SFG3498 DEVELOPMENT BANK OF ETHIOPIA Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev)
Component 3 of Ethiopia- Additional Financing for Energy Access Project
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) For
Public Disclosure Authorized Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program
(Final)
February 2017
Public Disclosure Authorized Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ...... IV LIST OF TABLES ...... IV LIST OF PLATES ...... IV LIST OF ANNEXES ...... V LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VII 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 2 1.3 SCOPE ...... 3 1.4 RATIONALE ...... 3 1.5 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2. RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS ...... 6
2.1 ETHIOPIA’S RELEVANT POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ...... 6 2.1.1 The Constitution of the FDRE ...... 6 2.1.2 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy ...... 7 2.1.3 Relevant Policies of Ethiopia ...... 8 2.1.3.1 Environment Policy of Ethiopia ...... 8 2.1.3.2 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia ...... 9 2.1.3.3 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy ...... 9 2.1.3.4 Energy Policy of Ethiopia ...... 10 2.1.4 Strategies ...... 10 2.1.4.1 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia ...... 10 2.1.4.2 Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy ...... 11 2.1.5 Regulations, Proclamations and Procedural Guidelines ...... 11 2.1.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ...... 11 2.1.5.2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002) ...... 11 2.1.5.3 A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)12 2.1.5.4 A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005) ...... 12 2.1.5.5 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000) ...... 12 2.1.5.6 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) ...... 12 2.1.5.7 Labor Proclamations ...... 13 2.1.5.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series (Series 1 and 2) ...... 13 2.1.6 Administrative/Institutional Framework ...... 14 2.1.6.1 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ...... 14 2.1.6.2 The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) ...... 15 2.1.6.3 Regional Environmental Organs ...... 15 2.1.6.4 Institutional Aspects of Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) Related to the Programs ...... 15 2.2 APPLICABLE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 16 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01) ...... 16 2.2.2 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11) ...... 17 2.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) ...... 17 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMS ...... 19
3.1 BACKGROUND ...... 19 3.2 OFF GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM ...... 20 3.2.1 Solar Lantern ...... 20 3.2.2 Solar Home Systems (SHS) ...... 21 3.2.3 Solar PV Mini Grid ...... 21 3.3 CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAM...... 22 4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS ...... 24 i Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.1 AFAR NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 24 4.1.1 Bio–Physical Environment ...... 24 4.1.2 Social Issues ...... 26 4.2 TIGRAY NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 27 4.2.1 Bio-Physical Environment...... 27 4.2.2 Social Issues ...... 28 4.3 AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE...... 29 4.3.1 Bio - Physical Environment ...... 29 4.3.2 Social Issues ...... 30 4.4 THE OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 31 4.4.1 Bio- Physical Environment ...... 31 4.4.2 Social Issues ...... 32 4.5 BENISHANGUL GUMUZ NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 33 4.5.1 Bio-Physical Environmental Conditions ...... 33 4.5.2 Social Issues ...... 35 4.6 GAMBELA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 35 4.6.1 Bio-physical Environment...... 35 4.6.2 Social Issues ...... 37 4.7 SOMALI NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 37 4.7.1 Bio-physical Environment...... 37 4.7.2 Social Issues ...... 39 4.8 THE SOUTHERN NATIONS, NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE ...... 40 4.8.1 Bio-physical Environment...... 40 4.8.2 Social Issues ...... 41 4.9 THE HARARI NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ...... 41 4.9.1 Bio-physical Environment...... 41 4.9.2 Social Issues ...... 42 4.10 DIRE DAWA ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL...... 43 4.10.1 Physical Characteristics ...... 43 4.10.2 Social Issues ...... 44 4.11 ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION ...... 45 4.11.1 Physical Characteristics ...... 45 4.11.2 Social Issues, Ethnicity and Religion ...... 46 4.12 BROADER PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ...... 46 4.12.1 Road infrastructure ...... 46 4.12.2 Telecommunications ...... 46 4.12.3 Water Supply ...... 47 4.12.4 Education ...... 47 4.12.5 Health Services ...... 47 5. PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION ...... 48 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 48 5.2. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ...... 49 5.3 RESULTS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 50 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 59 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 59 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 60 6.2.1 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 60 6.2.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 63 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 72 8. SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 88 8.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ...... 88 8.2 PROCEDURES AND STEPS...... 89 9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN ...... 98
9.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN ...... 98 9.1.1 Introduction ...... 98 ii Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
9.1.2 Objectives of the Plan ...... 98 9.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan...... 98 9.1.4 Structure of the Consultations ...... 99 9.2 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ...... 99 9.2.1 Introduction ...... 99 9.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan ...... 100 10 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 101 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 101 10.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR ACTORS ...... 102 11. CAPACITY BUILDING ...... 107 11.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 107 11.2 TRAINING ...... 108 11.3 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... 115 12. ESMF MONITORING, ANNUAL AUDIT, EVALUATION AND REPORTING ...... 116 12.1 MONITORING...... 116 12.2 ANNUAL AUDIT ...... 117 12.3 END-OF-PROJECT EVALUATION ...... 118 12.4 REPORTING ...... 118 13. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE...... 120 14. BUDGET REQUIREMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMNTAION ...... 122 15. FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSING REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) ...... 126 15.1 FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ...... 126 15.2 WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG) GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICE ...... 127 REFERENCES ...... 128 ANNEXES ...... 130 ISSUING AUTHORITY AND EFFECTIVE DATES ...... 162
iii Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK OF THE PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES (POA) FOR ECCEP...... 19 FIGURE 2: GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK OF THE PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES (POA) FOR EOREP ...... 20 FIGURE 3 DIAGRAM OF A DOMESTIC BIOGAS PLANT ...... 22 FIGURE 4: ECCE PROGRAM ACTIVITY SCREENING PROCESS FLOWCHART ...... 91 FIGURE 5: EORE PROGRAM ACTIVITY SCREENING PROCESS FLOWCHART ...... 92 FIGURE 6: SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CYCLE UNDER THE PROPOSED EORE AND ECCE PROGRAMS ...... 97 FIGURE 7: TRANSACTION FLOW FOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCT ...... 102 FIGURE 8: PROJECT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN DBE ...... 103
List of Tables
TABLE 1 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIOGASES, THEIR DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION 53 TABLE 2 MAJOR ISSUES IN BIOGAS, SL, SHS, SPMG SUBPROJECTS, THEIR DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 56 TABLE 3: LIST OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 61 TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SOLAR PV MINI-GRID, SOLAR HOME SYSTEM AND SOLAR LANTERN...... 68 TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR BIOGAS SYSTEMS...... 70 TABLE 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOLAR HOME SYSTEM, SOLAR LANTERN AND SOLAR PV MINI-GRID SUBPROJECTS ...... 74 TABLE 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIOGAS SUBPROJECT ...... 77 TABLE 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR SOLAR PV MINI-GRID, SOLAR HOME SYSTEM AND SOLAR LANTERN SUBPROJECTS ...... 80 TABLE 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIOGAS SUBPROJECT ...... 84 TABLE 10: SAMPLE CRITERIA FOR REQUIRING A FIELD APPRAISAL ...... 94 TABLE 11: TRAINING AND SENSITIZATION REQUIREMENTS ...... 110 TABLE 12: PROPOSED TRAINING PACKAGES ...... 112 TABLE 13: SAMPLE-TRAINING AGENDA FOR A DAY ...... 113 TABLE 14: ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR TRAINING ACTIVITIES ...... 114 TABLE 15: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR ESMF...... 121 TABLE 16: ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF ...... 123 TABLE 17: SUMMARY OF ESMF BUDGET ...... 125
List of Plates
PLATE 1: CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT REGIONAL AND WEREDA LEVEL MFIS - SNNPR ...... 49 PLATE 2 CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT SNNPR, WATER, MINES AND ENERGY BUREAU ...... 49 PLATE 3 CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT WENDO GENET WEREDA WATER, MINES AND ENERGY OFFICE ...... 49 PLATE 4 BRIEFING BY ATO ATENAFU (THE BENEFICIARY) ABOUT BIOGAS IMPORTANCE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE USING BIO SLURRY (WENDO GENET WEREDA) ...... 50 PLATE 5 BRIEFING BY BENEFICIARIES ABOUT BIOGAS OPERATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE (WENDO GENET WEREDA) ...... 51 PLATE 6: BENEFICIARIES STIRRING THE DUNG BEFORE INLET TO BIO DIGESTER (ADA WEREDA, OROMIA) ...... 51 PLATE 7: BRIEFING FROM BIOGAS BENEFICIARY ABOUT COMPOST PREPARATION FROM BIO SLURRY (ADA WEREDA, OROMIA ...... 51 PLATE 8 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (LIGHT AND COOKING STOVE) TO BENEFICIARIES FROM BIOGAS PROJECT ...... 52 PLATE 9 DISCUSSION WITH SOLAR HOME SYSTEM BENEFICIARY AT BAFENA WEREDA, HAWASSA ZURIA WEREDA, SNNPR ...... 56
iv Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
List of Annexes
ANNEX 1: LIST OF SUBPROJECTS THAT ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FUNDING ...... 130 ANNEX 2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OFF- GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAMS ...... 131 ANNEX 3: SUGGESTED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM FOR A SUBPROJECT ...... 138 ANNEX 4: GUIDELINE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SITE SPECIFIC ESMP ...... 141 ANNEX 5: SUGGESTED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) TEMPLATE FOR A SUBPROJECT ...... 144 ANNEX 6: PROCEDURES FOR CHANCE FIND OF PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 145 ANNEX 7: GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS ...... 147 ANNEX 8: SUGGESTED ANNUAL REPORT TEMPLATE FOR A SUBPROJECT ...... 150 ANNEX 9: SUGGESTED FORMS FOR ESMF REPORTING, TRAINING AND FOLLOW-UP ...... 153 ANNEX 10: SAMPLE TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR ESIA PREPARATION ...... 154 ANNEX 11: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 157 ANNEX 12: NAMES OF BENEFICIARIES, BENEFITS GAINED AND CONCERNS RAISED ...... 158 ANNEX 13 OFFICIALS/EXPERTS CONSULTED DURING THE FIELDWORK ...... 160
v Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
List of Acronyms
CSA Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia DBE Development Bank of Ethiopia EA Environmental Assessment ECCEP Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program EEP Ethiopian Electric Power EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EEU Ethiopian Electric Utility EMP Environmental Management Program ENREP Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project EOREP Ethiopia Off Grid Renewable Energy Program EPA Environmental Protection Authority ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management Systems FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GHC Grievance Hearing Committee GRS Grievance Redress Service IPS Industrial Projects Services km2 Square kilometer KWP Kilo Watt Peak LED Light-emitting diode masl Meters above sea level MoANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity mts Meters MWP Mega Watt Peak NBPE National Biogas Program of Ethiopia PAPs Project affected Peoples PAS Peasant Association PCRs Physical Cultural Resources PPE Personal Protective Equipment PSE Private Sector Enterprises PV Photovoltaic RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SFA & RFIP Special Fund Administration and Rural Financial Intermediation Program SHS Solar Home System SNNPRS Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State SPMG Solar PV Multi-grid TA Technical Assistance ToR Terms of Reference TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training WB World Bank WME Water, Mines and Energy WMEB Water, Mines and Energy Bureau WP Watt Peak
vi Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) has been selected as a financial intermediary in the “Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) of Activity” with the planned installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters and Ethiopia off-grid renewable energy program (EOREP) of activity which incorporates installation of 214,850 solar home systems and dissemination of 2.8 million solar lanterns within the period between 2015 and 2020. These two Programs of Activities (PoA) are embodied under Ethiopia Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project’s (ENREP) Component 3: Market Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Products. For the two Programs of Activities, Private Sector Enterprises (PSEs) and Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) have been set up to provide financing for stand- alone renewable energy systems and energy efficient products, such as solar home systems (SHSs), Solar Lanterns (SL), Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG), and Biogas.
The rationale for scaling up of the market development for renewable energy and energy efficient products (ENREP’s Component 3) is due to the requirement needed for off-grid solutions for millions of people who reside in remote rural areas of Ethiopia. A wider use of renewable energy for lighting and more efficient cooking practice together with the spread of energy efficient products can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with household energy consumption.
Under the two proposed programs (EOREP and ECCEP), there are four subprojects (Solar Lantern (SL), Solar Home System (SHS), Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG), and Biogas) and their specific sites are not known at this stage. These subprojects could have limited adverse environmental and social impacts and risks specifically related with installations and construction activities. Therefore, the DBE has prepared this ESMF based on the environmental and social safeguards requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank operational policies and procedures so as to avoid/minimize/mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance beneficial impacts of the subprojects. This ESMF is customized from the previous ESMFs prepared for Parent–ENREP and AF-ENREP, which is acceptable to the World Bank, specifically for the distribution investment (ENREP’s Component 1 and 2), and disclosed in Bank’s Info Shop on January 20, 2012 and April 5, 2016, respectively. While in-country" disclosure for Parent-ESMF and AF-ENREP ESMF were on February 07, 2012 and AF-ENREP April 05, 2016.
The general objective of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to provide process and guiding principles for assessing potential environmental and social impacts and risks of the proposed subprojects. The ESMF provides a comprehensive framework for environmental and social impact screening, assessment, and monitoring; consultations with concerned stakeholder groups; and capacity building measures.
The ESMF was prepared using various methods, including extensive literature reviews on GoE environmental and relevant sectoral policies and legal and administrative frameworks, World Bank Policies, Project appraisal document and other related Bank’s financed projects’ safeguards instruments. Accordingly, pertinent
vii Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
environmental and social provisions in the Constitution of the FDRE, Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy, relevant Policies (including Environment Policy of Ethiopia, National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia, and Energy Policy of Ethiopia), Strategies (Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia and Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy), Regulations (including Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation -No. 299/2002, Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation- No. 300/2002, a Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation -No. 455/2005, Labor Law, proclamation 377/2003 and Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) have been considered. From administrative/institutional framework point of view, relevant institutions namely, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity; Regional Environmental Organs, and the
Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) have been taken into account.
The two Programs (ECCEP and EOREP) triggered the following WB Safeguard Policies: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01), Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs) (OP/BP4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12). In accordance with OP/BP 4.01, they (ECCEP and EOREP) are categorized as “Category B’ (i.e. Partial Assessment), same as with the parent Project, in that their potential adverse social and environmental impacts on environmentally important areas or human populations are typically site-specific, reversible in nature, and less adverse than those of Category “A” projects and readily addressed through mitigation measures.
The ESMF underpins the importance of continuous consultation with relevant stakeholders throughout the project implementation cycle so as to ensure the success of the two programs. It identifies the measures, which need continuous consultations, and then defines the structure of the consultations and the reporting and disclosure requirements. The field visit, focus group discussions, consultations and interviews were held with key resource persons at the relevant national, regional, and Wereda level institutions and beneficiaries at the local level. A series of consultations have been carried out with various stakeholders and beneficiaries between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The discussions were facilitated and conducted by two experts from DBE. In the course of the consultation process, the major objectives of the program have been raised from the team and various information, including likely positive and negative impacts have been garnered through discussion. Discussions have been made with officials and experts and biogas program coordinators working in Water, Mines and Energy sector in Oromia Region and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS), officials/experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia. Discussion has also been made in the same period with officials and experts in Omo micro finance institutions S.C. at head office, and sub branches in Aleta Wendo and Dore Bafana town. Furthermore, discussions and site visits have also been conducted with five biogas beneficiaries in Ada and Wendo Genet Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two associations for solar energy in Dore Bafana town (capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) and its environs.
The major benefits of the program include improve access to reliable lighting and reduce indoor air pollution with resulting health benefits, creation of direct or indirect job opportunities, development of new skills,
viii Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
reduce expenditure for kerosene, reduce the burden of women in collection of fuel wood, improve local market opportunities, improve access and delivery to social services such as education, and health, reduce deforestation and forest degradation in areas where non-renewable biomass is used as a source of fuel and strengthen private sector involvement in renewable energy access. Besides, biogas residue has the advantage of enriching soil fertility, which could otherwise be done by bought fertilizers from market.
Potential negative environmental and social impacts that may occur during various phases include problems related to loss of biodiversity, land expropriation, inappropriate waste management, loss of vegetation cover, occupational health and safety impacts, social conflicts and temporary visual intrusion. The following mitigation measures have been proposed:
▪ Ensure that no beneficiaries selected with roof tops that would place the panels in a manner which would reflect light into an immediate neighbors’ buildings and houses (for solar home system only); ▪ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, which comply with ISO or other industry best practice standards (for solar home system only); ▪ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning a sensitive species and indigenous trees; and Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees and plan for replanting of trees. ▪ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization programs; ▪ Make Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) available at the site and support during construction, advise and monitor the proper use of PPE; ▪ Avoid or minimize land acquisition, where avoidance is not possible a related Resettlement Action Plan(RAP) will be prepared and implemented; ▪ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and unskilled people including women; and ▪ Ensure the participation of stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the outset to improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program.
The environmental and social management process during implementation of the two programs starts with the program activity planning and demand creation process. This include identification of program activities based on beneficiaries’ demands and subsequent technical support and advice received from MFI and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy offices to prepare their proposal and loan request application documents to be benefited from the proposed subprojects. Based on the type and scale of selected subprojects by the beneficiaries, loan applications/proposals will be submitted to DBE for subprojects that will be implemented at national level and to the MFI branch offices for those planned to be implemented at regional, Wereda and community level (see Figures 4 and 5). The DBE and MFI with the support from regional and Wereda water, mines and energy offices, if required will conduct desk appraisal of the respective subprojects’ proposal/request loan document, prior to commencing the loan eligibility and environmental and social safeguards screening.
ix Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
The screening process will be carried out against the pre-set criteria for eligibility of the program activities and environmental and social safeguards compliance by staffs/team of experts from DBE at national level and from MFI Brach offices at regional and Wereda level using the screening checklist attached in annex 2. Once these two (DBE, MFI) institutions completed the initial screening process, the safeguards officers or any appointed trained person will ensure the screening process and document the results together with the recommendations to send for respective environmental offices and MoWIE. Therefore, the program activity plan or loan request proposal, screening reports, notes of recommendations will be complied and send to MoWIE for national subprojects and to regional or Wereda environmental offices for regional and local level subprojects implementation for further review and approval.
Environmental offices or MoWIE will review the plan of activities, screening results and recommendations from DBE or MFIs and provide decisions of approval or pass recommendations, if any design modifications or additional safeguards instruments are required. If program activities of any significant environmental concerns are included, then the plan document will be directed to the attention of the DBE or MFIs. The MoWIE, regional, or Wereda environmental offices will also review and clear the additional safeguards instruments after prepared by DBE or MFIs. The final clearance and approval of the plan document by MoWIE, regional, or Wereda environmental offices will be referred to the respective institutions (DBE or MFIs) with all the enclosed environmental and social screening documents and final decision reports. The final safeguards clearance and approval by the MoWIE, regional, or Wereda environmental offices will be with or without conditions. The overall environmental management process is indicated in the below process flowcharts and cycle (see Figures 4, 5 and 6).
As stated above various institutions have responsibilities to manage and complete the overall process of environmental management and implementation of this ESMF. In this regard, DBE, MoWIE, Regional and Wereda WME bureaus and offices, Regional and Wereda Environmental offices, Wereda administrations, other relevant line ministries are major actors for the implementations of the proposed programs. The details of institutional responsibilities have been discussed under section 10.
One of the key elements in the framework is the importance of the development and implementation of cost effective and accessible grievance handling mechanism. Grievances from the beneficiaries will be actively managed and tracked to ensure that the right resolution and actions are taken in an appropriate and timely manner, with corrective actions being implemented and the complaints handled as early as possible to address specific concerns raised by the project-affected persons.
The ESMF also outlines that the successful implementation of the programs activities will require dynamic and multi-disciplinary professionals. Therefore, regular short and tailor made training courses and workshops will be required to reinforce the capacity and skills of the direct implementers, stakeholders and beneficiaries during the entire subproject period. The existing capacity of the implementing institutions, particularly DBE, MWMB, MFI, PSE, Line and Sector Ministries to implement the ESMF and other environmental and social safeguard instruments are also required to be aided by checklists for screening; formats for appraisal and
x Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
approval of proposed subprojects along with a format for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that are included in the ESMF.
The programs have provided for capacity building and technical support to all relevant implementing agents from National, Regional and Wereda levels. Thus, to capacitate and fill the gaps due to the prevailing less capacity of DBE, MFI and other institutions to implement this ESMF, the development and implementation of capacity development and training plan is inevitable. The required capacity development, training and monitoring activity plan are stated under this ESMF, including the required budget over the two years (2017- 2019) additional financing period. Thus, for successful implementation of the ESMF, earmarked budget of an estimated amount of USD 123, 266 (One hundred twenty three thousand two hundred sixty six) will be required. This includes training on various topics, annual review and end-program-evaluation of the impacts of the ESMF by a consultant. Apart from the allocation of money, integration and coordination of various actors both at federal, regional and Wereda levels has of paramount importance for the successful realization of the subprojects. Timely monitoring, evaluation and follow-up need also be considered in an integrated manner in collaboration with the various role players.
xi Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has established fund for the purpose of increasing the flow of carbon finance to low-income countries for low carbon investment in programs which are intended to generate Emission Reductions, and to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life in the poorer areas of developing countries including, in particular, the least developed countries, and to expand the reach of carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism Projects to developing countries.
According to the information obtained from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (January 2015), from the years 2011 to 2014, 6,577,083 improved firewood saving stoves had been distributed in Ethiopia as a result of which 96,361 hectares of forest had been rescued from deforestation, carbon emissions of 6,675,485, ton had been reduced, job opportunity for 7,831 persons (1525 male and 6306 female) has been created, and income of households had been improved due to increased time dedicated for enhancing productivity and improvement of health. In the same period, 24,371 PV solar systems had been installed that benefited about 121,855 households. Moreover, 270 PV solar systems had been installed in rural schools and benefited 135,000 persons while in rural health posts, 345 solar systems had been erected that benefited 1,725,000 people. The data for the whole GTP I was relatively higher. In this respect, as far as alternative sources of energy were concerned, within GTP I there was a plan to plant and distribute 9,415,000 improved stoves, 26,000 bio-gas technology and 3,160,000 solar lantern technology while the implementation was 8,875,000; 11,618 and 2,032 million respectively (National Planning Commission, December 2015).
The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) is executing two programs, namely Rural Electrification Program (being operational as of 2005) and Market Development for Rural Energy and Energy Efficient Products since 2012. Through these two programs, the DBE has managed to make 1,500 biogas, 11,145 solar home system, and nearly 500,000 solar lanterns in different parts of the country. Out of these two programs, projects that are operational since 2015 including biogas, solar lantern and solar home system will be accommodated in the new program which is named as “Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) of Activity” which incorporates installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the period between 2015 and 2020 and Ethiopia off-grid renewable energy program (EOREP)of activity which incorporates installation of 218,850 solar home systems and dissemination of 2.8 million solar lanterns to be constructed and distributed in the period between 2015 and 2020.
The two proposed Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) comprises four subprojects: provision of Solar Lantern (SL), installation of Solar Home System (SHS), installation and construction of Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG) and construction of Biogas system. During implementation of these subprojects activities, potential positive 1 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) and negative environmental and social impacts are expected to be generated and affect the nearby biophysical and social environment. Therefore, to preclude and manage environmental and social issues and risks of ECCEP and EOREP subprojects, it is essential to prepare the pertinent environmental and social safeguards instruments, including ESMF. This ESMF has been prepared based on the environmental and social safeguards requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank and customized from the Parent Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP) and AF-ENREP’s ESMFs, which have been prepared, consulted up on and disclosed in Bank’s Info Shop on January 20, 2012 and April 5, 2016, respectively. While in-country disclosure for were on for parent ENREP ESMF February 07, 2012 and AF-ENREP ESMF on April 05, 2016.
The ESMF first set out the principles, laws, regulations, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social impacts related to the EORE and ECCE programs. It analyses the environmental and social policies and legal requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and safeguard policies of the World Bank and ensures that environmental and social issues are dealt with in a proper and efficient manner meeting all the compliance requirements of the Government of the Ethiopia and the World Bank.
1.2 Objectives
The main objective of the environmental and social management framework (ESMF) is to frame guidelines and provide procedures to deal with environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the subprojects under ECCE and EORE programs and assessment and management of environmental and social aspects of the Program activities. It will help to establish a mechanism to systematically identify, predict, evaluate, and manage beneficial and adverse environmental and social impacts of the Program activities, designing enhancement measures for beneficial impacts, and recommend and implement mitigating measures for adverse impacts. The specific locations and details of the Program activities are not identified at this stage and their impacts cannot be determined until planning is started by grass root level implementing stakeholders.
The specific objectives include the following:
▪ To develop/establish clear procedures and tools (including checklists, guidelines) for environmental and social impacts assessment, review, approval, implementation and monitoring of subprojects to be financed under the Program interventions; ▪ To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities of various institutions/actors in different tiers, and outline reporting procedures and mechanisms for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to the subprojects
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▪ To prepare Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan which, among others, constitutes the specific likely negative impacts, mitigation measure along with indicators to be monitored, specific responsible institutions and the required budget; ▪ To determine the capacity building components (including training and technical assistance) for the successful realization of the provisions stated in the Environmental and Social Management Framework; and, ▪ To indicate implementation strategies of the major issues outlined in the Environmental and Social Management Framework and Environmental and Social Management Plan.
1.3 Scope
The Program covers rural areas in the nine regions of Ethiopia and Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa city administrations in which the specific locations will be decided later on in consultation with the Regions/City Administrations and Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity. For this specific task, however, the study has been based on four rural villages of Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State.
Cognizant of the proposed subproject activities, the respective adverse impacts, and the need for safeguards instruments to enhance positive impacts and avoid/minimize/mitigate the anticipated adverse impacts, the assignment is to prepare Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).
This ESMF defines the steps, processes, and procedures for screening, scoping, assessment, and monitoring, to be undertaken during planning, design, procurement, construction, and post construction stages of the two programs. The framework also designed to present a sample Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), outlining the measures that will be taken to minimize/mitigate the potential adverse environmental and social impacts, avoid them, or minimize them to acceptable levels. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the relevant institutions responsible for addressing project impacts. In addition, it identifies institutional and capacity building needs for environmental and social impact management in the Ethiopia.
1.4 Rationale
As it has been clearly pointed out in the Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP), (Report no. PAD1691), the rationale for scaling up of the market development for renewable energy and energy efficient products is due to the requirement needed for off-grid solutions for millions of people who reside in remote rural areas of Ethiopia. Clean cooking technologies are also picking up among
3 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) households, leading to a larger and diversified demand for loans to be accommodated by the Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). A wider use of renewable energy for lighting and more efficient cooking practice together with the spread of energy efficient products can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with household energy consumption.
1.5 Methodology
The ESMF has been prepared in accordance with applicable National and World Bank safeguard policies. The task has been conducted by using both primary and secondary sources. The distinct methodologies adopted for the preparation of this ESMF are include literature review; consultations and focal group discussions with key institutions, stakeholders, and beneficiaries; and site visits at the existing subproject locations in the selected two regions and four beneficiary villages. An account of the existing biophysical and social environment conditions were assembled and discussed under the baseline information section of this ESMF and used in the environmental assessment of the proposed subprojects activities. The outcomes of the consultations are discussed under consultation section and list of participants are attached in annexes 12 and 13.
• Literature Review
Review on the existing baseline information and relevant literature materials were undertaken that helps in obtaining further and deeper understanding of the proposed programs. A desk review of the GoE policies and legal framework and World Bank environmental and social safeguards policies and procedures were also reviewed to get relevant information. Among the documents that were reviewed, include World Bank Safeguards policies and procedures, ESMF documents prepared for Parent and AF- ENREP’s ESMFs, Aide-Memoires of the Parent project, Bank’s Appraisal Project Documents (PAD) for related projects, GoE Environmental and relevant sectoral policies and legislative documents, and other relevant published and unpublished literatures.
• Field visit
The study team comprises of two experts from DBE undertook site visit to selected regions and Weredas between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The team visited Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia National Regional State. The field surveys enabled the team to identify the environmental and social settings of the proposed subprojects area and identify some of the existing conditions and gaps during the implementation of the two programs. In addition, the site visits allowed conducting consultations with Wereda level stakeholders, MFIs focal persons and project
4 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) beneficiaries on their feelings of the existing subprojects advantages and problems, as well as the potential impacts of the proposed installation and construction activities of the subprojects and subsequent operations.
• Stakeholder Consultations
A series of stakeholder consultations have been carried out with key resource persons, beneficiaries, institutions at the national, regional, and local level between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The discussions were conducted and facilitated by two experts from DBE. A list of consulted stakeholders and concerns raised are depicted in annexes 12 and 13. Some of the consultations were round table discussions and/or focus group discussions. During consultations and focus group discussions, the major objectives of the program have been raised from the study team and various information including the likely positive and negative impacts and the respective mitigation measures have been pinpointed by the stakeholders/beneficiaries.
Discussions have been made with officials, experts and biogas program coordinators working in Water, Mines and Energy sector in Oromia Region and South Nation, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS), officials and experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia National Regional state. Interactive discussions have also conducted in the same period with officials and experts in Omo micro finance institution S.C. at the head office, and sub branches in Aleta Wendo and Dore Bafana town. A discussion and site visit had also been conducted with five biogas beneficiaries in Ada and Wendo Genet Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two associations for solar energy in Dore Bafana town (capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) and its environs.
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2. RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS
2.1 Ethiopia’s Relevant Policy and Legal Frameworks
The effects of development projects on the environment should be assessed in order to ensure that projects, as much as possible, must be in harmony with the environment. In one way or another, this ultimately contributes to ensure sustainable development. In this regard, policies, legislative frameworks, guidelines and standards have been developed by governmental and non-governmental organizations so as to contribute for the enhancement of sustainable development. The relevant policy, legal and administrative frameworks of the Government of Ethiopian and the policies of the World Bank have been stated in the following sections.
2.1.1 The Constitution of the FDRE The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia had issued in August 1995 with several provisions, which provides basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection, and management in the country. The relevant articles with environmental provisions among others are pinpointed below:
Article 35- Rights of Women ▪ The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account, women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to affirmative measures. The purpose of such measures shall be to provide special attention to women so as to enable them to compete and participate on the basis of equality with men in political, social and economic life as well as in public and private institutions; ▪ Women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women; ▪ Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property; and, ▪ Women shall have a right to equality in employment, promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.
Article 40- The Right to Property ▪ The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
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Article 43- The Right to Development ▪ The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development; and, ▪ Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
Article 44- Environmental Rights ▪ All persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment; and, ▪ All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance.
Article 90- Social Objectives ▪ To the extent the country’s resources permit, policies shall aim to provide all Ethiopians access to public health and education, clean water, housing, food and social security; and, ▪ Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural prejudices.
Article 92- Environmental Objectives ▪ Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment; ▪ The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage or destroy the environment; ▪ People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and implementations of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly; and, ▪ Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment.
2.1.2 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy The GTP consists of qualitative and quantitative targets in the spheres of macro-economic performance, performance of economic and social sectors (including energy) and crosscutting sectors (including environment and climate change). The GTP aims at building a ‘Green Economy’ and implementing the existing environmental laws as part of the key strategic directions to be pursued during the plan period. Up to the end of GTP II, there are plans to get 300 MW energy from solar power and 257 MW from biomass.
With regard to alternative sources of energy, the main focus areas pointed out in GTP II are the following:
▪ To build the capacity of stakeholders (Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Regions and others) through development and expansion of alternative sources of energy in a sustainable manner so as to enable the society to use modern energy;
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▪ To strengthen the direction of scaling-up of renewable sources of energy from water, wind, geothermal and solar energy without polluting the environment in a bid to satisfy the energy requirements; ▪ Reducing the need for firewood by improving the energy utilization of the society and introducing and promoting new sources and technologies of energy so as to protect desertification; and, ▪ To enhance social and economic activities by using wind energy for electric supply and water pumps (National Planning Commission, December 2015).
2.1.3 Relevant Policies of Ethiopia 2.1.3.1 Environment Policy of Ethiopia The first comprehensive statement of Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 that was based on the policy and strategic findings and recommendations of the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. The policy is aimed at guiding sustainable social and economic development of the country through the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural, man-made and cultural resources and the environment at large. The overall policy goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The Specific Policy Objectives among others seeks to:
a. Ensure that the benefits from the exploitation of non-renewable resources are extended as far into the future as can be managed, and minimize the negative impacts of their exploitation on the use and management of other natural resources and the environment; b. Incorporate the full economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of natural resource development into the planning, implementation and accounting processes by a comprehensive valuation of the environment and the services it provides, and by considering the social and environmental costs and benefits which cannot currently be measured in monetary terms; c. Prevent the pollution of land, air and water in the most cost-effective way so that the cost of effective preventive intervention would not exceed the benefits; d. Conserve, develop, sustainably manage and support Ethiopia’s rich and diverse cultural heritage; and, e. Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development.
Specifically, with regard to Energy Resource, the three major relevant policies issued in the Environment Policy of Ethiopia are the following:
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a. To adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and development which integrates energy development with energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable utilization of renewable resources; b. To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy resources both for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well as for their continuation into the future; and, c. To locate, develop, adopt or adapt energy sources and technologies to replace biomass fuels.
2.1.3.2 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia The main objectives of Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia are the following:
a. Protect poor and vulnerable individuals, households, and communities from the adverse effects of shocks and destitution; b. Increase the scope of social insurance; c. Increase access to equitable and quality health, education and social welfare services to build human capital thus breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty; d. Guarantee a minimum level of employment for the long term unemployed and under- employed; e. Enhance the social status and progressively realize the social and economic rights of the excluded and marginalized; and, f. Ensure the different levels of society are taking appropriate responsibility for the implementation of social protection policy.
2.1.3.3 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy The overall goal of Ethiopian Water Sector Policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient, equitable and optimum utilization of the available Water Resources of Ethiopia for significant socio- economic development on sustainable basis. The objectives of Water Resources Policy are the following:
• Development of the water resources of the country for economic and social benefits of the people, on equitable and sustainable basis; • Allocation and apportionment of water based on comprehensive and integrated plans and optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access, and sustainability of the resource; • Managing and combating drought as well as other associated slow on-set disasters through, inter-alia, efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient use of water resources; • Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention, rehabilitation and other practical measures; and,
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• Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic environment on sustainable basis.
2.1.3.4 Energy Policy of Ethiopia Ethiopia has energy policy document drafted in 1994.The policy document has encouraged the use of indigenous resources and renewable energy. The general objectives of the Energy policy are:
• To ensure a reliable supply of energy at the right time and at affordable prices, particularly to support the country's agricultural and industrial development strategies adopted by the government; • To ensure and encourage a gradual shift from traditional energy sources use to modern energy sources; • To stream-line and remove bottlenecks encountered in the development and utilization of energy resources and to give priority to the development of indigenous energy resources with a goal toward attaining self-sufficiency; • To set general guidelines and strategies for the development and supply of energy resources; • To increase energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy wastage; and, • To ensure that the development and utilization of energy is benign to the environment.
Currently, this National Energy Policy is under review to identify the gaps between what is stated in the 1994 National energy policy and the existing status, as well as the anticipated energy resource development. The potential areas that are considered in updating the Ethiopia National Energy policy (1994) include: among others are current technological levels, bottlenecks in the energy development including cross cutting issue, etc.
2.1.4 Strategies 2.1.4.1 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, which was approved by the Council of Ministers, provided a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into policies, programs and projects. With regard to development of alternative energy resources and their utilization, the relevant strategies include the following:
▪ Develop alternative energy sources (e.g. solar power, wind, biogas, agricultural bio-fuel, liquid bio-fuel or small hydroelectric plants) for towns and villages remote from the national grid; ▪ Acquire, develop, test and disseminate appropriate and improved energy use technologies (e.g. improved stoves, charcoal kilns, solar powered cookers and heaters); and, ▪ Demonstrate and support the use of other energy sources (e.g. geothermal, solar, etc.) in the various economic sectors where it is currently little used such as in transportation, irrigation, crop- drying, food processing, fish drying, and thermal heating.
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2.1.4.2 Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has initiated the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green economy that will help realise its ambition of reaching middle-income status before 2025.
Ethiopia’s green economy plan is based on the following four pillars:
1. Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food security and farmer income while reducing emissions; 2. Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks; 3. Expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic and regional markets; and, 4. Leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial sectors, and buildings.
2.1.5 Regulations, Proclamations and Procedural Guidelines 2.1.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002) Environmental Impact Assessment is used to predict and manage the environmental effects of a proposed development activity as a result of its design siting, construction, operation, or an ongoing one as a result of its modification or termination, entails and thus helps to bring about intended development.
The proclamation is an effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social considerations in to the planning and decision making processes thereby promoting sustainable development. Moreover, it serves as a basic instrument in bringing about administrative transparency and accountability, to involve the public and the communities in particular, in the planning and execution of development programs that may affect them and their environment. The objective of undertaking the assessment study is to ensure the impacts of a development project and the incorporated mitigating measures for the adverse significant impacts, and policy programs are adequately considered while decisions are put into effect.
2.1.5.2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002) This proclamation is aimed at eliminating or, when not possible, to mitigate pollution as an undesirable consequence or social and economic development activities. It has also an objective of protecting the environment and safeguarding of human health, as well as the maintaining of the biota and the aesthetic value of nature are the duty and responsibility of all citizens. The Proclamation, among others has considered control of pollution; management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive substances; management of municipal wastes; the importance and need to respect environmental standards; and punitive and incentive measures.
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2.1.5.3 A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002) The first objective of this proclamation is to assign responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental development and management activities on the one hand, and environmental protection, regulations and monitoring on the other, which is instrumental for the sustainable use of environmental resources. The second objective is to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental protection agencies at federal and regional levels.
2.1.5.4 A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005) The major objectives/rationales for the formulation of this proclamation were the need of the government to use land for development works it carries out for public services; to provide land through redevelopment schemes for the construction of dwelling houses, infrastructure, investment and other services and supply of land for development works in rural areas and to define the basic principles that have to be taken into consideration in determining compensation to a person whose landholding has been expropriated. For the specific subprojects at hand, expropriation of land holdings for public purposes is not expected as the installation/construction is supposed to be conducted in one’s premises.
2.1.5.5 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000) The purpose of the Proclamation is to ensure that the water resources of the country are protected and utilized for the highest social and economic benefits of the people of Ethiopia, to follow up and supervise that they are duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water are prevented, and that the management of water resources is carried out properly.
2.1.5.6 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) The Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) has been established by Proclamation No. 209/2000 as a government institution with a legal personality. The Proclamation has also provisions for management of cultural heritages in part two, exploration, discovery and study of Cultural Heritages in part three and miscellaneous provisions in part four.
Article 41 of the Proclamation deals on Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritages and Sub-Article 1 states that, any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other fortuitous event, shall forthwith report to the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH), and shall protect and keep it intact, until the Authority takes delivery thereof. Sub-Article 2, on the other hand states that, the Authority shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub- Article (1) hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of and register the Cultural Heritage so discovered.
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2.1.5.7 Labor Proclamations Ethiopia has issued proclamations in the effort to improve employment relations and outcomes, protect against child labor exploitation, and maintain proper occupational health and safety. The transitional government of Ethiopia has issued Labor Proclamation No. 42/1993. This proclamation was amended and replaced with Labor Proclamation No. 377/2003. The Labor Proclamations have had detailed provisions pertaining to workers’ suspension and protects their rights. Besides, there are other labor related proclamations such as the provisions of the Employment Exchange Service Proclamation (Proclamation No. 632/2009) and the Right to Employment of Persons with Disability (Proclamation No. 568/2008) enacted to govern the relations between employers and employees.
The Labor Law protects Children against Child Labor abuse. Under the provisions of the Revised Family Code (2000), a child or minor is defined as “a person of either sex who has not attained the full age of eighteen years”. Proclamation No. 377/2003, Article 89 prohibited employment of less than 14 years. The proclamations states “It is prohibited to employ persons under 14 years of age”. It is also prohibited to employ young workers which on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young workers performing it. "Young worker" means a person who has attained the age of 14 but is not over the age of 18 years (Article 89 Sub-Article 3).
The Labor Proclamation mandates employers to protect occupational safety, health and create better working environment for their workers. Article 92 states that “An employer shall take the necessary measure to safeguard adequately the health and safety of the workers…” The proclamations have details about the safety and health of workers. For instance, it forces employers to i) take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified concerning the hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and injury to health; ii) ensure that directives are given and also assign safety officer; establish an occupational, safety and health committee of which the committee's establishment, shall be determined by a directive issued by the Minister; iii) provide workers with protective equipment, clothing and other materials and instruct them of its use; etc.
2.1.5.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series (Series 1 and 2) In order to facilitate the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation 299/2002), the then Environmental Protection Authority had formulated four procedural guidelines, namely, Review Guideline Series 1: Guidelines for Review Approach; Review Guideline Series 2- Guidelines for Contents and Scopes of Report; Review Guideline Series 3- Checklist of Environmental Characteristics and Review Guideline Series 4- Review Criteria. Review Guideline Series 1 and 2 will be elaborated to a certain extent.
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A) Procedural Guideline Series 1 -Guidelines for Review Approach
This guideline pointed out roles and responsibilities of EPA and Regional Environmental Agencies, the proponent, consulting firm, interested and affected parties, and the licensing agency. In the guideline, the EIA processes and requirements, and comprehensive description of the EA process has been stated. It also outlined projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts, and may, therefore, require full EIA (Schedule 1), projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have the potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but not likely to warrant an environmental impact study (Schedule 2) and projects which would have no impact and does not require environmental impact assessment (Schedule 3)
B) Procedural Guideline Series 2 - Guidelines for Contents and Scopes of Report
This guideline among others indicates structure and content of the Environmental Impact Study Report and describes the contents including the administrative, legal and policy requirements, assessment and mitigation measures. The guideline indicates the following main types of mitigating measures, which need due considerations:
▪ Preventing, reducing or minimizing impacts before they occur; ▪ Eliminating an actual impact over time by incorporating appropriate maintenance measures during the life of the project; ▪ Rectifying an impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected environment; ▪ Compensating for an impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments as well as contingency plans in case of emergencies; and, ▪ Maximizing beneficial impacts through specific additional actions.
2.1.6 Administrative/Institutional Framework 2.1.6.1 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change As per proclamation 916/2015, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change have bestowed among others with the following powers and duties:
a) Coordinate activities to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under the Constitution and the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of the Country are realized; b) Establish a system for evaluating and decision making, in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation, the impacts of implementation of investment programs and projects on environment prior to approvals of their implementation by the concerned sectoral licensing organ or the concerned regional organ; c) Coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green economy in all sectors and at all Regional levels; as well as provide capacity building support and advisory services; and, 14 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
d) Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data collection, management and use.
2.1.6.2 The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) According to Proclamation no. 916/2015, the mandates of The Ministry of Water, Energy and Electricity include promoting the development of water resource and electricity and promoting the growth and expansion of the country's supply of electric energy. The Ministry has an Environment and Climate Change Directorate so as to manage issues related to environment and climate change of the sector.
2.1.6.3 Regional Environmental Organs At regional level there are environmental bureaus to implement environmental related issues including the preparation of directives within their respective regions.
2.1.6.4 Institutional Aspects of Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) Related to the Programs The Bank had prepared and approved a new organizational structure as of October 2015 owing to limitations of the DBE’s organizational structure. This new organizational structure takes in to account the business nature of the Bank, which are intended to improve the service efficiency, effectiveness and create value for customers and stakeholders and is also expected to facilitate smooth execution of the five years strategic targets.
The World Bank Group and DBE have a successful track record of partnership. DBE was selected by the World Bank as the wholesaling institution for the Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Project (WEDP) and energy related projects (Market Development) based on its track record of managing lines of credit and on its management commitment to the project.
Under the Vice President for Credit Management, there is Special Fund Administration and Rural Financial Intermediation Program (SFA & RFIP) Coordination Directorate having seven teams, one of which is named as Energy Coordination Team. This Team is the focal entity for supporting, follow-up and monitoring of ongoing energy related projects, Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program within SPFA & RFIP Coordination Directorate of DBE.
DBE has strengthened its Internal Audit process and Compliance and Risk Management Process of the Bank and has a well established risk management policy framework and internal audit function. Internal Audit process and Compliance and Risk Management Process of the Bank will conduct an audit and review of the pertinent energy programs.
DBE has prepared human resources policy appropriate to its size and workforce that set out its approach to managing workers consistently. In addition, DBE has a strong Workers Union led by a president elected from the employees and have a collective agreement signed between the union and the employees.
15 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Thus, DBE will put in place and implement an adequate environmental and social management framework (ESMF), acceptable to the Bank, endorsed by Executive Management and approved by Board of Management of the Bank. The Executive Management will lead the effort and support implementation of sustainable environmental and social management system in the Bank.
2.2 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. According to the World Bank project screening criteria and based on the scale and nature of the two proposed programs (Off-grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy), similar with the parent project, they are categorized EA category “Category B i.e. Partial Assessment-Project”. A proposed project is classified as Category “B” if its potential adverse social and environmental impacts on environmentally important areas or human populations are typically site-specific, reversible in nature, and less adverse than those of Category “A” projects and readily addressed through mitigation measures.
For the two Programs under consideration (Off grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs), three operational policies namely, Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11), and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) are of potential relevance as it is the case with the parent project (i.e. Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project). Hence, they are described below as follows.
2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01) The objectives of this operational policy are to help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects and to support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision making process.
The core requirement of this policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts. Environmental Assessment (EA) ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process and ensures that the views of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are incorporated as early as possible for Category A and B projects.
It is worth noting that OP 4.01 applies to all components of a project with financing from the World Bank, including co-financed components by the Borrower or by other funding agencies to ensure that they are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable.
16 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
The normal World Bank Policy for Environmental Assessment is guided by Operational Policy/Bank Procedure (OP/BP) 4.01 and consists of seven basic elements:
• Screening;
• Environmental assessment (EA) documentation requirements;
• Public consultation;
• Disclosure;
• Review and approval of EA documentation;
• Conditionality in loan agreements; and,
• Arrangements for supervision, monitoring, and reporting.
2.2.2 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11) The objective of Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs) Operational Policy is to assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. This policy addresses PCR, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. They may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, or national level, or within the international community.
2.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) The objectives of this policy are the following:
(i) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; and, (iii) Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects and are caused by: 17 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
▪ The involuntary taking of land resulting in: ❖ Relocation or loss of shelter; ❖ Loss of assets or access to assets; or ❖ Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. ▪ The involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.
18 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMS
3.1 Background
Component 3, i.e. Market Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Products is one of the four components under ENREP. This component leverages the market-based approach developed under the umbrella of the Lighting Africa Program to support the spread of off-grid renewable energy systems among households residing in areas far removed from the grid, or those in areas under the grid who cannot afford a connection. Specifically, under this component, credit facilities to Private Sector Enterprises (PSEs) and Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) have been set up to provide financing for stand-alone renewable energy systems and energy efficient products, such as solar home systems (SHS), solar lanterns, improved cook stoves, biogas, and so on. The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) serves as financial intermediary. MFIs provide financing to households or small businesses in rural areas interested in installing biogas plants (Figure 1). PSEs are approved retailers that can access the credit line to import and commercialize products, as well as installation of Solar PV mini-grids (Figure 2). For the future, the role of the private sector is supposed to be strengthened. Even though a special and distinct institution has not yet been set for solar energy, the existing government structures working on the alternative energy sector at federal, regional, zonal and Wereda levels do play their part in promoting solar energy. The role of micro financial institutions and the private sector in the distribution of solar equipment is worth mentioning.
Figure 1: General implementation framework of the Program of Activities (PoA) For ECCEP
tCO2
Carbon Initiative for Development Bank of Ethiopia National Biogas Program as Development (CiDev) (DBE) as CME tCO2 CPA Implementer ERPA Emission Reduction Transfer Agreement (ERTA) tCO2 Carbon Finance $ $ Carbon Finance $ Carbon Finance $
BCE-1 RBP-1 CBO-1 Micro Finance Institutions $ (MFIs) Groups of Households $
Source: Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities
19 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Figure 2: General implementation framework of the Program of Activities (PoA) For EOREP
Development Bank of Ethiopia DBE as CPA Implementer 2 (DBE) as CME O C t Carbon Finance $ tCO2
ERPA $ POs ce n $ a Solar Solar Other in Importer- Importer- Private Carbon Initiative for F n 1 2 Enterpris Development (CiDev) o e-1 rb a C $ Carbon Finance $ tCO2 Emission Reduction Transfer Agreement (ERTA)
Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) Households / Institutions $ Source: Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities
Under the Ethiopian Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), there are 2 programs having four subprojects. The first program is Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program of Activities with three (3) subprojects viz. a) Distribution of 2.8 million solar lanterns, b) 214,850 Solar Home Systems and c) Installation of Solar PV mini-grids. The planning period is supposed to be implemented from 2015 to 2020 with an estimated amount of 1.1 million Certified Emission Reduction (CER) generation from 2016 to 2024. The second program under the CDM is Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program of Activity with a plan for the installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the period between 2015 and 2020 with an estimated amount of 803,167 Certified Emission Reduction (CER) generation from 2016 to 2024. The subprojects overview for the two programs is discussed below.
3.2 Off Grid Renewable Energy Program
3.2.1 Solar Lantern These comprise zero-emissions off-grid lighting products or systems that are stand-alone, rechargeable and can be installed and operated by their user. Each unit has a retail price typically less than US$100 and includes three main components: usually, a 1 to 5 W solar panel as the electricity source, a rechargeable battery, and a lantern or lamp, usually with an LED bulb. The solar panel is placed in the sun during the day to generate electricity that recharges the battery, and at night the electricity is available to power the lamp. These units will provide lighting for individual households and may also provide cell-phone charging or similar. Only units that comply with the Lighting Global Minimum Quality Standards and have a warranty period of two (2) years will be eligible to be included in the program. Prior to the project, off-grid households relied on kerosene
20 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively inefficient tin lamps with a simple wick and no cover. Burning of kerosene generates CO2.
3.2.2 Solar Home Systems (SHS) SHS are solar photovoltaic (PV) units that provide zero-emissions electricity supply to homes for a variety of uses, such as lighting, television sets and other small appliances. Each system will consist of at least a PV module to convert solar energy into electrical energy, a battery to store the electrical energy, a charge controller to protect the system from attaining an overcharged and undercharged condition, and cables and connecting devices. System capacities are expected to range between approximately 10 and 200 WP. Only units that have a warranty period of one - two (1-2) years will be eligible to be included in the program. Prior to the project, off-grid households relied on kerosene lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively inefficient tin lamps with a simple wick and no cover. In the baseline, off-grid lighting would have been provided by kerosene while batteries or diesel generators would have charged small appliances. Burning of kerosene and diesel generates CO2.
The expected installed capacity of each of the technologies is up to 5 WP for solar lanterns, up to 200 WP for solar home systems, up to 500 WP for institutional solar PV plants, and up to 5 kWP for solar pumps for irrigation.
3.2.3 Solar PV Mini Grid Solar PV Mini Grid (SPMG) that provide zero-emissions electricity supply to homes for a variety of uses, such as lighting, television sets and other small appliances. The system will consist of at least PV modules to convert solar energy into electrical energy, solar inverter to convert DC to AC, batteries to store the electrical energy, charge controller to protect the system from attaining an overcharged and undercharged condition, power house to store batteries and solar equipment’s, electric distribution lines and accessories, and cables and connecting devices. System capacities are expected to range between approximately 5 KWP to 100 KWP.
Solar PV Mini-grid subproject is intended to generate electricity at the local level to benefit the rural households from the generated electricity under the SPMG subproject. The private companies will implement the proposed subproject and install the Solar PV mini grid nearby the local beneficiaries. The local beneficiaries will pay one-time connection fee and monthly service charge. The project will benefit off-grid households who used to relay on kerosene lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively inefficient in lamps with a simple wick and no cover. In the baseline, off-grid lighting would have been provided by kerosene while batteries or diesel generators would have charged small appliances.
The solar PV Mini Grids may demand use of small area of land plot in the target villages; land acquisition and resettlement issues may be required owing to the location and size of the plot, as well as related impact. The expected installed capacities for the solar PV mini grid is up to 100 KWP
21 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
3.3 Clean Cooking Energy Program
The subproject under this program is installation of biogas plants. Biogas is a clean and renewable form of energy produced by anaerobic fermentation of animal dung and other waste in a digester built from locally available materials. The target beneficiaries are households with four or more local breed cattle (two in the case of hybrid), residing within thirty minutes walking distance from a water source, and willing to pay in cash or through credit for the investment cost required in the installation of the bio digester with an optional toilet connection. The biogas plants are installed for households interested to use the Biogas plants on their land. The Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program of Activity include the plan for the installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the period between 2015 and 2020 with an estimated amount of 803,167 Certified Emission Reduction (CER) generation from 2016 to 2024 (see figure 3).
In order to commercialize the biogas program in the country, institutional arrangements with different roles and responsibilities has been established. The National Biogas Program of Ethiopia (NBPE) started its operations in 2008 and is hosted and co-funded by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) with financial support provided by the Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Netherlands managed by the Humanist Institute for International Development Cooperation (HIVOS) and benefitting from technical support provided by the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV).
Figure 3 Diagram of a domestic biogas plant
Source: Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities
Access to electricity services through off-grid, renewable-based solutions has the potential to improve life standards and provide opportunities for productive uses of energy, which can be particularly empowering
22 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) women. The shift to clean cooking practices will reduce the time that women spend fetching biomass fuels for cooking and reduce indoor pollution, which poses a severe threat to people’s health. To ensure equitable benefits and opportunities under the two proposed Programs activities, several gender interventions will be implemented.
23 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
The baseline environmental and social conditions are described hereunder on the basis of the fact that the locations of each of the subprojects are distributed in the whole country. Therefore, the approach followed in this case is that, since these locations could be anywhere, it is better to describe the environmental situations of the Regions that totally form the bulk of the country. That is, the environmental and social descriptions do not refer to specific project sites. The country is composed of nine regional states and two City Administrations under the Federal Administration for which description of the bio-physical environment and social baseline situations are described below.
4.1 Afar National Regional State
4.1.1 Bio–Physical Environment
Afar region lies in the arid and semi-arid climatic zone within the Great Rift Valley of East Africa with an irregular drainage systems and depressions. It lies in the geographic location between 8049’ and 14030’ N latitude and 39034’ to 42028’east longitude. The land area of Afar Region is about 94,817 km2, and is divided into five Zones with 32 Weredas and 401 Kebele administrative structures. a) Topography The topography of the Afar region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an altitude of 1,000 – 1,500 masl to low plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the lowlands fall between 0 and 1,000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. Over 95% of the Afar Region lies in the altitude range below 1,000 masl. About 8% of the total land area lies below sea level. This region is also known for its lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 114 meters below sea level in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region. b) Climate The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall. Temperature in the region ranges from a mean maximum temperature of 42.5oC in the area of Doubti Wereda and mean minimum temperature of 17.8oC in the high altitude zone at Gewane. The area has moisture index of less than 0.25 and receives mean annual rainfall of 200 mm.
Severe dry season occurs in May and June at regional level. This season has the hottest temperature. The main rainy season occurs between July and September, while short rain stays between March and April. Rainfall
24 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) ranges from 500 mm on the western edges of the regional state to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part of the region. c) Geology and Soils According to geological map of Ethiopia (1996), the geological formation of the area includes:
▪ Afar series; mildly alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and pre-alkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome and flows and ignimbrites). ▪ Basalt flows, spatter cones and hyaloclastites, (a) Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic. (b) Alkaline olivine basalt. ▪ Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments. ▪ Alkali granite and syenite. ▪ Rhyohitic Volcanic centres, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignimbrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows (alkaline and pre-alkaline composition), and ▪ Alluvial and lacustrine deposits: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand.
The major soils of the region in general include:
▪ Fluvisols /12.57 %/, which are fertile and easy to work with ( this soil type is found along the river courses), ▪ Leptosols /20.60 %/ (found along plateau margins and steeper slops) that have rocky characteristics, ▪ Eutric Regosols /18.88 %/ (found on gentle /undulating/ rolling, moderate to high relief hills), ▪ Eutric Cambisols and Vertic Cambisols /8.06 %/, and ▪ Solonchaks /18.72 %/ which are typical soils that develop in arid climatic conditions and most plants cannot grow on them.
The soils of the region have limited fertility value. The fertile soils of the region include fluvisols found adjacent to major stream courses. d) Vegetation Cover and Wildlife The vegetation cover of Afar in general is sparse and the area is prone to desertification. Over 70% of the land area in Afar region is bare land. The main vegetation types in the region include the following:
▪ Juniperous olea forest rising to less than 7m in height; ▪ Riparian Woodlands/ forest, species constituting varieties of acacia trees; ▪ Shrub land; predominantly acacia species and prosopis; and, ▪ Bushland; the dominant species include acacia and balanites species.
Wildlife resources of the region are rich. Wildlife of the area is those that are most adaptive creatures to the arid and semi-arid lands of the region.
25 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) e) Land use / Land cover As of 1999, the major portion of the land in the region is bare land (70.09% of the Region’s area) followed by shrub land (13.68% of the Region’s area). f) Water Resources There are number of rivers in the region including: Awash, Mille, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie, Borkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams. The other major water sources of the region are Lakes. There are twelve relatively large lakes and five ponds in the region. Two of the largest lakes are Afdera Lake and Abe Lake which are found in zone 1 and 2 of the Region. The smaller ones include Lake Asahle, Lake Dalol, and Lake Gemeri. Groundwater is also the major source for potable water supply in the region.
4.1.2 Social Issues a) Population, Religion and Ethnic Group The population of Afar region was estimated at 1,559,001 in year 2011, with 873,041 males and 685,960 females. The majority of the population (86.6%) resided in rural areas and the remaining 13.4% in urban areas. The regional population growth rate in the same year was estimated at 4.11% in urban areas, and 2.23% in rural areas. The population density is 21.6 persons/square kilometre on an average. The major ethnic groups of the regional state include Afar, Amhara, Tigray and others. The dominant occupation in the Region is pastoralism. Over 90% of the population is pastoralist community. Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in Ethiopia, where extensive herding is practiced.
On the other hand, as per the estimations made by the CSA, for the year 2016 (July), the total population was estimated to be 1,769,002 with a male population of 969,001 and female population of 800,001. In the same period, the rural population the urban population was estimated to be comprised 81.5% and 18.5% respectively. b) Cultural Heritage and Tourism Afar region is rich in cultural assets. The archaeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, “Lucy”, was found in Hadar area of the Region. This site is considered as an attraction area for scientific research to decipher or figure out man’s origin. The research sites such as Hadar and the middle Awash, that consist fossil and handicraft remains of human ancestors, are attractive destinations for tourists all over the world.
There are potential for tourist attraction in the area, including paleo anthropologic and wildlife resources as well as the Afar traditional way of life. Ertele and the Afar depression are sites of scientific research both of natural science as well as human civilization.
The Yangu Dirasa National park, the Awash National Park hosts number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation. 26 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
The economic benefits from such tourism also termed as ‘paleotourism’ has not yet developed. But it could be known that eleven new sites have been identified to be considered for research and eventually for ‘paleotourism’.
4.2 Tigray National Regional State
4.2.1 Bio-Physical Environment a) Topography Topography of Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands and is divided into two major blocs; the eastern bloc comprises of highlands while the western bloc is predominantly lowland. Altitudes range from 500 meters up to 3,900 meters above sea level. It is situated between 12015' N and 14057' N latitude and between 36059' E and 400 E longitudes with an estimated area of 53,638 km2. b) Climate Tigray Region falls within 6 ecological zones (desert, Kola, Woina Dega, Dega and Wurch). Part of the Tigray regional state, that is, the eastern and southern zones, where Mekele is situated receive peak rain in April and August, whereas the western and central part receive single maximum rainfall between June/July to August/September and for the north western part, the wet period runs from April/ May to October/November. The mean annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600 mm in the north-eastern part to 1,600 mm in the western part of Welkait Wereda. Temperature ranges between 160 C and 200 C in the eastern and central highland part while in the lowlands of the western zones it is 380C to 400C. c) Geology and Soil Type The geology of Tigray comprises low-grade Metamorphic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Tertiary volcanic, quaternary deposit and acidic to basic/ ultra basic intrusions are also some of geological feature of the region.
Major soil types of the region identified in a study conducted in 1976 is quoted by the Bureau of Planning and Economic Development (Report of 1998) as: orthic Acrisels, chromic and Eutric cambisols, Humic cambisols, Vertic cambisols and Vertic luvisols, Eurthic fluvisols, dystric nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Euric rogosols, Haplic Xerosols, Cambic Arenosols, and chromic Andisols. d) Water Resources There are three major river basins and a valley in the Tigray Region: Tekeze basin, Mereb basin, Afar basin and Angereb valley. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River and Mai Hitsatsa River. Groundwater source is abundant and is the major water supply source in the area.
27 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) e) Vegetation and Wildlife Due to human interference and early settlements in this part of the country, the major vegetation has been destroyed. Currently the dominant ones are woodland and savannah, junipers woodlands, acacia woodland and savannah.
Accordingly, the vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savannah and grassland regions.
The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savannah, juniperus trees mixed with savannah, and mixed deciduous woodland. The vegetation cover of the north-western zone of the region comprises of grass land, scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. There are protected forest areas in Tahitay Adiabo and Atsgede Tsimbela Weredas of western zone. This includes Maikohni forest area, Adi Tsetser, Adi Ascere areas and Enda Tanki protected site. The region has varied wildlife species including hyena, tiger, monkey and fox.
4.2.2 Social Issues a) Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Tigray Administrative Region was 4,862,998, out of which 2,363,000 are male and 2,439,998 are female, with an annual growth rate of 3% in urban areas. The density in Tigray Region in this time was 116 persons /square kilometre. There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigray being the major ethnic group, there are also Kunama, Saho, Agew, Argoba and others in smaller proportions.
According to the population estimates of the CSA, for July 2016, the total population of Tigray was 5,151,998 out of which 2,539,997 were estimated to be male while the remaining 2,612,001 were female. In terms of this estimate, 74.2% were rural inhabitants while the balance, i.e. 25.8% was urban inhabitants. b) Cultural and Historical Heritage Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Tigray Region, the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values. The Axum Obelisks, the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region.
28 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.3 Amhara National Regional State
4.3.1 Bio - Physical Environment a) Topography and Climate The Amhara National Regional State has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The elevation varies from 600 masl at Matera up to 4,620 masl at Raps Dashed.
The Amhara National Regional State is located between 90 N and 130 45' North latitude and 360 to 40030' East longitude. It is bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar region in the east. The Regional State has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia). b) Climate The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dega) and arid (Kola) agro-climatic zones. Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700 mm to over 2,000 mm and the temperature range is between 100 C and 260 C. There are two rainy seasons, while short rain occurs during March, May, and April, heavy rain is during June, July and August. c) Geology and Soils The Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic rocks cover most part of the Amhara Region. The soil of the region includes: Arthic Acrisds, cambisols, Rendizinas, phaeozems, Lithisols, Aluvisds, and vertislols. Soil erosion is the major environmental degradation problem in the Region due to lack of vegetation cover and rugged topography. Soils in the Region are highly eroded as compared to other parts of the country. According to a study conducted in 1984 E.C, the quantity of soil loss in Amhara Region was estimated at 1.1 billion tons per year. This accounts for 58% of the total annual soil loss of the country in general during the time. d) Water Resources There is an abundant water resource in the Region. The major water resource basins in the region are the Abay River /Blue Nile/, Tekeze River and Awash River basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake Zengena and Haik. Ground water resource is abundant and it is the major water supply source in the region. e) Vegetation and Wildlife The natural forest in the Region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by individual farmers on different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different purposes).
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Indigenous tree/shrub in the area include: olea, africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia species, hygenia abyssinica, ximenia american and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species diminishing in the area due to human activities.
Wildlife availability among other factors depends on the extent of vegetation cover of a given area. Parks of the Siemen Mountains are preserved for the most endangered species, such as Walia Ibex, Siemen Fox, Gelada Baboons and different species of birds, most of which are endemic to Ethiopia. Endangered bird species in the region include: Harwood, Francolin and Ostrich.
The Siemen Mountain National Park and protected areas of main bird sanctuaries like, Lake Tana, Ankober - Debre Sina mountain, Awi Zone, Choke Mountain, Fogera, Guasa/ in Menze/, Jama and Jara valley, Middle Abay valley, Gofa Forest are found in the region. f) Land Use/ Land Cover As of 2002, the Region is largely covered by grazing land, which is followed by cultivable land having 30% and 28.2% respectively of all the area coverage of the region during the time.
4.3.2 Social Issues a) Population, Ethnic and Religious Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of the Amhara Region was 18,528,997, in that 9,292,994 were male and 9,236,003were female. Out of this, only 10.98% were urban residents while the remaining constituted rural population. The population density of the region during this period was 119.8 persons/ square kilometre.
As per the population estimates of the CSA, in July 2016 the Region’s total population was estimated to be 20,769,985, which constituted 10,401,995 males and 10,367,990 females. In the same estimation, the rural population was estimated to be 83.2% whereas the urban population constituted 16.8%. b) Socio-Cultural and Historical Heritage The Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old Monasteries, rock-hewn churches, palaces and castles are found in the region. The Lalibella Rock-hewn Churches, the Gondar Castle that are registered as International Cultural Heritage sites are found in this Region. There are several monasteries in Lake Tana Islands, which is also the origin of Blue Nile (Abay) River. The Blue Nile Falls is found just few kilometres downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, which is a tourist attraction site.
30 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.4 The Oromia National Regional State
4.4.1 Bio- Physical Environment a) Topography and area The Oromia National Regional State is located in the central part of the country and extends from south-east, bordering with Kenya in the south part and up to the Sudan border in the western part. It has an area of 353,690 km2 (32 % of the country). Oromia National Regional State lies between 30 40’ N and 100 35’ N latitude and 340 05’ E and 43011’ E longitude.
The topographic features of the Region have been characterized by immense geographical diversity consisting of high rugged contoured mountains dissected by the great African Rift Valley. The high mountains include Tulu Dimtu in Bale (4,307 masl), Kecha (4,245 masl), Ankolo (4,300 masl) in Arsi, Gara Mulat in East Hararge (3,492 masl) and Bada Roge in Shewa (3,350 masl).
The Regional State has topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the north-western and north- eastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and south-eastern part. Altitude in the Region varies from 500 masl in the south eastern part to 4,300 masl in the central and north western parts. b) Climate The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and north western parts are more of temperate climate. The lowlands (500 - 1,500 masl) experience mean annual temperature of 200 C – 250C, areas of altitude 1,500 - 2,300 masl have mean annual temperature of 150 C – 200 C, while the highland areas (2,300 - 3,300 masl) have mean annual temperature range of 100 C – 150 C. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200 mm in the south east to 2,000 mm in the north western part of the Region. c) Geology, Physiographic Divisions and Seismicity The major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and is tectonically unstable. It appears to be a zone of volcanic and seismic activities. There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromia: the Rift lakes plain, the transitional scrap slopes, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava highlands and massifs and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The geology of the region consists of: Rocks of the Precambrian era, Rocks of the Paleozoic era, Rocks of the Mesozoic era, and Rocks of the Cenozoic era. d) Soil The major soil types of the area constitute Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols and Fluvisols are commonly found in the plain lands of river banks and lake shores. This soil type is good for agricultural use. Andosols are formed from volcanic ash parent material. They are light, loose, porous, have high drain capacity and easily eroded by
31 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) rain or wind action. Andosols have limited agricultural value. Luvisols on the other hand are good for agriculture. e) Water Resource of the Region There is an abundant water resource including surface and ground sources. Oromia possess three major drainage systems or river basins: Rivers that drain to the Blue Nile (Abay) and the Mediterranean Sea, Rivers that drain to the Indian Ocean and the Rift Valley Closed drainage system. Major rivers in the country like Blue Nile (Abay), Jemma, Muger, Guder and Anger Didessa, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dawa, Genale, Weyb, Dabuss, traverse the Oromia Region. Most of the rift valley lakes in Ethiopia, like Lake Langano, Zeway, Abiyata, and Shalla are found in Oromia. The wetland ecosystem of these water bodies has significant environmental and socioeconomic values. f) Vegetation Cover and Wildlife Oromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species. There are about 12 million ha of woodland and bush land covering 32% of the Region. There is also 70 percent of the national forest priority areas located in Oromia: the Munesa (1,385 ha), Tiro Boter Becho (8,500 ha), Menagesha Suba (9,000 ha) are set aside as Nature Reserves.
The region has dense forest cover in the central, south western and western areas, while southern and south- eastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savannah, grassland, riverine forests and wetland vegetation.
There are parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta–Shala National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife Reserves (Sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo. There are also Game Reserves in Arsi, Bale and Borena with over 20 Main Bird Sanctuaries. Those parks and protected areas host variety of wildlife and important bird species Wide varieties of wild animals exist in the Region. They include, Mountain nyala, the Giant molerat, Ethiopian Wolf, Minilik’s Bushbuck, Bohor reed buck, Grey duiker, Oribi, Klipspringer, Grant’s Gazelle, Greater Kudu, Lesser kudu, Swayen’s hartebeest, Gerenuk, Burchell’s Zebra, Warthog, Giant forest hog, Bush pig, Colobus, Monkey, Anubis baboon, Spotted hyaena, Serval cat, Lion, Leopard, Golden jackal and African Hunting.
4.4.2 Social Issues a) Population, Ethnic and Religious Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Oromia Region was estimated to be 30,397,990 (15,309,996 were male and 15,087,994 were female).Ethnic group residing in the region is also
32 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups. The density of the population is 106.8 persons / square kilometre.
For the year July 2016, the CSA estimated the total population of Oromia Region as 34,575,008 that comprised of 17,345,004 male and 17,230,004 female. In this estimation, the urban population and the rural population constituted 85.2% and 14.8% respectively. b) Archaeological and Cultural Heritages The Sof Oumar Cave, the Aba Jiffar palace, etc are found in the Oromia National Regional State as sites of cultural heritage. The Sof-Omar caves in central Bale, with their galleries of polished white cone and chamber of columns are the incredible natural phenomena of great interest and beauty. The palace of Aba Jifar in Jimma is another historical attraction.
In general, Oromia National Regional State is rich in tourist attraction resources that could be categorized in to the following major categories- ▪ Natural forests with wide range of wild plant species; ▪ Wild animals and birds of various species including endemics; ▪ Several rivers with their multiple spectacular waterfalls; ▪ Rift valley lakes and highland crater lakes; ▪ Magnificent landscape scenery (mountain chains, river gorges; ▪ Diversified local cultures with their distinct ethnography, art, traditional practices; ▪ Historical heritages; and, ▪ Natural wonders of unique forms.
4.5 Benishangul Gumuz National Regional State
4.5.1 Bio-Physical Environmental Conditions a) Topography The Region is stretched along the western escarpment of Ethiopia between Gambela Region in the south, the Sudan to the west and Amhara and Oromia Regions to the northeast and east. Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 masl up to 2,000 masl and has a topography dominated by river valleys which join the Abay River before it enters the Sudan.
The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range, Bedessa & Kushaya Mountains. The road route traverses flat terrain from the Guba side while the segment from the Wonbera side has rolling terrain & hilly topographic feature.
33 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) b) Climate The climatic condition of the area is varied, like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of 85% Kola (Hot climate), 10% Woina Dega (Semi –Temperate) and 8% has Dega (Temperate) climatic conditions. The annual rainfall in Metekel zone of the Region ranges from 600 mm to 1,450 mm. The rainy season stays from April/May up to October/November. The dry period is between February and April. Annual temperature of Metekel zone ranges between 180c and 400c. c) Geology and Soils The geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglomerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold are also available in the area.
The regional soil is fertile and has high agricultural potential with favourable agro-climatic conditions. It is estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only 233,200 ha could be cultivated. d) Water Resources The region has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial rivers in the Metekel Zone, most of which have potential for irrigation. e) Vegetation and Wildlife Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State is endowed with a variety of natural resources. Over 50% of the land is covered with natural forest, which also has commercial value. The woodlands in the Region are the Doqma woodland, the Sudanian woodland, palms and bamboo and riverine forest.
Benishangul-Gumuz region lies in the Abay and Baro drainage basin and is one of the few areas that still have significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. It is estimated that 55% of the land is covered by Bamboo, broad-leaved deciduous woodlands, acacia & cacao woodlands. Riverine forests are predominantly found along the river courses. Some of the tree species found in the area are endemic ones for Ethiopia.
The Region has varied wild life species. Wild animals including Elephant, Giraffe, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Buffalo, Roan antelope and Hartebeest, Lion, Tiger, Patas monkey and Anubis baboon are found in the region. Estimates indicate the availability of about 40 species of larger mammals and estimated bird species of 500-550. Game Reserve and main bird Sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region. f) Land use/Land cover of the Region As of 2002, Woodland and scrublands have the two largest shares of land use with 49% and 28% respectively.
34 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.5.2 Social Issues a) Population, Ethnic and Religious Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Benishangul Gumuz was 938,996 (476,999 male and 461,997 female). The annual population growth was about 3.1%. In the same year, the urban population was only 8.5% while the remaining was rural. The density of the population in the Region is 18.5 persons/square kilometre. There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Benishangul Gumuz Region. The major ethnic groups are Berta (26.7%), Gumuz (23.4%), Shinasha (6.9%), Amhara (22.2%), Mao (0.8%) and Oromo (12.8%). The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity (34.8%), Traditional Religion (13.1%), Protestants (5.9%) and Islam (44%).
On the other hand, the number of population estimated for July 2016 by the CSA was 1,033,999 i.e. 524,000 male and 509,999 female. As per this estimation, the rural population constituted 79.2% while the remaining 20.8% was estimated to be urban population.
4.6 Gambela National Regional State
4.6.1 Bio-physical Environment a) Topography The Gambela National Regional State is situated in the south-western part of Ethiopia at 70 N - 8 0 17’ North latitude and 33 0 E - 32 0 2’ East longitudes. The altitude of Gambela lies between 300 and 2,500 masl. b) Climate Gambela is subdivided into three agro ecological zones: Woina Dega, Kola and desert agro – ecological Zones.
In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 270C to 330C. However, temperature as high as 450C occurred in March and as low as 100C in January had been recorded.
The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 - 500 masl of the western part receive 900 mm - 1500 mm, while areas over 2,000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from 1,900 to 2,100 mm. c) Geology and Soils The Gambela Region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaternary sediments in the lowlands to the west.
35 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Mineral resources of the area include gold, tungsten, granite, crude oil and construction material. The area is dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposits: silt, sand, clay, diatomite, limestone, Enticho sandstone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones.
The soils of the region are divided into two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river course). The soil fertility is very high and not been exploited much. d) Vegetation and Wildlife Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. The main habitats of Gambela Region are forests, woodlands, swamps and rivers. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savannah, tropical forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with natural high forest. Woodlands, bush lands and Savannah woodlands inhabit the central plain lands of the region with altitudes below 600 masl.
The dominant tree species include: Acacia, Cambretum species, Terminalia coxifera, Sonogisus reiccarpa, Kegelio africanas, and Albizia cordiaria. From grass species; Beckeropsis uniseta and Hyparrhenia rufa are some to mention. Abobo-Gog natural forest is one of the 58 most important natural forests classified as National Forest Priority areas by the Ethiopian forestry action plan (as reported in the Baro - Akobo master plan study). There are also four other sites in the region that are identified as natural forest areas.
The Gambela National park, Mago National park and three controlled hunting areas: Jikawo, Akobo and Teyu sites are found in the region. The Gambela national park is the largest park in the country and accounts for 20% of the land area of the region. The remaining controlled hunting areas of Jikawo and Teyu also occupy similar sizes of land area.
Those areas are habitat for over 300 bird species of which 100 are migratory and over 60 mammals. The major wildlife species conserved in the lowland plain are; Roan antelope, White-ear kob, Nile lechwe, Topi, Elephant, lion, Leopard, hippopotamus, Warthog, Giraffe, Defas, Water buck, Buffalo, Pig, Civet, Lelwel Hartebeest, etc. Reptiles such as Tortoise, fish (Nile perch) and Crocodile are found in the Region.
Nile lechwe and the White eared kob are unique to that area. They are also trans-boundary that migrates between Ethiopia and South Sudan. e) Land Use and Land Cover The major settlement area is the riverbanks for both urban and rural communities. Due to this situation, the population is frequently affected by flood calamities. As of 2000, the two major land uses were open wood land and disturbed forest with a percentage share of 41% and 20.87% respectively. f) Wetlands and Water Resources
36 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Gambela Region is the wettest and best watered area in the country. There are five major rivers, namely, Baro, Akobo, Itang, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also trans-boundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in the Region such as, lakes Tata, Wagan and Nitang which are cut-off lakes, so called because they have been formed when bends, branches and arms of the main river have been cut-off by sediments or changes in the direction of the main river channels.
These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro - Akobo River Basin. Both migratory and residential birds inhabit the wetland and are one of the tourist attraction sites in the area.
The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a wide range of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the provision of valuable goods and services.
4.6.2 Social Issues a) Population and Ethnic Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the Region was 368,999 (191,996 male and 177,003 female). Of the total population, 17% lived in urban areas while the remaining 83% are rural residents during this time. Linguistically the population comprises mainly of Omotic, Cushitic and Nilo- Saharan, although Semetic origin also exists. The major ethnic groups are Agnuaq, Nuere, Megengir, Coma and Oppo. The population density of the region in 2011 was about 12.4 per square kilometre.
According to the population estimates made by the CSA, as of July 2016, the Region’s total population was estimated to be 422,002 having 220,000 males and 202,002 females. The rural population as per this estimated constituted 66.8% and the urban population constituted 33.2%.
4.7 Somali National Regional State
4.7.1 Bio-physical Environment a) Topography The Somali National Regional State is located between 40 and 110 North latitude and between 400 and 480 East longitude in the eastern part of Ethiopia, which lies to the southeast of the Great African Rift Valley. The region has entirely flat terrain except some hills with gentle slopes around Jigjiga and Togo Wuchale, and along major river courses. The altitude ranges between 500 to 1,600 masl. The major land area of the region falls below 900 masl. b) Climate The rain in the Region has been generally low, unreliable and unevenly distributed. When rain occurs it is torrential and is of high intensity. The annual rainfall is between 200 mm and 530 mm for the Region as a 37 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) whole. The mean annual rainfall is 425 mm. The annual potential evapo-transpiration ranges from 1,800 mm in the lowlands to 800 mm in the highlands.
The major part (60% to 80%) falls within hot and arid climate. Temperature ranges between 200 C and 450 C. The region is characterized by strong wind circulation, which can cause and aggravate soil erosion and water moisture losses. The mean annual wind speed varies between 1.8 miles/ sec in highlands and 3.6 miles/sec in the lowlands. c) Geology and Soil Type The geology of the Region is dominated by alternating limestone, shale, anhydrite, dolomites and marl. The land surface is sandy and often coated with reddish soil and calcareous crust typical of desert area. Minerals like edible salt, gold and natural gas also occur in the region.
The dominant soil types of the region are Yermsol, Xerosols, Regosols, and solonchakes. Minor parts have fluvisols and Vertisols, Cambisols and Luvisols. Soil erosion has been a serious problem in the region and is caused by the action of wind and water. d) Water Resources The region is divided into four basins: the eastern Ogaden basin, the Wabe Shebele basin, the Genale Dawa basin and part of the Awash River basin. The area receives a bi-modal rain fall: March - May and September - November. Most of the streams in the region are ephemeral and are characterized by short duration and high intensity of flood. However, perennial rivers like Wabe Shebele, Weyb, Genale and Dawa are also available in the region. e) Vegetation and Wildlife Endemic flora species in the Somali region represent 25% of the flora in Ethiopia, of which 18% are unique to the region. Among the largest plant families are graminacea, leguminacea, and euphorbicea. The main climax vegetation classes in the region are: acacia based woodlands, acacia comiphora bush lands, evergreen scrubland and riparian forest.
There are also a number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates uniquely adapted to the arid and semi-arid conditions. Wildlife animals include lion, hyena, leopard, fox, hunting dogs, crocodiles and various types of snakes. Hunted wild animals include Bicids, Balango, Goodir, Dabatag, Zebra, Baboon, Hippopotamus, Ostrich, Monkey and Elephant. There are also a number of birds such as, degodi lark, little winged dove, Somali short billed crombec, Jubaland weaver, little brown bustard and white winged collared dove. f) Land use / Land cover In 1999, Grassland and scrubland are the two types of land use with land coverage of 56.8% and 22.2% of the Region’s total area. 38 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.7.2 Social Issues a) Population and Ethnic Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, July 2011, the total population of Somali National Regional State is 4,986,004, out of which, 2,773,001 are male and 2,213,003 are female. The Somali Regional State is divided into nine administrative zones, 53 Weredas and 67 urban centres. Majority of the population are pastoralists and the social organization of the Somalis is based on clanship. Over 86% of the population is rural. The region is sparsely populated with an average density of 12 persons per km2.
The total population estimates of the Region conducted by the CSA for the year July 2016 was 5,598,002 i.e. 3,023,000 males and 2,575,002 females respectively. The rural population of the Region in the same year constituted about 85.5% while the urban population comprised about 14.5%.
Somali and Issa are the majority ethnic group, while Oromo, Amhara and Gurage are also found in the urban areas.
The settlement pattern of the Somalis is characterized as group and temporary. In areas suitable for agriculture, Somalis settle permanently. The seasonal availability of water and pasture as well as the rapid exhaustion of the pasture owing to overgrazing often causes mobility of the pastoralist population. b) Societal Aspects The social organization of the Somali society has a pyramidal structure formed by lineage segmentation levels. The segment levels are known as: Reer, Jilib, Qabil and clan families or group. Each lineage segment constitutes a separate social and political unit having definite members with a territory under it (SNRS, conservation strategy, 1999, cited in EEPCo, 2011).
The Somali are predominantly pastoralists and their settlement pattern and their life style is influenced by the same mode of occupation. They are mobile in settlement, which is mainly guided by the need of their cattle herds. As a result, a densely populated area at one season can be easily deserted at other times. The Somali have divided themselves into two major lineages of Sab and Somali. The former constitutes hunters, gatherers, and agriculturists.
Among the pastoralists, mostly wealth is not held by individuals but by families. Water and pasture is commonly owned. Agriculture plots are held by families. Craft heritages produced by the low cast Sab are generally made for own use, few are sold to tourists. Since the Somali nomadic pastoralists have been isolated from the central highlands, there has been much lesser degree of acculturation. Moreover, there is lower degree of economic integration, transportation and communication.
Division of labour among the Somali is based on gender differentiation. Women are exclusively responsible for job like building nomadic huts, preparing food, collecting firewood, fetching water, milking cows and
39 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) small ruminants etc. While males are culturally assigned to perform out – door tasks like herding, watering, farming and mediating.
The economic base of the region is dominated by pastoralist society. Livestock is the major economic earning for the Somali population. The rural population earns 40% of their income from livestock, 26% from crop production, 14.4% from trade and 7.4% from gifts availed from others (IPS, July 2000, cited in EEPCo, 2011).
4.8 The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
4.8.1 Bio-physical Environment a) Topography The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region lies on surface area of 117,500 km2. The Regional State is located between 40 25’and 80 20’ North latitude and 340 20’ - 380 50’ East longitude. Altitude ranges from 400 masl in the southern part up to 4,200 masl in the northern part of the regional state. The physiographic feature of the region is divided in to highlands in the north and rift valley and lowland in the south. b) Climate The region’s climatic conditions vary from place to place. It has semi-desert climate in the southern extreme of the Kenya border, tropical climate in the northern highlands, and warm temperate in the mountainous areas of north Omo zone. The mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall are 24oC and 600mm respectively, in the semi desert climatic zone, the warm temperate climatic zone of north Omo has mean annual temperature of less than 180C and mean annual rainfall of 2,500 mm. c) Soils Type The soils of the region constitute:
▪ Luvisols and phaeozens that cover most of the zones of the region; ▪ There are also Lithosols, Arenosols and Regosols, fluvisols, Andosols, Vertisols and Cambisols; and, ▪ Soil fertility is high in the region and is suitable for cereals, root crops, coffee and vegetables. d) Vegetation and Wild life The Region is characterized by dense natural forest and rich wildlife resources. The forest resource is mainly situated in Kafa and Bench Maji Zones and in the southern part of the Region. The most common groups of vegetation include broad leaved deciduous woodland, evergreen scrubs, dry evergreen Montana forest and grasslands, acacia – commiphora woodland.
40 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
There are several National Parks in the Region. They include Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks, Tama wildlife reserve and Chew Bahir wildlife reserve and all the rest of the southern parts are designated as controlled hunting areas except a small section between Akobo and Omo in which the wildlife ranges from birds to big mammals.
The wildlife of the region include: Giraffe, Common eland, Buffalo, Elephant, Greater kudu, Lesser kudu, Burchell’s zebra, Grant’s Gazelle, Guenther’s Dikdik, Crocodile, Hippopotamus, Swayne’s Hartebeest, Orbi, Bohor Reedbuck, Genet, African Hunting dog, Black backed jackal, Colobus monkey, Oryx, Lion, Gerenuk and Ostrich. e) Water Resources There are abundant water resources both from surface and sub surface sources. Surface water resource of the Region include rivers like Omo River, Dincha, Gojeb, Segen Gibe River, Bilate River, Awash River, While Rift valley lakes like Hawassa Lake, Chamo Lake and Abaya Lake are also found in the region.
4.8.2 Social Issues a) Population and Ethnic Groups According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the regional state is 16,848,011 (male accounts for 8,385,003 and female 8,463,008), accounting for 18.5% of the total population of Ethiopia. The majority of the population (Over 87%) lives in rural areas while the remaining 13% are urban residents. As per the population estimates of the CSA made for the Region for July 2016, the total population was estimated to be 18,719,008 with 9,278,004 male and 9,441,004 female. The percentage of population lived in rural areas in the same year was 83.9% whereas the remaining 16.1% lived in urban areas. The population density in the Region is 159.1 persons per square kilometre.
The region is known for its diverse ethnic composition. There are about 45 ethnic groups residing in the Region, constituting over 50% of the total ethnic groups of Ethiopia.
Most of the populations living in the rural areas of the Region are mainly dependent on agriculture and pastoralist economy, while trade and other businesses are the principal practices in the urban areas. b) Cultural and Historical Heritage There are cultural heritage sites like the Tiya monuments and the Omo valley archaeological site.
4.9 The Harari National Regional State
4.9.1 Bio-physical Environment a) Topography The Region is divided into highland and low lands (valleys) with elevation ranging from about 1,300 to 2,200 masl; falling in slope gradient gradually towards the south east direction of the region and the lowest elevation 41 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) of about 1,300 – 1,350 masl occurs at Kille farmer’s association (Kebele). On the other hand, the Aw-Hakim Mountain located at the southern margin of the region forms the highest peak (2,200 masl). The Regional State is located between 90 11’ 49’ and 90 24’ 42’’ North latitude and 420 03’ 30’’ - 420 16’ 24’’ East longitude. b) Climate The rainfall pattern of the region has bi-modal type. The first peak is in April – May and the second and main peak occurs in July–August. The mean annual rainfall is 669 mm. c) Temperature The mean annual daily temperature of Harar city as recorded at Harar meteorological station is 19.50 C.
4.9.2 Social Issues a) Population and Population Characteristics According to the projection done in medium variant, the total population of Harari Regional State in 2011 was 203,438, out of which, 102,369 are male and the rest 101,069 are female. The size of urban dwellers is 107,592 and the rest 95,846 are rural population. The growth rate according to the CSA report was 2.06 percent. With an estimated area of 311.25 square kilometres, the region had an estimated density of 589.05 people per square kilometre during the same period. The ethnic groups in the region include the Oromo, Amhara, Harari, Gurage, Somali, Tigray and Argoba that constituted 56.41%, 22.77%, 8.65%, 4.34%, 3.87%, 1.53%, and 1.26% respectively. The religion with the most believers in the region during the same period were Muslim with 69.99%, Ethiopian Orthodox 27.1%, Protestants 3.4 %, Catholic 0.3% and others 0.2 %. The Harari language is the official language of the Region.
According to the population estimates made by the CSA, in July 2016, the Region had an estimated total population of about 240,000 in that males and females constituted 121,000 and 119,000 respectively. The rural population in the same period constituted about 44.5% while the urban population comprised of 53.5%. b) Tourist Attraction Sites The tourist attraction sites in the region are:
▪ The Jugal Wall; ▪ The narrow streets inside Jugal; ▪ The Hyena feeding; ▪ Harla Village; ▪ Abadir Cave; and, ▪ Traditional worshipping places.
Some of the museums in the region are:
42 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
▪ Arthur Rimbaud; ▪ Harari Cultural Centre; ▪ Sheriff Harar City museum; and, ▪ Harar National Museum.
4.10 Dire Dawa Administrative Council
Dire Dawa Administrative Council is located between 9o 27’ N and 9o49’ N latitude and 41o38’E and 42o 19’E longitude. East Hararge Administrative Zone of Oromia National Regional State borders it in the south and southeast and Shinele Zone of Somali National Regional State in the north, east and west. The total area of the region is about 128,802 ha; out of this urban accounts for 2684 ha (2%) and the balance 98% is for rural (Dire Dawa Administration, July 2006).
4.10.1 Physical Characteristics a) Physiography The physiography of Dire Dawa Administrative Council embraces mountains, hills, valleys, river beds and flat plains. The mountain ranges are mainly found in the southern parts of the Administrative Council having a slope of above 45 per cent while the hills are scattered over the Administrative Council with slopes ranging between 16 and 30 per cent (Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise, 2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004). On the other hand, the flat plains, which are mainly used as grazing and browsing ground for the livestock of the pastoralists are found in the northeastern and northwestern part of the Administrative Council having slopes ranging between 0 and 3 per cent (ibid.). The valley areas and the riverbeds are used as rain fed and irrigated crop production with an average slope ranging between 0 and 3 per cent. b) Land Use The land use systems of the Administrative Council can be classified on the basis of agro-ecological conditions- crop, livestock and tree production components and socio-cultural and economic characteristics. The cereal farming system occurs in the valley areas whereas the agro-pastoral systems occur in the foothills of the mountains particularly in the southeastern part Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise, 2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004). According to the information obtained from the Agricultural Bureau of the Administrative Council, cultivated land, grazing/pasture land, forest and marginal land covers about 11500, 47000, 29000 and 58000 hectares respectively (Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise, 2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004).
43 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.10.2 Social Issues a) Population, Ethnicity and Religion According to population projection of the CSA, Dire Dawa Administrative Council was estimated to be 453,000 population for the year 2016 having 227,000 male and 226,000 female (CSA, August 2013). In the same period, the urban population of the Administrative Council has been estimated to constitute 62.91% while the remaining 37.1% constituted rural population. According to the 2007 census result, the major ethnic groups of the residents of Dire Dawa administrative council were found to be 45.9% Oromo, 20.2% Amhara, 24.3% Somali, 4.5%, 1.2% Tigray and 3.9% others. Amharic is the official language of the administrative council. From the same census, the religious composition of the population of Dire Dawa administrative council indicates that 70.8% were Muslims, 25.7% Orthodox Christians, 2.8% Protestants, 0.4% Catholics, and 0.3% followers of other religious groups (CSA, 2007). b) Tourist attraction sites The city of Dire Dawa has been considered as one of the tourist attraction sites of the country. Besides, to its natural and urban character, the city and its surroundings have several tourist attraction sites as discussed in the following paragraphs (Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004). i) Natural Sites • Dangago landscape scenery, and the fauna and flora of the woodlands located in Geldessa, Gerba Aneneo and Chirmitee Kebele Peasant Associations are the potentials of eco-tourism; and,
• Hot Springs: the existence of a hot spring at Gerba Aneno Peasant Association in a stream locally known as Hartu is another potential that serves as healing and resorting (WWDSE, 2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004). ii) Archaeological Sites According to the study made by the Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004), the Administrative Council of Dire Dawa has the following two caves with stalactite and stalagmite formations and prehistoric paintings that are situated in the south of the city:
• Laga-Oda ancient caves are located some 38km away from the center of Dire Dawa in the Gunin Feta Peasant Association to the southwest. It consists of prehistoric paintings of human beings and animals. There are also written records on the walls of these caves; and,
• Hinkuftu Cave is located in the proximity of the city at an area called Addis Ketema.
44 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) iii) Historical Sites • Africans Graveyard- constructed in memory of members of the British Air Force and African soldiers, who sacrificed their lives against the Italian invasion is located close to the center of the city in Keftegna 1, Kebele 05;
• Italian Mosque, built by the Italians during the Italian invasion, located at the foothill of Ganda Gara (Legehare) is also considered as a historical and religious heritage;
• Ancient Catholic Church- that was built 125 years ago is located at Biyo Awale Kebele Peasant Association some 20km from the city of Dire Dawa to the southeast;
• Ancient Railway Station offering significant economic advantage for the city and the country at large has been viewed as an important tourist site;
• Kefira Open Market- located in the south of the city is viewed as a traditional market place that accommodates a wide variety of goods;
• Camel Market- located at Keftegna 3, Kebele 13 is fascinating and colorful as Kefira Open Market;
• Italian Fort- located on top of Genda Gara Hill, is considered as one of the historical sites of the city. Besides to its importance as historical site, it has been serving as an ideal site for viewing the panoramic view of Dire Dawa; and,
• Abeyaziz Mosque- located in Hulul Mojo Peasant Association, some 25km away from the city, is believed to have over 500 years. iv) Ethno-Tourism Dire Dawa city is inhabited by people of diverse ethnic groups such as Amhara, Oromo, Somali, Harare, Tigray, Gurage, etc. who are living in harmony with each other. This has brought the co-existence of different cultures of these nations and nationalities, which is also one of the centers of attraction for tourists.
4.11 Addis Ababa City Administration
4.11.1 Physical Characteristics a) Location and Topography Addis Ababa is located at 9°1′48″N latitude and 38°44′24″E longitude. The city is located at the heart of the country at an altitude ranging from 2,100 meters at Akaki in the south to 3,000 meters at Entoto Hill in the North. The average altitude of the city is 2400 meter above sea level. This makes Addis Ababa the third from
45 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) the high elevation city of the world following La Paz and Quito in Latin America. The city occupies a total area of 540.Km2 (Addis Ababa City Administration, no date). b) Climate of the City Addis Ababa has a Sub-tropical highland climate (Koppen Cwb). The city has a complex mix of highland climate zones with average temperature differences of up to 12.2°C, depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the city's has experienced constant temperatures throughout the year (ibid.).
4.11.2 Social Issues, Ethnicity and Religion a) Population As per the CSA, 2007, Addis Ababa city had a male population of 1,434,164 and female population of 1,305,387 with a total of 2,739,581 population. As capital of the country, Addis Ababa is a city where, despite differences in number, almost all-ethnic groups live in. Regarding religion, according to the 2007 census, 74.7% of the population are Orthodox Christians, 16.2% Muslims, 7.8% Protestants, 0.5% Catholics, and 0.8% followers of other religions (CSA, 2007). b) Heritage and related issues Addis Ababa City Administration has various tourist attraction sites. These include 270 historical places, 246 heritage sites, 22 museums, 35 galleries and 90 libraries (Addis Ababa City Administration, no date).
4.12 Broader Physical Infrastructure Services
4.12.1 Road infrastructure
In 2009/2010 Ethiopia had a total length of 48,800 kms of road which raised to 63,604 km at the end of GTP I in 2014/2015. In this respect, the overall road length of the country become escalated to 110, 414 kms at the end of GTP I i.e. June 2015 with improvements on the accessibility to all weather roads (National Planning Commission, 2008 E.C.). With such an achievement, among others nearly 76% of rural Kebeles of the country has got all weather roads.
4.12.2 Telecommunications
Various efforts have been made by the government of Ethiopia to improve the telecommunication infrastructure and services of the country with increased quality and coverage. The number of customers rose from nearly 7.7 million in 2009/2010 (2002 E.C.) to 38.8 million in 2014/2015 while the clients for mobile telephone escalated from 6.7 million to 38.8 million in the same period (National Planning Commission, 2008 E.C.). In the same period, beneficiaries of telecommunication services in rural Kebeles within 5 kms radius reached 97% in 2014/2015 as compared to 62.1% in 2009/2010.
46 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
4.12.3 Water Supply
In 2014/2015 the coverage of potable water supply in rural areas was 82% while in urban areas it was 91% with average country coverage of potable water supply of 84%. According the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2016, sources of potable water supply in urban areas of the country and rural areas reached 97.3% and 56.5% of respectively from improved sources of water the largest being piped into dwelling/yard/plot yard (USAID, et al 2016).
4.12.4 Education
In 2014/2015, the participation rate of education before regular education, primary school education and secondary education (9-10) reached 39%, 96.9%, 40.5% respectively. Various efforts had also been conducted to improve the quality of education of the country. In this regard, trained teachers for primary education (1-8) and secondary education (9-12) reached 71.37% and 87.3% respectively. Besides, the Government had made extensive efforts to improve and expand Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and higher education.
4.12.5 Health Services
Within GTP I, a number of health posts and health centers had been established as per the standard set. The health coverage in 2014/15 in Ethiopia reached 98% and the family planning service users reached 42% as compared to 15% in 2009/2010. (National Planning Commission, 2008 E.C.). This has implications for the improvement of children and mothers health and overall reduction in the levels of mortality.
47 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
5. PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION
5.1 Introduction
Public and stakeholders consultations with relevant institutions and beneficiaries are important and critical in the planning process and preparation of an effective proposal for the installation of Solar Home System, Solar Lantern, Solar PV Mini- grid and Biogas construction and establishment. The most important step is to hold stakeholder consultations with relevant institutions, local communities and all other interested/affected parties during planning and screening process and in the course of any further environmental assessment work that helps to identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed.
As a principle, the guidelines for public consultation include, among others, a requirement of major elements of the consultation program should be timed to coincide with significant planning and decision-making activities in the project cycle. In terms of Ethiopia’s Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) process, public consultation should be undertaken during-
Preparation of the environmental assessment (EA) terms of reference;
Carrying out of an EA;
Review of an EA report; and,
Preparation of environmental terms and conditions of approval.
Moreover, during the EA process for the Bank financing projects like the two proposed programs that are classified under environmental assessment category “Category B-Partial assessment,” the DBE is required to consult project affected groups about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their views into account. The consultation should be initiated as early as possible and it is essential to consult the public throughout project implementation, as necessary to address EA related issues that affect them.
The objectives of the consultations include the following:
• To inform publics about the two proposed programs and its likely anticipated impacts on the nearby social and biophysical environment; • To gather the views of stakeholders on the programs; • To accommodate the stakeholders' concerns during the project implementation; and, • To establish the social implications of the project on the different stakeholders.
As part of conducting the Environmental and Social Management Framework for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Programs consultation process is mandatory and essential. In this respect, officials and experts and biogas program coordinators working in Water, Mines and Energy sector in Oromia Region and SNNPRS, officials/experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia had been consulted between November 22, 2016 and November
48 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
26,2016. Discussion had also been made in the same period with officials and experts in Omo micro finance institutions at head office, and sub branches in Wendo Genet and Dore Bafana towns (see annex 13 and plate 1). A discussion and site visit had also been conducted with five biogas beneficiaries in Ada and Wendo Genet Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two associations for solar energy in Dore Bafana town (capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) (see plates 2-8).
Plate 1: Consultation with officials at Regional and Wereda level MFIs - SNNPR
Plate 2 Consultation with officials at Plate 3 Consultation with officials at Wendo SNNPR, Water, Mines and Energy Bureau Genet Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Office
5.2. Stakeholders Consulted
During the preparation of this ESMF, DBE has consulted stakeholders, including beneficiaries, officials and experts from relevant line Ministries and regional bureaus and, MFIs (see list of consulted people in annexes 12 and 13). The process was pertinent to gather their views on the implementation of the two proposed programs and the associated benefits and impacts.
A series of stakeholder consultations were conducted during the preparation of ESMF. The consultations were round table discussions and one-to-one discussions. Some of the stakeholders consulted during the period of ESMF preparation were:
49 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
• National and Regional Biogas Program Coordination Unit;
• Oromia National Regional State and SNNPRS Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus;
• Micro Finance Institutions at Regional and Wereda level;
• Private Sector Enterprises; and,
• Subproject Beneficiaries.
It was also found out those key aspects of beneficiaries and experts on the day-to-day collaboration and networking for sound implementation of the biogas, solar lantern, solar PV mini-grid and solar home system subprojects. The various meetings that were held with stakeholders and project beneficiaries provided prevailing program implementation challenges, capacity needs, potential impacts of the proposed subprojects and the respective recommendations for anticipated impact management.
5.3 Results of the Stakeholders Consultation
All stakeholders were supportive of the project since it will provide communities with a number of advantages with minimum or no impacts. The stakeholders also appreciated that the importance of the subprojects in the enhancement of household incomes and strengthening of self-reliance. The stakeholders also pointed out the contribution the alternative sources of energy on improving communities’ access to energy services and improvement of the social well-being. During the visits to evaluate the social and environmental management risks, stakeholders were consulted, and the specific concerns raised by them are discussed below.
The targeted Weredas in terms of providing biogas establishments in Oromia Region are 121 in number. The criteria, which have so far been considered for the establishment of biogases, are the number of Cows available, availability of water at a nearby distance, and the capacity of the borrower to return loans. According to the discussion conducted with regional biogas coordinator and energy experts from Ada Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Office, in Ada Wereda 320 biogases has been installed out of which 96 are in urban areas while the remaining 224 are in rural areas. In terms of training, to date about 400 people, mainly Masons, have got relevant training on construction and building of Biogas structure and operation and maintenance. About 50% of the finance for the construction of the biogases is in the form of a subsidy from the government.
Discussion had also carried out with officials and experts from SNNPRS Water, Mines and Energy Bureau and Biogas Program Coordination Unit. As per the information obtained during the discussion with officials and experts, in the SNNPRS, to date about 3100 biogas digesters had been distributed in that about 80% is from the coffers of the government while 20% is contribution from the beneficiaries. Apart from the program, the regional government usually constructed 40-50 biogases by earmarking capital for the purpose.
Plate 4 Briefing by Ato Atenafu (the beneficiary) about Biogas importance for the production of sugarcane using Bio slurry (Wendo Genet Wereda) 50 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Plate 5 Briefing by beneficiaries about Biogas operation and its importance (Wendo Genet Wereda)
Plate 6: Beneficiaries stirring the dung before Plate 7: Briefing from Biogas beneficiary about inlet to bio digester (Ada Wereda, Oromia) compost preparation from bio slurry (Ada Wereda, Oromia
51 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Plate 8 Alternative energy sources (Light and cooking stove) to beneficiaries from Biogas project
The consulted beneficiaries pointed out the following benefits from the biogas establishments:
• Access of students for study during the night; • Reduction/absence of fuel costs and corresponding saving of cost that could otherwise be used for the purchase of charcoal (6 Birr per day in one case); • Health improvement; • Use of bio fertilizer through the compost and enhanced yield of sugarcane, lentils, forage, red Teff, papaya, mango and avocado, sugar cane, tomato, chat, maize, forage (plate 4), etc.; • Managed to save money that was previously used for the purchase of Urea and DAP; • Managed to hire plots of land from other persons which among others is due to the availability of compost; • The immediate area near the slurry is free of mosquito and flies; • Additional income has been obtained from the sale of slurry i.e. 5 Birr per 20 liter container;
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• Created job opportunity for workers including for stirring and for carrying slurry to the field; and, • Cooking made easy and fast (plate 8).
In addition to appreciating the benefits, the visited households recommended if there is possibility of availing biogas fueled Injera cooking stoves and Solar Home Systems for use where only biogas plants are availed. Such households will be targeted for solar home system in the future and the program will work on strengthening the use of biogas technologies such as introduction of Injera cooking stoves.
An attempt has been made to describe the problems associated with institutional/linkage, technology, maintenance and supply of accessories and with beneficiaries of biogases as follows (see table 1).
Table 1 Problems associated with the biogases, their description and proposed mitigation measures and their description Problems Descriptions of the Problems Proposed mitigation Associated with the measures Biogases
A) Institutional/ • The existing weak link between the MFI • DBE shall play a major role to linkage related branch offices and Regional/Wereda strengthen the coordination among problems Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus; participating institution and ensure the implementation of their • Absence of strong coordination/linkage responsibilities stated in this among the different parties including ESMF; biogas coordination units, regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy • The regional biogas program Bureaus/Offices and micro finance coordination office, the regional institutions to the desired level; water, mines and energy bureaus, and micro-financial institutions at • There is absence of consistent follow-up, regional level should undertake support, monitoring and evaluation regular meetings, on the overall system; progress and evaluation of the tasks • Less consideration of preset criteria for (DBE by _taking the lead); loan eligibility and safeguards • Put into effect regular follow-up, management; and, support, monitoring and evaluation • Lack of institutional commitment to system; ensure the capacity and awareness of the • Ensure the capacity of MFI/ program by the experts in of certain Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Weredas. offices in the in regular follow up, monitoring and evaluation of the program; • Strictly respect the criteria set for the selection of likely beneficiaries; • The regional entities (The regional biogas program coordination, the regional water, mines and energy 53 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Problems Descriptions of the Problems Proposed mitigation Associated with the measures Biogases bureaus, and micro-financial institutions at regional) should enhance the awareness of their respective employees and ensure their capacity in the implementation of the program at the lowest administrative units including Wereda. • Bi-annual regional review meetings will be organized by DBE to address challenges and share best practices, as applicable.
B) Problems • Despite the training provided for the • Raise awareness of beneficiaries by associated with users there are occurrence of damage on the pertinent local staff on the use maintenance and pipes and cracking of digesters, which and handling of the biogas supply of accessories usually emanate from improper digesters and to pay their loans; use/handling of the overall system; • Undertake regular maintenance by • There is absence of regular maintenance, the beneficiaries and Wereda staff which partly led to the reluctance of the and local masons as per prior beneficiaries to pay their debts; and, defined agreements; • Once the lamps are not functional, there • The Wereda Mines and Energy are problems of getting additional lamps Departments will avail lamps at on time. As it is the case in one of the reasonable prices in consultation beneficiaries in Wendo Genet Wereda, with distributors; and, the replacement of lamps took more than • Reexamine the memorandum of 4 months, which is due to absence of agreements made between the adequate supply of lamps on time on one suppliers and regional entities so as hand and the request by the mason to pay rectify any drawbacks. 100 Birr for a single lamp. C) Problems • There are problems among some • Enhance awareness of the likely associated with the beneficiaries as they participated without beneficiaries so as to bring about beneficiaries adequate attitudinal change and the desired attitudinal changes awareness. In such instances, the including the need for the provision beneficiaries failed to pay their debt; of necessary inputs (dungs, water) on time before and after the release • Use of the money allocated for biogas of loans; program to other uses once the supposed beneficiaries received the loan; and, • Regular training, awareness and follow-up shall be carried out over • Failure to provide adequate input (dung) the project period to ensure the on time. sustainable implementation of the program without misusing the subproject money; and, • Train and educate target 54 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Problems Descriptions of the Problems Proposed mitigation Associated with the measures Biogases households especially women, who are usually responsible for feeding cleaning and maintain the biogas units. D) Problems • Absence of variety of designs that could • Strengthen the current initiative to associated with suit to different conditions; look for various design and use the technology:- suitable one, as per the local • Problems related to slurry in urban areas conditions; where the residents do not have land (adequate land) to use the slurry/compost • The experts at Wereda level should which in turn incurs them to suck the get from RWMEB adequate slurry every six months; awareness on the positive impacts of the biogas technology in order to • On part of some experts at Wereda level enhance their commitment; there are tendencies to underestimate the technology; and, • The program shall check and enforce all urban/rural subproject • In some Weredas there is a failure to beneficiaries to arrange and understand the technology on the part of include the methods for safe final the professionals and thus fail to share disposal bio-slurry in their appropriate knowledge to the subproject proposal; beneficiaries. • Scale up best practices on improved biogas technology/applicability; and, • Re-examine the relevance/ applicability of biogas in urban areas and seriously consider/revise the criteria for constructing biogases in urban areas.
With regard to Solar Home Systems, the benefits as per the opinions of the beneficiaries include the following:
• Lighting; • Listening of FM Radio; • Mobile phone charge; • Flash player; and, • Access of students for study during the night.
There are also benefits in terms of job creation in the private sector including importers, distributors and technicians.
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Plate 9 Discussion with Solar Home System beneficiary at Bafena Wereda, Hawassa Zuria Wereda, SNNPR
The major issues in the promotion and expansion of biogas and solar energy in the surveyed areas include the following (see table 2):
Table 2 Major issues in Biogas, SL, SHS, SPMG subprojects, their description and proposed mitigation measures Major issues Descriptions Proposed mitigation measures
Promotion and • There is gap in awareness. The Wereda • Assess and strengthen capacity of the awareness Water, Mines and Energy office plays Wereda Water and promotion and awareness raising at Mines/MFIs/contractors for effective Wereda level along with the masons for promotion and awareness of the the biogas, but with limited number of program; staff and capacity to reach the community • The awareness sessions for the pertinent at large. staff of the Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Office together with staff members from other participating institution should be organized periodically; • In conjunction with the masons/MFI focal persons and Wereda mine energy offices experts use model beneficiaries in the process of awareness raising programs; • Aware the target beneficiaries to ensure understanding of the Biogas, solar lantern, Solar PV Mini-grid, and Solar home system management, benefits and challenges; • Provide full information for the beneficiaries on relevant institution responsible for providing maintenance and other operational support; and,
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Major issues Descriptions Proposed mitigation measures • Beneficiaries shall be aware and respect their responsibility on the conditions expected from them over the project period.
General • On the part of the micro financial • Undertake monitoring with clear problems institutions, they provide credit to other feedbacks; purposes, which are initially assigned for associated with loan biogases. A case in point is Omo micro repayment finance where credit which was ready for • Undertake sensitization of beneficiaries 50 beneficiaries had been allocated to through various means including local only 20 -30 persons while the balance is agents (focal persons) and model used for other credit purposes; beneficiaries; • Failure of officials/experts at various tiers of administration to sensitize the • Conduct regular support and follow-up beneficiaries to return loans; programs through the MFI; and, • Absence of follow-up and support; • The resistance of the beneficiaries to pay • The MFI/ Regional Water, Mines and their loans on the grounds of Energy Bureaus in consultation with malfunctioning of the system; relevant Wereda Offices should • Flow of information is also not good and facilitate the logistics requirements. updated report is not communicated among the various parties;
• Some beneficiaries consider the technology they received not on credit but provided free of charge for being a Model Farmer; and, • The provision of adequate logistics particularly motor bikes is one of the major concerns for providing support, undertaking monitoring, follow-up and Issues associated with logistics and integration.
Specific issues • Despite the trainings provided to various • Regular support and follow-up to associated stakeholders there is frequent damage on beneficiaries through the staff at with the pipes and biogas digesters. This is Wereda level; particularly serious in localities with black application of • Construct and maintain the biogas and cotton soils as it is the case in Ada biogas its appurtenances as per the requisites; Wereda of Oromia where digesters are technology and, cracked. This calls for adaptive design that suits to local contexts. To put it • The National (Regional) Biogas differently, the design should not be one Program Coordination Units should put and the same for all types of soils; and, in place alternative models of biogas digesters. • With regard to safety, there are slurries without fence. In one of the sites visited 57 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Major issues Descriptions Proposed mitigation measures slurries have been observed without adequate fence which may cost lives of people particularly children/animals.
Specific issues • Failure to meet the demands for solar • Fulfill the demands for solar associated lanterns/solar home systems; lanterns/solar home systems through the involvement of capable suppliers; with solar • Illegal trading of equipment used for solar energy energy with low quality; and, • Provision of training including on the job training at certain intervals; • Turnover of employees who are trained in solar energy. • RWMEB shall strengthen the coordination with relevant institutions • and control illegal trading of equipment; and, • Have a system in place to address timely the complaints of beneficiaries on illegal trading.
Targeting • Such programs on ECCE and EORE may • Consideration of gender issues in order poor/ Female exclude female headed poor households to benefit female-headed households; Headed on accessing loan due to less capacity of and, fulfilling the preset criteria households • Provide special support and arrangement to benefit poor/female headed household from the programs.
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed Development Bank of Ethiopia’s (DBE) two programs (Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Clean Cooking Energy Program) under Component 3 of Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP) are interventions in the provision of renewable energy. The Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (OREP) designed to finance post-scale and post-warranty services for solar products, including battery replacement. It will also help the operation and maintenance of solar technologies, including solar home systems and solar lanterns. Moreover, the Clean Cooking Energy Program (CCEP) focuses to support the shift from non-renewable biomass to biogas as a cooking fuel. These two programs comprise four subprojects namely, Solar Home system provision, Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Lantern and Biogas installation. These Programs are designed to be implemented under the supervision of Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) and Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE).
The actual implementation sites of these subprojects are not yet known. In this regard, the potential impacts described below are those anticipated at this time and indicative to serve as a guideline for a thorough assessment of environmental and social issues, and to develop broader relevant safeguards instrument(s) (such as environmental and social management plan (ESMP), environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA), Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and/or Resettlement action plan/Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (RAP/ARAP)).
Given the nature and scale of the above subprojects and the respective activities, there will be both positive and negative impacts associated with the four subprojects. Considering the potential subproject activities and small area required within beneficiaries’ homestead, both programs could be generally characterized as small scale in nature with minimum environmental and social impacts that generate to the nearby biophysical and social environment. These may stem from ground disturbance due to vegetation clearance and excavation/digging for biogas structure; masonry activities to reinforce the biogas structure; onsite concrete mixing; collection of dung, preparation and transportation of bio-slurry; storage, transportation and distribution of solar panel and solar lantern; installation of equipment; and waste management within and around the core activities area.
Except for Solar PV Mini-grid subproject, which requires small area of land, the other subprojects activities will be implemented in the beneficiaries homestead voluntarily. The Biogas subproject will require a very small amount of area, which is less than 12 m2 within the beneficiaries compound and mainly very less active area for roof top Solar Home Systems (SHS) and solar lantern provision, at the beneficiary level. It is
59 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) anticipated that most of the adverse effects, associated with the construction and operation will be reversible in nature and there are no impacts that will lead to irreversible negative permanent change. The potential positive and negative impacts associated with the two Programs have been described below.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
This section is a detailed outline of the potential environmental and social impacts that could be emanated from the implementation of the two Programs (OREP and CCEP). The potential environmental and social impacts were identified through reviewing relevant documents, comprehensive stakeholder consultation process and field investigations of the existing beneficiaries and of course potential sites in selected regions/localities.
6.2.1 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts
The nature of the two proposed Programs is expected to be environmental friendly and socially acceptable, which is reflected by their characteristics to provide benefits to the whole nation and, in particular, to the community members who are parties of these two Programs. Therefore, the anticipated positive Environmental and Social impacts resulting from the Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Clean Cooking Energy Program is described below in table 3:
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Table 3: List of Environmental and Social positive impacts Program Name Positive Environmental and Social Impacts/Benefits Off grid Renewable Clean Cooking Energy Energy
SOCIAL BENEFITS
• Lowering households’ expenditure for kerosene. √ √
• Improve engagement in education by permitting more evening study time for students and women will be socially √ √ more empowered by using free time for education, productive and social activities
• Improve access to reliable lighting and reduce in indoor air pollution due to soot or particulate matter typically associated with the combustion of firewood and charcoal, from kerosene lamps, which resulting health benefits with √ √ respect to respiratory and eye diseases.
• Create direct or indirect, local or regional job opportunities; thereby create income generation means for respective √ √ communities and support the development of high value skills.
• Improved social interaction, women make fewer trips to fetch wood, and spend more time with the family furthermore, families can spend more time together even when the sun goes down and have longer time to use √ √ charged mobiles phones to interact with others.
• Development of new skills and increase benefit, quality and reliability and proven models of renewable energy √ √ technology diffusion.
• Improve local market opportunities and living conditions of the community. √ √
• Reduce the burden of women by reducing the time for fuel wood gathering. √ √
• Increase crop yields by enriching soil fertility and reduce costs to farmers where (synthetic) fertilizers were used √ originally.
• Improve access to social services (education, health, etc.) √ √
61 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Program Name Positive Environmental and Social Impacts/Benefits Off grid Renewable Clean Cooking Energy Energy
• Income benefits from access to electricity through new opportunities of work and increased productivity in new home businesses especially in nonfarm activities, like Mobile charging shops, small village restaurants selling tea, √ √ food and, etc
• Access to mobile phone charging for households without access to the electricity grid, with benefits for study, work, and leisure, domestic benefits of watching/listening TV/radio with implications on enhancing income particularly for √ those who will engage in certain businesses.
• Strengthen private sector involvement in renewable energy access, by providing the means for the private sector to √ √ become instrumental in the widespread sales of household and community-level renewable technologies in Ethiopia.
• Reduced fertility rate at lower costs, achieved through employing information channels that use electricity in lieu of √ reproductive health programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
• Improve sanitary and health conditions as Biogas plants serve as methods of disposal for waste and sewage which √ contributes to a better hygienic situation for the users
• Reduce deforestation and forest degradation in areas where non-renewable biomass is used as a source of fuel, which √ √ implies that the demand for firewood and charcoal is reduced.
• Improve soil condition where digester slurry is applied to agricultural land that results in crop increase. √
• Reduce waste production by converting manure and household organic wastes into useful biogas and bio-slurry, √ which is an excellent form of fertilizer.
• Public goods benefits, such as increased security and lower environmental contamination. √ √
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6.2.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts
Due to the different construction and operational activities of the proposed subprojects, limited negative environmental and social impacts are anticipated to affect the nearby biophysical and social environment. However, considering the nature and limited scale of the intended four subprojects under the two Programs, those impacts that are expected to be generated from the construction and operation phase will be mitigated or avoided through implementation of appropriate means and best practices. The potential negative social and environmental impacts and mitigation /prevention measures have been described below.
Tables 4 and 5 at the end of this section provide a summary of potential environmental and social impacts associated with the two Programs according to the project phase (preconstruction, construction and operation).
Loss of Vegetation Cover Activities like excavation and digging works particularly for Biogas establishment and Solar Home System equipment installation will involve clearing and depletion of existing vegetation within the homestead, which may contribute for loss of plant cover at certain degree and disturbance of topsoil and cause of micro level erosion. In order to minimize or avoid the impacts, the implementing bodies and beneficiaries shall avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees, plan for replanting of trees, etc.
Waste disposal Waste management at the core subproject area shall be efficient and required to be implemented in an environmental friendly manner. Indiscriminate disposal of solid and liquid wastes including recycled batteries, other used and/or damaged solar panel and lantern parts, packages, bio-slurry, and left over construction materials and cements, are expected to generate a potential impact on the nearby environment and health and safety of the workers, local community and the beneficiaries. This should be addressed promptly and wisely, through best practice methods for waste management and disposal in and around the project site; conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and community reside in the area about the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practices. Moreover, final domestic and/or other nonhazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of safely at the designated waste disposal site.
In addition, as one of the program activities registered at UNFCCC is the “Ethiopia Off-Grid Renewable Energy Program of Activity” and the 40% of the revenue from certified emission reduction is used for battery replacement cost, which potentially avoid or minimize unwisely disposal of lead-acid batteries from solar panels. This 40% payment for battery replacement has two advantages, (i) it keeps the sustainability of the project since rural households are not able to pay for 100% of battery replacement cost; (ii) it serves to mitigate and/or avoid the potential impact that could be emanated from inadequate waste management
63 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) practices for used battery disposal; and (iii) ensure the best used battery collection mechanism in the project area. Under this credit line, a national Policy framework for battery despising or recycling is also under preparation that used as an instrument for best disposal and recycling management practices over the project period.
Air quality Any leakage, bad odours, from the Biogas pipe would contribute a potential impact on the Air Quality of the area. These operations may pollute the air resulting in increases in bronchial and eye disorders. The impacts can be reduced if well managed. Members of Households that use the Biogas need to be well acquainted with the management and regular monitoring and maintenance of the Biogas accessories and pipe is important to avoid or reduce the risk of impacts emanate from leakage of the system.
Land Use Disturbance Given the nature and scale of proposed programs to implement biogas in a very small area less than 12 m2 and solar home system at individual premises level, which is the rooftop solar panel installation, no plot of land is expected to be taken by the proposed projects and the potential impacts on land use disturbance is almost none. However, in case of any demand from the beneficiaries to place the solar panel on the ground, proper location and siting decisions can help to avoid and minimize the anticipated impacts on land use disturbance.
Temporary Visual Intrusion Roof top Solar panel implantation and excavation of soil for Biogas structure could result in minor change of the aesthetics of the subproject areas. This may also affect the visual amenity of nearby houses and surrounding communities. To minimize interruption of visual quality, solar panel should be placed at the right direction (north –south) and with no reflection of light that affect the neighbors’ visual quality. In case of Biogas subproject, indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, wooden timber, nails and liquid wastes should be managed and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic beauty to the beneficiary family and nearby residents.
Chemical impact The potential emissions associated with solar energy could be GHG emissions, mercury and cadmium emissions. These elements are used in making solar components. However, there is no evidence that these elements are released from solar panels, except during disposal. Therefore, care should be taken during disposal of solar panel and other related accessories. The proponent shall design best practice method to implement the disposal practice in consultation with the relevant institutions and ensure no impacts are resulted to the surrounding social and biophysical environments. Moreover, as a good practice, it is essential to identify also suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters that comply with ISO or other industry best practice standards.
Heat or Light Reflection 64 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
In case of improper sitting of the solar Panels, it may affect the neighboring community members due to sunlight reflection from the panels, particularly if the panels are angled towards windows, doors or active service area of the neighbors. If this is not corrected immediately, the reflection affects the neighbors and other communities living nearby for a prolonged period of the year and become a source of grievance and social conflict. Therefore, the implementing bodies of the subproject should follow the standard of placing the roof top solar panel in north-south direction and conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non- conformity exists.
Biodiversity Homestead Biogas installation and Roof Top solar system will generally not have any adverse impacts on terrestrial and/or aquatic biodiversity. However, there will be a case where big trees that obstruct the use and efficiency of solar panels, might be exist in the surrounding area. Like the solar panel installation subproject, big trees and other vegetation cover could be found within and around the proposed Biogas system establishment core functional area. Biogas installation may lead to clearance of certain vegetation cover and as to solar energy big trees may impede the efficiency of solar panel; hence, vegetation clearance to a certain extent will be required if the need arises. This will result an impact on the existing fauna and flora species and ultimately affect the biodiversity of the area to a slight level. Therefore, it is essential to consider and ensure no sensitive species are found and plan accordingly to minimize or avoid the sources of impacts. Please make sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency of the solar energy.
Occupational health and safety and Child labor Occupational health and safety issues will arise during the project implementation periods. This resulted from improper use and lack of availability of the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). To ensure safe handling and use of PPE and to address the occupational health and safety issue, availability and proper use of PPE by the project beneficiaries, contractors, laborer who are engaged in the construction, installation and operation and maintenance of the proposed subprojects shall be in place and regularly monitored by the project coordination unit at all phases of the programs. In addition, fire risks are possible, mainly in biogas installation area and this requires provision of regular training and awareness creation to the beneficiaries. For any incidents of leakage or spill during installation, temporary containment structure is required to clean- up accidental spills.
During subproject construction period, the contractor and other parties may use child labor due to lack of awareness on the proclamation and the negative impact of child labor. Therefore, contractors and other participating companies are not allowed to use child labor in any stage of the subprojects. Contractor will be aware and enforced to respect the national Proclamation No. 377/2003 states that children under age of 14
65 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) will not be employed and young workers (14 to 18 years) shall not perform work that is likely to jeopardize their health or safety.
Cultural Heritage The proposed projects under the two programs should not affect any cultural heritage. During project preparation and implementation period, it is important to ensure that the proposed subprojects do not have an effect on a place or building having aesthetic, anthropological, archaeological, architectural, cultural, historical or social significance or special value for present and future generations. In order to minimize or avoid such impacts, all necessary measures should be considered at the design phase and due attention should be paid during screening of the subprojects in consultation with relevant institutions. The relevant screening checklist is depicted in annex 2.
Land Expropriation The anticipated impact during the implementation of the proposed subprojects is temporarily or permanently expropriation of land for stores, installation of equipment, construction of biogas structure, and core work area, particularly for Solar PV mini-grid. The other three subprojects (Biogas, Solar lantern and solar home system subprojects) are implemented voluntarily at the beneficiary level and on their own land, no land expropriation is expected. This has been confirmed during the consultations and discussions made with pertinent officials at regional, Wereda and local levels and beneficiaries during the field work related to the assessment. However, since land take cannot be ruled out at this stage and to preclude and manage any social risk RPF is prepared.
Social Conflicts Potentially adverse social conflict impacts emanated from these two programs are likely to be minimal, and like environmental impacts are easily manageable through implementation of socially acceptable best practices during design and subproject implementation phase. The possible social impacts that might be resulted from these two programs are caused by lack of fairness in prioritizing households for services, equity of decision-making process, and non-use of local people work force during the construction of the structures and installation, which could bring conflict at the local level. Therefore, to offset or minimize social conflicts, it is advisable to encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target community on effective use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit of all household members and on the expected role of the community/households members in management of the subprojects at their level is vital.
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More Work load/fetching water/ for Women Bio-digesters can increase women’s workload in some localities where water is scarce or where women fetch water from relatively distant areas since bio-digesters need additional water to be fetched. In some instances, husbands may not show willingness for their wives to support in the operation of biogas like to undertake stirring of dung, which ultimately increase the workload for women. To offset and/or minimize the anticipated impacts, the target communities, through role model households, need to be aware on what is expected in operating the biogas and the benefit of sharing roles in managing the biogas. Moreover, households with nearby access to water points need to be targeted for the biogas subproject.
Lack of Project Ownership Although the proposed subprojects are integrated with the individual beneficiaries, it is essential to consult stakeholders including all the community members that reside within the core project area at the outset. Awareness of the community on the benefits, negative impacts, expected roles, management of the subprojects to be implemented at household level is vital. The level of participation of all relevant stakeholders during project planning and designing has of paramount importance as a buy in process. This improves the level of relevant stakeholder participation and is ultimately would enhance the sense of ownership of the project by the locals in general and beneficiaries in particular. It is quite evident that usually poor participation in preparation and implementation of projects would result in absence of sustainability of projects.
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Table 4: Summary of anticipated social and environmental impacts and mitigation measures for Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Home System and Solar Lantern
Impacts Project Phase Mitigation measures
Preconstructi Construction Operation on
Temporary Visual √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected having roof tops that would govern to place the intrusion panels in a manner which would reflect light into an immediate neighbours’ buildings and houses.
Chemical Impacts √ √ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, which comply with ISO or other industry best practice standards and follow-up and monitor the products at a regular interval.
Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning a sensitive species and indigenous biodiversity trees, an old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species are found nearby.
√ Make sure that pruning should be practiced only to remove branches that obstructs the panel and when cutting is necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird- nesting trees.
Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top solar panel in north-south direction and reflection conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non-conformance exists correct promptly.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation measures
Preconstructi Construction Operation on
Cover indigenous trees and plan for replanting of trees.
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and management communities that reside in the area about the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practice. Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of at the designated area without any impact to the environment.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use of PPE by health and safety the project beneficiaries, contractors, labourers. Ensure the presence of onsite temporary related problems spill containment structure.
Land Expropriation √ √ Avoidance of land acquisition will be the first option where that is not possible, land take from household will be minimized. RPF addressing land acquisition issues of this project is prepared. As required, a related RAP/ARAP will be prepared and implemented for timely and appropriate compensation and livelihoods will be restored where applicable.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labour for semi-skilled and unskilled people.
Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the outset Ownership to improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program.
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Table 5: Summary of anticipated social and environmental impacts and mitigation measures for Biogas systems Impacts Project Phase Mitigation measures
Preconstr Construc Operation uction tion
Lack of Project √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the at the outset to Ownership improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program.
Loss of √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning sensitive species and indigenous tree, an old biodiversity tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species are found nearby the site.
√ Make sure that pruning should practice only to remove branches that affects the function and efficiency of Biogas and when cutting is necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird-nesting trees
Land Expropriation √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation will be made. RPF addressing land acquisition issues of this subproject is prepared.
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and communities management that reside in the area about the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practice. Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of in an appropriate means.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous tree and Cover plan for replanting of trees.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use of PPE by the project
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation measures
Preconstr Construc Operation uction tion health and safety beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the presence of onsite temporary spill containment structure.
Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, wooden timber, nails and liquid Temporary Visual √ wastes should be managed and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable intrusion aesthetic beauty to the beneficiary family and nearby residents.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target community on effective use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit of all household members and on the expected role of the community/households members in management of the subprojects at their level is vital.
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7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
The Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) process involves the identification and development of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels that are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed subprojects.
As an integral part of ESMF, ESMP provides an important linkage between the impacts predicted and mitigation measures specified within the environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures sections of this ESMF and implementation and operation of activities. According to the World Bank Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01), the two Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) are categorized as Category ‘B’ and the subprojects or activities under these programs will most likely not require a full scale ESIA. However, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is necessary for identification and development of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels that are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed subprojects. The World Bank Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01) states that detailed ESMPs are essential elements for Category ‘A’ projects, but for many Category ‘B’ projects (like Off-grid Renewable energy and Clean Cooking Energy programs), a simple ESMP alone may suffice.
The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to identify and document environmental and social impacts, mitigation and enhancement measures and monitoring procedures to be undertaken. This instrument allows the proposed programs to reduce potential impacts generated from the implementations of subprojects by integrating environmental procedures and mitigation plans in the subproject implementation programs. The ESMP serves as a pertinent instrument to guide the subproject proponents and other implementers to implement effective mitigation measures, design, and conduct sound environmental monitoring program. Moreover, it plays a vital role in identifying the responsibilities of each institution and the required capacity building components for implementing parties that warrants to sustainable developments of the proposed subprojects.
The general objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will actually be carried out during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases of the proposed Off grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy programs.
In accordance with the above objectives, the ESMP should be prepared and adopted in the following approach:
• Examine the subproject in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects associated with the subproject construction which generate environmental impacts;
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• Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities; • Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having environmental impacts; • Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into construction/installation and operation schedules and activities, develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring; • Develop further environmental provisions through a series of subproject Site Environmental and Social Management Plans and procedures; • Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, timetable for implementation, and associated costs; • Describe capacity building and training requirements for the implementation of the ESMP; and, • Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP.
Environmental and social management activities during the implementation of subproject will be governed by the possible negative impacts associated with the subprojects construction and installation activities and the respective mitigation measures stated under the environmental and social impact and mitigation measures section of this ESMF. These mitigation measures could be used as either safety, social or physical measures to avoid/mitigate the anticipated impacts on biophysical and social environment within and around the subproject area.
Tables 6 to 9 presents an indicative environmental and social management and monitoring plan, which can be used to adapt for the preparation of ESMP during the implementation of the proposed subprojects.
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Table 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Solar Home System, Solar Lantern and Solar PV Mini-grid subprojects
Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Responsibility
PC C O
Temporary Visual √ √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected having roof tops that would govern • Beneficiaries; intrusion to place the panels in a manner which would reflect light into an immediate • Contractors; and, neighbours’ buildings. • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Chemical Impacts √ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, • Beneficiaries; and, which comply with ISO or other industry best practice standards and follow- • Regional and Wereda up and monitor the products at a regular interval. Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning sensitive species and • Contractors; and, biodiversity indigenous trees, an old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive • Regional and Wereda fauna and flora species are found nearby. Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices.
√ Make sure that pruning should be practiced only to remove branches that • Beneficiaries; obstructs the panel and when cutting is necessary and avoid the cutting of • Contractors; and, sensitive tree species and bird-nesting trees. • Extension agents.
Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top solar panel in north-south • Contractors; reflection direction and conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non- • Beneficiaries; and, • Regional and Wereda
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Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Responsibility
PC C O
conformance exists correct promptly Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given • Contractors; Cover for indigenous tree and plan for replanting of trees • Beneficiaries; • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices; and, • Extension agents.
Inappropriate √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the • Contractors, waste management proponent and communities that reside in the area about the potential negative • Beneficiaries; impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practices. • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have Bureaus/Offices; and, to be disposed of at the designated area without any impact to the • Extension agents. environment.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use • Beneficiaries health and safety of PPE by the subproject beneficiaries, contractors, labourers. • Wereda administration, related problems Ensure the presence of onsite temporary spill containment structure • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices
Land Expropriation √ √ Avoidance of land acquisition will be the first option where that is not • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy possible; land take from household will be minimized. RPF addressing land Bureaus/Offices acquisition issues of this project is prepared. As required, a related • Wereda Administration
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Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Responsibility
PC C O
ARAP/RAP will be prepared and implemented for timely and appropriate compensation and livelihoods will be restored where applicable.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labour for semi-skilled and • Beneficiaries unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization • Contractors, regional of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target • Weredas administration community on effective use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit • Wereda Water, Mines and of all household members and on the expected role of the Energy Offices and community/households members in management of the subprojects at their • PSEs level is vital. • MFIs
Lack of Project √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries • DBE; Ownership at the outset to improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program • MoWIE; • Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus; • Wereda Water and energy Offices; and, • MFIs.
Note- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation ii) Cost required for Mitigation measures is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
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Table 7: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Biogas subproject Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Responsibility
PC C O
Impact on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning • Ministry of Agriculture and Natural biodiversity sensitive species and indigenous trees, an old tree or known Resources (MoANR); bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species • Ministry of Environment, Forest and are found nearby the site. Climate Change (MoEFCC); • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices;
• Regional and Wereda environmental Bureaus/Offices Wereda administration; and, • Masons/Contractor.
√ √ Make sure that pruning should practice only to remove • Beneficiaries, masons, contractor;
branches that affects the function and efficiency of Biogas • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and and when cutting is necessary; and, Energy Bureaus/Offices; and,
Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird-nesting • Regional biogas program unit. trees.
Land Expropriation √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation will be made. • DBE, Regional and Wereda Water, RPF addressing land acquisition issues of this project is Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices; prepared. • Wereda Administrations;
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization • Beneficiaries; management program for the proponent and communities that reside in • Wereda Water, Mines and Energy
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Responsibility
PC C O
the area about the potential negative impacts, health and Offices; and, safety risks, and proper waste management practice. • Extension agents. Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of in an appropriate means.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care • Contractors; Cover should be given for indigenous trees and plan for replanting • Beneficiaries; of trees • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices; and, • Extension Agents
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and • Beneficiaries; health and safety monitor the proper use of PPE by the subproject • Wereda Administration; and, beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the presence • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and of onsite temporary spill containment structure Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Temporary Visual √ √ Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, • Beneficiaries; wooden timber, nails and liquid wastes should be managed intrusion • Contractors; and, and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic beauty to the beneficiary family and • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and nearby residents. Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor, • Regional Water, Mines and Energy particularly skilled and unskilled young people Bureaus;
• Wereda administrations;
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Responsibility
PC C O
• Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices; • Beneficiaries;
• Contractors; • PSEs; and • MFIs.
Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including • DBE; Ownership the beneficiaries at the outset to improve level of ownership • MoWIE; and sustainability of the program • Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus;
• Wereda Water and energy Offices; and, • MFIs.
Notes- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation ii) Cost required for Mitigation measures is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
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Table 8: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Home System and Solar Lantern subprojects
Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Parameters to be Responsibility Frequency monitored PC C O
Number of Temporary √ √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected • Beneficiaries; Regularly during appropriately Visual having roof tops that would govern to construction of installed solar • Contractors; and, intrusion place the panels in a manner which would biogas and at the panels • Regional and Wereda reflect light into an immediate neighbours’ Water, Mines and Energy end of buildings Bureaus/Offices. construction phase.
Number of Chemical √ Identify suppliers that have products, • Beneficiaries; and, Once during identified suppliers Impacts particularly solar panels and inverters, planning/subproje having certificate • Regional and Wereda which comply with ISO or other industry for national and energy experts. ct preparation and best practice standards and follow-up and international updated monitor the products at a regular interval. standards accordingly when the need arises.
Sensitive habitats Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or • Contractors; and, Once During and species found biodiversity substantially pruning sensitive species and planning and nearby the • Regional and Wereda indigenous trees, an old tree or known subproject site energy experts. subproject bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive preparation. fauna and flora species are found nearby.
Number of trees √ Make sure that pruning should be • Contractors Regularly removed practiced only to remove branches that • Regional and Wereda
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Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Parameters to be Responsibility Frequency monitored PC C O
obstructs the panel and when cutting is Water, Mines and Energy necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive Bureaus/Office tree species and bird-nesting trees
Solar panel placing Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top • Contractors, Beneficiaries, During with the required reflection solar panel in north-south direction and Regional and Wereda Water, installation and direction (N-S) Mines and Energy conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, regular follow-up Bureaus/Offices if any non-conformance exists correct promptly
Number of trees Loss of √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big • Beneficiaries Regularly planted, Vegetation trees, particularly care should be given for • Regional and Wereda Cover indigenous trees and plan for replanting of Number of trees Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices trees removed • Extension agents Number of Inappropriate √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and • Contractor; Regularly awareness creation waste sensitization program for the proponent and sensitization • Beneficiaries; management and communities that reside in the area conducted • Regional and Wereda
about the potential negative impacts, Water, Mines and Energy health and safety risks, and proper waste Number of sites Bureaus/Offices; and, Every two week, management practices. identified for • Extension agents. based on the disposal of wastes volume of wastes Domestic and/or other non-hazardous produced wastes, after proper segregation, have to
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Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Parameters to be Responsibility Frequency monitored PC C O
be disposed of at the designated area without any impact to the environment.
Number of PPE Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and • Beneficiaries; Regularly distributed health and support, advice and monitor the proper use • Wereda administrations; safety related of PPE by the subproject beneficiaries, and, problems contractors, labourers. Ensure the presence • Regional and Wereda of onsite temporary spill containment Workers with PPE Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices. structure during installation of solar equipment Land acquired in Land √ √ No land expropriation is expected, but • DBE; Before m2, if applicable Expropriation pertinent proper planning and • Regional and Wereda commencement of implementation is required Water, Mines and Energy the installation Bureaus/Offices; and, and construction • Wereda Administrations. Number of local Social √ √ Encourage and consider the employment • Regional Water, Mines and Regularly labor employed Energy Bureaus; Conflicts of local labour for semi-skilled and unskilled people. • Wereda administrations; • Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices; • Beneficiaries; • Contractors; • PSE; and,
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Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Parameters to be Responsibility Frequency monitored PC C O
• MFIs. Number of Lack of √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant • DBE; During subproject institutions and Project stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at preparation and beneficiaries. • MoWIE; Ownership the outset to improve level of ownership regularly over the • Regional and Wereda and sustainability of the program. subproject Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/ Offices; and, implementation period. • MFIs.
Notes- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation ii) Cost for Monitoring is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract.
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Table 9: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Biogas subproject Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Parameters to Responsibility Frequency be monitored PC C O
Number of Impact on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially Once during affected • MoANR; biodiversity pruning sensitive species and indigenous trees, an Sensitive • Regional and Wereda planning and habitats and old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no Water, Mines and subproject species found Energy Bureaus/ sensitive fauna and flora species are found nearby nearby the Offices; preparation. subproject site the site. • Wereda administrations; and, • Masons/Contractors. Number of √ √ Make sure that pruning should practice only to Regularly indigenous trees • Beneficiaries, masons, contractors; remove branches that affects the function and removed efficiency of Biogas and when cutting is necessary. • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird- Energy nesting big trees Bureaus/Offices; and, • Regional biogas program unit. Planning Land √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation is Before documents • DBE, Regional and Wereda Water, Mines Expropriation required though land expropriation and likely prepared (e.g. commencement of ARAP/RAP, and Energy compensation modalities are not expected. RPF the installation ESMP) Bureaus/Offices; and, addressing land acquisition issues of this project is • Wereda and construction prepared. Administration.
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Parameters to Responsibility Frequency be monitored PC C O
Number of Inappropriate √ √ Regularly ▪ Conduct regular awareness creation and awareness • Beneficiaries; waste creation and sensitization program for the proponent • Masons /contractor; sensitization management and communities that reside in the area conducted • Wereda
administration; about the potential negative impacts, health Number of sites • Regional and Wereda and safety risks, and proper waste identified for energy experts; and, disposal of management practices. wastes • Extension agents, Regional and Wereda
▪ Domestic and/or other non-hazardous Biogas program unit. wastes, after proper segregation, have to be Every two weeks, based on the disposed of in an appropriate means. volume of wastes
Number of trees Loss of √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, Regularly planted, • Contractors; Vegetation particularly care should be given for indigenous • Beneficiaries; Number of trees Cover trees and plan for replanting of trees removed • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices; and, • Extension Agents. Number of PPE Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice distributed • Beneficiaries; health and and monitor the proper use of PPE by the subproject • Wereda Workers with safety beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the Administration; and, PPE during presence of onsite temporary spill containment installation of • Regional and Wereda solar equipment Water, Mines and structure Energy
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Parameters to Responsibility Frequency be monitored PC C O
Bureaus/Offices. site visited and Temporary √ √ Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused Regularly during no. records of • Beneficiaries; concrete, wooden timber, nails and liquid wastes Visual intrusion Indiscriminate biogas should be managed and disposed of in appropriate • Contractors; and, disposal of way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic beauty construction and wastes • Regional and Wereda to the beneficiary family and nearby residents. no. of site Water, Mines and at the end of recorded as Energy construction beautified Bureaus/Offices. phase
Number of local Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local Regularly labor employed • Regional Water, labor, particularly skilled and unskilled young Mines and Energy people. Bureaus; • Wereda administrations; • Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices; • Beneficiaries; • Contractors; • PSEs; and, • MFIs.
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Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Parameters to Responsibility Frequency be monitored PC C O
number of Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, During subproject institutions and • DBE; Ownership including the beneficiaries at the outset to improve beneficiaries • MoWIE; preparation and participated level of ownership and sustainability of the program • Regional Water, regularly over the Mines and Energy subproject Bureaus; implementation • Wereda Water and energy Offices; period. and, • MFIs.
Notes- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation ii) Cost for Monitoring is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
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Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
8. SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 Guiding Principles
The two Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) are categorized as category ‘B’ according to the World Bank Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01) and the Program activities/subprojects will most likely not require a full scale ESIA1. However, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is necessary for identification and development of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels that are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed subprojects.
The overall guiding principles of the two Programs operations and implementations are the following, but not limited to:-
• The planning process will be Beneficiaries demand based and Bottom-Up planning and Decision- making approach; • Directly loan award for applications, who fulfill the preset criteria for safeguards and loan eligibility; • First-come First served approach; • Conforming to specific loan requirements and standards; • Promoting savings mobilization at community level and access to financial services available in micro finance institutions; • Ensuring no harm or minimum impact to the nearby social and biophysical environment that can be mitigated easily by employing best practices; • Ensuring sound implementation of the recommended mitigation measures; • The planning and implementation process will integrate ESA and/or ESMP or other relevant environmental and social safeguards instruments; • Proposed subprojects will undergo for environmental and social impacts screening; • Governed by clear modalities in accessing funds; • Ensuring that subprojects operations are cost-effective; • Promoting adequate and timely technical support to DBE, National, Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices, PSE, and MFIs branch offices, including Kebele level and which in turn will do the same to the communities; and,
1 It should be noted that any subproject that would be considered as category ‘A’ will not be financed by the two Programs
88 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
• Promoting supervision and monitoring of implementation of subprojects by all relevant parties including DBE, MoWIE, MFI, PSE and WME offices with the support from the respective environmental offices at the national, regional and local level.
The overriding guiding principle to the implementation of the proposed programs is through community demand driven approach. The implementation of environmental management and screening process will be attained through the procedures and steps described below on subproject implementation and screening cycle as shown in Figure 6.
8.2 Procedures and Steps
This chapter describes the steps and procedures for ensuring that environmental and social impacts are adequately addressed. This ESMF highlights the proposed Programs planning focus on ensuring the implementation of subproject activities are environmental friendly and socially acceptable with no harm principle through applying best practices and sound mitigation measures.
The parent project ENREP was categorized under environmental assessment “category B” and thus, the program components under the parent project, including component 3 consists of the two programs (Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program), fall within this category B-Partial Assessment.
The proposed solar lantern, solar home system, Solar PV mini-grid and biogas subprojects under the two programs generally do not require full EA based on the Ethiopian Environmental legislation and World Bank Policies. However, it is recommended that both program activities should avoid sensitive areas and take steps to ensure that subprojects stay within category B. (It must be noted that any subproject or activity that will be categorized as Category ‘A’ will not be financed by the two Programs.) Thus, to ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts are small in scale and managed with best practice methods, every potential subproject that will be funded under the two programs will require environmental screening.
The environmental screening process will be effected on potential subprojects, which have been selected and implemented by the beneficiaries. The DBE/Regional/Wereda alternative Energy team members/staff from MFI branch offices will help as required the beneficiaries in preparing their subprojects applications and site selection for biogas, Solar PV Mini-grid and solar home systems subprojects to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. They will use the Environmental and social screening form (see annex 2) together with information on typical project impacts and mitigation measures in the environmental and social management plan as depicted earlier in tables 6 and 7.
Based on the consultations with relevant stakeholders and review of the Programs appraisal and operational documents, the following key steps and procedures were identified during the environmental
89 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) and social management process (Figures 4, 5, 6). The sections below describe the steps of the environmental and social screening process (the screening process) leading towards the review and environmental approval of every potential subprojects under the two Programs.
Step One: Subproject preparation and application During planning and preparation of all subprojects under the two Programs, the Implementing Partners (IPs) are required to ensure that environmental and social impacts of the subprojects owned by each rural household and other beneficiaries are small scale, could be mitigated and minimized through implementations of best practice methods. Anticipated impacts and the respective mitigation measures under environmental impact and mitigation measures pointed out earlier will be used by IPs to obtain an overview of potential environmental and social impacts that could be generated due to the implementation of each subproject.
Given the numerous subproject beneficiaries’ applications are likely to be submitted for funding of the proposed subprojects (SPMG, SL, SHS, Biogas), the screening and assessment of environmental and social impacts is most effectively applied simultaneously with the screening for loan eligibility by DBE or MFI branch offices. Due to the scale and nature of subprojects, if the environmental and social impacts assessment is required, subprojects will thus not be finally approved until an environmental and social safeguards impact assessment has been approved.
Based on the beneficiaries’ demand on the type of subproject, applications /proposals for loan request will be submitted to DBE/MFIs. Private Sector Enterprises (PSEs) will submit applications or loan request proposals for three subprojects (SPMG, SL, and SHS) to DBE at national level. The regional or local level SHS, SL, and Biogas subproject beneficiaries will also submit loan requests/proposals to the nearby MFI branch offices for subprojects planned to be implemented at regional/local level (see figures 4-6).
90 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Figure 4: ECCE program activity screening process flowchart
ETHIOPIA CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAM
Sub project BIOGAS
Loan request level NATIONAL* REGIONAL* WEREDA KEBELE
Loan Beneficiary Any individual from the Rural Household
Proposal or Loan MFI Branch Offices request receiving Institutions
Desk appraisal and Screening for MFI with the support from Regional and Wereda level WMEB Safeguards and Loan and Biogas Program eligibility
Safeguard Safeguard clearance: Regional and clearance: Safeguards Wereda level Environmental office MoWIE Clearance and Loan Approval Loan approval: Loan: MFI with the support from MFI branch Regional and Wereda level WME office
--
*National and Regional level institutions have a coordination role
91 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Figure 5: EORE program activity screening process flowchart
ETHIOPIA OFFGRID RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM
Loan request NATIONAL REGIONAL WEREDA KEBELE application level
Loan Beneficiary PSE Any individual from the Rural Households
Sub project SPMG, SHS and SL SHS, SL
Proposal or Loan request receiving DBE Participating MFI branch offices Institutions
Desk appraisal and MFI with the DBE Screening for support from MFI with the support from
Safeguards and Loan Regional Wereda WME office eligibility WME
Safeguard Safeguard clearance - Regional and Wereda Safeguards clearance clearance- level Environmental office and Loan Approval MoWIE
Loan approval: DBE Loan approval: MFI with the support from Regional and Wereda level WME
Step Two: Desk appraisal Prior to going to the sites, a desk appraisal of the two Programs activity plans/Loan applications will be carried out to confirm that all applications contain the required information pertinent to loan eligibility and for identification of environmental and social safeguards issues. Depending on the type of subprojects and loan request application level, desk appraisal will be conducted by the DBE /MFIs branch offices (see Figures 4 &5), to ensure that all pertinent environmental issues are identified.
Step Three: loan eligibility and safeguards screening
The DBE or MFIs branch offices, with the support from the Regional WME bureaus or local level WME offices, as required undertake screening of subproject applications for beneficiaries’ loan eligibility and 92 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) environmental and social safeguards of project activities to ascertain that the likely social and/or environmental impacts are identified. This screening will be carried out by using the Environmental and Social Screening Form (see annex 2).
Completion of this screening form will facilitate the identification of potential environmental and social impacts, determination of their significance, assignment of the appropriate environmental category, proposal of appropriate environmental mitigation measures, and conduct any further environmental assessment work, if necessary. Suitably qualified experts from DBE /MFIs with the support from regional or Wereda Water, Mines and Energy offices and Biogas program, as required will conduct the screening process and if none are available, training will be provided.
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category to a particular Solar lantern, Solar PV Mini- grid, Solar home system equipment installation and biogas construction activity will be based on the information provided in the environmental and social screening form (see annex 2).
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on provisions in Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 Environmental Assessment. Consistent with this operational policy, the activities of the proposed subprojects are likely to be categorized as “Category B”, meaning that their potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats – are limited, site-specific, few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and they can be mitigated readily.
Given the scale of the subproject, some of the activities may be categorized as “Category C” if the environmental and social screening results indicate that such activities will have limited or no environmental and social impacts. Therefore, apart from screening, they do not require environmental safeguards instrument preparation. Thus, if the screening form has only “No” entries, the proposed activity will not require further environmental assessment work, and the technical team of experts will recommend approval of this proposal and implementation can proceed immediately in line with World Bank Environmental Assessment Category “C”, as well.
Step Four: Submission of screening report to MoWIE or Regional/ Wereda level Environmental offices After thorough screening of the national level applications/proposals, DBE will require to submit the safeguards screening results, their recommendations and reports to MoWIE. Applications at regional or Wereda level, MFIs branch offices will submit the screening reports, recommendations, and results to the respective Environmental offices at Regional / Wereda level for further review, clearance and approval of the screening reports.
Step Five: Review of screening report and appraisal by MoWIE or Environmental offices The MoWIE or Regional or Wereda level environmental offices will review the screening results and recommendations in the screening report, review the proposed mitigation measures, and will further provide feedbacks on the specific screening endeavors and broader issues of screening. The reviewing 93 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) process at this level will take into account that the proposed subproject activities may not necessarily need a full scale ESIA since the Proposed Programs are under category B and any other required document to decide, if an ESMP is required.
As required, after review of the screening result, the application might require a field appraisal mission to the location of the subproject in order to obtain additional or more detailed information. Moreover, if the desk appraisal and screening indicates that the proposed subproject may have environmental and/or social concerns that are not adequately addressed in the current documentation, or if the application meets certain criteria (see Table 10 below), the MWIE/Regional or Wereda Environmental offices will require a field appraisal before the subproject application can be considered further.
Table 10: Sample Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal Criteria Field Appraisal 1. Land must be acquired for a Determines the number of affected/displaced people and level subproject, an individual or of impact on restrict access to any available resources, as per community's access to land or the criteria stated under RPF. A Resettlement Action available resources is restricted Plan/Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan/ (RAP/ARAP) or lost, or an individual or family may then be required according to procedures detailed in RPF is displaced Document. 2. A subproject may-affect a Determines if the subproject will adequately avoid adverse protected area or a natural habitat effects on the protected area or natural habitat, as provided for in the ESMF 3. A subproject may have an impact A field appraisal determines the scale and level of impact. The on ecologically sensitive application may need to be revised to describe how the ecosystems (e.g. of impact on subproject will avoid or minimize adverse impacts to wetlands) ecologically sensitive areas. This may require a distinct Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as outlined in this ESMF 4. A subproject may involve, or A field appraisal determines the scale and potential adverse result in: effects, and may include an ESMP as outlined in Chapter seven • Diversion or use of surface of the ESMF. waters; • Production of effluent waste; and, • * Wells or water points. Note: these criteria should be updated based on field experience in implementing subprojects.
Depending on the field appraisal mission, the appraisal might reconsider the need for development of an ESMP for the subproject. DBE/MFIs are responsible for ensuring that the required ESMP is conducted as per the safeguards requirements of the World Bank. The ESMP can be conducted by a team of experts from the DBE/MFI/PSE including the environmental safeguards specialist (to be recruited by the project) or by a consultant as deemed necessary. It should be noted that any project activities that would be rated as category ‘A’ will not be financed by the Two Programs.).
94 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
DBE, MFIs, PSEs, regional or local level WMEBs will supervise further the environmental and social safeguards implementation work, which may be included in the preparation of subproject ESMP, RAP/ARAP, as the situation may require. Once all the requisite documentation has been compiled, the DBE/MFI will make recommendations to MoWIE, regional, or Wereda level environmental offices for final clearance and approval.
Steps Six and Seven: Approval of subprojects by MoWIE, Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices As stated in the previous step four, the completed screening form along with any additional planning reports and overall subproject application is forwarded to the Wereda/Regional environmental offices or to MoWIE. The first step in the approval process is to determine if all the relevant information has been provided, and is adequate. The MoWIE at national level and Wereda or Regional environmental offices at local level or regional level will check if the beneficiaries and screening team have thoroughly considered all environmental and social issues with regards to the identification of potential adverse effects arising from the subproject as well as mitigating measures to adequately address negative impacts.
Subprojects may not be eligible for funding, if they have potentially a negative impact on physical cultural resources, require land acquisition, or significant impacts on natural habitats, forests and other. Lists of such subprojects that may not be funded by the project are described in annex 1.
Although the two programs have no any activities, which affect cultural resources, in case of any events of the potential of chance find of physical cultural resources, the contract and any activities for construction or installation have to include reference to procedures to follow as per the issues mentioned in annex 6.
The screening of the subproject might result in a request for development of subproject specific Environmental and Social Management Plan. MoWIE, Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices will review (the ESMP) and make decision by approving the project activity (with or without conditions relating to implementation); recommending to re-design (with required and/or recommended amendments); or rejecting the project activity (with comments as to what is required to submit as an acceptable report). As part of the appraisal, the subproject's corresponding ESMP has to be made publicly available.
The World Bank's Policy on Disclosure of Information requires that ESMPs are made available for public review as well as forwarded to the World Bank for disclosure through the World Bank's Info shop. In this regard, only when the subproject information has been made publicly available can it be finally approved.
95 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Step Eight: Submission of approval decision report to DBE or MFIs by MoWIE / Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices ESIA/ESMP review should be done in the given period (shortest possible time) to avoid delays in project activity implementation. The result of the review and final approval will submit to DBE/MFIs as soon as completed. The Review report to DBE or MFIs should include but not limited to-
• the decision on each subproject activity whether an ESMP is required or not; • if an ESMP is required, the recommended scope of the ESMP clearly indicating the aspects to be seriously addressed, the skills required and duration of the ESMP; • if an ESMP is not required, include guidance on special needs such as technical guidelines on any of the subproject activities; and • Approval without conditions for those subprojects with no potential adverse impacts.
(Note: The final ESMP documents will be disclosed at DBE/MFI website and World Bank Infoshop as appropriate. The local level disclosure of the final ESMP will be carried out using appropriate language and culturally sensitive manner.)
Step Nine: Documentation DBE or MFIs after receiving the decision report from the MoWIE or Regional /Wereda level environmental offices, will compile the documentation comprises of the decisions on loan eligibility and environmental and social safeguards screening for further processing of loan effectiveness.
Step Ten: Subprojects effectiveness Once the documentation is finalized, DBE/MFI will communicate the loan beneficiaries to notify the effectiveness of the subproject implementation and loan award with all requirements during project implementations.
Step Eleven: Implementation DBE/MFI will inform appropriate implementing institutions/beneficiaries to commence the implementation of the subproject, as per their proposal and notify the beneficiaries to act on the decisions and requirements provided by the MoWIE/Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices, together with approval reports.
Step Twelve: Supervision and Monitoring The DBE, MFI, PSE, MoWIE, Regional or Wereda WMEB units will carry out supervision and monitoring, in consultation and support with the World Bank.
Step Thirteen: Annual auditing As stated in the ESMF, the annual auditing and End-of-Project evaluation is the responsibility of DBE/MFI. The assignment will be annual auditing and end-of program evaluation at the end of programs by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Wereda Environmental offices or MoWIE, as required.
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Step Fourteen: End -of-Program Evaluation End-of-Project evaluation is the responsibility of DBE/MFI. The assignment will be and end-of program evaluation at the end of programs by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Wereda Environmental offices or MoWIE, as required
Figure 6: Subproject Implementation cycle under the proposed EORE and ECCE programs
97 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN
9.1 Public Consultation Plan
9.1.1 Introduction For the successful identification and assessment of project specific environmental and social impacts, implementation and monitoring of the respective mitigation or enhancement measures and a continuous consultative process is required. The implementing agency, DBE, has the responsibility to engage stakeholders effectively in achieving the programs objectives for the benefit of all. Through consultations, DBE will create a bridge of communication between the public and the Government, which will improve the efficiency and transparency for the execution of the subprojects. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the ESMP and is the same for all categories of SL, SPMG, SHS and Biogas subprojects. The development of this ESMF is based on a consultative process comprising of key stakeholders at the national, regional, Wereda and local levels and sought their feedback. Key government agencies, MFIs and PSEs have been consulted at the various levels to obtain their consent on the ESMF.
9.1.2 Objectives of the Plan This plan provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on- time to the satisfaction of all concerned parties. The objectives of the public consultations are to provide the DBE and MoWIE with:
• Status of implementation of the identified measures;
• A sense of the concerns, priorities and aspirations of the SH and implementing parties as they implement the measures;
• Information to shape the programs of the project as it progresses;
• Whenever possible, to recommend and implement specific recommendations and proposals; and,
• Provide the participating regions including Weredas with a forum to interact constructively and make progress towards solutions and actions; and feedback from DBE and MoWIE on information received and steps to follow.
9.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan In order to ensure effective implementation of this plan, the DBE shall be committed to the following principles:
• promoting openness and communication;
• Ensuring effective stakeholder involvement; and,
• Evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.
98 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Thus, the beneficiaries are given:
• Clear information on the purpose and objectives of the meeting;
• Opportunity to express individual views without interruption;
• Opportunity to build on views expressed and, whenever possible, to discuss and reach conclusions, consensus or recommendations; and,
• Opportunity to engage in open-ended discussion (generally at the conclusion of the meeting).
9.1.4 Structure of the Consultations Consultation meetings will generally take two approaches: (i) individual interviews involving addressing checklists, (ii) one-to-one and/or focus group meeting. The consultations will be structured along the following lines:
• Advance notification;
• Introduction and information;
• Early break-up into work groups or roundtables;
• Opportunity for each participant to make a presentation; and,
• A closing session to allow open discussion between participants and DBE/MFIs.
9.2 Public Disclosure
9.2.1 Introduction The World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01 requires that the GoE and the World Bank disclose the ESMF report as a separate and stand-alone document. The ESMF is required to be approved and disclosed prior to appraisal according to Bank policies and normal procedures. The disclosure should be both in GoE where it can be accessed by the public, including affected groups and NGOs, and at the World Bank Info Shop.
The DBE will make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places (possibly at National and Regional relevant government offices) for information and comments. The subprojects will be announced through different forms of media. The announcement will include a brief description of the two programs, references to where and when the ESMF can be viewed, duration of the display period, and contact information for comments.
For meaningful consultations between the DBE and possible project affected groups, beneficiaries and local NGOs on all Category B projects, such as Ethiopia off grid renewable energy and Ethiopia clean
99 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) cooking energy programs, DBE shall provide a relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.
To meet the consultation and disclosure requirements of the Bank, the Government of Ethiopia will issue a disclosure letter to inform the Bank of :-
1) The Government’s approval of the ESMF;
2) The actual disclosure of these documents to all relevant stakeholders and potentially affected persons in Ethiopia, and,
3) The Government’s authorization to the Bank to disclose these documents in its Infoshop.
The steps towards disclosure of the safeguard documents have to be completed prior to appraisal of the Project as required by the Bank’s Disclosure Policy OP 17.50.
9.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan Following the public consultation, all comments and briefs will be analyzed by DBE, which shall prepare a report for the MoWIE and WB. The report will be published and made available to the concerned community groups and to interested bodies upon request.
For programs such as the Clean Cooking Energy and Off-grid Renewable Energy programs, the World Bank procedures require that an ESMF be prepared and publicly disclosed prior to project appraisal. This allows the public and other stakeholders to comment on the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, and the appraisal team to strengthen the frameworks as necessary, particularly measures and plans to prevent or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts.
In line with this, the ESMF will be available at the relevant institutions at all levels and be publicly disclosed both in country and at the World Bank’s Info Shop. The Development Bank of Ethiopia will make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places in English and working language of the country in compliance with the World Bank’s Public Consultation and Disclosure Policy. It is proposed that the locations of copies are announced through pubic relation sections of relevant sector line Ministries, radio announcement in addition to press releases, as applicable.
Any ESMPs and other safeguards instruments that will be prepared for projects under the two proposed programs will also needed to be disclosed to the public and World Bank’s Info Shop. Copies of the ESMPs should be made available to communities and interested parties in accessible locations through local government authorities, (e.g. Wereda offices). Copies of the ESMPs should also be provided to the implementing agencies and submitted to the World Bank. This will ensure record keeping of all activities implemented under the ESMF and ensure that third party audits, if required, have adequate information when undertaking annual environmental and social audits.
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10 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
It is quite evident that the various stakeholders will play and are still playing their part in the implementation of off-grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs either directly or indirectly. It should, however, be noted that the degree of influence of the various actors do vary both in terms of spatial and temporal dimension. The different actors expected to be the major players during implementations of the proposed programs are the followings:
• Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE); • Micro Financial Institutions; • Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity; • Regional Governments/City Administrations of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa; • Zonal Water, Mines and Energy Offices; • Wereda Administrations; • Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices; • Wereda Agricultural Offices; • Peasant Associations; • The Community; and, • Local NGOs.
Integration and coordination of the different parties and timely follow-up has of paramount importance for the materialization of the programs. The respective roles and responsibilities of the above institutions are discussed below. The transaction flow for market development for renewable energy and Energy Efficient Product is depicted in the below figure 7, which clearly indicate the linkage among all parties participated in the implementation of the two proposed Programs (see Figure 8).
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Figure 7: Transaction Flow for Market Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Product
10.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR ACTORS
A) Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) • As an implementing institution for the credit line, DBE will make MFIs aware of the opportunity to acquire financing via the lines of credit administered by the DBE, to enable on lending from MFIs to end-user households. The overall project component implementation within DBE is indicated in Figure 8 below; • Serves as a wholesaler to MFIs for the promotion and expansion of biogas and solar energy. • Establishes/Strengthens integration/coordination with MoWIE and MFIs; • Appraise project proposals of the MFIs on the basis of approved/set guidelines to adhere to project standards; • Conducts monitoring and evaluation on the performance of the microfinance institutions on one hand and selected beneficiaries on the other; and, • Collects monthly reports from MFIs regarding their lending to end-users and extent of collection of loans for implementation of domestic biogas digesters, solar lanterns and solar home systems.
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Figure 8: Project Component Implementation within DBE
DBE (Implementing Agency)
PSE Lending (DBE DBE On-lending MFIs Administered)
MFI 1 MFI 2 MFI etc
Household(s) Lending Household(s) Lending Household(s) Lending (MFI Administered) (MFI Administered) (MFI Administered)
B) Micro Financial Institutions ▪ Assign focal person (s) at head office, branch office and sub-branch offices; ▪ Short list and make available staff members who are working in selected Weredas (or geographical areas) for training related solar and biogas technology; ▪ In collaboration with other parties (such as DBE, MoWIE, Regional and Wereda level WMEB, etc), appraise applicant beneficiaries on the basis of the guidelines set; ▪ Approve and disburse loan for beneficiaries if supported by official letters; ▪ Provides training and undergoes awareness raising campaigns through various forms of media and other means; ▪ In coordination with other relevant federal and regional bureaus, provides overall technical support/assistance in the implementation of this ESMF for both biogas and alternative solar energy subproject (Solar Lantern, Solar Home System, Solar PV Mini-grid) implementers; ▪ Provide loans to potential users after the necessary signatories are made within their working geographical area (catchment area) where offices of various level are available; ▪ Points out the list of names of beneficiaries along with the amount of loans and repayment schedule of every individual to Peasant Associations (Rural Kebeles) for follow-up and support; ▪ Together with either the Regions or Weredas Water, Mines and Energy Bureau/Office, ensures that the loan is utilized for the intended purpose; ▪ Strictly follow-up the loan disbursed according to repayment schedule and agreement; ▪ Undertake monitoring and evaluation on the overall progress of repayment, likely problems, and other related issues and report to DBE on a monthly basis; ▪ Program monitoring/reporting; and, ▪ Through their agents in Weredas they will conduct the following:
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➢ Awareness raising and promotion at household/local level; ➢ Register residents with demands for various alternative sources of energy; and, ➢ Follow-up on the overall extent of return of credits.
C) MoWIE ▪ Establishes and heads steering committee at federal level pertaining to the off-grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs; ▪ Provides training and undergoes awareness raising campaigns through various forms of media and other means; ▪ Provides overall technical support/assistance for both biogas and solar energy; ▪ Collects monthly reports from DBE and pertinent regional bureaus and closely works with them for the successful implementation of the programs and considers the reports for further actions; ▪ Develops (amends if deemed necessary) overall Project development; and, ▪ Undertakes grassroots supervision, monitoring and provides feedback to concerned parties.
D) Regional Governments’ and two City Administrations’ Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus ▪ Establish a steering committee (or strengthen existing ones, if any) for the overall strategic guidance; ▪ Promote the alternative energy systems by using different means including media; ▪ Awareness creation on the off-grid renewable energy and clean energy cooking programs for the pertinent government energy sectors in zones and Weredas and the relevant private sector (micro finance institutions, distributors of solar energy systems, technicians for the installation of solar energy systems, and those who construct biogas digesters) in their respective regions; ▪ Provide training on implementation of ESMF, installation and maintenance of solar lanterns, solar home systems and biogas at zone and Wereda levels including for technicians graduated from TVET; ▪ Control the distribution and installation of illegal solar energy equipment in collaboration with other government sectors; ▪ Support, follow-up, monitor and evaluate the overall implementation of the alternative sources of energy at hand in their respective regions; ▪ Avail accessories on time in consultation with the relevant bodies; ▪ Sensitize the beneficiaries to return loans in collaboration with zonal and Wereda administrative bodies; ▪ Ensure that all lenders finish their construction on fixed time of construction for biogases and install the solar systems within a specified period of time; ▪ Ensure that all the necessary appliances are provided on time; ▪ Make sure that the biogas plants and solar systems are functional;
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▪ Organize quarterly field visit with the micro finance institutions and respective Wereda officials/experts for joint supervision and support; and, ▪ Report to the MoWIE on a monthly, quarterly, biannually and annually basis.
E) Zonal Water, Mines and Energy Offices ▪ Create awareness on the overall aspects associated with the alternative sources of energy for Wereda officials/experts; ▪ Undertake follow-up, monitoring and evaluation of the programs in their respective zones together with Wereda officials/experts; ▪ Establish necessary integration with Zonal sector offices including Agricultural and Natural Resources Departments, Women’s Affairs Offices, Police Offices; ▪ Report to Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Agencies on the overall progresses and problems encountered on the programs on a monthly basis; ▪ Facilitate overall implementation of the project and safeguards within their boundary; and, ▪ Support Weredas in both disbursement and repayment of loans.
F) Wereda Administration ▪ Follow-up and assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment of loan for biogas digesters and solar energy; ▪ Establish a task force/steering committee at Wereda level; ▪ Organize meetings and chair the Wereda taskforce/steering committee for meeting related to the implementation of the programs, credit disbursement and repayment; and, ▪ In cases of land expropriation, facilitate the process of valuation and compensation committee meetings and payment of compensation.
G) Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices The Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices (or other related institutions) which are the major actors at Wereda level have the following responsibilities: ▪ Create awareness and registration of possible beneficiaries; ▪ Undertake screening and evaluate the eligibility of the beneficiaries; ▪ Send the names and addresses of the eligible users to microfinance institutions and Wereda administrations; ▪ Follow-up and assist the PSEs and MFIs on the implementation of this ESMF and implementation of the subprojects in an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner; ▪ Assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment schedule; ▪ Ensure that all the construction/installation works finish on time;
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▪ Establish necessary integration with Wereda sector offices including Wereda Agricultural and Natural Resources Departments, Women’s Affairs Offices, Microfinance Institutions, Police Offices, Peasant Associations, etc.; ▪ Provide necessary support in the installation and maintenance of the systems in collaboration with the different parties; ▪ Undertake support, monitoring and evaluation of the programs; ▪ Report monthly, quarterly, biannually and annually on the progress of the programs to Zones (or Regions as the case may be); and, ▪ Coordinate and follow-up of the masons at Wereda level.
H) Wereda Agricultural and Natural Resources Offices ▪ Support the selection of eligible farmers, who among others adopt improved agricultural practices and have a capacity to repay the loan in collaboration with other actors; and, ▪ Support the beneficiaries of biogas to use bio slurry in appropriate way and provide guidance and technical assistance to farmers and beneficiaries on compost preparation.
I) Peasants’ Associations in the Subproject Areas ▪ Mobilize the society to take part in the programs at Iddir meetings, religious ceremonies and other festivities; ▪ Undertake registration of likely beneficiaries (potential users) and send to Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices so as to avail credit to them in collaboration with other actors; ▪ Involve in the assessment of the eligibility of the beneficiaries; and, ▪ Report issues that are relevant to the programs to the Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices.
J) Users/Beneficiaries ▪ Contribute certain percentage of the overall construction/installation as set by the relevant government bodies; ▪ Utilize the loan for the intended purpose; ▪ Repay the loan on the basis of the agreed repayment schedule; and, ▪ Liable to be penalized as per agreed agreements.
K) NGOs NGOs that have been in one way or another involving in the energy sector in subproject areas can be participated for enhancing the sustainability of the two Programs so long as they respect the rules and regulations at federal and regional levels and the social and cultural aspects at the local level.
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11. CAPACITY BUILDING
11.1 Introduction
Effective implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework will require technical capacity of implementing institutions. Subproject implementing bodies need to understand inherent social and environmental issues and values and be able to clearly identify the indicators. A capacity needs assessment was inbuilt to identify strengthening needs on social and environmental evaluation, screening, mitigation and monitoring during the preparation of this ESMF. The suggestions on training and capacity development requirements under this section are based on the parent ENREP project, recent observations, and consultations during the field visits, which was conducted as part of the preparation of this ESMF. This chapter sets out training and capacity building that is required to support implementation of this ESMF. It states the detail training and capacity development requirement for DBE, MoWIE staffs and other regional and Wereda level implementing parties, MFIs, PSE who are directly or indirectly engage in the proposed off-grid alternative energy and clean cooking energy programs. This capacity development and training plan supports DBE and other institutions to develop their capacity to sufficiently screen, monitor, evaluate and assess the environmental impact of the two programs.
In many institutions, staff members have been retained for core activities of their profession whereas little consideration to directly oversee environmental management activities has been taken. In some cases, environment personnel are present but their level of training and technical capacity on environmental principles and tools of management is not sufficient. Training and awareness creation will be undertaken at different levels of implementation. These levels will entail the federal government, local authorities, private sector, micro finance institutions, NGOs, and grassroots stakeholders. The exercise will be customized according to each level’s needs to ensure adequacy in implementation of the ESMF.
Although the parent ENREP project has an ESMF document for the management of potential environmental and social impacts during the implementations of subproject activities, the existing capacity under DBE and regional and Wereda relevant institutions to implement the safeguards instruments is limited. Therefore, it is required to prepare an ESMF, containing a detail capacity development requirements and recommendations, through customizing the parent ENREP’s ESMF to identify the capacity gap and propose subproject specific training and other capacity development program.
In order to ensure proper implementation of environmental and social screening, and mitigation measures, as well as implementation of the subprojects in a sustainable manner, MoWIE will undertake a program of environmental training and institutional capacity building. The objective of the training under this ESMF is to:
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• Ensure that regional and Wereda officials, energy experts and extension agents in each region have the capacity to assist communities and beneficiaries in preparing their subproject proposals, and to appraise, approve and supervise implementation of subprojects; • Representatives and leaders of community members and farmer groups, Beneficiaries, Institutions and associations at local levels to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of subprojects activities; and, • Support Local MFIs, PSEs and extension agents to provide technical support (including basic ESMP, ESMF, RPF, and RAP) implementations to communities and farmers in implementing their subprojects in an environmental friendly and socially acceptable manner.
11.2 Training
The objective of the training activities are to ensure that relevant regional and Wereda government staff, private sector, micro finance institutions, and other beneficiaries at local level are able to design and contract the proposed Off-grid alternative Energy and Clean cooking energy programs in an environmental friendly and socially acceptable way. It helps also to ensure that local government officials and other project implementers have the capacity to analyze environmental and social impacts, recommend mitigation measures and appraise, approve and supervise implementation of subprojects.
The DBE environmental and social safeguards specialists will require an induction training on World Bank and GoE environmental and social safeguards policies, and on the use of the screening and other pertinent checklists. Annual follow-up training is anticipated. The training will take place in Addis Ababa, regions and respective Weredas, as required.
In general, technical training, awareness creation, and sensitization will also be required for experts/technicians and officials from of the following institutions.
• Credit Officers, Energy Experts and Safeguards specialists at DBE; • Relevant experts/officials in MoWIE; • Relevant experts and officials from Regional WME Bureaus; • Wereda WME experts/officials; • Private Sector Enterprises; • Micro Finance Institutions; • Kebele Extension agents; • Representatives from community members; and, • NGOs.
The training will focus on:
• WB safeguards policies as well as implementation and enforcement; • Stakeholder engagement, consultation and partnerships; 108 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
• EIA law, procedures, & guidelines and enforcing mechanisms; • Application of ESMF tools (Screening checklists, ESMP, EA), their review, implementation and enforcement; • Development of mitigation measures and Environmental and Social Management Plans; • Environmental reporting, monitoring and follow-up of ESMF; and, • Installation maintenance and Operations of Alternative energy technology (Solar Home System, Biogas, etc.).
Table 11 sets out the specific training requirements of each of these participants which are categorized in the following:
1) Technical training (T)-In -depth training to a level that allows trainees to go on to train others, including technical procedures where relevant; 2) Sensitization (S), in which the trainees become familiar with the issues to a sufficient extent that it allows them to demand their precise requirements for further technical assistance; and, 3) Awareness creation trainings (A), in which the participants acknowledge the significance or relevance of the issues, though they have not in-depth technical knowledge of the issues.
Training for energy experts at Wereda level will be required, both on general environmental issues and on the specific screening procedures and mitigating measures described in the ESMF. Initial as well as annual follow-up training is anticipated. Training of local level will provide a good opportunity for the DBE’s Safeguards Specialists, experts/officials in the monitoring and evaluation team and Energy Coordination Team to obtain solid experience from the Wereda level that will be useful for subsequent training of regional and Wereda level and for the development/refinement of Wereda level training materials.
The MoWIE in coordination with regional experts will undertake training courses on environmental and social safeguards issues, possible adverse impacts of subprojects, and grievance mechanisms to Kebele and community levels. The regional and Wereda energy experts will be organizing other training/awareness sessions for the communities and beneficiaries, into which these aspects will be integrated.
Based on the annual detailed training plans, the DBE Energy Coordination Team in collaboration with regional and Wereda level energy experts will conduct selection of participants.
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Table 11: Training and Sensitization Requirements Participants
Energy Regional and Kebele Extension Staff from Elders, PSEs and Coordination Wereda agents, community National and Representatives MFIs Topics Team, Energy teams members, regional Line from Safeguard Beneficiaries Ministries and community specialists & Bureau members related experts at DBE and MoWIE
ESIA/ESMP Procedure guideline preparation and implantation of ESMP T T S S A S
Integrating environmental and social management into development planning T T A S NA A
Public consultation T T S A A A
Applying ESMF and Application of ESMF tools (Screening checklists, ESMP, EA), their T T S S A A review, implementation and enforcement.
National and International standards on environmental and social management issues T S NA S NA S
EIA law, procedures, & guidelines and enforcing mechanisms T T A A A A
Development of mitigation measures and ESMPs T T A A A A
Stakeholders Engagement, consultation and partnerships T S A A A S
Subproject specific ESMP development and application T T S A A S
World Bank Safeguard policies, implementation and enforcement T T A A A A
Environmental reporting, monitoring and follow-up of ESMF T T A A A A
Installation, Maintenance and Operation of Alternative Energy technology (Solar home T T A S NA A system, Biogas, etc.)
T = detailed training, S = sensitization to the issues, A = raised awareness, NA=not applicable
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As a general guideline, training and awareness/sensitization of DBE’s environmental and social safeguards specialists, credit officers and energy experts; relevant staffs from line ministries and bureaus at the national, regional and Wereda levels on issues of environmental and social impacts is required. The sensitization/awareness training will aim to build the capacity, create awareness and sensitize on the requirements and key aspects of ESMF for a broad audience comprising of experts and officials from DBE, MoWIE, MFIs and PSEs.
In addition, a more detailed and specific training module will be developed and delivered to the regional and Wereda level alternative energy project teams, and other relevant staff in the line government institutions, such as staffs from the Ministry/Directorate of Environment, involved in implementation of the two proposed programs. This training will include regular updates and refresher modules delivered during ESMF implementation.
The training and capacity building activities which are proposed to support ESMF implementation are:
• A general training and awareness/sensitization for relevant stakeholder at all levels and local communities on the contents and implementation of requirements of this ESMF; and, • In-depth training for the energy project team members at the regional and Wereda level on the ESMF implementation, including all aspects of environmental management, ESIA, ESMP, public consultation, and integration of environmental management into project development planning.
Training to regional and Wereda level staff and staffs from line agencies, MFIs and PSEs, MFI’s focal persons/staff at the Kebele level on issues of environmental management is required in the form of induction training followed by regular refresher courses and updates.
Specialists in the MoWIE in collaboration with Regional Energy team members will provide training to Wereda energy experts. A cascade model of training will be adopted with regular oversight from the Regional and national level. For each group, training will be provided to bring them to a different level of expertise in the different areas (see Table 12). Programs will also include refresher courses in all of the identified topics.
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Table 12: Proposed Training Packages Audience Training Component Duration Potential Trainers
Energy Team All training topics listed under table 11. 5-day workshop for the first • Consultant; Coordination, safeguard year and 1-day refresher • MoEFCC; specialists and related courses annually experts at DBE and • WB safeguard Team; MoWIE and, • Other relevant institutions. • Consultant; All training topics listed under table 11, 3-day workshop for the first • MoEFCC; except sensitization workshop on year and 1/2-day refresher • Regional National and International standards on courses annually Environmental and Regional Energy project environmental and social management Forest Bureaus (or team issues. related institutions); • DBE; • MoWIE; and, • WB Safeguard Team. All training topics listed under table 11, 3-day workshop for the first • Regional WME; and, except sensitization workshop on year and 1/2-day refresher • Regional National and International standards on courses annually Environmental and Wereda Energy project environmental and social management Forest Bureaus (or team issues. related institutions).
Sensitization and raised awareness on 1-day sensitization workshop as • Wereda environment Kebele Extension relevant topics stated under table 11. required offices; agents, community • MFIs; and, members, Beneficiaries • WME offices.
Elders and Sensitization and raised awareness on 1-day sensitization workshop as • MFI; Representatives from relevant topics stated under table 11. required • Wereda environment community members offices; and, • WMEB.
Staff from National and Sensitization and raised awareness for 1-day sensitization workshop • MoEFCC staff; regional Line Ministries most of the topics stated under table 11. per region as required, 1/2-day • WB Safeguard Team; and Bureaus refresher courses, as needed • DBE; and, • MoWIE.
Private Sector Sensitization and raised awareness for 1-day awareness raised • DBE; Enterprises and Micro most of the topics stated under table 11. workshop during project • MoWIE; Finance Institutions implementation period, 1/2-day refresher courses, as needed • MoEFCC;
• WMEB; and,
• WB Safeguards Team,
An example of an agenda for a proposed one (1) day training workshop on ESMF implementation and integration of environment and social management concerns into development planning is provided in 112 Development Bank of Ethiopia Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) table 13. Accordingly, DBE and MoWIE in collaboration with Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus will develop the training agenda during the planned training period. The training programs will also include refresher courses in all of the topics identified.
Table 13: Sample-training agenda for a day Session Content
Introduction to This session will introduce participants to the theory and application of ESMF as Environmental and a decision making tool. It will outline the principles of ESMF and provide clear Social Management definitions on ESMP practice terminology (e.g. classification of impacts, natural Plans resource base (water, soil, land, biodiversity, air, etc., mitigation and monitoring) and social baseline (employment, social, health, etc.).
World Bank This section will discuss the relevant principal World Bank safeguard policies Safeguard Policies and their application to subprojects under the subprojects under discussion. In and national addition, the applicable GoE legislation will be discussed in terms of the relevant legislation environmental and social laws and policies, which apply to activities under the program.
Screening of the two A list of potential activities to be financed under the projects will be discussed. proposed programs’ Application of the screening checklist will be explained using case studies. subprojects
Impact identification Potential impacts related to various types of activities will be discussed, in terms of their significance (adverse or minimal, positive or negative), magnitude (long
term versus short term), and impact category (localized or cumulative).
Table 14 sets out the estimated budget requirements which will be updated by DBE’s energy coordination team in collaboration with environmental and social Safeguard specialists of DBE and relevant experts in the energy program within the MoWIE. A contingency is included to cater for training of new staff from Wereda or regional energy project team in occasions where the first appointed energy team member has resigned and for re-training of non-performers.
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Table 14: Estimated Budget for training activities Training activity Duration Cost/participa No. of Estimated [days] nt/day* [USD] participants Total Cost
Safeguards Specialists and other related experts at DBE and MoWIE
National training course 5 50 10 2500
Annual follow up training for year two 1 50 10 500
Regional and Wereda Energy teams
Initial training 3 50 76 11400
Annual follow up training 1/2 50 76 3800
PSE and MFI staff, Line and sector Ministries and community representative from implementing Weredas
Initial training/Workshop 1 50 120 6000
Trainers
National and Regional level trainings 8 100 3 2400
Lump sum cost for Wereda and Kebele 2000 level trainings
Training facilities
Lump sum stationary, banner, hall rent, 6000 entertainment, facilitator and others
Total 34, 600
Contingency 10% 3,460
Grand Total 38,060
* Inclusive of participants' transport and per diems and, if applicable, trainers' (regional energy experts and in the case of initial training of Wereda energy team members transport and per diems. The lump sum cost which will be described later on during preparation of training proposals should also include costs of stationery materials, handouts, refreshments, and if there are costs for facilitators.
At the national level, the training activities in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment including environmental project screening and implementation of ESMF can be conducted by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change or private consultants under the supervision of the MoWIE with the support of the DBE. This will have to be done before the implementation of the project, so as to apply the knowledge/skills during implementation of the subprojects. Skills in the screening process will be very useful for assessing the environmental implications of the subproject activities at the outset.
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11.3 Technical assistance
As most of the subprojects under the two proposed programs are expected to be small-scale and have limited impacts that can be easily mitigated (environmental assessment category “B”), it is anticipated that the regional energy team members and the DBE safeguard specialists and staff from Energy Coordination Team at DBE will be able to provide the required technical assistance on environmental and social safeguards management to Wereda energy experts. The Wereda energy experts on the other hand will provide training and awareness to Kebele focal persons. In cases where the environmental assessments are more complicated the Wereda energy experts and Kebele focal persons will request assistance from the regional alternative energy teams or Regional/Wereda environmental offices. In order to strengthen the capacity of DBE and to ensure sound implementation of ESMF and other subprojects environmental and social safeguard instruments, DBE will recruit two additional environmental and social safeguard specialists.
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12. ESMF MONITORING, ANNUAL AUDIT, EVALUATION AND REPORTING
12.1 Monitoring
Monitoring is a continuing process throughout the life of the proposed programs from subproject installation and construction phase up to operation and decommissioning phase. Its purpose is to establish benchmarks so that the nature and magnitude of anticipated environmental and social impacts can be continually assessed ensuring the achievement of ESMF objectives. Monitoring of ESMF could be continuous during subproject implementations or periodic review as annual monitoring/auditing to determine and guarantee the effectiveness of ESMF measures and procedures.
The objectives of monitoring are:
i) To alert program implementers by providing timely information about the success or otherwise of the environmental management process outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to Ethiopia off-grid renewable energy and Ethiopia clean cooking energy programs’ environmental and social management process (even beyond the project’s life); and, ii) To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures incorporated in the technical designs and the EMP have been successful in such a way that the pre-project environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or is worse than before and to determine what further mitigation measures may be required.
The ESMF implementation indicators to be monitored during project implementation include the following:
• Number of field appraisals undertaken;
• Number of ESMPs developed;
• Number of written warnings of violations of ESMPs issued to Private Sector Enterprises, Microfinance institutions, project contractors and/or the beneficiaries in case of non-compliances;
• Number of recommendations from the WB missions, annual review and monitoring that have been implemented by the beginning of the following year;
• Number of chance find procedures for physical cultural resources invoked, if applicable;
• Number of staff at all levels trained in the implementation of this ESMF; and, • Number of staff at federal, regional and Wereda levels attending training course in ESMF, RAP/RPF, ESMP, ESIA, and other safeguards instruments.
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The ESMF training component is monitored through indicators of number of safeguard specialists, Regional and Wereda energy experts, PSE, MFI’s staff at Regional and Wereda level Biogas focal points, elders, beneficiaries and community members etc. trained and the topics covered.
Follow up on previous recommendations is monitored through the number of recommendations from the annual review that have been implemented. The indicators are deliberately very simple. Despite their simplicity, the integration of these indicators into both off grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs monitoring & evaluation systems provides a guarantee that the ESMF will be implemented in full during the two programs implementation period.
The Monitoring and Evaluation Team and/or the Energy Coordination Team in the SFA & RFIP Coordination Directorate of the DBE will report to the DBE, MoWIE and the World Bank, who will lead and oversee the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. Monitoring and evaluation is necessary to ensure that (i) the ESMF process is being implemented appropriately, and (ii) the mitigation measures are being identified and implemented. This will enable to identify various issues that necessitate amendments in the ESMF so as to improve its effectiveness.
12.2 Annual Audit
Annual Audit: an independently commissioned environmental and social audit/monitoring will be carried out on an annual basis as required. Annual Audit of the ESMF implementation will be undertaken by external consultants. The reviews amongst other things will assess the performance of the two Programs’ against the procedures described in this document, the need for future training, and the environmental and social impacts of the off grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy Programs. Guidelines for annual reviews are included in annex 7.
The Annual Audit also provides a strong incentive for DBE and MoWIE to ensure that the ESMF will be implemented, and the project ESMPs will be developed and implemented. An Annual Audit Report will include a summary of the environmental performance of the two programs, based on the subproject ESMPs and measures indicated in the ESMF; presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the subproject ESMPs; and a synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual project monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject ESMPs), at local level.
The main tasks of the audit study will be, but not limited to:
• Consideration of the description of the project;
• Indicate the objective, scope and criteria of the audit;
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• Verify the level of compliance by the proponent with the conditions of the environmental management plan;
• Evaluate the proponent’s knowledge and awareness of and responsibility for the application of relevant legislation;
• Review existing project documentation related to all project facilities and designs;
• Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and corrective actions in case of emergencies;
• Examine records of incidents and accidents and the likelihood of future occurrence of the incidents and accidents;
• Inspect areas where subproject equipment and materials are stored and disposed of and give a record of all significant environmental risks associated with such activities;
• Examine and seek views on health and safety issues from the project staffs, the local and other potentially affected communities; and,
• Prepare a list of health, safety and environmental concerns of past and on-going activities.
The suggested annual report template for a subproject is depicted in annex 8. An annual monitoring and evaluation report must be submitted to the WB by the DBE.
12.3 End-of-project evaluation
Based on the comprehensive annual reviews, an end-of-project evaluation will take place, going into more details with some of the issues raised in the annual reviews and the impact of the capacity development activities provided to the GoE relevant ministries and institutions officials and staffs. The evaluation will be performed as per the OECD/DAC criteria of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability2.
12.4 Reporting
To monitor the progress of the implementation of the measures that have been identified in this ESMF, annual reviews will be carried out as outlined in annex 7. The principal output of the annual reviews is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address: a) ESMF performance, and b) cumulative
2For more information on the OECD/DAC criteria, please refer to http://www.oecd.org/dac/ evaluationofdevelopmentprograms/daccriteriaforevaluatingdevelopmentassistance.htm
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13. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
This section of the ESMF describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social concerns are adequately addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by the project for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of subprojects. This section sets out the reporting systems and schedules for ESMF implementation adherence to the program implementation period.
In order to comply with various technical and performance standards, the proposed subproject activities to be supported under these two programs shall comply with this Environmental and Social Management Framework. The implementation, monitoring and reporting arrangements for the ESMF have been worked out within the overall institutional structure for implementation of the proposed Off grid Renewable energy and Clean Cooking Energy program. The implementation schedule for the ESMF is outlined in table 15 and takes into account all activities related to the proposed measures (enhancement and mitigation), the monitoring program, consultations, and institutional arrangements.
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Table 15: Implementation schedule for ESMF
No. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 2017-2018 2018-2019 REPORTING DEADLINES Quarterly Quarterly
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 Recruitment of safeguards specialists • Immediate after staff are recruited
2 Various Capacity development • ESMP before project Programs approval and/or after finalizing screening of subprojects • Annually at year 1&2 of th 4 quarter
3 Development of Site-specific ESMPs
4 Development of Site Specific Work plans
5 Technical Assistance Annually
6 ESMF implementation, monitoring Every quarter and supervisions
7 Annual reviews of ESMF Annually by the end of 4th quarter
8 End-of-Program evaluation By the end of 2nd year of 4th quarter
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14. BUDGET REQUIREMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMNTAION
The estimated budget requirement for the implementation of the ESMF is indicated in table 16 while the summary of ESMF budget is depicted in table 17. The environmental management cost is not included in the ESMF budget, as it will be covered directly or indirectly by the two programs, i.e. through allocation for regional and/or Wereda subproject’s administrative and logistical expenses or through inclusion of cost for mitigating measures in contracts with contractors, beneficiaries or communities.
The breakdown of activities with cost implications for the implementation of ESMF includes development of sites specific ESMPs.
Given the nature and locality of the proposed subproject site and the significance of the scale of anticipated impacts will be identified during screening of subprojects for which the site specific ESMP will be prepared. This ESMP will use the information and template stated under environmental and social impacts, management and monitoring sections of this ESMF. Recruitment of environmental and social specialists or consideration of other alternative means is required to develop site specific Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) for all subprojects. National consultant is required for a period of at least one month to undertake environmental and social audit that will be mainstreamed within the scope of the Programs’ Annual Audit.
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Table 16: Estimated budget requirements for the implementation of the ESMF No ACTIVITY Estimated No. of Estimated Cost in USD Remarks . number of days participants Y1 Y2 Total Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 Total 1 Institutional Development
Policy, guidelines or other related 30 30 1 1 1500 1500 One-day induction workshop for topics induction workshops officials (50 USD/day for lodging and per diem) 2 Training and Workshops 2.1 DBE and MoWIE staff members (5 from each institution) 2 Weredas from each region, 2 people from each region and 2 from the two city administrations (50 USD/day for lodging and per diem) · Training 10 10 10 5000 2500 5 days training · Refresher workshop 10 10 1 500 500 1 day 2.2 Regional, 2 city administrations and Wereda energy experts · Training 388 38 76 3 3 5700 5700 11400 3 days training, two staff from each 3 line ministries, MFI and PSE from each region and two administration (50 USD/day for lodging, transport and per diem) · Refresher workshop 76 76 1/2 1/2 0 3800 3800 1/2 day
2.3 Energy experts, PSE and MFI staff, relevant Ministries and community representative from implementing Weredas · Workshop 60 60 120 1 1 3000 3000 6000 1 day workshop
Lump sum stationary, banner, hall 6000 rent , entertainment and other 2.4 Trainers at federal and regional level 3 0 3 8 0 2400 2400 Environment, Social, Energy experts 2.5 Trainers at federal and regional level- 2000 Lump sum
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No ACTIVITY Estimated No. of Estimated Cost in USD Remarks . number of days participants Y1 Y2 Total Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 Total 2.6 Training facilities-Lump sum 6000 Sub Total 34,600 Contingency (10%) 3,460 Total 38,060 3 ESMF implementation 6000 6000 12,000 Lump sum for monitoring Monitoring: lump sum 4 GRM implementation: Lump sum 4000 4000 8000 5 Recruitment of additional two 2 2 12,000 12,000 24000 Lump sum for two years safeguard staff for two years 6 Annual reviews of ESMF 20000 Based on two annual reviews (the last annual review is replaced by the end- of-program evaluation) 7 End-of-Program ESMF evaluation 10000 An evaluation of the impact of the ESMF and the subprojects Sub-total 112,060 Contingency 10% 11,206 Grand Total 123,266
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Table 17: Summary of ESMF budget
Activity Description Total cost [USD] Capacity development As per chapter 11 (table 14) and chapter 38, 060 14 (table 16). ESMF Monitoring Lump sum for two years quarterly 12,000 monitoring GRM implementation Lump sum for two years 8,000 Recruitment of additional two Lump sum for two safeguards specialist 24000 safeguards staff for two years for two years Annual reviews of ESMF Based on two annual reviews (the last 20,000 annual review is replaced by the end-of- program evaluation) (as per chapter 12) End-of-Program evaluation An evaluation of the impact of the 10,000 ESMF and the subprojects (as per chapter 12) Total 112,060 Contingence (10%) 11,206 Grand Total 123,266
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15. FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSING REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM)
15.1 Feedback and Grievance mechanism
Grievance redressing mechanisms have to be designed in view of the fact that subproject activities may upset the existing balance in society. The resettlement project will touch upon property issues, means of livelihood, and organization of social and spatial aspects that influence proximity to a set of environmental, economic, social, and spiritual assets. Therefore, the grievance redressing system has to be designed in such a way that it functions in a flexible manner and the implementing agency has to incline to a pro-poor approach in all its decisions. The GRM will have a working place and adequate budget for implementation.
Grievances will be actively managed and tracked to ensure that appropriate resolution and actions are taken. A clear time schedule will be defined for resolving grievances, ensuring that they are addressed in an appropriate and timely manner, with corrective actions being implemented if appropriate and the complainant being informed of the outcome.
Grievances may arise from members of communities who are dissatisfied with (i) the eligibility criteria, (ii) community planning and resettlement measures, or (iii) actual implementation. This chapter sets out the measures to be used to manage grievances.
The grievance procedure does not replace existing legal processes. Based on consensus, the procedures will seek to resolve issues quickly in order to expedite the receipt of entitlements, without resorting to expensive and time-consuming legal actions. If the grievance procedure fails to provide a result, complainants can still seek legal redress
A local grievance hearing committee (GHC) will be established, consisting of representatives from the village or town, municipality, Wereda, or Kebele administration, the displaced/affected persons, village elders or influential personalities other than the displaced/affected persons, and the church/mosque administration. Grievances should be settled amicably whenever possible. That is, positive discussions are made to convince the affected PAPs in the presence of the GHC. However, if the resolution of a case requires additional payment any form of relocation of resources, the report shall be sent to the appropriate administrative executive for consideration. If the administrator agrees to the recommendation, he/she shall instruct the resettlement/appropriate unit to implement the amended provision; on the other hand, if the recommendation of the GHC is such that it upsets legal frameworks, the aggrieved party may be advised to pursue the case in a normal law court.
According to proclamationN0Pproclamation No0.455/2005, Article11, subarticle1: “In rural areas and in urban centers where an administrative organ to hear grievances related to urban land holding is not yet established, a complaint relating to the amount of compensation shall be submitted to the regular court having jurisdiction.”
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In urban areas, a PAP who is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation may complain to an administrative organ and if the PAP is still not satisfied, may appeal to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court within thirty days from the date of the decision.
15.2 World Bank Group (WBG) Grievance Redress Service
Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a WBG supported program, may submit complaints to existing program-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WBG‘s Grievance Redress Service (GRS).The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address program-related concerns. Program affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WBG‘s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WBG non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the WBG‘s attention, and WBG Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the WBG‘s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/GRS.
A detailed feedback and grievance mechanism will be included in the Operations Manual for the overall functioning of the two programs. It will be ensured that the grievance mechanisms will include the necessary procedures for disclosure and resolution of environmental and social related grievances of each subproject.
The grievance mechanism will detail procedures on how grievances related to proposed subprojects are dealt with, including how, when and where subproject information is disclosed, who will receive and respond to grievances, when grievances are referred to higher levels, and how grievances are ideally resolved. It is anticipated that the grievance mechanism will contain procedures for addressing grievances at different levels, including at Kebele, Wereda, zone, region and national level with multiple lines of reporting and special attention to grievance channels for vulnerable groups. In case of any request, it is anticipated that grievances can be put forward both in writing and orally.
Based on the Bank’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS), project-affected communities and individuals may submit complaints regarding a Bank-financed project to the project grievance redress mechanism, appropriate local grievance mechanism, or the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS). Annex 11 describes the generic grievance redress mechanism that can be applied to the programs.
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REFERENCES
Addis Ababa City Administration (no date), Finance and Economy Development Bureau, Addis Ababa Socio-Economic Profile, Addis Ababa.
CSA (August 2013), Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Wereda Level from 201 –2017, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Dire Dawa Administration (July 2006), Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of Dire Dawa Administration, 2006/7 - 2010/2011, Dire Dawa.
ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCo) (December 2011), Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP).
ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCo) (December 2011), Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP).
FDRE (1995), Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2001), Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy, Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2002), A Proclamation Provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2002), Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2005), A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2011), Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy, Addis Ababa.
FDRE (January 2003), Guideline Series Documents For Reviewing Environmental Impact Study Reports, Environmental Protection Authority Addis Ababa.
FDRE (no date), Energy Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
FDRE, Proclamation No. 916/2015, Definition of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Hivos Unlimited et.al (May 2014), National Biogas Program Ethiopia phase II (NBPE-II), NBPE-II Program Implementation Document, Final Version
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International Development Association (May 6, 2016), Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Credit, Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project, Report No. PAD1691.
Ministry of Federal Affairs (February 2004), Industrial and Trade Development Study of Dire Dawa, (First Draft), Dire Dawa Development and Improvement Project Office, (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa).
Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection, (October, 1994), Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection Strategy and Major Programs, National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Addis Ababa.
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (January 2015.), GTP II, 2008-2012 E.C., Addis Ababa (in Amharic).
MOFED and EPA (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
National Planning Commission (December 2015), Growth and Transformation Plan II, Main Document, Addis Ababa, (in Amharic).
Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities, (Version 04.0) The World Bank (March 2005), The World Bank Operations Manual- Operational Policies. World Bank (no date), Information on World Bank Projects and Policies, Safeguard Policies for World Bank Reconstruction Projects, Chapter 21.Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities, (Version 04.0).
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFORESTS/Resources/OP401.pdf https://advocacy4oromia.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/an-overview-of-oromias-tourism-resources.pdf [An Overview of Oromia’s Tourism Resources]
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ANNEXES
Annex 1: List of Subprojects that are not eligible for Funding
Subproject that are not eligible for funding
Subprojects that will block the access to water points etc. used by others
Subprojects that will cause encroachment to, and adversely affect, important natural habitats ( e.g., wildlife reserves; parks or sanctuaries; protected areas; natural habitat areas, forests and forest reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other ecologically/environmentally sensitive areas)
Subprojects that will impact on physical cultural resources (archaeological sites; religious monuments or structures; natural sites with cultural values; cemeteries; graveyards; graves; and other sites of significance)
Subprojects that will be located in protected areas and ecologically sensitive sites
Subprojects that would not disadvantage or give advantage to community members.
Subproject that will contravene international and regional conventions on environmental and social issues
Subprojects that cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings
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Annex 2: Environmental and Social Screening Checklist for Screening of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of Off-Grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy Programs
This section outlines the selection criteria and associated Environmental and Social Assessment procedures to be applied when screening subprojects. This form is to be used by the DBE/MFIs to screen all proposed subprojects under the two programs. Annex 2.1: Subproject information for screening potential safeguards impacts (Form 1) I. Basic Data:
Name of the Program: Subprojects Name: Subprojects Location: Name of the Beneficiary: Address: Civil Works to be constructed: Proposed Date for Commencement of Work: Technical Specifications Reviewed: Yes __ No __ DBE/MFI Team Representative and Address:
Site Selection: II. Site Description Site Features Description
Physical description of the site
Proximity to existing water points, wells and other water resources
Presence and type of vegetation
What is the current land use?
Who identified the site?
Who is the owner or user of the land?
Who occupies the land?
Completeness of Subproject Application: Does the subproject application document contain, as appropriate, the following information?
Issues to be considered Yes No N/A Description of the proposed subproject and where it is located Reasons for proposing the subproject The estimated cost of construction and operation Information about how the site was chosen, and what alternatives were considered A map or drawing showing the location and boundary of the subproject including any land required temporarily during construction The plan for any physical works (e.g. layout, buildings, other structures, construction materials)
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Issues to be considered Yes No N/A Any new access arrangements or changes to existing road layouts Any land that needs to be acquired, as well as who owns it, lives on it or has rights to use it A work program for construction, operation and decommissioning the physical works, as well as any site restoration needed afterwards Construction methods Resources to be used in construction and operation (e.g. materials, water, energy) Information about measures included in the subprojects plan to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts Details of any permits required for the subproject
Annex 2.2: Subproject eligibility checklist for DBE or MFI at the National/Regional/Wereda/Kebele level (Form 2) Name of the Program: Name of the subproject: Location of the subproject: Region: ______Zone: ______Wereda: ______Kebele:______Person(s) who did the eligibility checklist
Name Organization Signature Date 1. 2.
Answer the following questions to determine whether the subproject is eligible or not* Will the subproject Yes No cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings block the access to or use of water points etc. used by others located in protected areas and other ecologically sensitive ecosystems create encroachment and/or cause significant adverse impacts to critical natural habitats (e.g., wildlife reserves; parks or sanctuaries; protected areas; forests and forest reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other ecologically/environmentally sensitive areas) significant impact on physical cultural resources (archaeological sites; religious monuments or structures; natural sites with cultural values; cemeteries; graveyards; graves; and other sites of significance) Have risk on and/or exclude some members of a community, including vulnerable and minority groups Contravene international and regional conventions on environmental and social issues * Please see Chapter 6&7 (and relevant government proclamations and standards) to avoid any subjective impact analysis of subprojects. This simple checklist can be used by DBE/MFI as a format for fast track eligibility checking of identified program activities (see also Annex 1).
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Eligibility Recommendations: It should be noted that if your answer is “YES” to any of the questions above, your subproject is not eligible and has to be rejected unless the features can be avoided by change of design and/or other appropriate mitigation measures.
Subproject is eligible and approved:
Subproject is not eligible and rejected, and requires further action:
Screening supervised and approved by:
Name Position Signature Date: 1. ______
Annex 2.3. Screening checklist for subprojects with environmental and social concerns (needing special attention) (Form 3)
Name of the Program: Name of the subproject: Location of the subproject: Region: ______Zone: ______Wereda: ______Kebele:______Person(s) who did the eligibility checklist Name Organization Signature Date 1. 2.
A. Subprojects of environmental and social concern
Feature of environmental and social concern: Will the subproject Yes No Comments Involves land acquisition, or loss of assets, or access to assets on the land Have chemical wastes, disposal and pollution issues Displace individuals, families or businesses Encroach any sensitive area, like wetlands, national parks Located in or near an area where there is an important historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site Have risk of causing the contamination of drinking water
If the subprojects have any of the above features (‘Yes’ answers), the concerned focal person/expert, within the DBE/MFIs in collaboration with those concerned (WMEB ), notifies the MoWIE, Regional and Wereda Environmental offices to make sure that the necessary procedures and guidelines are followed as per chapters 6 and 7 and Annexes 3 and 4. In addition, the subprojects have to be screened for any potential environmental and social concern as per the checklist given below (Annex 2.2).
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Recommendations Subproject needs special attention:
Subproject does not need special attention: Additional comments ______Screening supervised and approved by:
Name Position Signature Date:
1______
B. Checklist for environmental and social impact rating for subproject activities or subprojects of environmental and social concerns. Impact rating will be considered both in terms of consequence of impacts and probability of impacts as depicted in Chapter 6 of this report so as to avoid subjective impact analysis. No. Type of activity – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts A None Low Medium High Unknown 1 Build or rehabilitate any rural roads? 2 Build or rehabilitate any electric energy system? 3 Build or rehabilitate any structures or buildings? 4 Support agricultural activities? 5 Be located in or near an area where there is an important historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site? 6 Be located within or adjacent to any areas that are or may be protected by government (e.g. national park, national reserve, world heritage site) or local tradition, or that might be a natural habitat? 7 Depend on water supply from existing reservoirs, weir, or other water diversion structure? B Environment – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts None Low Medium High Unknown 8 Have risk of causing the contamination of drinking water? 9 Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water-related diseases such as malaria or bilharzias? 10 Be located within or nearby environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, mangroves, wetlands) or threatened species? 11 Create a risk of increased soil degradation or erosion? 12 Produce, or increase the production of, solid or liquid wastes (e.g. water, medical, domestic or construction wastes)?
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13 Affect the quantity or quality of surface waters (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands), or groundwater (e.g. wells)? 14 Result in the production of solid or liquid waste, or result in an increase in waste production, during construction or operation? C Environment – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts None Low Medium High Unknown 15 Require that land (public or private) be acquired (temporarily or permanently) for its development? 16 Use land that is currently occupied or regularly used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening, farming, pasture, fishing locations, forests) 17 Displace individuals, families or businesses? 18 Result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees or household infrastructure such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens? 19 Result in the involuntary restriction of access by people to legally designated parks and protected areas?
*To avoid subjective analysis of impact significance (low, medium or high), please use the criteria given below on “Summary of site sensitivity”. When considering the location of a subproject, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects. The following table should be used as a reference. Summary of site sensitivity Site Sensitivity Issues Low Medium High
Presence of critical natural habitats Sensitive No natural habitats No critical natural present. hot spot biodiversity area, Natural present of any kind, habitats; other fragile ecosystem with in declared habitats No critical hot spot natural habitats protected area (Wetland, biodiversity area, occur national parks) fragile ecosystem
Water quality Water flows exceed Medium intensity Intensive water use; multiple water and water any existing demand; of water use; users; potential for conflicts is high; resource low intensity of water multiple water water quality issues are important availability use; potential water users; water quality Intensive water use; multiple water and use use conflicts expected issues are users; potential for conflicts is high; to be low; no potential important water quality issues are important water quality issues
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Site Sensitivity Issues Low Medium High
Natural Flat terrain; no Medium slopes; Mountainous terrain; steep slopes; hazards potential some erosion unstable soils; high erosion potential; vulnerability, stability/erosion potential; medium volcanic, seismic or flood risks floods, soil problems; no known risks from stability/ volcanic/seismic/ volcanic/seismic/ erosion flood risks flood/ hurricanes
Cultural No known or Suspected cultural Known heritage sites in project area property suspected cultural heritage sites; Physical heritage sites known heritage cultural sites in broader resources area of influence
Involuntary No economic or If it displaces less If it displaces greater than 200 people resettlement physical displacement than 200 people
Land No land acquisition If the activity takes If the activity takes more than 20% acquisition less than 20% of of households land households land
Summary of assessment (based on field visit): ______
Environmental Category (B or C) of the subproject activity/ subproject (with justification): ______
Recommendation
The subproject can be considered for approval. The application is complete, all significant environmental and social issues are resolved, and no further subproject planning is required: Approved without condition (Project activity is not of environmental and social concern and approved)
Safeguards instrument(s) required: Partial ESIA, ESMP or others (please specify)
ESMP required:
Rejected; reasons for rejection:
Others (specify):
A field appraisal is required.
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CERTIFICATION I/We certify that I/we have thoroughly examined all the potential adverse effects of this subproject. To the best of our knowledge, the subprojects plan as described in the application and associated planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP/ARAP,), if any, will be adequate to avoid or minimize all adverse environmental and social impacts. A Field Appraisal report will be completed and added to the subproject file.
Name of desk appraisal officer (print): …………………………………………………………...
Signature: …………………………Date: ……………………………… MoWIE/Regiona/Wereda Environmental offices representative
Name: …………………………………………………………..
Position: …………………………………………………………
Signature: ……………………………………………………
Date: …………………………………………………
Desk Appraisal by Review Authority: …………………………………………….
Note: A field appraisal must be carried out if the subproject: • Needs to acquire land, or an individual or community’s access to land or available resources is restricted or lost, or any individual or family is displaced; • May restrict the use of resources in a park or protected area by people living inside or outside of it; • May affect a protected area or a critical natural habitat; • May encroach onto an important natural habitat, or have an impact on ecologically sensitive ecosystems (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands); • May adversely affect or benefit an underserved and vulnerable people; • Involves or introduces the use of pesticides; • Involves, or results in: a) diversion or use of surface waters; b) construction or rehabilitation of latrines, septic or sewage systems; c) production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste, medical waste); d) new or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems; or e) weirs, reservoirs or water points; and, • Any others to be clarified/checked at the subproject site (please mention them).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Annex 3: Suggested Environmental and Social Field Appraisal Form for a Subproject
Name of the Program: NAME OF SUBPROJECT: Application Number:
PART 1: IDENTIFICATION 1. Subproject Name: (……………….)
2. Subproject Location: (…………………)
3. Reason for Field Appraisal:
4. Date(s) of Field Appraisal:
5. Field Appraisal Officer and Address:
6. Extension Team Representative and Address:
7. Community Representative and Address:
PART 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT 8. Subproject Details:
______
PART 3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES 9. Will the subproject: Yes No * Need to acquire land? * Affect an individual or the community's access to land or available resources? * Displace or result in the involuntary resettlement of an individual or family? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP/ARAP) included in the subproject application is adequate. No further action required. The RAP/ARAP included in the subproject application must be improved before the application can be considered further. An RAP/ARAP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further. 10. Will the subproject: Yes No * Encroach onto an important natural habitat? * Negatively affect ecologically sensitive ecosystems?
If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:
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The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in the subproject application is adequate. No further action required. The ESMP included in the subproject application must be improved before the application can be considered further. An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.
11. Will this subproject involve or result in: Yes No * Diversion or use of surface waters? * Production of waste? * New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The application describes suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. No further action required. The application does not describe suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.
12. Will this subproject rely on water supplied from an existing reservoirs or weir? Yes No If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The application demonstrates that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. No further action is required. The application does not demonstrate that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. A dam safety report must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.
15. Are there any other environmental or social issues that have not been adequately addressed?
Yes No If "Yes", summarize them:
......
And tick one of the following boxes: Before it is considered further, the application needs to be amended to include suitable measures for addressing these environmental or social issues. An ESMP needs to be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.
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PART 4: FIELD APPRAISAL DECISION
The subproject can be considered for approval. Based on a site visit and consultations with both interested and affected parties, the field appraisal determined that the community and its proposed project adequately address environmental and/or social issues as required by the ESMF.
Further subproject preparation work is required before the application can be considered further. The field appraisal has identified environmental and/or social issues that have not been adequately addressed. The following work needs to be undertaken before further consideration of the application:
All required documentation such as an amended application, ESMP, RAP/ARAP, will be added to the subprojects file before the subprojects is considered further.
Name of field appraisal officer (print): ......
Signature: ...... Date: ……………………………………
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Annex 4: Guideline for the preparation of site specific ESMP ESMPs should demonstrate that proposed environmental and social management and monitoring activities will encompass all major impacts and how they will be integrated into subproject supervision. The ESMP should also describe proposed measures, methods, and actions to facilitate public consultation. It is important that the ESMP identify linkages to other social and environmental safeguards plans relating to the subproject, such as plans dealing with resettlement issues. Given the scale and nature of the subproject and the significance of the potential anticipated impacts, Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus in collaboration with Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices are responsible for preparing a subproject specific ESMP for identified subprojects in a format suitable for inclusion as technical specifications in the contract of each subproject beneficiaries, if applicable and required. ESMPs should be finalized and approved after taking into account comments from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) at the national level and Regional and Wereda Environmental offices at regional and Wereda level. The World Bank safeguards team will review and provide comments on draft site-specific instruments (if required) and monitor safeguards compliance, among others. Given below are the important elements that constitute an ESMP: i) Description of the subproject: Scale nature and type of subprojects implemented under the proposed programs are summarized. ii) Description of Subproject implementation area: The Biophysical and social environmental setting of the specific subproject implementation area are summarized iii) Impacts: Predicted adverse environmental and social impacts (and any uncertainties about their effects) for which mitigation is necessary should be identified and summarized. iv) Description of Mitigation Measures: Each measure should be briefly described in relation to the impact(s) and conditions under which it is required. These should be accompanied by and/or referenced to designs, development activities (including solar home system and biogas equipment descriptions), operating procedures, and implementation responsibilities. Proposed measures and actions to facilitate public consultations should be clearly described and justified. Feasible and cost- effective measures to minimize adverse impacts to acceptable levels should be specified with reference to each impact identified. Further, the ESMP should provide details on the conditions under which the mitigation measure should be implemented. The ESMP should also indicate the various practicable measures applicable to the proposed subprojects at each project phases (design, construction and/or operation). Efforts should also be made to mainstream environmental aspects wherever possible.
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141 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) v) Description of monitoring program: The ESMP identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring required; it also describes performance indicators which provide linkages between impacts and mitigation measures identified in the ESA report, parameters to be measured (for example: national standards, extent of impacted area to be considered, etc.), methods to be used, sampling location and frequency of measurements, and definition of thresholds to signal the need for corrective actions. Monitoring and supervision arrangements should be agreed by the Bank and the borrower to: ensure timely detection of conditions requiring remedial measures in keeping with best practice; provide information and the progress and results of mitigation and institutional strengthening measures; and, assess compliance with National and World Bank environmental safeguard policies vi) Institutional arrangements: Institutions responsible for implementing mitigation measures and for monitoring their performance should be clearly identified. Where necessary, mechanisms for institutional coordination should be identified, as often, monitoring tends to involve more than one institution. This is especially important for subprojects requiring cross-sectoral integration. In particular, the ESMP specifies who is responsible for undertaking the mitigation and monitoring measures, e.g., for enforcement of remedial actions, monitoring of implementation, training, financing, and reporting. Institutional arrangements should also be crafted to maintain support for agreed enforcement measures for environmental protection. Where necessary, the ESMP should propose strengthening the relevant agencies through such actions as: establishment of appropriate organizational arrangements; appointment of key staff and consultants. vii) Implementing schedules: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring should be included in an implementation schedule, showing phasing and coordination with procedures in the overall subproject implementation/operations manual. Linkages should be specified where implementation of mitigation measures is tied to institutional strengthening and to the subproject legal agreements, e.g. as conditions for loan effectiveness or disbursement. viii) Reporting procedures: Feedback mechanisms to inform the relevant parties on the progress and effectiveness of the mitigation measures and monitoring itself should be specified. Guidelines on the type of information required and the presentation of feedback information should also be highlighted. ix) Cost estimates and sources of funds: Implementation of mitigation measures mentioned in the ESMP will involve an initial investment cost as well as recurrent costs. The ESMP should include cost estimates into the subproject design, bidding and contract documents to ensure that the contractors will comply with the mitigation measures. The costs for implementing the ESMP will be included in the subproject design, as well as in the bidding and contract documents. It is important to capture all costs – including administrative, design and consultancy, and operational and maintenance costs – resulting from meeting required standards or modifying subproject design.
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To ensure unique identification and to cater for changes in administrative borders or names, the ESMP further requires entering of GPS coordinates of the location, if applicable.
For each potential impacts of the subproject, corresponding mitigation measures, and who is responsible for implementation is indicated. For each potential environmental and social impact, there can be more than one mitigation measure. Responsibility for implementation of mitigation measures will typically rest with the contractor or beneficiary during construction and operation of the biogas and solar home systems.
The monitoring section of the ESMP prescribes indicators for monitoring the environmental and social impact and the effects of mitigation measures. The responsibility for this will typically rest with the DBE, MoWIE, and Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices, Regional Biogas Program Units, in collaboration with the respective pertinent institutions. A template for ESMP is depicted in annex 5.
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Annex 5: Suggested Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Template for a Subproject
Subproject identification
Subproject title/Name
Region Zone Wereda
Kebele/community Location GPS coordinates
Description of the subproject activity
Description of potential environmental and social impacts;
Description of planned mitigation measures and monitoring along with institutional responsibilities and capacity/training requirements
Environmental and Social Management Plan-Mitigation Project Phase Project Environmental Mitigation/ Institutional Cost activity Impacts enhancement responsibilit measures ies Pre-construction Construction Operation and maintenance Total mitigation costs
Environmental and Social Management Plan-Monitoring
Project Phase Mitigatio Parameter location measure freque Institution Cost n s to be ments ncy al measures monitored responsibil ities Pre-construction/ activities Construction/ activities Operation and maintenance/ activities Total monitoring costs
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Annex 6: Procedures for Chance Find of Physical Cultural Resources Given the proposed subprojects activities under the two Programs are implemented within the compound of the beneficiaries and acquire small plot area in case of mini-grid PV solar panel installation, no impact is expected on cultural resources. Bank policy OP/BP 4.11 was triggered in the Parent ENREP document, expecting that limited unforeseen impacts might occur during the installation and construction activities of subprojects. Within the scope of the two proposed Programs, any subproject activities that will impact the cultural resources are not eligible for funding under the two proposed Programs (for a list of subprojects not eligible for funding, please refer to Annex 1). In case of any possibility of chance find of physical cultural resources, most notably during excavation as part of construction activity, the chance find resource is one of the instruments to be used during the two Programs implementation period.
Such physical cultural resources may take the form of work of art, building structures, graves or other sites of importance, including sites of archaeological, historical or religious significance.
All chance finds of such physical cultural resources will lead to temporary suspension of all activity that will adversely impact the cultural resource. Contracts/Masons will include detailed procedures for ensuring the protection of the cultural resources, including cessation of activities until the significance of the find has been determined and until appropriate mitigating measures has been implemented. Annex 6 contains standard provisions to be annexed to contracts that potentially will lead to chance finds of physical cultural resources, as required.
The attachments outlined below will be annexed to the contract in case there is the possibility of chance find of physical cultural resources, i.e. in most cases of construction of biogas, digging wells for water sources for biogas, etc.
Attachment to contracts in case of potential chance find of physical cultural resources
If the Contractor discovers archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor/Masons shall: 1: Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided and as stated in annex 1, such subprojects are not eligible for funding. Where historical remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural, historical or archaeological importance (including graveyards) are unexpectedly discovered during construction in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, the following procedures should be applied: a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. b) Delineate the discovered area. c) Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible Regional authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism take over. d) Notify the Regional WME bureau alternative energy expert or environmental and social safeguards specialist who in turn will notify the MoWIE and DBE respective relevant institutions to contact the
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responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism immediately (less than 24 hours). e) The Ministry of Culture and Tourism will be in charge of protecting and preserving the area until deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This might require an evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the relevant Ministry Culture, and Tourism (within 1 week). The evaluation of the findings will take in consideration various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values as decided by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. f) Decisions on how to handle the finding are taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (within 2 weeks). This could include changes in the location of the subproject layout (such as when the finding is irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. g) Construction or rehabilitation work will resume only after authorization is provided by the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism concerning the safeguard of the heritage. h) Authorization to resume work shall be communicated to the contractor and/or regional and Wereda energy experts in writing by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2: In case of delays incurred indirect relation to any physical cultural resources findings not stipulated in the contract (and affecting the overall schedule of works), the contractor/masons may apply for an extension of time. However, the contractor/masons will not be entitled to any kind of compensation or claim other than what is directly related to the execution of the physical cultural resources findings works and protections.
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Annex 7: Guidelines for Annual Reviews Objectives: The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold:
a) To assess the two programs performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and,
b) To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to Solar panel, solar home system, and Biogas subprojects.
The two programs management is expected to use the annual reviews to improve on procedures and capacity for integrating natural resources and environmental/social management into proposed programs operations. They will also be a principal source of information to Bank supervision missions.
Scope of Work:
ESMF Performance Assessment The overall scope of the performance assessment work is to: a) Assess the adequacy of the subproject approval process and procedures based on interviews with Project participants, Project records, and the environmental and social performance of a sample of approved subprojects; b) Assess the adequacy of ESMF roles and responsibilities, procedures, forms, information resource materials, etc.; c) Assess the needs for further training and capacity building; d) Identify key risks to the environmental and social sustainability of subprojects; and, e) Recommend appropriate measures for improving ESMF performance.
The following tasks will be typical: a) Review national, regional and Wereda records of subproject preparation and approval (e.g. applications; management in the region and Wereda; screening checklists; EMPs, appraisal forms; approval documents), as well as related studies or reports on wider issues of natural resources and environmental management in the country; b) On the basis of this review, conduct field visits of a sample of approved subprojects to assess the completeness of planning and implementation work, the adequacy of environmental/social design, and compliance with proposed mitigation measures. The sample should be large enough to be representative and include a substantial proportion of subprojects that had (or should have had) a field
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appraisal according to established ESMF criteria. Subprojects in sensitive natural or social environments should especially be included; c) Interview national, regional and Wereda officials responsible for subproject appraisal and approval to determine their experience with ESMF implementation, their views on the strengths and weaknesses of the ESMF process, and what should be done to improve performance. Improvements may concern, for example, the process itself, the available tools (e.g. guidelines, forms, information sheets), the extent and kind of training available, and the amount of financial resources available; and, d) Develop recommendations for improving ESMF performance.
Cumulative Impacts Assessment This part of the annual review assesses the actual or potential cumulative impacts of subprojects with other subprojects or development initiatives on the environment, natural resources and community groups, if applicable. Cumulative impacts result from a number of individual small-scale activities that, on their own, have minimal impacts, but over time and in combination generate a significant impact. For example: a) Decline in groundwater levels or quality due to the abstraction of waters from limited natural water sources or wells and the introduction of numerous other small scale subproject affecting the available water potential in the area; b) Overwhelmed or illegal waste and dumping sites due to the inappropriate disposal of increasing amounts of waste materials; and, c) Attraction of migrant populations to communities that have successfully introduced improved social infrastructure (such as schools, health facilities or water sources) resulting in depletion of resources (e.g., supplies, water), etc.
The function of this assessment is primarily as an "early warning" system for potential cumulative impacts that might otherwise go undetected and unattended to. It will be largely based on the observations of people interviewed during the fieldwork, and trends that may be noticed by regional or Wereda officials. Where cumulative impacts are detected or suspected, recommendations will be made to address the issue, perhaps through more detailed study to clarify matters and what should or can be done about them.
Qualifications for Undertaking Annual Reviews: The annual reviews shall be undertaken by an individual, or small team, with experience relevant to the likely issues to be encountered (e.g. environmental and natural resources management, land acquisition and resettlement, livelihood restoration). They should also be familiar with the methods and practices of
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Timing: Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual ESMF report has been prepared and before WB supervision of the Project, at the closing of each year of the programs. It is expected that each review would require 3 to 4 weeks of work (interviews, examination of subprojects), and that the review report would be completed within 2 weeks of completing the fieldwork.
Outputs: The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address;
a) ESMF performance;
b) Cumulative impacts; and,
C) Measures to be taken.
Annexes should provide the detailed results of the fieldwork, arid summarize the number of approved subprojects by state and their characteristics according to the annual report format.
Copies of the annual review report should be delivered to the two Programs management, to each national and regional office responsible for appraisal, approval and implementation of subprojects, and to the World Bank. The project management (national or regional) may also want to host national or regional workshops to review and discuss the review findings and recommendations.
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Annex 8: Suggested Annual Report Template for a Subproject
Name of the Project: Application Number:
1. Name of Wereda or Local Government:
2. Name and Position of Review Authority Completing the Annual Report:
3. Reporting Year:
4. Date of Report:
5. Subproject (s):
Please enter the numbers of subprojects in the following table.
Types of Subproject Activities
Approved this year this Approved Application included an checklist ESMF FieldAppraisal ESMP ARAP RAP TA Specific
Biogas
Solar Lantern
Solar Home System
Solar PV Mini-Grid
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6. Were there any unforeseen environmental or social problems associated with any subproject approved and implemented this year? If so, please identify the subproject (s) and summarize the problem (s) and what was or will be done to solve the problem (s). Use a summary table like the one below.
Subproject Problem(s) Actions taken Actions to be taken
7. Have any other environmental or social analyses been carried out by other public or private agencies in your Wereda/region? If so, please describe them briefly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
8. Have you noticed any particular problems with implementing the ESMF in the past year (e.g. administrative, communications, forms, capacity)? If so, please describe them briefly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………
9. Training: Please summarize the training received in your Wereda/region in the past year, as well as key areas of further training you think is needed.
Group Training Received Training Needed
DBE
MoWIE
Regional Energy Team
Biogas program coordination unit
MFI staff members and focal point
Wereda energy experts
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Community Members
NGOs/Associations
Review Authority
Approval Authority
Extension Teams
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Annex 9: Suggested Forms for ESMF Reporting, Training and Follow-up
This annex contains three templates to be used in conjunction with monitoring and reporting and follow for ESMF implementation. ESMF reporting form Subproject Application Field appraisal Application ESMP Written Chance find title received (date) undertaken approved developed warnings of procedures (yes or no) violation of invoked (date if (date if ESMP issued undertaken) approved) (yes or no) (yes/no)
ESMF training form Personnel No. of people trained Training received
Safeguard specialist/officer
Regional Biogas and SHS focal points
Zonal focal points
Wereda staff
Community members etc.
Follow up on previous recommendations Recommendation Date of recommendation Action taken Recommendation implemented (yes/no)
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Annex 10: Sample Terms of Reference (ToR) for ESIA Preparation Based on the screening and scoping results, ESIA terms of reference will be prepared. The terms of reference will have the following contents. Please refer to “Ethiopia’s Environmental and Social Safeguards Framework for the CRGE Initiative” (MEF, 2015) for detail information on the ESIA process steps (Screening, Scoping, Impact study, Reviewing, Decision-making, Monitoring and reporting, and Auditing and Reporting). Further, please refer to the Guideline Series Documents for Reviewing Environmental Impacts Study Reports (EPA, 2003) for detail information on contents and descriptions of ESIA report (EPA, 2003).
I. Objective of the TOR: This section should state the scope of the ESIA in relation to the screening category and the proposed program activities. It needs to stipulate the process and the timing of the ESIA preparation and implementation stages in order to adequately address the safeguards requirements of the GoE and the World Bank.
II. Introduction and Context: The ToR needs to provide information on program activity objective, the name of the program activity proponent, the rational for conducting the ESIA, specific components of the program activity, program activity area with location map, short briefing of social and environment of settings and applicable national and international safeguard policies.
III. Location of the study area and likely major impacts: State the area involved and the boundaries of the study area for the assessment. Identify adjacent or remote areas which should be considered with respect to impacts of particular aspects of the program activity.
IV. Mission/Tasks: The ESIA study team/consultant should clearly execute the following tasks.
Task A: Description of the proposed program activity: Describe the location, size and nature of the program activity, environmental assessment category, brief description of program activity alternatives, time schedule for phasing of development (i.e. preconstruction, construction, operation/maintenance, decommissioning), and resources (finance, human, material and technology) required for the program activity, among others.
Task B: Baseline information/Biophysical and social-economic description: Describe the baseline/biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the environment where the program activity will be implemented; and area of influence. Include information on any changes anticipated before the program activity commences.
Task C: Administrative and legal Policy framework: In addition to the required administrative and institutional setup for the implementation of the program activity, this part needs to identify pertinent policies, regulations and guidelines pertinent to the study that include:
✓ National laws and/or regulations on environmental and social assessments; ✓ Regional environmental and social assessment regulations;
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✓ Environmental and social assessment regulations of any other financing organizations involved in the program activity; ✓ Relevant international environmental and social agreements/conventions to which ✓ Ethiopia is a party; and, ✓ World Bank safeguards policies.
Task D: Identification of potential impacts of the program activity: Identify all potential significant impacts that the program activity is likely to generate. Assess the impacts from changes brought about by the program activity on baseline environmental conditions as described under Task B. The analysis should address both the positive and negative impacts of the program activity. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental and social costs and benefits.
Task E: Propose Program activity alternatives: Alternatives extend to site, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental and social impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements.
Task F: Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): Describe the mitigation measures for adverse environmental and social impacts, staffing/institutional and training requirements, schedules, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures. Provide environmental and social protection clauses for application by contractors and consultants, if any. The ToR should state that the concerned and affected parties should agree on the proposed mitigating measures before they are included in the ESMP.
Task G: Monitoring Plan: This organizes a comprehensive plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the program activities. It should also address an estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional strengthening) needed to implement the plan.
V. Qualification of the ESIA study team/Consultant: The ToR should provide clear guidance on the qualification of the ESIA study team.
VI. Duration of the ESIA Study: This should be determined according to the type of the program activity.
VII. Preparation of the final Report: The ESIA study team/consultant will produce the final report one week after receiving comments from program activity proponent and concerned stakeholders. The final report will include comments from these institutions.
VIII. Suggested Contents of the ESIA Report: Please refer to the “Guideline Series Documents for Reviewing Environmental Impacts Study Reports” (EPA, 2003) to get detail information on the
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contents of ESIA report (EPA, 2003). The contents of the ESIA report should contain the following elements.
➢ Executive Summary; ➢ Introduction; ➢ Methodology; ➢ Administrative, legal and policy requirements; ➢ Description of program activity (need, objectives, technical details, size, location input and other relevant requirements); ➢ An outline of the main development alternatives; ➢ Description of baseline information/environmental and socio-economic conditions; ➢ An account of the prediction and assessment of each impact at all stages of the program activity cycle for each alternative; ➢ Description of the methodology and techniques used in assessment and analysis of the program activity impacts; ➢ Description of environmental and social impacts for program activity; ➢ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project including the proposed mitigation measures; ➢ Institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation; Summarized table for ESMP; ➢ Conclusions and recommendations; ➢ References; and, ➢ Annexes: ✓ List of Persons/Institutions met; ✓ List of the ESIA study team members; and, ✓ Minutes of consultations.
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Annex 11: Grievance Redress Mechanism The World Bank has introduced a Grievance Redress Service (GRS) requiring the Borrower to provide a grievance mechanism, process, or procedure to receive and facilitate resolution of stakeholders’ concerns and grievances arising in connection with the project and the Borrower’s environmental and social performance. According to the GRS project-affected communities and individuals may submit complaints regarding a Bank-financed project to the project grievance redress mechanism, appropriate local grievance mechanism, or the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The table depicted below shows a generic grievance redress mechanism that can be applied to the subprojects.
Steps Process Description Time Other information frame
1 Identification of Face to face; phone; letter, e-mail; recorded 1 Day Email address; hotline grievance during public/community interaction; number
2 Grievance Significance assessed and grievance recorded 4-7 Significance criteria Level 1 – assessed and or logged (i.e. in a log book) Days one off event; Level 2– logged complaint is widespread or repeated; Level 3- any complaint (one off or repeated) that indicates breach of law or policy or this ESMF/RPF provisions
3 Grievance is Acknowledgement of grievance through 7-14 acknowledged appropriate medium Days
4 Development of • Grievance assigned to appropriate party for 4-7 response resolution Days10- 14 Days • Response development with input from management/ relevant stakeholders
5 Response signed Redress action approved at appropriate levels 4-7 Senior management staff of off Days DBE/MoWIE should sign off
6 Implementation Redress action implemented and update of 10-14 and progress on resolution communicated to Days communication complainant of response
7 Complaints Redress action recorded in grievance log book 4-7 Response Confirm with complainant that grievance can Days be closed or determine what follow up is necessary
8 Close grievance Record final sign off of grievance If grievance 4-7 Final sign off on by Senior cannot be closed, return to step 2 or refer to Days management of MoWIE /DBE sector minister or recommend third-party arbitration or resort to court of law
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Annex 12: Names of Beneficiaries, Benefits Gained and Concerns Raised Se. Region Wereda Specific locality Name of Type of Capaci Major benefits Major concerns raised Services Remarks no. beneficiary energy ty/no. visited Of cows
1 Oromia Ada Denkeko area, W/o Werkitu Biogas 8m3 ▪ Reduction of fuel costs ▪ Possibility of stove for One lamp No damage at Alge PAS Gelaso (10 ▪ Health improvement making Injera and one all cows) stove ▪ Use of fertilizer through the compost ▪ The need to watch and enhanced yield of lentils, forage, television through red Teff, papaya, mango and appropriate technology avocado ▪ The requirement of a ▪ Access of students for study during special Stirring the night equipment for the dung other than using hand
2 SNNPRS Wendo Wesha Soyema Ato Atnafu Biogas 6m3 ▪ Absence of costs for purchase of fuel ▪ A person who installs a One lamp -Human wastes Genet Kebele PAS, Lemma ▪ Use of fertilizer through the compost biogas should have at and one are also used Mender 2 and a) enhanced yield of sugar cane, least 3000 m2 plot of stove land and a cart for -Established tomato, chat, b) improve the fertility without credit of the red soils c) managed to hire transporting compost/ land of other persons slurry. -The slurry has ▪ Additional income has been obtained ▪ If the slurry is not no cover at the from the sale of slurry i.e. 5 Birr per properly covered there roof top and on 20 liter container may be a danger of the ground ▪ The immediate area near the slurry is being hurt/die free of mosquito and flies ▪ Managed to save money that was previously used for the purchase of Urea (Birr 1012.5/year) and Dap (Birr 1132.5/year)
3 SNNPRS Wendo Wetera & Ato Getachew Biogas 8m3 ▪ Cooking and lighting benefits; One lamp -Managed to Genet Kechema PAS, H/Meskel (Tel- and one return his loan ▪ Use of compost/slurry for the Amberber 0912170152) production of forage, sugar cane, stove within a year. locality chat and maize; ▪ Reduction of fuel costs 158
Development Bank of Ethiopia
Se. Region Wereda Specific locality Name of Type of Capaci Major benefits Major concerns raised Services Remarks no. beneficiary energy ty/no. visited Of cows ▪ Health improvement ▪ Reduced the cost incurred for the purchase of artificial fertilizers in that it reduced from the purchase of 5 quintals of fertilizer to 1 quintal of Urea only (for chat). ▪ Created job opportunity for 2 workers i.e. for stirring and for carrying slurry to the field.
4 SNNPRS Wendo Wetera & Ato Tamre Biogas 5 cows ▪ Saving of cost that could ▪ Problem of getting lamps; One lamp -The lamp has Genet Kechema PAS, Basha (Tel- otherwise be used for the ▪ Absence of and one been broken Amberber 0916133409) purchase of charcoal (6 Birr per coordination/communicati stove before 4 months locality, Mender day); on with the mason 01 -Failed to pay ▪ Use of compost for enriching ▪ Scarcity of water as the his loans (has soil fertility groundwater source in his not yet started to compound has been pay his debts) collapsed
5 SNNPRS Wendo Edo Kebele, Ato Beyene Biogas ▪ Use of compost/slurry for ▪ The society has not yet One lamp -It is working
Genet Abosa locality Shasemo (Tel- 3 enriching fertility of soils (for fully accustomed to and one well 0911702456) 6m (wit cultivating Enset, Chat, Maize, buy slurry for their stove h 8 cabbage and various types of agricultural fields cows) trees).
6 SNNPRS Hawassa Uda Wetate PAS Ato Ayana solar 60 watt ▪ Lighting; 4 lamps, one -The model is Zuria Betiso ▪ Listening of FM Radio; television Stanford Model (14 inches) 10 MLR ▪ Mobile phone charge; ▪ Flash player.
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Development Bank of Ethiopia
Annex 13 Officials/Experts Consulted during the Fieldwork Ser. Name Region Town/city Organization Responsibility Tel Date of no consultation
1 Ato Kedir Oromia Bishoftu Oromia Regional Bio-gas Program Program Coordinator 0943334810 Nov. 22, Adem Coordination Unit 2016
2 W/o Meseret ” Bishoftu Water, Mines and Energy Wereda Biomass Energy Expert 0910862992 ” Moji Department of Ada Wereda
3 Ato Teketel SNNPRS Hawassa Mines and Energy Agency Vice Manager, and Alternative 0949024736 Nov. 23, Mathewos Energy Development Core Process 2016 Owner
4 Ato W/Senbet ” ” ” Energy researcher 0916076336 ” Urkushe
5 Ato Zerihun ” ” ” Regional Biogas Program 0916831959 ” Desalegn Coordinator
6 Ato Samuel ” ” ” Energy Expert 0916826424 ” Kebede
7 Ato ” ” Omo Micro Finance Institution (S.C) Deputy CEO and Finance P/P/A 0912134412 ” Alemayehu Division Head Hailegiorgis
8 Ato Yeshiwas ” ” ” Deputy CEO and Saving and Credit 0911708658 ” Alemu Division Head
9 Ato Ashebir ” ” ” Credit Director 0917824443 ” Alemu
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Ser. Name Region Town/city Organization Responsibility Tel Date of no consultation
10 Ato Mekuria ” ” ” Rural Credit Officer 0924525836 ” Meskele
11 Ato Haimanot ” Wendo Wendo Genet Wereda Water, Mines Office Head 0916127395 Nov. 24, Abebe Genet and Energy Office 2016
12 Ato Kassu ” ” ” Slurry Extension Officer 0916866490 ” Kubayo
13 Ato Lemma ” ” ” Coordinator 0972650646 ” Fiche
14 Ato Abera ” ” Omo Micro Finance Institution Manager 0911821406 ” Haddis (S.C), Wendo Genet Sub Branch
15 Ato Godolias ” ” ” Generalist 0910119947 ” Sebsebe
16 Ato Deresu Dore Hawassa Zuria Wereda Water, Deputy Head 0911044570 Nov. 25, Botoke ” Bafana Mines and Energy Office 2016
17 Ato Matheos ” ” ” Hawassa Zuria Wereda Alternative 0916103298 Nov. 25, Tunsesa Energy Development Core Work 2016 Process Coordinator
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Development Bank of Ethiopia
ISSUING AUTHORITY AND EFFECTIVE DATES
This Environmental and Social Management Framework for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Clean Cooking Energy Program shall be effective ______.
Name of President of DBE ______.
Signature______
Date______
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Development Bank of Ethiopia