ihe exhibit. er assis- to,be sure that-the collection Either Clara or .one 9f If her mu- tants wilf write short,interest- is-of high qUality) the SeWs_collection is _overloaded- ing, and accurate labels1 for -with:ruffied socks for babies.',, socks'to be shown. Whe,the ex- 'Clara may offer some of:thesefor hibit is in prOgress C ara may museum' sale to other musiumsbr_Trivate teach sock.decoration in 6ollectors, although selling is -classes or lectureatnearby only a minor part o Clara's job schools to stUdents who will at- She may host .and seldom done.. tend the exhibit. a party for alocal textile mill' president'who gave aarge contri- bution to the museum. / 123

Responsible for: Conducting study and collection , -Advising on identificatlon, original use of objects Advising on purchases and- loans for, i d (and occasiOnally saleS) from the colic Advising and assisting on methods of preservation. and restoration of valuable objects in the---collec tion Ideas for exhibits and writing Of exhibit labels Organizing exhibita- Reviewing publications, photographs1 and other materials for library and reference files Answering questions- from th public Meeting budgets, scheduling and supervising the -work of other department .mem))ersi Being a link with:other museum departments, other museums, government agencies, industries, schools, professional associations Candidate should: Have an advanced degree (master's or doctorate) Have in-depth ,knowledge of special field and of museums Be active in professional organizations Keep up with new developments in scholarship, and museum practice Be a scholar, a diplomat, an administrator, and' a person with a pleasant personality 124

. Ouring'the exhibition new ques- Registrar tions about...socks, aboUt history, deSign or materials used generally A muse 's 'records of objects- arise. With_the approval bf the bought, on loan, on exhibition, director, Clara schedules time to or in storage arethe,responsibi do research tO answer these ques- jty-of the registrar. When ob- tions. She reads available mater- jectS come into a'museum, they are ials, consults with other experts first Carefully unpacked, either and examines other collections. by security or maintenance staff who assigns- Her research report-mayAie7piit or by the registrar, file into the museum librarY, be pub- each item a card or computer, lished in a scholarly journal, or number. The number will be marked appear in a repOrt,for members, on the object. The file describes or in book'form. the object generally., indicates where it comes from and hoW it was- In a small museumf:the curator received. -- on loan, by purchase,- does Many of the preservation, or by gift. Because this descrip-. exhibition, and education tasks- tion is for identification onbr, alone. In a large museum most 't is not as-detailed as that work:mis done in cooperation with given by the curatoi.%, another museum department. A- curator is almost always a recog- Informat on noted on the regis- ,nized expeMin whatever field trar's file card might be: -he/she has chosen --biology, art,or history. A curator usu- Intant"s sock 7 ce uleen blue ally has a master's or doctoral . Silk knit; size 2 degree, earned by three to seven 'years of stUdy after college. =Worn by Adelaide Washworthy Most curators have had yearsof 1850 - 1851 experience working in museums. Gift of ClementineClean, Some start as assiitanis inde-. 'granddadghterof Adelaide opartments of large museumSand ,move to assistant curator's useurti No,-X06.423, position:in small museuMs.Oth- majority of mu- ers.begin as:curatorsin,Very nce the vast Small Museums, and as their seum holdings are dot onexhibi- The reputations grow, Move to museums tion, most items 'are stored. that are nationally or interna' registrar consults with the con- tionally known. .It ispossible,: servator as to,the best place -- tc) begin work as a secretary,:, in dark or light, in dry or-damp bookkeeper, or-store Clerk In air -- for storage of a particular any department of a museum,be- object. Often the.registrar must come interested in acertain make appropriate insurance arrange there subject, and then,return to ments for objects,1 so that repair school' fbr specialiied training will be money available to 'to become a curator. or replace damaged,'lost', or. stolen items. 47. 125

----- The registrar also records items, A registrar is usually A college leaving the museum,-either because graduate with some knowledge.of they have been sold or because they.art-history, of filing systems have been lent to another museum. (manual or computer), and of over, al l museum work .

Wanted: Conservator Hirshhorn Museum and-Sculpture Garden

es will in lude

. - Examining oblects 4 such as wood, s`torie, Tottery, glass , metals _textiles .paintings , and ;leather

Using where necesiary: Opticalinstruments Infra-red and ultra-violet ligh Hygrometers Scalds : CaliPers Micrometers and balances

Recording the condition 'of oijeCts before recommending treatment

S-c ng out tests coMposition

Carrying out actual preServation or restoration treatmen s uiing complex .procedures

Conser ator tion in the natural history museum). One major museum has a conservator When.items come into themiuseum on the staff Of, each- curaterial the conservator inspects them_ department.

= for shipping damage and needed A- conServator cleans, repairs,: repairs. In small museums, there and takes ti* neaessary steps te inqk be one conservator who 'does preserve muSeum objects. This In a mast-of the repair work. work is done-as Cbjects enter a' large _museum there_ is usually' one museuml s collection and later as department headedl by a conservator items require attentiom and Staffed by assistants- and . teChnicians with different spe- 'A' conservator muSt know art his-, cialties (such as in textiles, troy and cheMistrY and physicS. metal, or ceramics in the art He or she must know, .for example! museum; plant Or rock preserva- What kind of thread was used to ,-

128 Ten paintings were sent to Clements. L. Robertson, \conservator at the St. Louis Art Museum, including Healy's portrait of Lincoln. - It is now greatly improved in appearanceibut the conservator noted that an oi.1 varnish had been used in 'some previousrestore- tlon . l'qo method has yet-been found for removing varnish which permeates paint, witheut reMOving the- paint itself', but the-portrait is now in stable condition' and can safely await the discovery.of some new process which will make it possibleto completely restore,it. Among the thirty.conservation projects were-two examples-of the kind of work that is handled by the aft._ The ship model Chicago required complete.re7 rigging, and its entire hull Was refinished. Ren- aissance ReVival_table made by R.E. Roble of Chicago . in 1883 was-entirely disassembled, redoweled,:and reglued... The major restoration of our twb remain-- ing Lincoln DioraMas, Lincoln at Antletam-and Lincoln Entering,RichmOnd was also completed. , -Chica'go-Historical Society Annuar_Report, 1973-74

darn a 17th century sock,' which . present conservators'have learned varnish will Preserve-a valuable their skills by working as assis- painting_and.which One will make tants tb conservators. This type it a..hopeless mess-ef.running of apprenticeshiptraining is ,coIors. ,He Or she must Inow what still highly recommended by those ,preservative will keep.an ancient in the field.

- sculpture intaota.nd whiCh will ' further corrode-it. 'Taxidermist

4 is the conservator who shoos A taxidermist's job ,combines the away tv Cameras with bright lights skills of the conseryator-and which damage paintings and who de- those of an exhibits technician. cides which museUm chair can be He/she uSuall:y works in a natural ,sat Uoen,'-or what objects can or history museum. A taxidermist is can not be touched'I' The consgr- an expert in anatomy, often with vator knows Which manuscript must college training in biology. A. be enclosed in"glass with humidity taxidermist works in, the field, control:and which can be-hung photographing or drawing,moving with a tack. animals and collecting specimens. .There are few formal training In the museum,.the taxidermist courses for conservators. Though removes a skirLeo be stuffed and .they uSually need.a Collgge,degree carefully scrapes and tans it. and cOurses'in chemistry, physics, A detailed model in plaster or plastic or fiberglass is made of . and art history, or biology, many 127

-the,animal, shoWing the proper ,-Exhibit designers for Small museums muscle structure:and even vein$, combine the talents of. artist and if these would naturally be visi carpenter. Large museums are like- ble. The taxidermist then glues ly to-have people.un the staff to the skin to the meld so that the assist the designer. animal epee again appears as it Among those who help a designer did'in the field. prepare exhibits are preparators and dioramists. Dioramists create Exhibit Specialists three-dimensional miniature scenes, often depicting historical events Thd overall plan ofan exhibit is- such as the Pilgrims landing at worked,outby the curator and the, Plymouth. Preparators.help to ere- exhrbit designer, with advice fate whatever special effects are from the cOnservator about Whether needed for an exhibit They might 'ftems need protection .or .can be reate the plans or grass sUrround-

freely,shoWn. The exhibit de-, : ing an animal_in_a_life.sized ex- 'signer mutt also consider_the-bud- hibit, make mod-els'of human fig- get: a big'budget will,aliow'a ures, or help in the reconstruc- movie and sound effects in one' tion,of a colonial room. room anaseveral rooms. of elabor- ate displays, while,a small bud- Carpenters and lighting ech- .get requires getting a big visual nicians complete the exhibit effect from several-.cans of:paint- staff.

.Education Associate Boston-MUSeum of Science-

Duties: Develop,programs for school groups- Give Saturday classes Give-public ancmal demonstration on SundELY;- budget for anithal demonstrators Train,adult volunteers.to demons ate wave tank, dinosaur, hOt-air'balloon and to give eye-opener tours to inner-city kids -Help where nedded Cscort distinguished visitors-,- sell tickets RO.se rats'and spiders for exhibits 128

Museum Educators ,whom contribute to a smoothly running museum. Without constant If the museum operates ischool, cOoperation And consultation among it-is run by the education de- all departtents, a large museum:- partment. Classes are often at- would lumber to a halt. Small tended by both young people and museums may depend largely on the adults. The education direCtor energies of a small:number of,peo- hires.-teachers for-the-school and /A7le, perhaps even one person. -arrangestraining for'volunteers who guidetours through the gal- Some Facts about All leries. The -education-director / M-useum Workers also makes muSPunr research and library facii4ies available:to t Patience is required by all museum interested students and scholars p workers, because haste may ruin an AnLthe laeld. Object or result in errors about its higtory or records.' People The education departmebt often, who work as conservators and taxi- serves as a link with-other schools dermists need.skilled hands. An in the area, setting up appointL outgoing personality is in asset ments for curators and other mu-, to a difector of the education or seum personnel to visit classrooms, public relations department. The or for stildents to cometo the fact that daily work requires cob- museum. stant consultation with other people often leads to,misunderstand- -,Other Museum Employees/ ings. Clearing up such misunder- standings requires tact. Many who Many large museums havp public work in museums express frustra- relations departments. Irtsmall- tion that much wOrk is put into ,er museums these functions are an exhibit which is shown only, a often-performedjg the education short time. However, seeing an department. The publicirelations exhibit idea through to'completion department and the education_de- and having others enjoy. and learn partment cooperate on publicity-- from the7exhibit is, a source of the newspaper stories and tv pro- great satisfaction. _grams about,the MuSehlIScollec- tions, staffl and events! They Many museum employees work part- work together on orientation time. Art museums hire the lar- centers, which show-visitors hoW gest number of full-time workers. best to use 'the museum for their Historical museums hire about half. own-enjoyment and/comfort. -The full-time ancihalf part-time et- iiblic relationsdepartment also ployees. Many museum workers are Some works actively with'the museum - also part-time teachers. director in seeking new,members people do preservation and taxi- and new sources'of,funding-for dermy work on a free-lance basig, the museum. being paid a fee for each project completed. Some archeologists In largemuseums there are se4,,- who are curatorscoMbine govern- curity emplokees, accountants; ment survey work 'and muSeum work. secretaries, :sales:- clerks;: car-' penters, shipping clerks, and About 30,000 people work in maintenance, personnel, all.of' various museum jobs, but many more 129

visit museums._ in a: national You Want to Look Further survey, museum-goingtivalled spectatoil sportsas a national For a further look at museums, read pasttime ifinteresi contin the American Association of Museums' uevand funds are available, Directory in the library; this there should be some growth in lists oVer 5,000 museums and gives the nuMbersof jObs_Ppening in a brief description of each. Look the future. Many employees.be7e at mus-eum,Publications and annual long to the American Association reports; write to some museums that of Museums, which advises On goy-. interest you and request informa- =ernment-funds available; tells tion. of edu6tional prograMs and new Visit any'kind of a museum -- deVelopmentsand. has.4 job place-. an art museum, a national historic ment.service for_ members. site, an industrial exhibit -- I116 AmericarrAssoCiation of and ask'yOurself if you would have Museums. new _recommends that in enjoyed setting up the exhibits addition to special training you See. Would you like to handle (as_a curator, a conservator, and repair the objects on display? or a registrar:or public rela- Would you like to knpw their his- tions person), all'museum workev;, tory or record information dbout in,a responsible.position should them? If your answer is "yes" to receive cpllege'or. university any of these questions you would trainingjn the whOle:field pf probably'enjoy a job in a museum. museum-work, as well as a period of internship Spent.working in a miiseum- in various departments%------Such:a course -f study would include: History, purposes and tpFs of museums- Organization, operation; and mAnagement 'of museums Building-, design, layout and equipment collection- Data and.documents,.related to.collection items Scientifi.eand research aCtivitieS

. Preservation7and.care.o. colleCtion. Exhibitions Public facitities. Cultural'and educat onal 130

Sources of Additional Information

AmericanAssociation of Museums 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 "Museum:Career Information- Packet" includes: Museum Career Information Sheet MeMbership Information Newsletter Outline of Placement S,rvices Publications Liit Museums: Their New Audience. Book, ,:ree. ,Museum Trainin Courses inthe United State's and Canada. $l.75 Museum Studies ; A Curriculum Guide for tJni= versties and Museums. 4.2

The Official Museum Dire.ctory_.(reference volume

American Association for State and Local-History 1315 Eighth Avenue, South Nashville; Tennessee 37203 "Careers in History with His orical Organizations- Free brochure. "Publications for the Profession List, free. Introduction toMuseum,Work..G. Ellis Burcaw-- NashVille:American AsSociation, for $tate and' Local History,. 1975. $6.7-5.--]':

Associated Councils of the Arts Publications P.O. Box 4764 Tulsa, Oklahoma 741.04, Americans and the Arts, Hi:h1ifhts from a Surve ' Public Opinion. Pamphld

Books Anthroo1oists and What They Do. Margaret Mead. New York Franklin Watts,'Inc., 1965.' Museum Adventures; An Introduction-to DisCovery. Herbert and Marjorie Katz.. New York: Coward. McCann, 1969. 131

MuseuMS U .Hi-h hts. National EndoW- ment for the Arts. Washington, D.p.:= povernment Printing Qffice 1973. Your-Future in=Museums. William A. Burns. New York.: Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1967.

134 .12. THILOSOPHERS

The philbsopher professlonal question asker, a shaker of foundations. He [or she] is a true believer in no single method of inquirin he is oblliged't0 ac cept no single pecsPectivel

'The word "philosopher" is-derived-. Aiter the th made known,

. from Greek and means'a "loVer of. chances are that.-.:mo er philoso- :knowledge." lm.order to learn-a pher will: questiti-t' philose- philOsopher.asks questions. Per-. pherlt theory. ophers and haps the philosopher.wou4d ask, eddcators have been debating the "What is,knowledge?". For a phi- definitieh.of knowledge for gen- losopher one question leads.to erations and while there are many .many more. "Do people-learn by -- theories, there has yet to be a using.their .senses?"."Are things universally accepted one. Which are touched known better' Philosophers do not prodeed hap: than' thOse,that are seen or:heard?" hazardly, but are trained to be "Are we born with any inherent- critical thinkers. They have "Do.people adquire -knoWledge?" studied many thought systems and 'knowledge from making mistakes, are -familiar with systems of logic; As in trial and error?" or reasoning processes. e=question is explored from' Every'problem of the universe -many viewpoints. The,philosopher- 'is_open to contemplation by phi- carefully weighs each answer and losophers. Obviously they need perhaps producesA theory that 7 = to be skilled listeners and'ob- peopIpacqUire,knowledge. only, servers. They need an .ability to -when they are ih,A mood toaccept. deal with abstractpons learning The philosopher .new insights, cannot be measured by t e number supportsA theory by carefully of books someOne has re_d.- There' .5tructured.reasoning,and perhaps is no formula which s4S."A B= by ideasfrom works of other Truth:" -Philosophers need etc)! Thilosophers.

'Mihael Novak as,quoted in "PhilosopherS Ponder a:Practical ProbLem- Thir ,Lack .of. Jobs," by,Barry'Newman, The Nall StreetJournaL Peillruary, 105, analyze, to break questions ,do n doctoral degree.'Studies inClude intp parts --/sAd_then to syn- English-, foreignlanguage, and thesize, to put a. answevor in-depth courseson past and pres- theory together from'many parts. ent philosophersand-thought sys- If philosophers wish to share 'tems. their work with others they must be ableto speak and write clearly. obs - than Teachin

Most,Philosophers Teach- There are students rho concentrate on philosophy. in college and who , . While there are offices with do not gp on in philosophy,.but signs saying "laWyer" or "accoun- continue their studies in law ,or tant," have you ever seen a door in preparation:for a-career in_the__ advertising "Junius P. Thought- clergy. ,Philosophy students who L worthy, Philosopher and Trained do not attend. graduate school 'Ilmay ker?" Do philosOphers sub find jobs in high school teaching sist on areams, posed with elbow or as trainees,-in lnsprance, in en knee and-chin on hand? personnel work,'In administration,, or in research. The_ansWersis of course, "_No!" Nearly all. peOple trained in --Those philosophers with-a doc- philOophy-are teachers at col-'1 ,toral degreeoccasionally find leges and universities. .Their -work optside the teaching- profeS- duties-inclpde teaching clasSes, -sion.-/They are-sometimeshired hOlding lectures'and discussion :carry out research projects grciups, arguing pointg' of-inter- to'give a fresh viewpoint.to-prob- est (What is-hapPiness? Is Man --iemt which bankers or-pOliticians baiically war-like? ) mith students..-or career-army personnel have mulled over many times and Can Philosopher's also serve olt, longer see clearly. Some take facultY..committees SuCh jobs with researoh foundatiens. ning And budget-They,cOunsel Some do research-oh public.policy 's.tudents- who wisk-to--Take philoso--,s,fpr governmental,agencies; perhaps phy thell_aiRiarebtfileLqf stpdy.. :,onLquestiens such as "Was the Arany-write articles rhich debate povertY successful?" theories advanced by other'phi- losopherser address themselves Philosophers who do-research On to eluestions of-what is right Or- the-nboVeguestions would probab- yirong in present society. After ly agree with Michael Novak: Watergate, there has been a new surge of intereSt in-sYStemsof it is, al least one role of the- .ethies-and values'imong:thegen-- philosopher-to be p danger tb eral-public. specialiSts:, to point When- theexpert is nakeci Such ama-:

Education teurjshness,..req6ir.ps 1-he , .greatest professional skilL Those who wish to,become -hiloso- phy teachers Must, continue :their People trained in philosophy studies beyond- high 'school and werp among the first developers three.(or more) years- after collegeof computers. _Philosophy and in-order to obtain a Ph.D. or theoretical mathematics arenot M 135

unrelated disciplines.. Computer making. Some-are hired,as Manage companies 'today hire philosophers' ment ponsultants for short-term to dovise new-computer languages projects. ,.0ther philosophers have and to solve preblems. Philoso-- found jobs io personnel administra- phers assist business executives tion-and in S'upply systerds manage- in long-range planning and decision ment.

One unemployed philesoptier suggested pnoth r kyid of non-academ1c1 emplc)yment. He's working as a carpenter and-he suggested tha,%others mighlt cOn- sider such work for,its phi los. ilcal, ps well as monetary, rewardS.: 1There's something satisfying about working for a living.'2-

-Findiiig Work is d Problem thinkers who can apply'their skills .to a wide range of practical,--as Finding.ajob.maY be ohe ef,the well as theoretical,problems. biggest problemS newly trained In short, for the present'at .philosophers-havetoApOnder-, least, those whe 'cannot find a -degree inphilosophy.is,not one.- job'in_teaching or in applying

. 5:ought by industry. . Jobs in teach-

. philosophical principles-to.busi- ing are extremely difficult to ness or government problems'will find;there are many more grlau- . have to look for different types ates--dach-Lyear-,than.there Are of paying work: -Young people; Openings in--,college teaching: 'with philosophy training have'found- The.American PhilosophiCaf---AsSoc -that it works well with a skill'in iation.hopes that in-the nekt 'crafts.-- philosophy training,eould

ten years . jobs in -elementary and well be combined with any other school:,teaching may--be open- skill'that would give one a better ing for philosephers.. Also, they' chance in the job market. -hope that busineSs and ihd4stry wilj increasingly accept the fact-- that -philosophers -are trained.

2,"Philbsopher:. Restrictea to Jobs in Academe?"Chronicle of Higher Education, January 13,- 1975.

137 S-ecial Person

A philosopher whrking in personnel administration described his vieW of personal qualities needed by -philosophers this way:_

Philosopher's mus possess the ability to mork on abstract and vagvile problems which do not allow' for a single solution. Tor this reason a person must have the periponhi qualities ot patience, per- sistence, and aptpUde for analyticalthinking. An individual phikosopher should'also po'ssess an interest in writing, speaking before groups, a willingness to liten to the ideas of others,, the ability to see bot'h sides of-an issue and also not

desire to make subtantial sums Jof money. I think, however, that mostimportantly a philosopher*must be Willing to five \in a world where most people have no idea wl'6t the philosopher does and probably could care les when told. In shbrt, life will constantly be takenlup with explaining to friends, co-workers, relatives, etc.', what philosophy is and Why rn the wdrld on0 would w nt to do it.

- Source ofAddtional Information

AmericanThilosophical Association Hamilton College Clinton, New York 13323 139

;=.

1, , 7 OdCUPAtIONS -IN-RELIGTON

What if there were an ocupation that hurled yOu into the roaring, whirli-ngycirtex of_ life; that used every_ -dhe of yOur talents and skille and demanded mari;.-that :esked you,_to serve.hot yourself byt the.needs of all men; that not only involved you with -the-meaninglOf 'Life, _ but also Jet you expres's that meaning to others.

'The men hnd women working in, reli- IrAg= gion.feel that they have fouhd an occupation like that described The greatest number of people 'above.' Whether theyare Protes- working in religion are members

tant, Catholic; or Jewish -, of the clergy L- ministers., , whether they are members of the. priests, and rabbis.'Mbst clergy Native American Church, of the members, serve as leaders of chur- ,Krishna=ledanta Society, dr:of ches and:synagogues.'Though their the Nation of-I-Slam -- their individual beliefs differ, many of strang religiout beliefsard a the tasks'ihey,perforware similar. very important part of their working lives. Also important in Tasks of-clergy members include: their choice of work-is.a desire ' Conducting worship services to help other people, Conducting special ceremonies Some who choose a religious career feel a "call," or a moment ' Teaching 'wheh they ar absolutely.certain ' Counseling that the chu_.hL holas their life's work. Others feel no-such clear ' Administering message and have- doubts about Maintaining community their worthiness,'but believe:that relations.- a strong desire tonserve with what talents they possess is "Chll" _enough.

1 The Chrtstian Ministry A Challehge,

141

139 AIti =

1,121Lp Services a rabbi, who is respected asthe. leading scholar oChis.or her com= , The clergy member is most often munity and as the interpreter or seen leadingor-participdting.in explainer of the_laws of Judaism. ,worship services. Most services Rabbis, ministers, and priests consist of musici prayer, read- all conduct classes for new members ings from the Bible,-Torah,.or of their faiths': Priests conduct sared Scripture, and a sermon-. _Christian DoCtrine classes for There are as many differentwor-. the young people of their parish. ship services as there are forms Ministers are active in-directing of. religion. Some-services,-such ihe-stuaies of Sundey School as specialized masses, follow a cla,s-ses. Couples planning mar= certain_form which has been fol- riage are instructed in the reli- lowed for many Years. Other ser- giouS significance of the cere- vices consiSt Of poetry reading, mony and of their vows,toedch 'guitar and- bongo mUsic, and spon- dther. taneous-talks by bhUrch members. Somemembers of:the clergy lead Counseling services every day of- the week, raore than once a day. Rabbis do The clergy person responds to:the not.ledd every servicd, but often needs,Of a_church or synagogue_as- attend those led by members of, a whole,- but the.needsof indi- the congregation. Some religious vidual members are also met. groups hold SerVices once.a week,. People.with problems ---a. child or even less often. whose-father has jeft home, a person who drinks too Much, a Special Ceremoni :pregnant high school girl ". often seek the counsel -of_a,clergymeM- ,Members of the clergy conduct ber:' The clergy person must be -. special ceremonies important:to able to listen 5ympathetically, their religien. Ministers and and to suggest sources of help .priests baptize infants or adults ihe comMunity. PeOple who,are ,new to' the faith. Rabbis par-. suffering through dibkness.OT ticipate in bar and/bas mitzvahs through the death of .a family mem- 'and in ConfirmatiOn,services for ber,need,support and comfort. _ young people,Ministers-and _Clergy members are .ready to assisti priests give,comMunion. Priests even though thekmay-hotbe asked._. hear confessions-. All clergy They TIT:), offpr'help whenfa.parish-, persons- officiate at weddings ioner cdmes to the chu5,ch:7study or - and-funerals. they may visit people at home;in, hospitals, OT, occasionally; .in prison.'=-

Teaching is an important duty of clergy members.v-They instruct synagogUe and churCh members on In addition tb leading worship;- , thehiStory of their faith and' teaching, and offering personel on different specifid pointsof- :spiritual suppOrt for a-particu-_ belief,.-Being 'a teacher is an lar faith, all' clergy-members esPecially important-function of serving a ChurCh-Or congregation must'be good adminl rators. ;They Priions answer correspenderiCe,'work on Religiousorders' :budgets,-hire and fireassistants. Schools': They schedule meetings of,men's- Youth centers And summer camps. and women's clubs and youth groups. Often they keep an eye on build- Cha-lains and Minis erial- ing maintenance_and the need-for-- repairs..If finances allow,' they help inTlanning,Additions or in -A chaplain spends most of his/her, designing a new bUilding. In time helping people.deal with -large churches- or synagogues, problems. Chaplains'dlso conduct .clergy-members Are helped in these worship services:and-often lead tasks bY committees. In sthaller discussion groups. Some_organize --congregations,-the clergy person and participdte in,crafts group's, rnay carry out many: taskg alone. or recreational programs, Admini- strative duties do not take.up as Maintaining Communiations much of the chaplain's time as,-.1 they do that of the suburban'minis- Though:the list of tasks so far: ter or parish priest; but there may sound greater than-one per--- are-still Schedules to arrange, _son could do,-there is-more. budgets to meet, and letteri to A Itrgy person must bt_a-link. 'answer and write. betweep-meMbers of a:particular faith and the rest of the cdril 'School:Chaplains:: munity- There are-prayers at business-breakfasts and at school Schdol and'college chaplains Tay graduations. -There-are church and teach cdurses -in religion and .comMunity baseball leagues-, nur- philosophy in addition te giving -sery schools; and other recrea-- sermons. Chaplains in schools, . tional programsrsponSdreeby often spend time 'leading discus- -.thurches.:or synagogues but open sion groups and answeringthe'many- to all. Often ',clergy members- of pointed ciuestions of students. all-faiths-meet together to dis-- Again, time is always found to cuss ways:of dealing with tOmmon talk with an upSet student. SchOol problems such ai discrithination, Chaplains often run religious poverty,-and violence. groupS for students, such as Hill- el, Newman Club, or Roger Williams Fellowship. here Do Clergy Members Work? - New Oiortunities for Cha Most work as leadersc)of churches and synagogues. Others serve as Recently Chaplains haVe fdund work chaplains or_ ministerial.special- -in industries; where. they help ists in: troubled workers who Might not seek outa'church pr synagogUt. Armed services ,Night,ministries'offer-a-chaPldin's Family counselin centers ierVices to those pn the Streets Hospitals After-dark, to Prostitutes-and to Industry Tsieepers om-park benches,_ Mental health centers

1.4 3 Other Roles'for.Clergy Members universities, in elementary and high schools run-by-their church Editor_ of' Religious -Puh- or synagogue. Some clergy members serve on the staffs of these schools.as administrators', as ad- Mis'sionary missions officers, as directors Minister of Music, Of the budget. -Personnel Administrator Traini School Administrator \ The modern seminary not a Staff of Church Institut ons depot where a persoh is freight- Teacher- -_ed with a supply _Of learning to last through a lifelong Some clergy members become'per- ministry. Rather, it 'is a sonnel administrators,-finding training ground where he gets. jobs for.otber members-of their ready to keep on getting ready 1- faith..Some, with special-trOm-_ all the rest of his- working ink; becomelviinisters of Music. lifeZ Other clergy members write and/or edit books on religious subjects. The,education required to become' Some write and edit.for the-magij a clergy,member varies according zines of their denomination. to,one's choice of. religion. 'AIL Still other clergy members _travel 'though a few'religious groups re-,

as members of missionary'teams . quire,Only a short term ofIlible whose purPose is to-win new-mem- . courses, mostof the major reli-

bers of the faith. _ gions' in_the United States require a college education and three to V, .A small number of clergy.Serve five years-of speciartraining on the staffs of church institu-- in religious 'studies' after col-. tions,-where.ther administer pro- lege. Students who have majored graMs or send-out national news in any college subject may enter of.their denomination to-local, the seminary, but'a liberal art churches. Ministers work for the background in religion apd phi- National Council of-Churches; losophr, inchistory,or the social Catholic prieSts work on a BishoP's sciences such-as anthropology or aff, for a-Cardinal, or on-the sociology, are good beginnings tt,aff of Vatican City in Rome. for religious studies. .Foreign Rabbis work as administrators of language studies are an asset to vailibus Jewish organiiations such anyone,in'religious life.,There as Zion-ist'groups.,, are specific studies important' Most faiths-have schools for to each faith1,--but all training training clergy members, uften contains studies ok the basic be- called seminaries. , Some clergy_ liefs of the' faith and of the members, of course, are the.,,teach- .sacred literature. Students jearn ers of prospective clergy members. the history oftheir,faith and the

. many forms ofworship'seryices- Others_ teach in colleges and

2 The Christian Ministr A Challenge, =used. Latin is necessarY those studying to become pri .and.HebrevOs a requirement After their long training is.com- -rabbis. Students also take pr pleted, ministers, priests, and tidal courses inadministration, rabbis are ordained. This cere- in-public speaking, and'in psy- mony symbolizes being actePted by 'chology. their respective religious institutions as working clergy. Reli- .Each of the five largest-Pro- gious placement servicei\assist testant_denominations (Baptist, rotestant clergy.and rabbis to Episcopal,--Lutheran, Methodist nd a church or synagoguesto and Presbyterian) his seminaries se ve. Rabbis usually use the which-train students for the' pla ement service ru, nby their clergY. Studies-jisuallY last for, seminary. Newly trained rabbis three years after college,,lead- -and Ministers are often infer- ing to a Master. of Divinity viewed by a committee from a -.degree-. church or congregation who evalu- Education to become a Catholic ate their -abilities and suitabil- priest-may begin in the first ity for the particular church year of highschool, after high 'community. Diocesan priests are school, after. completion of col- assigned a parish by their bishop. lege, or at'any time of adult Religious pri6sts may be' given life. Completion of studies takes work by the superibr of theil' about eight-years after high order or May seek work on their school.\ Before entering a Roman Olin, depending upon the rules of Catholic ieminary, a student must' the particular order. A priest decide whether he wishes to be a in the Order-of St. Francis for diocesan(parish) priest', Or a over.20 years has had the follow- ADviest ofa religious -Order. ing assignments: ,StUdy.fordiocesan priests and religiouspriests differ SoMe: Athletic directer of a hign, what, reflecting the different stRool eancerns -,6f each way of life.. Parish priest in a.New Rabbis too muSt make a choice Jersey suburb 'when entering the seminary..They- ":Chaplain in the Army may choose either to- be`an Ortho- dox Rabbi, a Reform Rabbi,-,-a Con- Worker.with tepn-age gangs servative Rabbi; or a Reconstruc- in the Bronx,liewjork tionist, and attend the.seminary Chaplain in a mental hospitd offering training in that branch -Of the faith. Orthodox students Hisibrother, in the same order, usually -completea _College degree .has been a teacher ai one school inthe course of rabbinical train- for 25 'years. ing,-=which.takes eight-to nine yearS: _Conservative and Reform Some newly ordained clergy

seminaries tequire'tht college start as members of a team. mini- . be completed-before entry; the '- stry-, or as as-sistants.in.a large rabbinical trafniOgilsuaqy takps Church or synagogue. They might five years after completion of have special-responsibilities, college. such as dealing with administrative 144

Committees,.tetting up gious instruction ptogram, or ewish coordinating activities for . A ,cantor is a member of tht, young people. Clergy members . faith.who sings at worship services who wori.in remote areas or serve arid teaches Songs of the faith to severallrural churches with small -YOUhg people. In some branches of memberships do not often have Judaism the cantor also leads the assistants; they, carry out many,-. choj.r. tasks alone. Becoming a 'cantor requires musi- Other Religion-Related Jobs cal ability, familiarity with sacred music, and a thorough know- Director Of Religious ledge of the worship servicez .Education- There are training courses, .but Cantor, no formal training is required. In large congregationS; cantors Missionary are usually full-time employees, Religious' Brother or but smaller ones frequently,have Sister- part-time cantors who have other, - occupations. Church or Temple Admini- strator Missionary

Direetor of. Religious Education The primary, task of missionaries . ._.. is to win converts to their faith A directot of-religioUs educa- , and perhaps to establish' churches tioniusualJy, works-in a large. which 1,411 bE run by, new converts. church. Religious,education . (Missionary work is not part of -directors set goals of study'pro , the Jewish tradition.): EaEh mis- gramS 'for a school:Or:evening' sionary community may alsO offer study .group and offen meet with special assistance: setting up committees involved'in the educa- schools, offering,health service's, tiOn program. They reView and giving.agricultural expertise. select books and audio-visual Some large missions may offer more aidS. They keep parishioners thansine kind.of technical help: informedjif available learning resOurces and local elients of Although many mislsionaries are- interest. A parish cobidinater ordained clergy members, they need , ..- performs simper duties in the .not- be. Most establiShed missions Catholic Chu ch. Religious edu- require a college degree, some pre- cation direct rs and parish coor- fessional'Expertise, and some re- dinators may Ibe ordained members ligious training-befOre a missionary is given a task in the field. of'the clergy, but they need.not _ .be They usually have completed four years of, college: and two Religibus Brother or S' or.., three, yearS of training .in Much work-in the Catholic commun- _ religious education-After college. ity is-xarried out by brothers: and-sisterof religious orders There are several hundred orders fox sisteraialone 'and there are: 145

twice as many sisters as'brothers members, free to Seek werk,on their

_and plriests combined: 'Though or- . dained priests are members of re ligibns orders, brothers are men ...While most religious-brders require, that entrants haVe finished who have-decided they ,can serve high,schobl, a few provivde'high. best Without becoming prietts. sahool training. After training, The\kindof Life led by a reli and carul:consideration of per- gio,Us 'brother or sister is-largely sonal-qualifications for religious determ'ined by the order he or she life, a new brother or-sister takes chooses; to enter. Religipus com- vows and is-welcbmed-by othermem- Munities differ as.to goals and bers_ to full'partkcipat on in'the tasks-Pierformed,- and in time de- 'order: yoted.to prayer-and worship serL' Tasks ,like those of the active vices!' \contemplative orders'spend religious brother or sister are a great.deal of-time in prayer, also performed by Proiestant sis- _worshipmeditation. There is ters bf some .denominations. work within the order,_such as laundering, accounting, cooking -- Qiurch or Synagogue and' any of the tasks necessary to- Tem le Administrator daily living. Life is fairly much restricted'tothe1 religious order, purch.or synagogue apd temple however, and members of.contempla- adTinistraters ire hired'by.large tive orders rarely hold positions congregations. Possible duties- outside of the order. Most monas- . _include: preparing'fistal reports, teries,and houses ofiretreat are fund raising,'purchasing,supplies run by members of, cohtemplative and.equipment,.authoriting repairs, orders. coordinating'sthedules for use-of .- Active orders often' offer ser- building laeilities, 'supervising vices to the larger community. staff, keeping.personnel and mem-

Orders run schools, hospitals, _ bership-records. and social welfare agencies-which A college degree it usually'ne-. train the-retaided;-they provide cessary. Studies include' sociolo- homes far-orphans or help alcb- gy, psychblogyi business pdmini- holies. Many sisters and the - stration,..and -religious studies. majority of-brothers in actiVe - orders are teachers. Some brothers and sisters are All church-run%enterprises need

trained in an occupational spe- the assistance of people who, - cialty before they enter a reli- though not trained in,religious gious order;'.others receive train- studies, are happiest workingtin a

ing through'the.order they have , -religious setting. Churches_hire joined. Brothers and sisters may or use volunteer teachers,-editors, be trained nurses, anesthetists, audio7visual specialists, accoun- -and medical technicians. Some may tants and secretaries. There is. be accountants or personnel ad- room for almost any and every kind ministrators. -Others are, pro- of_talent and skill in-the field- fessort-or politicians. Swim of religion-. _ , -orders-assTgn brother's and sis- fterS to jobs; other orders leave cConsiderations 'Persenality

There's always.work for priests -It takes'bersohs who can lorals as long as they're not:worried at lif:e-withoUt about-their next.meal. who cen 5erve without being. served.- -Fother Hugh King -- --Protestant Clergy Member',

Pay fer workers in ehurches',- syn- In aadition to the many pofesSion-. agegues and church-related busi- al.skills needed by clergy embers nesses is often less than that and workers in religion, special in public servrce agencies or .personal characteristics are called profit-making businesses. for. As mentioned earlier, per- Large congregations offer a sonal religious faith is-most im- clergy person-a good salary and portant. So, f9r most workers, is an ability to communicate with housing, with additional income , esulting from performing specidl. other people. An ability tolis- services like weddings and bar ten-sympathetically and with pa- mitzvahs. Some Catho.ltc reli- tience 'and tolerance is necessary gious 6rders provide food, cloth- for those who listen to the often ing and shelter for the'life_of *grueling preblems of others. _Work- a member.1 Mdny brothersand sis- ers in religion must havegood ,.ters take a'vow of poverty and ielf-diseipline, an ability to any, money they,earn is donated handle many tasks and many emotions. to the church or to charity. In working, with church Or syna7 gogue members and 'thecommunAy \ National economic ups anddowns at large, the clergy person must -do affect religiousoccupation's. often summon up diplOmatic skills Churches dpd synagogues rely upon -- remaining ever courteousin ddnations to pay a minister Or the face of thwarted plans and rabbi: In hard times donations frustrations. . dr4 and new congregations are slow to.form: Many ministefs Satisfactions and Problems 'and rabbis cannot-find work at this time and have had to find Being part of a spiritual comMun- non-religious jobs. There are ity is a great Source of ssatis- number of openings for rabbis faction but it is not without to serve in Europe. Openings problems. There may be unsettling exist iths country.-for priests moments when these in yeligio4s -and members of religious orders. life feel they have lost their faith, or when-a person-is criti- cized bylather members of the religious community- The rabbi iS judged more often by what he is and does than by what he know's. The talmudic sage Rabbah in- tructs us that r4ny,rabbi whose inside is;not-like his outtide is no rabbi.'-.1 The revered Rabbi Led Bdeck-taught: 'The mesSage is not the sermon of a %preachar' but the'man himself. .._The-man,must-be the message., The rabbi must not delFVer a message, he . must-deliver himself.' -Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk3

Members of,a church or synagogue- well represented-in 'the major may have Set.ideas about How they ligious occupat.ions:.in this ,expect a clergy perqpn to behave. country. Often he or shp is expected to'be Though'a religious occupation a-moral example-to the ehtirecorn- , does not offer:a safe haven ,from munityfl. The clergy.person,attend- life's probleMs, it does offer'a?r -ing-aniX-rated movie on Thursday- enormous challenge. Dealing,with hightmay find that membert: of the ,"what life-is all about" -- congreiatibn dinpproVe evehthough birth, death, pain, and love -- is they arLsaw the 'same'movie on - a great demand on one's physical Wednesday.- and spiritual resources, and a . Clergy members work long hours. great satisfaction'to those who They are often called An the mid- feel they have made a dent on the dle of the night or at times when' world's problems; they ,have planned an hour of quiet study or time with their ,families. There- - are conflibts over reli- If you are interested in,religious gious issues. Recent controver- work, the best thing to do is seek sies in the church have touched the advice'of a worker in the on rules which require Catholic ,A clergy,member of your priests and members of religious _faith will be able to _tell you orders to:remain single. Womeh" about personal qualificationt need- are poorly' represented in all but ed _as_well as about educational the Catholic sisterhood,. and have requirements,You nught_attend a, begun to demand a more active summer program of religious study role. The rabbinate is open.to as a way of exploring the field. women, but women rabbisare' very There may alsO be VolUnteer-oppor- rare. Several of'the larger Pro- tunities in church-run businesses,, testant denominations will not such as hospita1s and orphanages, - ordain women, and_men are an over whicf; would give_you an inside whelming majority,in'.all the view of the work done, by others - others. Women cannot become in religious occupations. priests, and many sisters are now asking for more voice in 'cluir:h affairs than thek have had in the past. Other minorities are not

3_ Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk, Your Future as a Rabbi. New-York= Richards Rosen Press,, 1967- Reprinted by permission. 148

Sources of Additional Information--

Blnai B'rith Career and Counseling ServideS 1640 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W. Washington; P.C. -20036 Careers in the Cantorate. Careers in_rhe Rabbinate,-CareerS.in Synagogyeand Temple Administration. These booklets are part of' a series which has many moreguides available Singlecopies are $1. each.

National, CoUncil pf Churches-of Christ in the U.S.A. 475 RiversideDrivA,Room 710 -New York, New York 10027 The Christian Ministry/A Challenge Bboklet, 30 iThurch Careers-for Women." 'BrOchUre, freA. "Lisring of Church-Occupations." 20$

. nesources-on Vocation .and 'Church OccuparionsA' Brochure, free in limited .quantity. "Where do I-go:for Further Information?" AddresSes of dooperating denominat.ions, free .

-Occupational Briefs- Chronicle:Guidance Publ cations:, Ind:-

. Moravia:, New York' #264 -Clergy , ;#478 .Missionary #368 Priest

#427 Rabbi. - #255 .Religious Education-,Diredto #440 Religious Sister, Religious Brother These briefsrare Part Of A series in,which milk-Mere titiesare-aVailAble. Prides average around Ks.

. Serra Internitionil -22 West-Monroe Street Chicagoo Illinbis'60603

Many free paffiphiets and brochures available describinvcareers in the: ,Catholic brother-- hood, priesthood', and sisterhood. 149

Books

The_ Guide ost, Reli ious Vocation Manual for Youn& Men. Washington, D.C.: Catholie-Uni- versity'Of America:press, 1964.. Your Future_as a_ Rabbi. .Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk. New York: Richards- Rosen Press, Inc., 1967.

151 14. SPECIAL LIBRARIANS

Why are these Librarians S ecial? Compiles:bibliographieS v, Describes and triticizes PSpecial" librarians are special materials -.because they combine two areas of: knowledge:. knowledge about:.a sub- Helps ciientS ject such as chemistry, econbmics, Maintains .1-ink with'commuuity, c_)r art.with a knowiodge of librar-m- other libraries, 'and schools. ianship= 'A person who is a special librarian can concentrate on any- - In planning the library area subject in the arts of scienceS;, the librarian must consider avail- in the-Arts and Humanities,,the able space -- what matetials need majority Of special librarians tO be reached readilY and what Can are: be stored? How much working area 7 Art Librarians -and how much-open-space are needed? He or she-must also work within a ' Law Librarians bUdget for equipment, purchases * Map Librarians of new books and materials, and _-perhaps for hiring assistants.- * Media Librarians' If the special librarian is in rviusit.Librarians: tharge or a library aide or an- assistant librarian, he/she must'

Tasks schedule and supervise their work.

Whateverthe-ISarticularfield-the-- familiar_ with reference books which are ne- librarian's chief purpose is tb cessary to the special field,.,as make infoimation available to-peo- well as basic reference titles like ple who need -it. To accomplish Books in Print which list alr'ti- this goal the special librarian tles currently available from .Plans library,area Jrnblishers. The librarian con- Stantly scans catalbgs, brochures, Sched les work for,him/herself and newspapers for information and others in the library abblitnew developments in the _Selects books and materials special field. With consultation lurchase from the profeSsional people who use thOibrary,' the special li- Catalogues files brarian Orders those materiAls 152

151 152

which best fit the user'sneeds. When the materials arrive the in addition to books, magazines, librarian or an assi an check newspapers, tapes, filMS, micro- the bill-against the order:to be fiche;-letters,-research certain that everythi g is'correct report's, and computer print-outs, before cataloguing ana _ing. A a special librarian might order, file or cotputer card is made for Catalogue, and-file: each,book, report, microfilm, Or other item,coming into the library. Art The,librarian decides.which cata-, loguing system iS best suited.to Photographs thiS particular:library. Title, Paintings,, author, publisher, date, and date Drawings (:)f purchase are notech. The cata7.4, Prints' logue number,uSually givesthe Slides clue to where the Material, is-to Postert.. be filed- upstairs pa,the shelves Law, with bookS by critics, or down-.. stairs'in the reading rooM. with Briefs the books on*lives of painters. DOckets Depositions A,special 4brarian may compile Affidavits bibliographies. -He/she lists Contracts materials of.interest available. Wills from various'research centers -publishers, and other libraries. The list may Show_only those ma-. Maps terials available from ond library. Scale drawings The list.may be general-- Music Aerial photographs Materials --'or specific -- Ma- terials on 70's Rock Groups Media These tibliographies may be anfric, Films tated by.the librarian. The anno- Records tation might contain a brief de- Slides scriptioa,of the contents of the Tapes-. book, tape, or film', and a short Cassettes criticismof the material by the librarian. For example: Music Records DenceProduerion. Evelyn Sheet music i_igh foot. Short Hills, New instruments Jersey: Blundertoe Press,si984. Covers Drama,. Book limited in scope. production of classical ballet Scripts from 1850 through:present. Costumes Omits dance as part of drama;. Publicity notices. ignores folk-dance prOductiOn. GoOd_as far as it goes. 153

For the special librarian a Places to Work goodpart of the day.is spent helping the people who need Most librarians.in this country information. Notices of new ma- work in school libraries. =Quite.- terials- of'general interest are a few _school.libraries,have media- posted or circulated. If,a,ques- (films-, 'tapes, ete.)-,Specialists'. tion can be answered quickly, it Special librarians can be found is ddne over the phone. If some- in,art, music, and law _school 11-' one would like a group of materi- -braries. ,They can also be:found als to find out about a new de- in largeuniverSity libraries velopment,- the librarian may sit which might have .Special,*partj down with him/Hefand-explain ments deveted to theSe:subjects. _which part of.the new development In, addition'toschools, specialT 'is beSt explained in detail by librarians might-1.16'1( in;, which material, or which material gives ths best general overview. Public libraries

The client_who comes for,help to. , Chniches the,Jaw librarian, for instance, may know more than the librarian Museums. about the procedures of law, but Television or film studios the.librarian knows more about the literature of law. The li- Governffientlibraries. brarian may also give advice on Advertising agencies the running of audio-visual equipment if this is necessary. Law firms, The librhrian keeps up with Private Business, such as current community:activities of ,Research=and consulting interest to the library's clients. Photography On the-bulletin board are posted Sheet muSic publiShing notices of lectures, classes, exhibits, conferences, or recent Book publiShing Banking legislation of inferest.- Some times the, librarian will invite a speaker', show-d film, or hold Education Takes Time a discussion in the library.

. In small libraries,'the special Nearly all special librarians librarian performs all of these need master's degrees. in libr.ary tasks. In large libraries, he/, science. They musv have completed ,she may have one er more helpers, several years'-study of'librarian- pr work as one member of a large ship after college. These studies staff:- often include some study of computer methods. Increasingly, 'Being a speci 1librarian calls libraries are cataloguing material for a knack fOr detail and accuracy by cOmputer1;-the catalog is often as well as, curiosity about current shared by several libraries which happenings in a special field. A are then able to exchange materials: desire.to help people is necessary as is courtesy, and-frequently : -Speciallibrarians foCus their patience. Cellege studies in the a-...ea of 154

- specialinterest. Art librarians degrees .one in their special' slibject area, And one in library _often have a degree inJine arts , ,or art history.: Law librarianS science. Often attend Jaw school after .they'haye completed four years of college Map librarians have Though there, are somejobs Open' studied geography; music librar- for special librarians, mostly:in ians_hold a.degree,ln muSic, His7 urban areas, opportunitieS are torians with some special not'growing. Hopefully', as more skills art and more businesses, discover'how librarians have some reading know-.valuable a special . ledge of foreign languages,,which services,can be,'new librariesand. is helpful in their.work Most new jobs.willbe created. special librarians have two master's

Sources of Additional Information

American,Library Association, Office for Recruitment, SO East Huron ,Chicago 60611

Music Library Association, Inc. 343 South Main Street, Room 205 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108

Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue, South New York, New York 10003

Tanya Oakes.- New York: Julian Messner,'1970.

1 5 5 APPENDIX HUMANITIES, OCCUPATIONS

Note-

Consulting, Interpreting, and Librarianship are all narrowly defined for the purposes of this chart.

Consulting - Seeking or giving professional advice for a fee, rather than the day-to-day consultation 'whih goes on-betweett,people who worICtogether-

Interpreting - Refers to that'skilr which enables a person to repeat Words spoken,in one' language in another language. -Translating, tooYis_used only, as.it applies An languages Librarianship ,dlefers to that group of skills which -mark the professional- librarian rather than the reference skills which are uSeful in all Humani- ties occupations

155 FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS IN EDUCATION NECESSARY

0 g 0 0, 0 12 .r1 J4 V at P 4 oc d W tog,HoguN 0 000 H g g A 0 C IH 0 pg 00 0 ' g0 al N 50 413 A 0rl .1.1 0 - 0 U 0 F4 M g titlaPW1=i.A.HP-1041-1 wik,H0zg'mtU0r4 ,..ipiPuOdhl OrAkerk, ,44g0,1-1.H.Z0H1.1.1MaX UOTig0.0Mg0P0g.kk 4 ',C0q4 0 'ffid00.10 0 )'S'gri'00610'rli-10*PIP 21.14 Q X ;4 L.04--1U u .-4 et :to

C-(11Ae-4112i211---1 Academit dean I1IiIiIIiIIi

Alumni secretary

Dean of stud nts

Director, e tens,ion work 111111111110011111

Financial,aids officer

Tres,idents eficational

.institution

.Department head

Director-of admission

Director of student affairs

Directors lummer sess*s

RegiStrar.

'Scholarshfp. counselor OCCUPT1ON5 IN EDUCATION FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION

0 0 '0.t4 b0g,q-10gblitii 0000 g g g 0 oa .0 (1:1 N 0,ri ff.1 g 1.1 tn g 1-1 Lt M ,H 9'4 P1 'H U H g Aik 0 N U-ikrnk g VI /4 ed tt tli 0 LA -1 , 0 E r4 =1 M in U 11):'0 im fo M ai < gO I

Faculty Omber

Instructor, extension work

Teacher, teacher's college

-Graduate assistant

Residence counselor

.Foreigp s udent adviser .

Directorf placement,

Loan counselor

Placement officer

Affirmative action offier

Secondary-and/or,Elementary-

Counselor

Director of guidance

160 OCCUPATIONS N DUCATION FUNCTION OR SKILL , , PREPARATION i.( NECESSARY o c4 z o

r4 1.1 ,ri 4.1 DO g X DO VI60 000 0 4.) CO tO ak. g A 0 g kg gir1Vg.Hggt4 0A g00 A ,r1 ,F4 .0 .F1 .11 +.1 tli St 0 g 4 k0 0 0 0 g 00. 1-1 ril =pi 0pi ti) tth ,iJdk.M A p4p 04

0 1 k kd F-1 0 tit) 0, 0 pig 4 0: 01 g0kI.; g.P1H 4 4 41'H'+)0 0 40 E Z !.1.1-cg 01 0 A .ri; v co 0 op 0 PIA. v.0 kTt 0k-,g.ri k0 .pi g .1-1 d de 0 dos et U Z a1(.-1-4 4.0 U Jet X 01.114 0 il:D Psychologist, school UNIlilIlilIlIllIll Director of,guidance in puhl4c.:

schools, MIMENIMEN Social worker, school ElIMMENENON

Principal .-. iIIuIIIIIiiuIIiIIIII

Headm ster

.Superintendent, schools

Educational tberapist

DIrector, special education IMEMENEMME

Teacher, blind. IMENNOMEN Teacher, deaf iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigi Teacher,landicapped IMINENIEUEN

Teaoher,mentally retarded IMINIMMUME

Directorl,educational program OCCUPATIONS IN EDUCATION', FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION r4 t' NECESSARYI tO

0 v-4 H g,H,o .g 'H g g g 44 0

0 0 tg) tiO M 14 41_

V 1 ,P1 ,111 1111)-14., 00 >1 0 1 u g g0 1-1, 4-) 0" ,H , g M 4.) .H 71o. 0 0 0'0 t 0 k0 A g r 0 Ma < U U

Supervisor, education

AudioVisual specialist

Director, eiperimental schools

, Educational.specialist

-Governes

Tutor

,Instructor,.correspondence School

TeaCher aide

Secondary only' ;

Teacher.

Department head

164 PREKRATION OCCUPATIONS IN EDUCATION FUNCTION'OR SKILL NECESSARY

Z , (11 o 04 , 01 . .ri 04,ri ti. .4.1 0 itg 4, 00 0 P .k .4-1 kg 0 g 0ci) k g000ttOtipPtk,k.pHo.k44 4 41 .k u0-Hcd.H0

0 trl 4..) 0 0 Cdtil.gA,Hgt4-1,0,rigf ig DOU o Z I.) k gli < U Xi wl U Pi01 4 U U 4 Z-111 EW Q IQ

Elementary Only.

Teacher, elementary

Teacher, kindergarten

--Other_

Teacher, adult educ tion

-School librarian

The fallowing occupations are,

Telate(in similarity of traiiiing:

tothose, in ',education, but they

have-bein omitted,. from thislig .becatiolork.does'not talw piac

in an educdtional.institution

Personnel wprkers

Employment Counulors

Rehabilitation counselors

Director of Education for

a service orinduStry ,OCCDPATIONS IN HISTORy FUNCTION OR SKILI: PREPARATION eN ,.1 NECESSARY d

d ,C14 06 g .r1i 0 g, oa 44 0 '4 0 o ,r4 0 k 01): 00 .0 00 al N 0 .,=1 Z 4p004jEg gu 0 ,m (g) a 4 al k .H.el M 44 .11 U 0 U r D rl N tJ 0 cdogz.ri..-1,0m04,m4JttU 0 .rlg0, ,4-1 in '0 11 !+J. g 0 rl gtzuo:Zuk,g.... 4 0 if-I 44 0 0 , 0ti t 0. k 1 0k g ,r1 14 ,0 tH Z .e.1 01 M 7 0 tD, PI ,H < U LQUE-4"1;.6,1UU14 =1:0 zu:1 a NO

Historian

Geneologist

Historian, dramatic atts

. Director, tate historical society

Directori- research(movies)

Archivist

Note:. In history and the following.

social science Occupations, the

majority of practitioners are.

teachers. Jpachers'are covered

ln thischart.under Occgations.

in Educatfon, A limited number of

opportunities also exist fotre.

searchers, writers, and editors for spcial prOects. and pray

sional'publications in each field,

, These positions require an.edUca-

tiánal background. of at least a ,

bachelor' s degree plug appropriate

1 writing or research skills. OCCUPATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FUNCTION OR SKILIJ PREPARATION

NECESSARY

Anthropology_ .Anthropologist* iMEMOMME Anthro_pplogist, physical EIMMINEM Anthropologist, cultural 11 11111111110111111 Arheologist INIMMENIENE Archeological assistant INIONEEMEN Ethnologist 111111E111111111111 Ethnohistoriao 1111111111E11111111 Visql anthropologist MAIMOMININ .Linguist MEMEHMEIN Oekriptive linguist uuliUliluululuuiiu Comparathe Linguist 01110000111111 Philologist IMMEMIll *0 her'ocCupations" in ant,hropology require the Sge skills aS those lain ed. here, 169 OC6PATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE: FUNCTION OR'SKILL JREPARNIION___

NECESSARY

Anthroolly

Applied.anthropologist,

Urban'inthropologist

-.Economics-

td iconomise

Agricultural etonomist

Finantial economIst

Industrial economist.

_ Intetnatiorial. economist trade

Labor economist ,

Price economist_

Regional, economist

Tax economist 171 *Othtr eConomists require the sam kb-

FUNCTON OR SKILL PREPARATION

NEcESSARY

4 H b0 0 tIO 0 4 13f i tit hoz,H 0g um 4 0pi :04 0 g. g 40 0 0 0 W0N 0 0.g F-4 a

(I) g g 1:14 U,..0. ,0 Lfl 4.4' 0 0 X. ix-- 0,-077k--07

it' 0 14 41. k 41,u 44,

Market research analyst

Markit-fikittbl. 1

Manpower reearch ad

.planninolitector alEIM

Geographer*,

Phy5ical geographer

L_.

Economic geographer ,

Political,geographer _ _

Regional geographer. 14

Sotial geographe

Urban g grapher

*Other geographers require the same skills as those indicated here,. F

OCCUPATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FUNCTI N OR 'SKILL PREPARATION NECESST

0 P4, t11),H pt t 04 g g 41 4. Q 010 g U t4 WI 44 .H

11*+i4 4U uo.,4CoidtnzukoZoo (10,H,A;-04J.D.H:4MoT)01010,14 .r1)40.H'g 111U'l'441"7/1,

111111111111111111111111111 Cartographer

Map Librarian 111111111111111111

Politicai Science 1111111111111111111111111

Political scientist 111111111111111111111 Vt 110111111111111111111 International relatins spetia,list 1110111111111111110 Director, pollingr Op n On survey 111011111111a Legislative aide' 1111111111111111111101

.2.S121211..:' IIIIIIIII1IIIUII SOciolog0t, ILIII1IIIlIIIIiIIII Criminologist 11.111111111 _ Industrial sociologist IiiiIiiRiiiiiiiIIIiI 11111111111111111111111

176 _

FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION OCCUPATIONSIN SOCIAL SCIENCE NECESSARY

0 01i 0 1:4 A 0 04g ,c c 0 C J C 0 C C 4-1 4r4J 4.) dr4 A A g @ri 0 tO to 0 d A A pi U V A N 9-1 gg I-1 PI Di .r1 ,r1 d t1 V g +,1 C c cd 'H cd 9-1 $4 0 Ag 1 ,k V 0 fq U LIJ U K-1. U U

Sociology milommuniem

Penologist*

Rural soeiologist IIIIIiIIIIiIIIIiIiIi Social pathologist 11111111111111111111

Urban sociologist

Demographer IIIIMIMIMIO1111111

Organizational soCiologist

Family sociologist IIIIIIIIIIII1111111111

Intergroup sociologist

Political sociologist liIiiIIIIIIiIIIiiIii Industrial sociologist IIII1110111111111

Medical sociologist 11111111110111111111111

Religion sotiologist'

*Other,sociologists require the aie skills-as th indicated her % /1.1:1111.1- 1,1.1 CS .e _ OCCUPATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION NECESSARY

Sociology

Sociological methoOologist

Researchworker, sociat.wejfare =

Directpro .polling oropiniV survey.

179 FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS IN LANGUAGES r=1 NECESSARY d

1:11) , a) 0' P4. fm VI .v---, d 0 obC4o1 . ,-1 1.1 mclo. eilgAd g to to 0 d C14 0,gAggto0- .p0o1-1 gUo00.0124-rd,1-1 .P.it-IFO4.J.ri 0 0.1d.ril, d ,H 4( J .g,-,4e4a, ua) 1 il 10 I-I P 0 0 fit0.ric000g10.C.HH440-0000' 0a) >0 ik dolZAAC001,4.14Jcirk drik0.1-ic tautnlukaAddrOdai 0..txp

Philologist

Itymologist

,Scientifit Linguis.

Interj'etilfranslatings

interpreter

Translator

Zeollaneous

Writer, ,news or script; foreign

Note: The majority of peopl

, . . . working in this field are

language teachers,. .aeolCcu- at-in'

1'82: PREPARATION 4 OCCUPATIONS IN LAW FUNCTION,OR SKILL r-, H NEESSARY M

m 1, g 0

m . 4.J 011 g 4 tiO 'H d Ot cip d .1-1 0 g tib 12 0 000 k g g.,-1 0d.riggoV 0 COW,

4-1 U 0- .--1 CI .ri co vim 40040 tt114'H '1-1 H 0 til 4j 0 14 >1 00 >0 I gdg 41 Ti g0 0 'Fl g 4 04i 0.0 U 0.0 4-1 4J 0g 0P 4J g *I'l H U 0 Z;uk 0, .00010'001.1CAP0,1Ag .r-I d t.-1dirOdRI t.7,C4<;.UtilL)F,IUUJ XXIhtiJICINO'

Lawyers

Lawyer*

Lawyer, criminal

Claim attorney,

District attorney

Insurance attorney

,-.Lawyer,'. admiralty

Lawyer, corporation

Lawyer, patent

-Lawyer, probate

,Lawyer Teal.estate

\ Title 4torneY

Solicitor, 'city or state

*Otherlawyers'requirethe same skills as those indicated her . 183 181 . 41=

OCCUPATIONS IN LAW FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION NECESSARY

Lawyers

6 6 I Tax attorney

Lawyer copyright

Bar examin.er

Judges

Judge

.iagistrate

.0ther

Appeals reviewer

Patent agent

Title supervisbr

Law clerk

Title examiRer 186 OCCUPATIONS IN LAW FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION NECESSARY

t10

Ui 0 , 04 Dr 1) p 4 40 H ;41 d tog,ri g 4 0 V) 0 0 k C g p gto 0 g 0 404-1 .1.4 gr rINA,r4C 14 0 00E C gUo:Htotoompi.ri.HHo.,4 ( 0- d N'FlOggr4f-104k-001N (i)r k0 0 1=1 4.1 I 4 C g0 .1-i 0 V) d 0 04 0 k

U tlAg4 0,0g0Plogo," Ui to do TI d 0 4 0- M 4 U 4.)41 OPtOkg.PI 140,H C ,ftt d 0" 0 (1 Hg<4WUE-104.JQU'14< 201 ZIO LZ,10

Law librariafi

Paralegal

. Occupations related to law:

Legislator

Levi secretary

Court reporter

188 187

'Fq OCCUPATIONS IN MUSEUM WORK. FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION H NECESSARY i co

, ti) 0 a, A

o _,. wgzbo A H 14 .ag.Floguitio .04404.-) 4-), 0. 1:11) 4 0 q-1 A 0 CD d t'l.ri.H g ,gko0.pEg 0 gutnAatt4J1 @H Pi 1 - I 0 H 14 .Ct H 44 0 *1-1 1=1 `H 0g Zrl 0t 1 Mr4 Q J O 1 /4 , g t C O',H,ri 1 0kd 'I'l V) I g X 11 0 .f.i IfJ 0 u 1 Z Cli 04U 00 UH4, cI$ m E 0'H.rig 0040 00 0 ,00'0 0.('00k Z,ri 14 0 -ffi .H t oier '0cl Pi U E4 t-1 4 O U 4 ZZ1, 2 alCI 10 ------

Director

Registrar

Curator

Assistant curator

Museum technician

Armorer technician

Conservator

Dioramist L

Preparator

Taxidermist

Ceramic restorer

Restorer lace and text les

Educational director ,g

, OCCUPATIONS IN MUSEUM WORK FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPARATION

NECESSARY

0. 0

p4 (3.0 .14 040 e4C.HoCc40.0 C g.P.14Jg.HCC0.1: c4,44'04 ,A 0 N U ti ,4Mt04)01A H 1-4 A0t Co-tH 0.,W0 0 (IN .r1 .f.4 00 k pi t0 U 0 ,A1 44 4J zoko rH trIE v.0 00 V 0 1.1 V 0 g t./ 0r1 g L) u wJuu <

Instructor, guides

Supervisor, historic si es

Research assistant

191 .

PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS IN RELIGION NECESSARY

-101, 0 g iJ g 0104.1 go pi M 0E 00 0 1-1 0I-I .0CC

Clergyperson: minister, priest,

rabbi.

Missionary.

Director, religious activities

Director_ re,ligious education

Parish worker

Religious brother or sister

Functions differ according to

religious 'order joined,

Educational requirements also

vary according tothe order,

hut most require completion

of high schooli

Church or temple adminis rator

Philosophers often but not

necessarily associated with religion - most are teachers) 193 HVANITIES LIBRARIANSHIP FUNCTION OR SKILL PREPAMTION 1 NECESSARY 00 O b g 4-4 tg

s0 00 tozirl I/1 Z. et eg) i4 g .r-1 4 4 0 ri ,H 4-4 04 11 C ,0 40 i-A 00.00

.i.A ri tri u ) u 1 .,-1 giio .0 CI OtM E 0[4'01 A ,r4 01.1g'Hgg 4'J l', < U ILI U EA l'A 0A U U 14et

p0a,1

Art librarian

Law librarian

Map librarian

--Media ;lib arian

Music l'irarian

196 Companion DoCuments in thit Career Exploration Series:

Student Guidebooks_

EXPLORING DANCE CAREERS .EXPLORING MUSIC CARE,T EXPLORING THEATEK AND MEDIA CAREERS EXPLORtNG VISUAL ARTS AND CRAFTS CAREERS EXPLORING WRITING CAREERS

Mkterial5 for Teachers_and Counselors

391 WAYS TO EXPLORE ARTS AND HUMANITIES CAREERS: CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES IN DANCE, MUSIC, THEATER AND MEDIA, VISUAL ARTS AND CRAFTS, WRITING, AND HUMANITIES

CAREER GUIDANCE IN-THE ARTS'AND HUMANITIES:ACT VITIES, INFORMATION AND RESOURCES FOR GRADES 7-12

EXPLORING ARTS AND HUMANITIES CAREERS IN THE COMMUNITY: A PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED CURRICULUM MATERIALS IN THE ARTS ANDHUMANITIES

A'ORELIMINARY EXPLORATION OF OCCUPATIONS IWTHE ARTS AND HUMANITIES