,1 U LA Loyola arynI nt Uni,rersity
A Proposed Solution for The Bottle Water Problem Through System Engineering
A SE initiative to reduce the plastic bottled water consumption in Los Angeles South Bay Area
Rossanny Rodriguez System Engineering Leadership program with focus on Mechanical Engineering Integrative Project A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE
Agenda:
I. Introduction II. Analysis of the bottled water problem Ill. Current State of tap & bottled water quality IV. Current State of drinl ~ · Plastic, one of a new generation of polluting agents, has become one of the worst causes of environmental contamination. • A great percentage of the plastic production is currently used for bottling water. •Bottled water consumption has radically grown in the past few years, creating a severe effect on the environment. . • This project will analyze the bottled water problem in depth and review several possible solutions to the problem. •The Project Goal is to present a solution to the bottled water problem using System Engineering fundaments and tools. A Solution Proposal forThe 1 Bottle Water Problem l hrough SE Analysis of the Existing Problem •Perrier & Evian started marketing of bottled water in 1977. c-f. 1989 the plastics industry introduced Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), an invention that changed the world. •Today, most plastic water bottles are made of PET - 30% of the world's PET goes into plastic bottles*. •40% of the bottled water comes from tap water* •Coca Cola and Pepsi process tap water into bottled water using processes like reverse osmosis (RO) 10000 9000 In 20 I I, 50 billion water bottles were Cl) z 0 8000 sold in the US alone. Americans spent ..J ..J 7000 <( more money last year on bottled water C) 6000 - LL than on iPods or movie tickets: $15 0 5000 Cl) z 4000 Billion!!!* 0 3000 :i ..J 2000 - . . - ~ . • I 1000 - 11 - - That number is not easy to visualize. 0 I• 1 I I I 111111111 Putting it another way, Americans W W O N ~ W W O N ~ W W O N ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g g g g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N N N N consumed over 1,500 bottles every YEAR second* Consumption of Bottled Water in the US ,i P fe'lS~ <~" rE'fere,'c~s h ; A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SI: Analysis of the Existing Problen, (Cont) •Only 15% of plastic water bottles are recycled & the rest goes into landfills or ends up in the ocean*. . •Almost all water bottles come from virgin plastic, not recycled material •Water bottles that end in landfills can take up to I 000 years to biodegrade •Incinerating used bottles produces toxic byproducts that leak into the ground •Much of the unrecycled plastic that does not end up in landfills ends up in oceans creating the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" The Great Pacific Garbage Patch North America, touched landscape. :.-, P (' f .r, A S0lution1Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE Analysis of the Existing Problen, (Cont.) •Marine animals like mammals and birds mistake the plastic for food. Plastic will .. eventually photodegrade, breaking up into smaller and smaller bits. •The negative impact on the marine food chain is pushed further down, so that virtually all the marine life ends up consuming plastics, even when they are very tiny. •In some places, bits of plastic outnumber plankton 7: I* •Bottled water industry has a huge carbon footprint, during the making and the distribution. Using up to millions of barrels of crude oil. Dead birds due to plastic bottle pollution ~PleJse see refn ere"',; 'o·· 11', 'I A Solution Proposal forlihe Bottle Water Problem Through System SE Analysis of the Existing Problen, (Cont) What is being done to reduce consumption? •More than 90 universities, such Loyola Chicago, Brown and Harvard have banned or restricted the sale of bottled water. Loyola is installing 35 bottle refill stations. •The town of Concord, Massachusetts recently became the first US city to ban the sale of bottled water. •London authorities have paired up with Thames Water to launch a water station program that aims to reduce the city's use of bottled water. Customers will pay up to 20p (roughly 30 cents USD) for 500 ml of water*. •Many countries are starting initiatives to reduce the bottled water consumption; nevertheless, the efforts are minimum compared to the severity of the problem. •Unfortunately, the U.S, one of the largest offenders, is doing very little to attack the bottled water consumption problem. ,:-Please see references for data sou c 7 A S0lutioo1IP 1roposal for T he Bottle Water Problem Through SE Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality Tap Water Quality •In 1974 the United State Congress created a law to protect health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. •The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the government agency responsible for enforcing these regulations. •There are two types EPA Standards: • Primary standards protect the public health by limiting the levels of specific contaminants in the water (i.e: microbial, chemical carcinogens and chemical non-carcinogens). •Secondary standards are recommended · guidelines for contaminants whose effects are mostly cosmetic or aesthetic, like odor, taste, color. •A third category of contaminants are unregulated, for which there are no standards. A Sohition Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem l"rn riough System SEE Analysis of the Existing Problen, (Cont) What is being done to reduce consumption? •More than 90 universities, such Loyola Chicago, Brown and Harvard have banned or restricted the sale of bottled water. Loyola is installing 35 bottle refill stations. •The town of Concord, Massachusetts recently became the first US city to ban the sale of bottled water. •London authorities have paired up with Thames Water to launch a water station program that aims to reduce the city's use of bottled water. Customers will pay up to 20p (roughly 30 cents USD) for 500 ml of water*. •Many countries are starting initiatives to reduce the bottled water consumption; nevertheless, the efforts are minimum compared to the severity of the problem. •Unfortunately, the U.S, one of the largest offenders, is doing very little to attack the bottled water consumption problem. ,:'Please see references for dat A So l'ution Proposal for Tfue1Bottle Water Problem lhroughi SI: Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality Tap Water Quality •In 1974 the United State Congress created a law to protect health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. •The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the government agency responsible for enforcing these regulations. •There are two types EPA Standards: • Primary standards protect the public health by limiting the levels of specific contaminants in the water (i.e: microbial, chemical carcinogens and chemical non-carcinogens). •Secondary standards are recommended guidelines for contaminants whose effects are mostly cosmetic or aesthetic, like odor, taste, color. •A third category of contaminants are unregulated, for which there are no standards. A Solution Proposal for "Jhe Bott le Water Problem Thriough SE Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality (Cont) Tap Water Quality (cont.) Most tap water in the United States 1s perfectly healthful, although the chlorination affects the taste. Sampling R~ulb Typical water uring t~c put ~u, wr ~vc t31cc.n hundrn::ls of w:atr.r nmpks in ordrr ID dctcnninc the pnxacc of any o d.ioactrft', biolo,i'21, UlOrrni c~ vobrilc oTg;in ic. o r synthetic or~ic Dconaminu:uJ, quality report The t>bk below ,ho,.., only tho« City of Torrance Water Quality Report for 20 I I - Reports are available to the public A Solutio:n Proposal for The: Bottle Water Prrroblem:lihrrough SE Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality (Cont) • Bottled Water Quality •One of the arguments for bottled water is that it has a better taste, is safer and more healthful. Is this true? •A study conducted from 2004 to 2008 by the National Resources Defense Council concluded, "there is no assurance that just because water comes out of a bottle, it is any cleaner or safer than water from the tap." •Tap water is regulated by the EPA, but bottled water is overseen by the FDA, which has only one inspector. Therefore the industry does the inspecting. •It should not be assumed that bottled water is any safer than tap water. But that just further supports the need for a low-cost system to provide the public with clean, safe, good-tasting water. There is clearly a problem -- and clearly there needs to be a solution. A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through System Engineering Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality (Cont) • Major Regulatory Gaps on bottled water TAP WATER BOTTLED WATER vCity tap water can have no confirmed E. -~ ~ FDA bottled water rules include no such coli or fecal coliform bacteria · prohibition. v City tap water from surface water must - ~ ~There are no federal filtration or be filtered and disinfected disinfection requirements for bottled water. vBig-city tap water must be tested I 00 or -~~Bottled water plants must test for coliform more times a month. bacteria just once a week. vRepeated high levels of bacteria in tap ~ But not for water bottlers. water combined with a lack of disinfectant can trigger a violation for cities. v Any violation of tap-water standards is - ~ ~But bottled water in violation of standards grounds for enforcement can still be sold if it is labeled as "containing excessive chemicals" or "excessive bacteria". vCities generally must test at least once a - q,. ~Water bottlers generally must test only quarter for many chemical annually. A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem lihrough System Engineering Current State of Tap & Bottled Water Quality (Cont) • Major Regulatory Gaps on bottled water In Compliance EWG research*, 34.4% including analysis of 96 bottled waters . purchased in California, and personal communication with bottled water companies. r-Plea'.f' SN' p:,fet Pp,.o~, fot .~ 1 ~ · ·;., A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem lihrough S~ Current State of DrinkingWaterTreatnient There are two organizations providing independent certification for water purification devices, (I) National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) (2) The Water Quality Association (YVQA). •Two important terms related to water treatment: •Water purification-The act of cleaning by getting rid of impurities •Water Disinfection-Killing or removal of microorganisms by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents or processes. • The most popular water treatment systems are: •Reverse Osmosis (RO) •Water Filter •Sediment Filters •Ceramic Filters •Activated Carbon Filters (AC) •Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) •Solid BlockActivated Carbon (SBAC) •Ozonation A,:Solution. Proposal fotlihe Bottle Water Problem Through SE Alternatives for the solution of the bottled water problem .• J List of potential candidates investigated in this project to resolve the bottled water problem: (I) Ban the use of plastic bottled water (2) Improving the recycle process around the country - to ensure no plastic bottles become an environmental issue. (3) Promote the use of tap water - marketing tap water the same way bottled water companies market bottled water. (4) Use biodegradable water bottles - made from more environmental friendly sources different than plastics. (5) Design a system to continue the distribution of the bottled water, but eliminating the plastic element from the system. After analyzing all possible options, this project selected option (5) as the most optimal solution to resolve the problem. A Solutioli:I Proposal for 1Fhe Bottle Water Problem i:hrol!Jgh SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solu_tion • The following SE approaches will be implemented: .. • System Architecting • Model Design (prototype) • Network Planning (South Bay Area) • System approach to control Network • System Architecting: • Architecting is a discipline for planning and building system structures. • For this project, the architecture will be defined in three areas: • The bottled Solution • The water quality solution • The system solution. •Heuristics generally come in two forms . ./ The first is descriptive => What is the situation - "The Plastic Bottled Water Problem" ./ The second one is prescriptive => What to do about it - "Design a system to reduce (or eliminate) the bottled water consumption" The more succinct and even humorous the heuristic, the more easy it is remembered. As Rechtin says "the simplest solution is usually the correct one"* r-p1 ase ~ee re e ences for aata o 5 ,A Solution Proposal forlrhe Bottle-Water Problem1Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution (cont.) • The System Architecture: The proposed system architecture approach for the solution of he plastic bottled water problem -End User to Provide -I V, =r- 0 t'D C CD !:!. 0 0 ,....,... :J - t'D V, ~ r+ :eDJ tD r+ 3 ~ V, 0 2- C: • C: DJ r+ -· ==r+' 0 :::, < I------~ I z=r~ ___! ___ m m The ,.... V, System Network Design System Implementation South Bay Cities Maintenance system :e < 0 ~ Network ., t'D "" 3 A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem lililrough Sc System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution (Cont) • iThe Bottle Solution: ~ Bottled water will not be eliminated from proposed system - it will be reengineered. Per the heuristic approach, the simplest solution for this project is to keep the . bottle in the solution. this bottle will be called: PO WACO (Portable Water Container) ~Distribution: POWACO will be distributed throughout maJor retailers and supermarkets sponsored by the cities Code POWACO Available packs POWACOAvailable sizes This Logo belongs to "Green Leaf Collective (GLC), used in this project only for presentation proposes. ,A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution (Cont.) •. lllt'oesign of the System: In order to create this new system, the "V" chart will be used as a roadmap that guides the design of the system based on SE fundaments A Solutiori Proposal forl'he Bottle'Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution (Cont.) ./ Pre-Phase A - System Architect ./ Phase A: Concept Development - System Definition: The system is defined as "A system to provide high quality and good tasting drinking water using a bottle element that is portable and convenient, but eliminates the use of plastic." ./ Phase B: Design Part I - Interfacing Technology - High-Tech Water filtration system ./ System "l" selected (first filter): Sediment Filter-This type of filter removes suspended sediments (or turbidity). System "2" selected (second filter): GAC Filter GAC filter will primarily be 1'1Carbor Granular, used for aesthetic water treatment Carbon(<, Reverse , .,sis System "3" selected (third filter): RO membrane - RO membrane will use the Membrar technology of RO process to prevent many contaminants from passing by trapping them. 2nd Carbon Filter: ./ System "4" selected (fourth filter): SBAC Filter - SBAC provides a larger Solid Block Activated surface area for adsorption than Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) for better Carbon (SBAC) contaminant reduction . ./ System "5" selected: Ozonation - 99% percent of all bacteria in drinking water can be killed with ozone water treatments. This process will be caITied Ozonation W out by an electric discharge field as the ozone generator. A Solutio:n Proposal fo rr'The B1ottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System ( cont) Phase B: Design Part I - lnterfacingTechnology: The final l design has been architected. This system will be named: ...... t lffl1111 n.1l"f11M• , .. i;:• rbi;,n ~r; i:. ,.,,, ul•-rA ,:;1tYa1 ..11 ...... ______POWADI (Potable Water Dispenser). (:,1111J,em 10,.6,(: 'J Jf,)111i'9Ml• O._m,n,lt...... ,m le (coin/bill) O.rc,n4u,on option Payment Water '?., Filtration/Filling . 1,, process Starts -- - -..... lndiv;idual or Bottles without ., multiple Bottles this code will be option rejected Container(s) Removal Final Design Process Architecture f rorn system A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution • Design of the System: rf •Phase B: Design Part I - lnterfacingTechnology (Cont) •Touch-Screen (Instruction/command panel): •End user Input •Bottle Size Identification System •Payment •Water Filtration/Bottles Filling System •Finished Good removal from system •Additional Components: •Contact Number •Water Quality Report •Water Filtration Treatment Information Water Filling Prices System trays for Individual and multiple bottles) $.JO S.15 s.u, $JJ5 ~- - This Logo belongs to "Green Leaf Collective (GLC), used in this project only for presentation proposes. A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: Phase B: Design Part I - ~ terfacing-Technology (Cont) Two different models are proposed in this project: v"'HV Model: For "High Volume" W@kome to POWAOI! Touc:h SC:l'effl to Start demand. This model will be designed to support large volume demand. W!ln Filtn tion Tt~a,~~ 1 ~ l rntll' Ft~,,r J F"nl Q., ·C'!l ,ih_... t.l ,~.('.I 11ti.•11'Tt•.Jio.r~ ,; J, • mr • . v"'LV Model: For "Low Volume" l,;f'fo tT: P.rb!lll Ci~ sn,. c , ... t f',l .. {"fi.. demand. This model will be designed for low demand volume (HV smaller scale). Both models will be able to support high-transited areas - the main difference is the volume of POWADI HV Model water to be dispensed during each t· ~~ge. This Logo belongs to "Green Leaf Collective (GLC), used in this project only for presentation proposes. A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Througlil SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: Phase C: Manufacturing Analysis: This project recommends having the L.A South Bay Cities as the main sponsors of the POWADI system. ~ Strategy proposed Have cities paired up with the POWADI manufacturers to execute the making of the system. In order to establish the best partnership, competitive project bidding is suggested. ~Phase D: System Network Design - Network Definition: The POWADI Network is defined as the number of units to be installed around the South Bay cities as well as the point of sales of the POWACOs. ~ POWADI HY model would be installed at each supermarket and major retailer such as Costco, Target, CVS, Walgreens, supermarkets, etc ~POWADI LV, would be installed in Schools, Libraries, Malls, government offices, Downtown and Pier areas. 2 A Solution Proposal for The1:Bottle Water Problem11ihrough SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Redondo Beach POWADI HV Model Network I ii PO'NADI ~..,_ -=aw:;:·=ii: -.-:t:m_ ~-Ii. •, I - ' •~ai=1 CosTca CVS :i:::iiiii:::iiWHOI.ESAI.E pharmacy 2 units f4l•J 2 units 3 units 2 units Supermarkets TARGET 11 units 2 units Albertsons Vons Ralphs Trader Joe's Whore Foods Market Smart & Fina, Bri.stol Fann,s Sprouts Farmer Market Total POWADI HV Model = 22 units POWACO Points of Sales = 20 points A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Tia rough SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Redondo Beach POWADI LV Mode·t Networ1k Schools Govern1ment 132 units Public .Mall Downtow.n Offices Libraries 3 units & Pier 5 u:nits 2 units 5 units Total POWADI LV Model= 147 units A S0lutio1r1 Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: E» hase D(2) - System Implementation Taking a Project Management System approach, the following techniques will be applied to review the implementation of this system: (I) System Evaluation (2) Functional Ownership Analysis (3) System Risk Analysis (I) System Evaluation Pros and Cons of the POWADI System: Pros of POWADI: ./ Provides incentives for the reduction of plastic bottle consumption ./ Provides high quality water with a great taste. It guarantees water free of chemicals and bacteria. ./ Network provides the availability and accessibility of the service . ./ The POWADI system uses, as its main source, tap water which is regulated by the EPA at a higher standard than FDA which regulates bottled water. ./ Lowers costs - price of bottles and filling will be noticeably lower compared to current bottled water. ./ Creates Environmental consciousness in citizens where the system will be implemented. POWADls in the school districts will help raise awareness for future generations. , A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: Phase D(2) - System Implementation (Cont.) Ille,) System Evaluation Pros and Cons of the POWADI System (Cont): Cons of POWADI: [R]POWACOs will need to be purchased by consumers in order to use the system.This will be one of the major drawbacks; nonetheless, this is the only way to avoid the usage of plastic bottles in the system. [R]POWACO's bottles will require cleaning & sanitization; this can be seen as a major disadvantage by users of plastic bottles who are used to disposing of the plastic container. However, clear instructions of how to clean and sanitize bottles will be provided. (2) Functional Ownership ~ Partnership: South Bay cities - POWACO Manufacture South Bay cities - POWADI Manufacture. ~ Relationship: POWACO Manufacture - POWADI Manufacture. ~ Responsibilities: -+ South Bay Cities - marketing and sponsorship of the system -+ POWADI Manufacturer: production, installation, maintenance and consumer support. -+ POWACO Manufacturer: production, distribution, replenishment (through demand analysis), and customer support. 2 A Solution Proposal for The B1ottle Water Problem Through SE System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: -,Phase D(2) - System Implementation (Cont.) l3) RiskAnalysis: IBJEquipment Failure -Will drive unreliability v"'Risk Mitigation: Proper Equipment Set-up & Maintenance IBJ POWACO OOS (Out of Stock) - Consumer will not be motivated to use system v"'Risk Mitigation: Proper replenishment thru demand & supply analysis Phase E - System Verification & Deployment v"' Verification: ~ Filtration System -Validate "High Quality & Good Taste" Claim ~ Capacity - Can demand volumes be supported? ~ Process Cycle Time - Is the system fast enough to support expected traffic? v"'Deployment (Launch): ~ Once the system has been validated, it can now be launched into the market. ~ POWADI HV and LV Networks will need to be created. ~Technical requirements at each location need to be reviewed to guarantee POWADl(s) proper Installation & Operation. '" A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem lihrough SE . System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: Phase E(2) - System Life Cycle & Maintenance ~ I ...... Systen, ~ Life Cycle A Solution Proposal for The B0ttle1Water Problem Through SE: System Engineering approach for the bottled water problem solution Design of the System: Phase E(2) - System Life Cycle & Maintenance (Cont.) POWADI Maintenance v"'Monthly (check-up) - During this maintenance session, technicians will verify that equipment is working properly and a sample of water will be taken for lab testing. v"' Quarterly (Filter replacement) -As POWADI will use four different filters; they will need to be replaced. During this maintenance session, technicians will replace all parts that need substitution. v"' Annually (Software updates) -As POWADI equipment uses touch screens for operation, a software update is recommended to ensure optimization. A Solution Proposal for The Bottle Water Problem Through Sc Analysis of Results: ~Results of Bottled Water Research: ~30% of the world PET is goes into plastic bottles. ~In 20 I I, 50 billion water bottles were sold in the US alone( 1,500 every second) ~Only 15% of plastic water bottles are recycled. The rest goes into landfills or ends up in the ocean. ~The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a the result of debris trapped in the dead zone, most of the debris is plastics. · ~Water bottles photodegrade but it is more of disintegration, the plastic breaking down into smaller pieces, so all the marine life ends up consuming plastics. ~System Engineering approach to resolve problem : • Through System Architecture the solution was identified in three areas: DA new bottled concept => POWACO DA Water Treatment system=> POWADI DA Network solution => South Bay City POWADI HY & LV Network •The design of the system was accomplished using SE "V" chart as a roadmap. Several phases were developed to create an optimal system that· provided an effective solution to the bottled water problem A Solution Proposal for The 810.ttle Water Pr·rroblem Through S~ Sumniary & Conclusions ~ Bottled water has become a terrible habit by not only millions, but billions of peopl_e ~ Detailed research of the existing problem was completed (from internet sources). The results provided validation of the data and statement of environmentalists that have fought for years to eradicate the plastic bottle production and consumption. ~System Architecture, the "V" chart design roadmap and Project Management of System were the SE approaches used to develop a solution to the problem. ~ This paper presents a solution that will, hopefully, change some small communities in Los Angeles, setting an example for other cities. ~ This project can lead to a discussion for resolving a problem that affects the entire world with a negative impact on the environment and human health. It is not too late to make a big change and ensure a better world to future generations. Reference (1) Source: What is the life cycle of a Plastic Bottle? By S.E Smith, Edited by Bronwyn Harris- Feb 2012 - WiseGeek Magazine. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-life-cycle-of-a-plastic-bottle.htm (2) Source: Arnold, Emily and Janet Larsen. "Bottled water: Pouring resources down the drain." Earth Policy Institute, Feb. 2, 2006. http://www.earth- policy.org/index.php?/plan b updates/2006/update51 (3) Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) - bottled water statistics 2011 release. http://www. beverage marketing.com/ (4) Bottled Water Consumption in the United States, Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) data at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service & Food. Feb 2007. http://wikiposit.org/a?uid=WP182EG (5) The US Consumes 1500 Plastic Water Bottles Every Second, a fact by Watershed by BASF the chemical company. Oct 2009. (6) http :/lwww. tree hugger. com/clean-water/the -us-consu mes-1500-plastic-wate r- bottles-every-second a-fact-by-watershed. htm I (7) Plastic Bottles Environmental Impact May 2011. http://www.nubiusorganics.com/PlasticBottleFacts.aspx (8) Great Pacific Garbage Patch. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great Pacific Garbage Patch (9) When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide By Claire Le Guern Lytle, Nov 11 http :/Icoasta lea re. org/2009/11/olastic-po II ution/ (10) What is the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch? By Russell Mclendon, February 2010. http://www. m n n. com/earth -matters/trans la ti ng-u n cle-sa m/sto ri es/what-is-the-great-pa cifi c-ocea n- garbage-patch (11) The Bottled Water Footprint at George Mason University by Katherine Sentlinger~ http://thewaterproject.org/bottled-water-on-campus.php (12) The Great Water Debate: Bottled, Tap, and Aquifer by Max Gladwell Aug 2008.http://www.maxgladwell.com/2008/08/the-great-water-debate-bottled-tap-and-aquifer/ (13) SIERRA CLUB POLICY ON WATER PRIVATIZATION AND COM MODIFICATION by Sierra Club April 2008 http://www.sierraclub.org/committees/cac/water/bottled water/bottled water.pd( (14) Tetra Pak v plastic water bottles - which is best for the environment? by Leon Kaye, May 2011 http://www.guardian.co .uk/sustainable-business/tetra-pak-versus-plastic-bottles-water (15) Loyola Bottled Water Ban: Chicago University Adds Refill Stations, Bans Bottle Sales by Lizzie Schiffman http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/loyola-bottled-water-ban n 1499801.html (16) Concord, Massachusetts Becomes First U.S. City to Ban the Sale of Bottled Water by Tomas Bosque April 2012 http://www.banthebottle.net/news/concord-massachusetts-becomes-first-u-s-city-to- ba n-the-sa Ie -of-bottled-water / (17) Whither Bottled Water Sales? By Peter Gleick, 2011 http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2011/06/07 /whither-bottled-water-sales/ (18) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) by EPA June 2004 http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ (19) Water Health Series by EPA, Sep 2005 http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/faq/pdfs/fs healthseries bottlewater.pdf (20) That Tap Water Is Legal but May Be Unhealthy by CHARLES DUHIGG, Dec 2009 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17water.html?pagewanted=all (21) Drugs found in drinking water by Jeff Donn, Martha Mendoza and Justin Pritchard, Associated Press, Sep 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-10-drugs-tap-water N.htm (22) Maximum contaminant levels and regulatory dates for drinking water US EPA vs California by Federal and State MCLs, November 2008 http://www.cdph.ca .gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/DWdocuments/EPAandCDPH -11-28- 2008 .pdf (23) Michigan Beverage Container Act http://www.bottlebill.org/legislation/usa/michigan.htm (24) Annual City of Torrance water Quality 2011 http://www.torranceca.gov/PDF/WaterQualityReport201l.pdf (25) Bottled Water-Pure Drink or Pure Hype? By Erik D. Olson. April 1999 http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp (26) 2011 Bottled Water Scorecard by Nneka Leiba, Sean Gray, & Jane Houlihan, Jan 2011 http://static. ewg. o rg/ repo rts/2010/bottl edwate r2010 /pdf/2011 -bottl edwater -sco rec a rd -report. pdf (27) The importance of independent certification for product evaluation - Truth in advertising http://www.everythingyoualwayswantedtoknow.com/watertreatment/p-certification.htm (28) Drinking water treatment methods by Randy Johnson www.cyber-nook. com/ water/Solutions.html (29) Advance water filters by SMMarketingPros.com http://www.adva ncedwaterfi lters.co m/faq .php ?q id=lO (30) Drinking Water Treatment Systems By Barbara Daniels and Nancy Mesner, June, 2005 http://www.water-research.net/ Waterlibrary/privatewell/ drinkingwatertreatmentsystems.pdf (31) Anne Marie Helmenstine, What Is Reverse Osmosis and How Does It Work, 2006 http://www.wqa.org/sitelogic.cfm?ID=872 (32) Ozone treatment System by water tanks.com http://www.watertanks.com//article/1760/ (33) Agarwal creation private limited by agarwalcreation.com http://www.agarwalcreations.com/filtration treatment methods in brief.html (34) GENERAL INFORMATION FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) SYSTEMS http://www.radonabate.com/resources/GAC+ CARBON +INFO.pdf (35) Banning bottle water by Elizabeth Daigneau August 2010 http://www.governing.com/topics/energy env/ banning-bottled-water.html (36) Water bottle recycling facts by Goodwill Industries http;// www.goodwillgr.org/documents/n water%20bottle%20recycling%20facts.pdf (37) Cities Promote Tap Water Because It's Good Policy March 2010 http://www.thedeets.com/2010/03/15/ cities-promote-tap-water-because-its-good-policy/ (38) Renewa l Water All Rights Reserved - Designed and Developed by The NewMediaStudio http://renewal-water.com/ (39) The World's First Truly Biodegradable Water Bottle by Beth Buczynski, Jan 2011 http://www.care2.com/greenliving/introducing-the-worlds-first-truly-biodegradable-water bottle.html#ixzz1z3GUGWhb (40) Water Bottle Lawsuit: California Attorney General Sues Companies Over False Biodegradable Claims by NOAKI SCHWARTZ, Oct 2011 http://www.huffingtonpost.com / 2011/ 10/26/water-bottle lawsuit n 1033795.html (41) Green Bottle rethink what you drink http://greenbottleonline.com/articles/stainless steel bottles.html (42) Systems Engineering for Intelligent Transportation Systems by US Department of transportation Federal Highway Administration http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/seitsguide/section3.htm (43) Get rid of plastic water bottles by Shelagh McNally http://www.greenlivingonl ine.com/article/get-rid plastic-water-bottles (44) Upstate Moves to Eliminate Bottled Water by state university of New York http://www. upstate. ed u/green/th inking green/bottled .ph p (45) The Effects of Bottled Water on the Environment by allaboutwater. Org http://www.allaboutwater.org/environment.html (46) Breaking the bottled water habit by David Grossman, Sep 2008 http://www.usatoday.com/travel/ colu mnist/grossman/2008-09-19-bottled-water N. htm (47) History by America Beverage association http://www.ameribev.org/about-aba/history/ (48) America Beverage association home page http://www.ameribev.org/minisites/products/ (49) Almost Half of All Bottled Water Comes from the Tap, but Costs You Much More by the dailygreen, August 2010 http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/bottled-water-47091001 (SO) The Use of Phosphates For Potable Water Treatment by The Phosphate Forum of the Americas http://www.phosphatesfacts.org/pdfs/Potable%20Water%20Treatment.pdf (51) Potable Water Treatment - Chlorine Dioxide by SafeOx http://www.safeox.com/chlorine-dioxide applications/potable-water-drinking-chlorine-dioxide (52) State OKs Westwego potable water treatment project by Allen Powell II, March 2012 http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/03/state oks westwego portable wa .html (53) Ion Exchange Water Softening by Water sustainability the University of Arizona http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/akyw/ion.html (54) UV Systems and Lamps by Freshwater system.com http://www.freshwatersystems.com/c-13-uv systems-lamps.aspx (55) Ultraviolet Light by wellness product http://www.frequencyrising.com/water ultraviolet.htm (56) Ultraviolet Radiation by EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants April 1999 http://www.epa .gov/ogwdw/mdbp/pdf/alter/chapt 8.pdf (57) Principle of UV Disinfection by Ultraviolet Light.com http://www.ultraviolet-light.com/ (58) The history of bottle of water by Jason Tyson http://www.ehow.com/about 5242430 history-water bottles.html (59) What is the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch? By Russell Mclendon, Feb 2010 http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/what-is-the-great-pacific-ocean ga rbage-patch (60) Tetra Pak v plastic water bottles - which is best for the environment? By Leon Kaye, May 2011 http://www.guardian.co .uk/sustainable-business/tetra-pak-versus-plastic-bottles-water (61) Why Americans Are Obsessed With Bottled Water by National Public Radio. All rights reserved, Jul 2008 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=92222327 (62) Costly water: Bottled and Sold: The History Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water by Lewis, Martin W, Sep 2010 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/lssues-in-Science Technology/240623035.html {63) London on Tap: Reducing Bottled Water Consumption by circle of blue, October 2009 http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/london-on-tap-reducing-bottled-water consumption/ (64) The hidden truth of bottled water by Karen Kempf http://florida.sierraclub.org/northeast/education/h20.html {65) The 7 sins of bottled water by The 7 sins of bottled water, Sep' 2008 http ://susta i na blecities.d k/en/blog/2008/09/the- 7-sins-of-bottled-water (66) Plastic bottles pile up as mountains of waste by Miguel Llanos, March 2005 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5279230/ns/us news-environment/t/plastic-bottles-pile-mountains waste/ {67) How is tap water treated and delivered? by Freedinkingwater. com http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education3/32-water-tab-water. htm {68) Drinking Water Contaminants by United State Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulations: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm {69) Reverse Osmosis by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D . http://chemistry.about.com/od/waterchemistry/a/reverseosmosis.htm {70) SW300 System The preferred solution for high volume and demand by Streamline water http://www.streamlinewater.com/sw300 {71) PWlR Bottleless Cooler by Onesourcewater http://drinkcleantogogreen.com/pwlr-bottleless-cooler {72) System Engineering Cost Estimation. Jared Fortune, Ph.D . LMU SE seminar March 2012. {73) Harold Kerzner, Ph.D. Project Management. New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, 2009 print. {74) Elberhardt Rechtin, System Architecting: Creating & Building Complex Systems Published by CRC Press, 1996 print. {75) http://ourweed.com/green-leaf-collective-glc/ - Source for Logo used on the POWADI and POWACO 1- nlblodeth.,.,1" (ppb) UIWWll(pCI/LI 20 o.o NA NA 1.7 1ND-2 NA NA No l!JOilo.a of natunl dopco1a .. - ...... - ...... ,.,....,... .. l!II0 ...... , ...... 11111._..,.21,1 IIICUff lffa 11,81'11,NCI .._ .,.. PHIi mNCl"ID ,.,. Ml _.... UMP\at Al. (111111) (111Mtl.,.. TO•L 1"9 VIDU1DI TWICIL90UIICa Copp,< (P!'in) 20l1 11.J 0.3 0.097 l 0/)00 No j 1no,aulmtt...., oft.ou..holdpbotobittg,y,.....,_ofmtunldq,011a;letdune fto1nwood l"",emd1.., Lal (ppb) 2011 15 0.2 2.7 11100 No Ilnn,m,J toaoolon of"°"""""d Wlltr plumblng aymma; dllchort:s fmm lndumlll mmuf1ct11,m: ffllllon .r 1 ...... id,poaa I