Architecture Et Social-Démocratie Les Revues Professionnelles

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Architecture Et Social-Démocratie Les Revues Professionnelles architecture et social-démocratie les revues professionnelles ierau-bra ginette baty-tornikian ARCHITECTURE & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIE III LES REVUES PROFESSIONNELLES ierau-bra ginette baty tornikian Ministère de l'Urbanisme, du Logement et des Transports - Direction de l'Architecture - Bureau de la Recherche Architectural SOMMAIRE Avant-propos............................................................................IV Les revues professionnelles : L ' Architecte...............................................................................2 L ' Archi tecture...... .....................................................................22 L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui..........................................................47 Le Bâtiment Illustré....................................................................62 Beaux-Arts................................................................................ 67 Bulletin de la Société Française des Habitations à Bon Marché.................71 Commune....................................................................................77 La Construction Moderne................................................................80 L'Hygiène Sociale............................ 110 Le Moniteur des Architectes.......................................................... 114 Paris et la Région Capitale.................. 118 Revue d ' Administrat ion Communale........... 121 Travaux.......................................... 125 Urban i sme................................................................................ 128 La Vie Urbaine...................................................................... 138 Périodisation des débats dans les revues............................................143 Tableau synoptique..................................................................... 145 Index 152 _Le présent document constitue le rapport de fin d'étude d'une recherche remise au Bureau de la Recherche Architecturale en exécution du programe général de recherche mené par le Ministère de l'Urbanisme, du Logement et des Transports avec la D.6.R.S.T.. Les jugements et opinions émis par les responsables de la recherche n'engagent que leurs auteurs. Contrat n°85 01 226 Octobre 1987 AVANT-PROPOS Ce présent rapport est composé du dépouillement de- quinze revues publiées entre lés'deux-guerres par et pour les architectes et les maîtres d'ouvrages publics. Ce choix n'est pas innocent. Nous nous attachons actuelle­ ment à analyser les relations qui se sont élaborées pendant cette période entre ces deux types d'acteurs que nous avons privilégié car nous essayons de comprendre quel a été.le niveau de conscience des professionnels de l'architecture d'un phénomène dont les bases s'établissent pour ne plus reculer, soit la prise en main par le secteur public de la production du logement social (1). Ces bases sont de plusieurs types. Les bases idéologi­ ques sont composées de réflexions sur les modes de vie des catégories de population concernées, la production de nouveaux modèles d'habitations que sont les "unités d'habitation", la production de nouveaux modèles d'ur­ banisation tels la satellisation des villes historiques, la production d' une planification, de l'habitat so­ cial territorialisé (donc l'alternative social-démocrate de la gestion du temps hors-travail des salariés. Ces bases idéologiques produites essentiellement par des politiques aboutissent à une législation tant sur les rè­ gles de la production du logement que sur les règles de l'urbanisation. Des bases économiques se mettent en place, un débat se développe pour rationaliser la production du logement, donc c'est la prise en compte par la commande publique de la volonté de développer la technologie du secteur de la construction. Ces bases idéologi­ ques, politiques, économiques forment système entre les deux-guerres. Nous pensons qu'en nous donnant les moyens d'analyser le rapport des architectes à ce système nous pourrons mieux comprendre leur inscription et non-inscription, le rôle qu'ils joueront, leur changement de statut dans les différentes périodes de produc­ tion du logement social après la guerre. Nous avons commencé à traiter les informations que nous nous sommes donné par ce dépouillement (2) et nous con­ tinuons à analyser actuellement certains thèmes que nous avons élaboré. Il est bien évident que le champ, est - IV - large et étant donné que nous avons fait un choix de revues déterminé par notre problèmatique mais dont les critères des éléments que nous avons ressortis vont au-delà de cette problématique, nous avons décidé de pu­ blier ce dépouillement. Nos critères recouvrent, la législation, les politiques et idéologies, les conceptions de l'urbanisation, ville historique, agglomérations urbaines, satellisations; les équipements émergeant de la nouvelle conscience d'a­ voir à gérer le temps hors-travail des salariés, sport, maisons communes, centres de vacances, paysages, jar­ dins, rapport à la nature; la modernité technologique, confort, innovations; les débats théoriques et de doc­ trines soulevés par la nouvelle commande; les concours et récompenses, les projets et réalisations de loge­ ments sociaux et bien évidemment, les congrès nationaux, salons, expositions, et les Congrès Internationaux. Nous avons élaboré une périodisation de ces thèmes dans les revues dont nous publions ici le tableau (p. 143). Ils sont concomitants de la politique de l'Etat, dès qu'une loi sociale est promulgée, il y a débat : loi Cor- nudet, loi sur les H.B.M. en 1919; rapport Loucheur en 1924, puis loi Loucheur en 1928, qui débloquera les fonds publics et permettra donc la réalisation des programmes du logement social, complétées par la loi Saraut de 1929, la loi Bonnevay de 1930; la loi sur les congés payés de 1936 et le débat sur nature et paysage, etc... Les politiques publiques sont bien devenues les moteurs d'une grande partie du débat ches les professionnels de l'architecture, de l'urbanisme et de la construction. Nous avons aussi’ élaboré un tableau synoptique (p. 145), afin d'établir les corrélations pouvant exister entre les sujets traités dans les revues et les domaines parallèles aux préoccupations des professionnels de l'archi­ tecture du logement social. En précisant le cadre politique, afin d'avoir une historisation des évènements, nous avons donc mis en relation les thèmes principaux qui ressortent de notre dépouillement avec les évènements artistiques français et étrangers marquants, avec les débats, évènements, projets, concours, Congrès Interna­ tionaux, ainsi que les productions architecturales françaises que nous considérons comme des tournants ou des ruptures par rapport à la production architecturale habituelle. Nous avons aussi repris l'armature règlemen- - V - taire française qui gère l'urbain et l'habitat, mais aussi la santé et l'éducation, très directement reliées à l'habitat pendant toute cette période par le fait même qu'elles sont issues des mêmes politiques, et les lois qui gèrent le travail, donc le temps hors-travail des catégories sociales directement visées par les politi­ ques publiques de l'habitat. Ce tableau synoptique permet donc une visibilité synchronique et diachronique des différents types de production culturelles et sociales de l'entre deux-guerres. Ce travail, composé d'une fiche signalétique par revue, d'un dépouillement complet des thèmes que nous avons défini, d'un tableau de périodisation des débats, d'un tableau synoptique et d'un index des noms propres, per­ mettra, nous l'espérons, une approche plus aisée aux différents chercheurs qui s'intéressent ou s'intéresseront à ce domaine. Je tiens à remercier ici, Marc BEDARIDA et Christian KREUZER, qui ont eu à faire le dépouillement des revues, de leur constance et de l'application qu'ils ont du y mettre pendant plusieurs mois. Marc BEDARIDA a de plus permis par ses suggestions et un travail supplémentaire l'élaboration du tableau de périodisation et du tableau synoptique. (1) "Jeux de boules et bacs à sable", les équipements de la cité-jardin dans l'agglomération parisienne, G. BATY-TORNIKIAN, Les Cahiers de la Recherche Architecturale, n° spécial 15-17 "architectures et po­ litiques sociales, 1900-1940". (2) "Architecture et Social-Démocratie II. Plaisir et Intelligence de l'Urbain", G. BATY-TORNIKIAN - Marc BEDARIDA. I.E.R.A.U.-S.R.A. Paris 1984. LES REVUES PROFESSIONNELLES U ARCHITECTE PARUTION : de 1906 à 1914 et nouvelle série de 1924 à 1935. PERIODICITE : mensuel. REDACTEUR EN CHEF : 1929 : H. ROUX-SPITZ. 1931 : J. PORCHER et M. ROUX-SPITZ, conseiller technique. COHUE DE DIRECTION : ARFVIDSON, BOILEAU, BONNIER, BOUWENS DE BOIJEN., DEFRASSE, DERVAUX, EXPERT, GARNIER, GODEFROY, LETROSNE, PATOUT, PLUMET, SAUVAGE, SOREL, VENTRE. NOTICE SOMMAIRE : Rî.ue mensuelle de l'art architectural, publiée avec le concours des Ar­ chitectes Diplômés par lé'Gouvernement. Editions : Albert Levy. Absorbée par Art et Décoration. Après une interruption de dix années, la revue réapparaît avec un édito­ rial de l'éditeur qui s'engage résolument dans la volonté de sélectionner les oeuvres contemporaines françaises et internationales modernes, soit des oeuvres qualifiées par : "l'accord de l'expression avec la structu­ re..." "la simplicité des volumes...la limpidité de la géométrie__la jus­ tesse des rapports... 1'accord des couleurs et la pureté des galbes" sans préjugé doctrinaire. L'étude "technique" du passé et l'urbanisme "branche nouvelle de l'art de l'architecte" font l'objet de rubriques régulières. Cote : B.N. Fol V 6155, 1924-1935. 1924 T924 Articles Planches
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