DOCSLIB.ORG

Ferruginous Hawk Buteo Regalis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ferruginous Hawk Buteo Regalis Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis Aves — Falconiformes — Accipitridae CONSERVATION STATUS / CLASSIFICATION Rangewide: Apparently secure (G4) Statewide: Vulnerable breeding (S3B) ESA: No status USFS: Region 1: No status; Region 4: No status BLM: Regional/State imperiled (Type 3) IDFG: Protected nongame BASIS FOR INCLUSION Population declines and threats. TAXONOMY No subspecies is recognized (Bechard and Schmutz 1995). DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE The ferruginous hawk breeds generally throughout western North America from southernmost Canada between the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains south to northern Arizona and New Mexico. Being an open–country species that inhabits grasslands, shrubsteppes, and deserts, this species is absent from most of northern and northeastern Idaho (Bechard et al. 1986, Bechard and Schmutz 1995). Distributed throughout southern Idaho, especially in shrubsteppe communities at the periphery of western piñon–juniper woodlands, the ferruginous hawk is primarily found in the Snake River plain (Groves et al. 1997a). A relatively uncommon species, it is estimated that there are approximately 625 breeding individuals in Idaho (Rosenberg 2004). Mostly absent from Idaho during the non–breeding season, the ferruginous hawk winters from northern California, western and southern Nevada, southwestern and northeastern Utah, extreme southern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, western and central Kansas and central Oklahoma, south through east–central Texas and Mexico to Baja California Norte, northern Sonora, Durango, and Coahuila (Bechard and Schmutz 1995). POPULATION TREND Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicate negative population trends (although none is statistically significant) for the ferruginous hawk in Idaho for the long–term period 1966– 2004 (–2.7% per year) and the more recent short–term period 1980–2004 (–11.8% per year) (Sauer et al. 2005). Across the species’ larger range, such as at the level of the western BBS region or the U.S. as a whole, population trends are more stable to increasing, although again, none are statistically significant. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY The ferruginous hawk inhabits flat and rolling terrain in grassland or shrubsteppe regions, typically avoiding high elevation, forest interior, and narrow canyons (Bechard and Schmutz 1995). Occurs in grasslands, sagebrush country, saltbrush–greasewood shrublands, and the periphery of pinyon–juniper and other forests (Olendorff 1993). In Idaho, becomes locally abundant at the interface between piñon–juniper and shrubsteppe environments (Powers et al. 1975). This species hunts from the air or perch, most frequently near sunrise or sunset. Nests in trees or on cliffs with up to 8–10 nests per 100 km2 (39 mi2) if conditions are favorable (Groves et al. 1997). Breeding males in Idaho were estimated to have an average home range of 7–8 km2 (2.7–3.0 mi2; Bechard et al. 1986). In Idaho, the ferruginous hawk is associated with nesting Swainson’s hawks (Buteo swainsoni), commonly migrates southward in the fall, but resides year–round in limited numbers in the extreme southern part of the state (Groves et al. 1997a). ISSUES Main issue threatening the ferruginous hawk appears to be agricultural development and cultivation of native grasslands (Olendorff 1993, Groves et al. 1997a). Population declines have been attributed to the deleterious effects of cultivation, grazing, poisoning and controlling small mammals, mining, and fire in nesting habitats (Olendorff 1993). A more recent concern is the development of wind farms, such as those in southern Idaho, where hawks could potentially collide with turbines during spring and fall migration movements (Erickson et al. 2001). RECOMMENDED ACTIONS Primary conservation actions focused on maintaining or increasing current population numbers in Idaho should include enhancing nest substrates, maintaining prey populations (ground squirrels, etc.), and mitigating development impacts from wind farm turbines, mining, pipeline construction, and urbanization (Bechard and Schmutz 1995). Better data on mortality rates of migrating ferruginous hawks (and other raptors) as a result of wind farm development are needed. Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis Ecological Section Predicted Breeding Distribution Point Locations Map created on September 22, 2005 and prepared by Idaho Conservation Data Center. Sources: Point data are from Idaho Conservation Data Center, Idaho Department of Fish and Game (2005). Predicted distribution is from the Wildlife Habitat Relationships Models (WHR), 0 20 40 80 Kilometers A Gap Analysis of Idaho: Final Report. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Moscow, ID (Scott et al. 2002). Predicted distribution is approximate (for more information, go to http://www.wildlife.uidaho.edu/idgap/idgap_report.asp). 0 20 40 80 Miles.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ferruginous Hawk Buteo Regalis
    Wyoming Species Account Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Listing Denied; Migratory Bird USFS R2: Sensitive USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: Sensitive State of Wyoming: Protected Bird CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: Bird of Conservation Concern WGFD: NSS4 (Cb), Tier II WYNDD: G4, S4S5B/S3N Wyoming Contribution: MEDIUM IUCN: Least Concern PIF Continental Concern Score: 11 STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) was petitioned for protection under the Federal Endangered Species Act in 1991 but was denied listing based on lack of evidence 1. The Wyoming Natural Diversity Database has assigned Ferruginous Hawk a state breeding conservation rank ranging from S4 (Apparently Secure) to S5 (Secure) because of uncertainty about the abundance and population trends of the species in Wyoming. Additionally, Ferruginous Hawk is assigned a different state conservation rank in the non-breeding season due to much lower abundance and proportion of area occupied in the state in the winter. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Ferruginous Hawk is monotypic. No subspecies are currently recognized 2. Description: Identification of Ferruginous Hawk is possible in the field. Ferruginous Hawk is the largest North American hawk in the genus Buteo, with a wingspan of about 142 cm and measuring 56– 69 cm from bill to tail 2, 3. Both sexes are large and heavy with broad, long, pointed wings and have a large head and bill, long gape, and robust chest; however, females are slightly larger and notably heavier than males 2. Plumage is identical between sexes but varies between light and dark morph individuals. Light morphs comprise 90% of all individuals, but dark morphs are present range-wide 2, 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations Relative to Birds of Prey in Captivity in the United States of America
    ESTIMATIONS RELATIVE TO BIRDS OF PREY IN CAPTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA by Roger Thacker Department of Animal Laboratories The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Introduction. Counts relating to birds of prey in captivity have been accomplished in some European countries; how- ever, to the knowledge of this author no such information is available in the United States of America. The following paper consistsof data related to this subject collected during 1969-1970 from surveys carried out in many different direc- tions within this country. Methods. In an attempt to obtain as clear a picture as pos- sible, counts were divided into specific areas: Research, Zoo- logical, Falconry, and Pet Holders. It became obvious as the project advanced that in some casesthere was overlap from one area to another; an example of this being a falconer working with a bird both for falconry and research purposes. In some instances such as this, the author has used his own judgment in placing birds in specific categories; in other in- stances received information has been used for this purpose. It has also become clear during this project that a count of "pets" is very difficult to obtain. Lack of interest, non-coop- eration, or no available information from animal sales firms makes the task very difficult, as unfortunately, to obtain a clear dispersal picture it is from such sourcesthat informa- tion must be gleaned. However, data related to the importa- tion of birds' of prey as recorded by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is included, and it is felt some observa- tions can be made from these figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptor Nest–Site Use in Relation to the Proximity of Coalbed–Methane Development
    Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 41.2 (2018) 227 Raptor nest–site use in relation to the proximity of coalbed–methane development J. D. Carlisle, L. E. Sanders, A. D. Chalfoun, K. G. Gerow Carlisle, J. D., Sanders, L. E., Chalfoun, A. D., Gerow, K. G., 2018. Raptor nest–site use in relation to the proximity of coalbed–methane development. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 41.2: 227–243, https://doi. org/10.32800/abc.2018.41.0227 Abstract Raptor nest–site use in relation to the proximity of coalbed–methane development. Energy development such as coalbed–methane (CBM) extraction is a major land use with largely unknown consequences for many animal species. Some raptor species may be especially vulnerable to habitat changes due to energy development given their ecological requirements and population trajectories. Using 12,977 observations of 3,074 nests of 12 raptor species across nine years (2003–2011) in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, we evaluated relationships between raptor nest–site use and CBM development. Our objectives were to determine temporal trends in nest–use rates, and whether nest–site use was related to the proximity of CBM development. Across the study area, nest–use rates varied across species and years in a non–linear fashion. We developed a novel randomization test to assess differences in use between nests at developed and undeveloped sites, while controlling for annual variation in nest–site use. Red–tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), and long–eared owls (Asio otus) used nests in undeveloped areas more than nests in developed areas (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Ferruginous Hawk Facts
    Threatened Species ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) State status: Threatened, 1983 Federal status: species of concern Recovery Plan: State, 1996 The ferruginous hawk is the largest North American buteo. Adults have a wingspread of 48- 56 in, with females averaging larger and heavier than males. Ferruginous hawks inhabit semi- Figure 1. Ferruginous hawk (photos, left to right, by Jim Watson, and arid, and prairie ecosystems of Jerry Liquori) western North America. Nests are built on cliffs, rock outcrops, small trees, transmission line towers, and artificial platforms. Territories often contain more than one nest, which allows the pair to relocate if disturbed early in the nesting cycle. Washington state is on the northwestern edge of the species breeding range (Bechard and Schmutz 1995). In Washington, nests have been found in steppe or shrub-steppe habitat. Franklin and Benton counties together host about 60% of the ferruginous hawk territories, and Grant, WallaWalla, Adams, and Yakima counties also have had 13 or more territories each (Richardson 1996). Population status. The ferruginous hawk population in North America is thought to be stable or to have declined somewhat in recent years. However, Alberta, which has had one of the largest concentrations of nesting ferruginous hawks listed them as endangered in 2006. Washington historically supported a substantial population (Richardson et al. 2001). Of 241 cumulative known total territories, the highest number occupied since surveys began was 69 in 1996. Increasing fragmentation of shrubsteppe habitats from agricultural conversion and residential development has been a factor contributing to the decline and listing of the ferruginous hawk as a state Threatened Species.
    [Show full text]
  • Manitoba's Species at Risk
    Manitoba’s Species At Risk Threatened Ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis erruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) is the placed in large trees. In Manitoba, nearly Flargest of North American soaring hawks, three-quarters of the nesting pairs observed with a wingspan of up to 135 cm (53 inches). since 1990 have occupied artificial nests. In flight, the Ferruginous hawk has a light Three to five eggs are laid in late April or underside with reddish-brown markings on early May and are incubated by the female Any native Manitoba species the underside of the wings and on the legs, for about 30 days. The male spells off the likely to become endangered or forming a characteristic dark V against the female on the nest during incubation. at risk due to low or declining bird’s white underparts. Reddish-brown Young remain in the nest for six to eight numbers in Manitoba if the shoulders and a white window patch on weeks, and are dependent on adults for the upper surface of the dark primaries are food for several weeks after they learn to factors affecting it don’t also distinctive. improve. Threatened species fly. Birds leave their summer grounds in The Ferruginous hawk occurs in two colour September or October. Young first breed are declared as such by phases. Dark birds are chocolate brown when they are two or three years old. regulation under the throughout with a whitish tail and primaries. Adults can live for 20 years in the wild. Endangered Species Act. Although dark birds comprise up to 15 Ferruginous hawks hunt during the day, per cent of the population in some areas, in eating mostly ground squirrels and prairie Manitoba they probably make up less than dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptor Identification Guide Usually Soars for Long Periods Without Flapping Wings for Birds Commonly Seen in the Dark Brown Wings and Body
    These are ten of the most frequently seen raptors in the Snake River Birds of Prey (Buteo jamaicensis) National Conservation Area (NCA). For positive identification, consult a commercially Red-tailed Hawk Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) available bird field book. For additional information about the NCA contact the Usually soars for long periods without flapping wings Usually flies low over fields with an undulating flight Bureau of Land Management, Lower Snake River District Office, Broad wings 3948 Development Avenue, Boise, Idaho 83705, (208) 384-3300. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) Rapid wing beats Faint mustache Light brown (tan) wings and body Males: white underneath with black wing tips, Long, grey head and back Light underside with dark narrow body belly band; body color Females: light belly, streaked varies from deep chocolate Adults have breast, brown head and back brown to reddish • Red tails with many dark bars in the tail Topside: male and female have Long pointed wings Immatures: like female, buff belly • Usually have some white on the breast white strip on upper tail Dark brown feathers in Lightly streaked breast and white mottled or streaked tail the “arm pits” Size: 19 to 25 inches long # of eggs: 2 to 5 Size: 17 to 24 inches long # of eggs: 3 to 9 (white) Wingspan: 48 to 53 inches white with brown spots Wingspan: 48 to 54 inches Eggs laid: mid April - mid May Size: 14 to 20 inches long # of eggs: 3 to 6 (brownish) Weight: 1 3/4 to 3 1/2 pounds Eggs laid: March - early April
    [Show full text]
  • Ferruginous Hawk, Photo by ©Robert Shantz Size Sparse Shrubs and Isolated Trees 9
    Breeding Habitat Use Profile Habitats Used in Arizona Primary: High-Elevation Grassland Secondary: Great Basin Desertscrub Key Habitat Parameters Plant Composition Grasses with varying shrub cover of sage- brush, snakeweed, etc., with some pinyon or juniper for nesting and scanning 8 Plant Density and Open country of primarily grasslands with Ferruginous Hawk, photo by ©Robert Shantz Size sparse shrubs and isolated trees 9 Microhabitat Slope, knoll, or other high point with scat- Features tered trees preferred for nesting 9 Conservation Profile Landscape Prefer to nest in remote landscapes; espe- Species Concerns cially common at interface between pinyon- Habitat Loss or Degradation juniper and shrubsteppe 9; area require- Human Disturbance ments unknown Climate Change (Droughts) Elevation Range in Arizona Conservation Status Lists 4,700 – 6,400 feet 8 USFWS 1 BCC List (BCR 16) AZGFD 2 Tier 1B Density Estimate DoD 3 No Home Range: Up to 8.5 square miles (Idaho) 9 BLM 4 No Density: No Arizona data PIF Watch List 5b No PIF Regional Concern 5a BCR 16 Natural History Profile Migratory Bird Treaty Act Seasonal Distribution in Arizona Covered Breeding April – July 8 PIF Breeding Population Size Estimates 6 Migration Mid-February – March; September – Octo- Arizona Not given ber 8; some northern Arizona breeders 8,9 Global 110,000 ◑ may be resident Percent in Arizona Not given Winter November – February 5b PIF Population Goal Nest and Nesting Habits 9 Maintain Type of Nest Stick nest 9 Trends in Arizona Nest Substrate Isolated tree; sometimes
    [Show full text]
  • Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo Regalis)
    COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis in Canada THREATENED 2008 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2008. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 24 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous reports: Schmutz, K. J. 1995. COSEWIC update status report on the Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-15 pp. Schmutz, K. J. 1980. COSEWIC status report on the Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-25 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge David A. Kirk and Jennie L. Pearce for writing the update status report on the Ferruginous Hawk, Buteo regalis, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. The report was overseen and edited by Richard Cannings, COSEWIC Birds Specialist Subcommittee Co- chair. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la buse rouilleuse (Buteo regalis) au Canada – Mise à jour. Cover illustration: Ferruginous Hawk — Photo by Dr. Gordon Court. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Global Legal Trade in Live CITES-Listed Raptors and Owls
    Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) Electronic Supplementary Material for: Quantifying the global legal trade in live CITES-listed raptors and owls for commercial purposes over a 40-year period Published in 2019 in Avocetta 43(1) :23-36; doi: https://doi.org/10.30456/AVO.2019104 Authors: Connor T. Panter1,*, Eleanor D. Atkinson1, Rachel L. White1 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author: [email protected] List of contents: ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. ESM 2 - Appendix B. CITES Trade Purposes categories with associated definitions. ESM 3 - Appendix C. CITES Importer and Exporter countries with total reported imported and exported individuals of raptors and owls. ESM 4 - Appendix D. Raptor and owl exporter countries supplying the Japanese trade in live birds for commercial use. ESM 5 - Appendix E. Percentages of number of traded species within global IUCN Red List categories and population trends. ESM 6. Imported raptor species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported raptor individuals. ESM 7. Exported raptor species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported raptor individuals. ESM 8. Imported owl species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported owl individuals. ESM 9. Exported owl species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported owl individuals. 1 Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL (ESM) ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. *The CITES Trade Database does not provide information regarding whether birds declared as “wild- caught” were derived from legal or illegal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Predators in Flight in This Program, We Explore the Majestic World of Birds of Prey, Including Eagles, Falcons, Vultures, Ospreys, Hawks, and More
    Men’s Programs Predators in Flight In this program, we explore the majestic world of birds of prey, including eagles, falcons, vultures, ospreys, hawks, and more. Birds of prey are also called raptors. Together, we learn more about these fierce, predatory birds from their habits to their habitats, as well as their role in legends, folklore, history, and superstition. Preparation & How-To’s • This is a copy of the complete activity. • Print photos of birds of prey for participants to view or display them on a TV screen. • Print a large-print copy of this discussion activity for participants to follow along and take with them for further study. • Read the article aloud and encourage participants to ask questions. • Use Discussion Starters to encourage conversation about this topic. • Read the Birds of Prey Trivia Q & A and solicit answers from participants. • Check out the Additional Activity for more information about this topic. Predators in Flight Introduction Birds of prey, also known as raptors, include many species of avian predators that rule the skies. Found on every continent on Earth except Antarctica, these powerful birds possess enhanced senses and phenomenal speed. Raptor and human history have been intertwined for centuries, with some birds of prey considered evil or magical, while others are thought of as pests. In contrast, they have also been celebrated as sacred or served as human hunting partners. What Makes a Raptor Most birds of prey are members of the order Accipitriformes, which is made up of 250 species. The birds are divided into diurnal and nocturnal raptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo Regalis)
    Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) NMPIF level: Species Conservation Concern, Level 1 (SC1) NMPIF assessment score: 17 NM stewardship responsibility: Low National PIF status: No special status New Mexico BCRs: 16, 18, (34), (35) Primary breeding habitat(s): Plains-Mesa Grassland Other habitats used: Pinyon-Juniper Woodland, Great Basin Shrub, Plains-Mesa Sand Shrub, Agricultural Summary of Concern Ferruginous Hawk is a broadly distributed raptor of western North America. Although United States populations may be increasing, Ferruginous Hawk is considered highly sensitive to disturbance and to loss or alteration of native grassland habitat. Associated Species Swainson's Hawk (SC2), American Kestrel, Scaled Quail (SC2), Mountain Plover (SC1), Mourning Dove, Common Nighthawk, Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Say's Phoebe, Loggerhead Shrike (SC2), Bendire's Thrasher (SC1), Vesper Sparrow (SC2), Western Meadowlark Distribution Ferruginous Hawk breeds across western North America, from southern Canada south to central Arizona and New Mexico. The species winters south from Colorado and Kansas to northern and central Mexico. In New Mexico, Ferruginous Hawk is a breeding species across the northern two-thirds of the state, and may be found statewide during winter. Breeding generally occurs north from Clovis in the eastern plains, north from San Antonio in the Rio Grande valley, and north from the Plains of San Agustin in the western part of the state. Nesting in isolated areas further south is possible. High nesting densities of Ferruginous Hawks have been observed in the Estancia Valley (Bechard and Schmutz 1995, Cartron et al. 2002). Ecology and Habitat Requirements Ferruginous Hawks occur in open areas containing broad expanses of prairie grassland or shrub-steppe vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Breeding Habits of the Savanna Hawk in the Llanos of Venezuela
    Condor 84261-271 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1982 ECOLOGY AND BREEDING HABITS OF THE SAVANNA HAWK IN THE LLANOS OF VENEZUELA WILLIAM J. MADER ABSTRACT. -The ecology of the Savanna Hawk (Buteogallusmeridionalis) was studied in the palm-savannas of Venezuela in 1978-1980. Pairs produced only one egg per clutch, no more than one young per calendar year, and had eggsor young in nestsfrom February to December, coinciding largely with the wet season. In comparisonto North American Red-tailed Hawks (Buteojumaicensis), Savanna Hawks had significantly fewer young per pair per year, lower nest success(47.1% vs. 82.5%), mainly due to lower hatching success(64.1% vs. 84.4%) and a lower proportion of pairs laying eggs (73.3% vs. 88.0%). Survival of young Savanna Hawks from hatching to near fledging was 70.4%, and the adult survival rate, 7 1.1%; these values are approximately equal to those for Red-tailed Hawks. The brood size was artificially doubled from one to two at 10 Savanna Hawk nests, but the adults could find only enough food to feed and raise one chick in most cases.Food appeared to be both the ultimate and proximate factor controlling the timing of breeding. The Savanna Hawk has evolved interrelated habits that counter its low fecundity: (1) the capability of renesting after the initial eggs or young have perished; (2) a post-fledging dependency period of four to seven months to help insure survival of the single young; and (3) permanent or long- lived pair-bonds. The ability to renest is enhanced by hunting versatility.
    [Show full text]