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Um Ideário Radical Moderno: a Democracia Batista Em Perspectiva

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Um Ideário Radical Moderno: a Democracia Batista Em Perspectiva UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA COMPARADA ROSIAM AMORIM DE ARAÚJO E MENDES UM IDEÁRIO RADICAL MODERNO: A DEMOCRACIA BATISTA EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA NOS MOMENTOS FUNDANTES DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (1774-1790) E EM SUA ÁREA DE MISSÃO, O BRASIL (1884-1910) Rio de Janeiro 2015 Rosiam Amorim de Araújo e Mendes UM IDEÁRIO RADICAL MODERNO: A DEMOCRACIA BATISTA EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA NOS MOMENTOS FUNDANTES DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (1774-1790) E EM SUA ÁREA DE MISSÃO, O BRASIL (1884-1910) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, na Linha de Pesquisa “Poder e Discurso”, como parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Mestre em História Comparada. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Leila Rodrigues da Silva Rio de Janeiro 2015 M538i Mendes, Rosiam Amorim de Araújo UM IDEÁRIO RADICAL MODERNO: A DEMOCRACIA BATISTA EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA NOS MOMENTOS FUNDANTES DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (1774 1790) E EM SUA ÁREA DE MISSÃO, O BRASIL (1884 1910) / Rosiam Amorim de Araújo Mendes. -- Rio de Janeiro, 2015. 245 f. Orientadora: Leila Rodrigues da Silva. Dis- sertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada, 2015. 1. História das Ideias. 2. Representações Democra- cia Batista. 3. Protestantismo. 4. Estados Unidos da América. 5. Brasil. I. Silva, Leila Rodrigues da , ori- ent. II. Título. Rosiam Amorim de Araújo e Mendes UM IDEÁRIO RADICAL MODERNO: A DEMOCRACIA BATISTA EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA NOS MOMENTOS FUNDANTES DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (1774-1790) E EM SUA ÁREA DE MISSÃO, O BRASIL (1884-1910) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, na Linha de Pesquisa “Poder e Discurso”, como parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Mestre em História Comparada. Aprovada em: ____________________________________ Profª. Drª. Leila Rodrigues da Silva – UFRJ Orientadora _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Leonardo Chevitarese – UFRJ ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio dos Santos Gomes – UFRJ _____________________________ Profª. Drª. Elizete da Silva – UEFS ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lyndon de Araújo Santos – UFMA Rio de Janeiro 2015 RESUMO Em princípio, resgatar a tradição radical batista remete ao ideário libertário dos primórdios da modernidade, por assumir como princípio identitário a liberdade de consciência e por não adotar visões ortodoxas de religião e política, contribuindo com sua parcela para a secularização ocidental. É um dos poucos grupos radicais que sobreviveu, embora tenha adquirido novos contornos ao longo da modernidade, em muitos aspectos distintos de seu início, mas em alguma medida ainda evidenciam que são herdeiras de uma tradição puritana radical. Associada a novos valores, torna-se presença marcante na identidade religiosa e cultural dos EUA, onde a partir de seu ideário democrático vivenciaram uma experiência religiosa e secular, que procuramos detectar nas afinidades entre essas esferas religiosas e políticas. Tais representações, adaptadas à nova conjuntura, penetram em sua maior área de missão, o Brasil, construindo uma identidade própria. Buscamos perceber os batistas, norte- americanos e brasileiros, no contexto de construção das repúblicas, enfatizando representações e apropriações religiosas de sua democracia, destacando mecanismos de adaptação dessa tradição religiosa-política. A discussão temática da democracia batista evidencia como esses discursos estavam imbricados e nos remete a uma reavaliação do papel da religião na democracia moderna. Revisitamos assim teorias clássicas (Weber, Tocqueville), além da História Cultural. Nesse sentido, a investigação amplia a compreensão de processos distintos de emergência das democracias republicanas norte-americana e brasileira, aqui com a relevância do resgate de uma dimensão pouco explorada de práticas democráticas no período. Este estudo comparativo lança luzes sobre o debate crítico entre a velha ordem moderna dos primórdios e a democracia moderna do final do século XIX e XX, a partir de aspectos de uma abordagem contemporânea, com questões relativas à construção de identidades religiosas, minorias e tolerância, suscitando ainda uma discussão sobre os limites e possibilidades da convivência entre as diversas formas de liberdade de expressão, com especial foco nos conflitos entre liberdade religiosa e política. A necessidade de ampliar o conhecimento sobre os batistas e suas representações da democracia pode resultar em melhor compreensão da ordem moderna e seus valores. Essa perspectiva é o esforço deste trabalho. Palavras-chaves: Batistas; Democracia; Representações; Identidade Religiosa; Protestantismo; Estados Unidos da América; Brasil. ABSTRACT At first, to think about the radical baptist tradition, remit us to the idealism of the beginnings of modern times, for considering as a principle the freedom of consciousness and not adopting orthodox visions about religions and politics, contributing to occidental secularization. It is one of the fewest religious radical groups that survived, although it has acquired new aspects through out modernity, diFferent in many aspects from its beginning, but somehow still shows its heritage from the radical puritan tradition. Associated to new values, it becomes a remarkable presence in the religious and cultural identity of the USA, where from its democratic ideal had a religious and secular experience, which we try to detect in the similarities between the religious and political spheres. Such representations, adapted to the new conjuncture, pass through their major mission area, Brazil, acquiring a proper identity. We search to understand the north American and Brazilian baptists, in the context of the republic construction, emphasizing the mechanisms of adaptation of this religious and political tradition. The discussion of the baptist democracy shows how these speeches were related and remit us to a new consideration of the religion role in the modern democracy. We visit again classical theories (Weber, Tocqueville), beyond Cultural History. In this way, the investigation enlarges the comprehension of distinct processes of emergence of the republican democracies in the USA and Brazil, in this present work with the important rescue of a dimension not so studied of democratic practices of that period. This comparative study spots the critical debate between the old modern order in the earliest times and the modern democracy of the end of the XIX and XX centuries, from the aspects of a contemporary approach, with questions related to the construction of religious identities, minorities and tolerance, arising a discussion about the limits and possibilities of the converse among the various forms of liberty of expression, with special focus on the conflicts between religious liberty and political liberty. The need to enlarge the knowledge about the baptists and their representations of democracy may result in a better comprehension of the modern order and its values. This perspective is the eFfort of this present work. Keywords: Baptists; Democracy; Representation; Religious Identity; Protestantism; United States of America; Brazil. A Deus, que me concede a coragem de ser, diante da impossibilidade de ser. “Em Deus faremos proezas” (Sl. 60.12a) A meus pais, Rosivaldo (in memorian) e Miriam de Araújo (in memorian). Para quem amar era simples e a razão de suas vidas... Para quem ousou sonhar com essa liberdade religiosa, concretizando-a enquanto pioneiros na construção de uma identidade Batista Nacional (CBN) AGRADECIMENTOS ESPECIAIS Meus agradecimentos a todas as pessoas e amigos que contribuíram para a concretização desse projeto, umas mais diretamente, outras de modo indireto, mas todas fundamentais nos momentos cruciais do processo e acontecimentos dolorosos que quase frustraram minha trajetória até aqui, que superei com coragem vinda dessa porção de amor, carinho, incentivo e generosidade dispensada por cada uma delas e à sua maneira. Lembro-me então da Eleine, Claudinha, Marysol, Iara, das tias Ana Maria e Ulde, e da torcida dos colegas do mestrado, Sabrine, Belle, Vinck e Rejane. Não poderia deixar de agradecer especialmente ao Sr. Othon Ávila Amaral, que tão gentilmente me cedeu suas fontes e obras raras, imprescindíveis para a concretização da pesquisa. Às instituições Batistas, que permitiram a pesquisa em seus arquivos com tanta presteza, me refiro à Primeira Igreja Batista do Rio de Janeiro, especialmente o carinho com que sempre fui recebida pela irmã Pedrina Lachnit, no Centro Cultural desta igreja. Ainda, à Igreja Batista do Garcia-BA, ao Seminário Teológico Batista do Sul do Brasil – RJ, meus agradecimentos especiais a Evânia, bibliotecária, ao Seminário Teológico Batista do Nordeste-BA, ao Seminário Teológico Batista Peniel-RJ, espaço de aprendizado e construção destas reflexões compartilhadas com os alunos ao longo de alguns anos. Minha gratidão especial à família, meus pais que me forjaram como uma flecha para atingir alvos mais distantes, e meu pai Rosivaldo de Araújo, que me ensinou a pensar tantas questões, inclusive os batistas, e aos meus irmãos que acreditaram no meu potencial, Ely, Nany Lilian,
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