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Assessing the Agricultural Sustainability of Conventional Farming Systems in Samsun Province of Turkey

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Assessing the Agricultural Sustainability of Conventional Farming Systems in Samsun Province of Turkey African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(13), pp. 1572-1583, 4 July 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR09.434 ISSN 1991-637X ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Assessing the agricultural sustainability of conventional farming systems in Samsun province of Turkey V. Ceyhan Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz, Mayıs, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +905334390805. Fax: + 903624576034. Accepted 8 January, 2010 The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of the agricultural activities in Samsun province. Research data belongs to 2004-2005 production period and was gathered from randomly selected 93 farms by means of questionnaire. In this research, economical, social, bio-physical and environmental sustainability of agricultural activities were investigated. Total sustainability index, based on the selected 40 sustainability indicators was used to determine sustainability level. Research results revealed that some serious problems in the aspect of agricultural sustainability arise in the research area. The basic problem is that of economic viability of farms in first and second sub regions, while for third region, it is social sustainability. The most deficient social factors in the research area are insufficient sewerage systems, inadequate health service and problematic land ownership issues. The most important economic barrier is the low level of return on asset. Unconscious and excessive chemical input use, insufficient irrigation water and water erosion were the most important environmental and bio-physical barriers for agricultural sustainability. Increasing farm level productivity and controlling production costs and investment to the farm sector might enhance the sustainability of agricultural activities in the area. These farm level measures must be adopted by related government agencies and especially infrastructural and land ownership problems should be tackled as soon as possible. Key words: Agricultural sustainability, sustainability index, indicators. INTRODUCTION Up to now, meeting the needs of human is one of the to human health problems (Harwood, 1990; Marquez et main problems for mankind. Population pressure led to al., 1992; Roll and Pingali, 1993). Tilman et al. (2002) rising of demand for agricultural products. For this pointed out that agriculture does not only significantly reason, many societies have aimed to counterbalance affect the environment, but is also impacted directly by the human needs and food production. This made the changes in the environment. The social and economic farmers use much more modern inputs such as inorganic impacts of environmental changes are also significant in fertilizers, pesticides and water in production activities. many developing countries. Lynam and Herdt (1989) Farmers, especially in developing countries as well as stressed that agricultural researchers should recognize developed ones have used excessive agrochemicals in the importance of the sustainability of agricultural order to increase their crop yields at the expense of systems, devise appropriate ways of measuring endangering the future generation needs. Pretty (1995) sustainability, empirically examine the sustainability of suggested that overuse and inappropriate use of some well-defined cropping or farming systems, define agrochemicals have led to environmental problems such the externalities present in such systems and develop as contamination of water, loss of genetic diversity and methods to measure those externalities. Many previous deterioration of soil quality. On the other hand, it has researches therefore have concentrated on the been familiar that the consumption of agrochemicals led assessment of agricultural sustainability all over the Ceyhan 1573 world and considerable efforts have been made to constructed within the context of contemporary socio- identify appropriate indicators for agricultural sustain- economic situation. Therefore, the objectives of this study ability (Rigby et al., 2001; Van der Werf and Petit, 2002; were (i) to identify appropriate location specific indicators Prada et al., 2003; Peschard et al., 2004; Bachev, 2005). for agricultural sustainability and (ii) to examine In Turkey, agriculture is still a relatively important empirically the agricultural sustainability at both farm and sector. It contributed 12.9% of gross domestic product provincial level in Samsun province of Turkey. This study and accounted for 32.9% of total employment is the first empirical analysis that covered economic, (TURKSTAT, 2007). Nowadays, a serious attention has social, environmental and bio-physical aspect of come into existence about the sustainability of agriculture agricultural sustainability in Turkey. in Turkey due to the environmental problems facing it such as deterioration of land, contamination of water etc, bothforcing the economic factors surrounding the farmers METHODOLOGY and willingness of Turkish farmers to increase crop yield has caused intensive use of chemical inputs. This The research area transition process has been enhanced by providing The area of Samsun is 957,888 ha and approximately half of it is subsidies on inorganic fertilizers; pesticides and irrigation agricultural land, while the rest are forest, meadow and pasture. equipment to enable farmers adopt these technologies Samsun has a mild climate (TURKSTAT, 2007). In general, for increasing crop yields in Turkey (MARA, 2004). Samsun province can be divided into three sub regions in terms of Synthetic fertilizer use has increased approximately 4 agricultural and geographical characteristics. First sub region is coastline area, which involves eight different districts and covers times during 1970-2002 (AERI, 2003). Fertilizer con- 279 thousand hectares of land. Second is a transition region and it sumption is 76.8 kg per ha of arable land (World Bank, covers 27 thousand hectares of land. The third one is a highland 2007). plateau and involves five districts. Fertilizer intensity coefficient in Turkey (0.038 ton/ton It covers 144 thousand hectares of land (MARA, 2005) (Figure biomass) is higher than the mean of the World (0.035 1). Forty seven percent of the total agricultural land in Samsun is ton/ton biomass) and increased by 11% during last first, second and third soil class, while the ratio of fourth, sixth and seventh soil class land is 44% (MARA, 1984; MARA, 2001). Only decade (Ceyhan et al., 2002). Similarly, using levels 18% of the total agricultural land has irrigation possibilities in carbamates insecticide, carbamates herbicides, amides, Samsun (Demir ve ark., 2002). There are 103,752 farms in Samsun rodenticides and triazine has increased by 61, 90, 100, and approximately 90% of them involve in both crop and animal 50 and 64% respectively in Turkey during the years production (TURKSTAT, 2007). 1994-2001 (FAO, 2008). Intensive use of fertilizers and Samsun ranks 14th order among 80 provinces of Turkey with the pesticides have led to deterioration of land (Tanrıvermiş, population of 1.2 million and approximately, 77, 19 and 4% of total population lives in the first, second and third sub regions, 1996; Kızılkaya, 1998; Aşkın, 2000), contamination of respectively. Agricultural population density is 3 people per hectare. ground water (Balkaya et al., 1996) and residue The greatest majority of population lives in the first sub region. accumulation on some crops (Kumbur et al., 1996). Gross national income per capita is around $2300 in Samsun Nowadays, the environmental problems such as (TURKSTAT, 2005). deterioration of land and contamination of water sourced by agrochemical use have become a current issue in Framework for the assessment of agricultural sustainability Samsun. Ceyhan et al. (2002) reported that fertilizer intensity coefficient in Samsun was 0.031 ton/ton A single sustainable index was used for assessing the agricultural biomass and increased by 43% during the last decade. sustainability in Samsun province of Turkey. Agricultural sustain- Also, ratio of chemical fertilizer applied to the area was ability indices were developed for 3 sub regions. The aggregation of 98% and only 7% of the farmers used the fertilizers two or more indicators to form an index comprises interconnected through the soil analysis. Similarly, the ratio of pesticide four-part process; selection of variables, transformation of data, weighting of index and valuation of index (OECD, 2002). used area was 73% and only 8% of the farmers applied Forty suitable indicators were characterized for agricultural the pesticide according to the guide on the box. It was sustainability assessment, which were subsequently divided into clear from the upper evidence that there is a need of four groups: economic, social, environmental and bio-physical. evaluation of agricultural sustainability in Samsun. Each group covers ten indicators. Final indicators were given in However, little work has been done on assessing the Table 1. Since the selected variables did not have the same dimen- sion, transformation was performed in the study. Transformation agricultural sustainability at farm and aggregate level in methods include normalization, standardization and distance to Samsun. policy target analysis of data (OECD, 2002). Methodologies Although lots of sustainability indicators have been suggested by Barrera-Roldan and Saldivar-Valdes (2002) were developed all over the World, many of them do not cover applied
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