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THE FARM TEN CHIMNEYS a Closer Look at the Home of Alfred Hunt and Lynn Fontanne by ERIKA LAABS

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THE FARM TEN CHIMNEYS a Closer Look at the Home of Alfred Hunt and Lynn Fontanne by ERIKA LAABS Your Family and Friends Can Enjoy Their Gift of Membership Anywhere! Membership I value the sustained connection that I have with benefits for Wisconsin and its history through a membership gift recipients with the Wisconsin Historical Society. Much of what makes Wisconsin such a great place is • 4-issue subscription bound up in its unique history. Supporting the to Wisconsin Magazine Wisconsin Historical Society ensures that this. of History, and one • unique past is not forgotten but passed on. bonus issue • Free admission Mike Ullmer, to the Wisconsin Wisconsin Historical Historical Museum Society member • Half-price or free admission to our 11 additional historic sites around the state of Wisconsin • 10% off at shop. wisconsinhistory .org and at all museum and historic site gift shops, including Wisconsin Historical Society Press books • Much more! For a full list of member benefits visit wisconsinhistory .org/membership WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Director, Wisconsin Historical Society Press Kathryn L. Borkowski Editor Jane M. de Broux Managing Editor Diane T. Drexler Image Researcher John H. Nondorf Research and Editorial Assistants Jared Keul, John Zimm, Colleen Harryman, and Nichole Barnes Design Barry Roal Carlsen, University Marketing 2 Commanding a Movement THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY (ISSN 0043-6534), published quarterly, is a benefit of membership in the The Youth Council Commandos' Wisconsin Historical Society. Quest for Quality Housing Full membership levels start at $45 for individuals and $65 for by Erica Metcalfe institutions. To join or for more information, visit our website at wisconsinhistory.org/membership or contact the Membership Office at 888-748-7479 or e-mail [email protected]. 16 "Awful Calamity!" The Wisconsin Magazine of History has been published quarterly The Steamship Atlan tic since 1917 by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Copyright ©2014 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Disaster of 1852 ISSN 0043-6534 (print) byjustin Wargo ISSN 1943-7366 (online) For permission to reuse text from the Wisconsin Magazine of History, (ISSN 0043-6534), please access www.copyright.com or contact the 28 "An Eye Open for All That Is Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Beautiful" MA, 01923,978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. The Wisconsin Sketches of Franz Holzlhuber For permission to reuse photographs from the Wisconsin Magazine of History identified with WHi or WHS contact: Visual Materials by John Nondorf Archivist, 816 State Street, Madison, Wl, 53706 or [email protected]. Wisconsin Magazine of History welcomes the submission of articles 38 The Farm at Ten Chimneys and image essays. Contributor guidelines can be found on the Wisconsin Historical Society website at www.wisconsinhistory.org/ by Erika Laabs wmh/contribute.asp. The Wisconsin Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements made by contributors. 50 BOOK EXCERPT Contact Us: Blue Men and River Monsters Editorial: 608-264-6549 [email protected] Folklore of the North Membership/Change of Address: 608-264-6543 [email protected] Edited by John Zimm Reference Desk/Archives: 608-264-6460 [email protected] 54 Hesseltine Announcement Mail: 816 State Street, Madison, Wl 53706 Periodicals postage paid at Madison, Wl 53706-1417. Back issues, if available, are $8.95 plus postage from the 56 Curio Wisconsin Historical Museum store. Call toll-free: 888-999-1669. Microfilmed copies are available through UMI Periodicals in Microfilm, part of National Archive Publishing, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, www.napubco.com. On the front cover: Alfred Luntand Lynne Fontanne, internationally known stars of the theater, vacationed and relaxed at Ten Chimneys, theirWisconsin home in Genesee Depot.The estate was also a working farm. Luntand Fontanne are pictured here in one of their gardens, 1935. WHI IMAGE ID 112228 VOLUME 98, NUMBER 2 / WINTER 2014-2015 Commanding a Movement BY ERICA METCALFE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY he 1960s marked an era when indigenous leadership "We decided we should take it upon ourselves to defend these arose out of a group of working-class black youths in people," Youth Council member Dwight Benning explained. the urban landscape of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The "You know, we asked them to march; now we had to protect Milwaukee National Association for the Advance­ their lives against people that we feared were biased toward ment of Colored People (NAACP) Youth Council and us."7 Tits security subunit known as the Commandos came to domi­ The Commandos originally consisted of ten Youth Council nate the local civil rights movement. In 1967, the group joined members. On October 7, 1966, the Council unveiled an forces with Alderwoman Vel Phillips to rally for a strong city- exclusively male task force unit at Freedom House. Nineteen- wide open housing ordinance. During the course of the housing year-old Dwight Benning, captain of the group, announced campaign, the Commandos, a group membership qualifications. A Youth that provided stability and energy for Council member had to prove himself the Youth Council, positioned itself at by measuring up to a code based on the forefront of the movement. his ability to follow orders. He also had to be neatly dressed, available, 1966: The Founding of militant, and embrace fellow youth the Commando Unit council and Commando members in Ardie Clark Halyard, a longtime the spirit of brotherhood.8 member of the Milwaukee NAACP When a few female Youth Council branch, founded the Milwaukee members felt left out with the creation NAACP Youth Council in 1947.1 of the exclusively male Commando The Youth Council mostly consisted unit, Mary Arms came up with the of working-class black youths, but idea for a female counterpart of the by the 1960s, the group had a size­ unit called the "Commandoettes." able number of white members, and Before the Commando unit was by 1965, it also had a white adviser, founded, leadership and membership Father James Groppi of Saint Boni­ within the Youth Council had been face Church.2 During his summer evenly divided between both sexes. vacations, the young priest often Girls were empowered by the lead­ traveled south to participate in civil ership skills that membership within rights activities that included voter the Youth Council afforded them. registration and integrating public facilities.3 With Groppi as However, very rigid limits still existed in the roles they could adviser, the Youth Council accelerated its direct action activi­ and could not play. When voting time came around, nearly ties and, in early 1966, the group began its first major civil every male within the Youth Council voted down on the rights campaign against the Fraternal Order of Eagles, an proposal. The role of protector remained reserved for males.9 exclusively white club with a restrictive membership policy The Commandos served a dual purpose. Besides offering against minorities.4 security, the unit provided a way for the Youth Council to In August 1966, members of a local Ku Klux Klan chapter counter Groppi's leadership with the creation of a unit that bombed the building that housed the headquarters of the represented strong black male leadership. This was a major Milwaukee chapter of the NAACP5 Two days later, several priority among the Youth Council members and Father Groppi armed male members of the Youth Council began guarding himself10 The Commandos presented black males in a way Freedom House, their community headquarters. Groppi that brought newfound respect for them in Milwaukee. When claimed that this action had been prompted by hostile calls to the Milwaukee NAACP office was bombed in 1966, local news Saint Boniface Church following the bombing and said that stations ran footage of several Commandos standing guard the young men would serve as armed security in case of an outside Freedom House in their militant uniforms. After­ attack.6 The bombing, coupled with the hostile opposition the wards, young black men flocked in droves to Saint Boniface Youth Council had experienced during past protests, led the seeking membership in the unit. Early on, there was fluidity group to form a new security unit called the Commandos. between the Youth Council and the Commandos, as the first Opposite page: Commandos protest along with other fair housing activists at a rally in front of Saint Boniface Church, 1967. Protests over fair housing were a focal point of the civil rights movement in Milwaukee. Above: The August 10,1966, issue of the Milwaukee Sentinel featured this photo of Milwaukee police chief Harold Breier inspecting the NAACP's Milwaukee office after it was bombed on August 9. WINTER 2014-2015 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Commandos did not carry weapons and practiced nonvio­ lence according to NAACP rules, they also made it clear that they would defend themselves and marchers when necessary. The Commandos' combative appearance, which sometimes included army fatigues, black berets, and black boots, was designed to show they were a group to be taken seriously. They also believed that presenting a dignified, disciplined image of black manhood would help to counter the dehumanization young black males often experi­ enced in a society plagued with bigotry and discrimination.13 By forming the Commandos, the Youth Council attempted to instill a level of militancy into its image, while inadvertently also altering the image of the Milwaukee NAACP's adult branch, which had always had a reputation for conservatism. The establishment of the Commandos upset many blacks and whites alike. The group presented an image of black militancy that had never been witnessed before in Milwaukee. An editorial in an October 1966 issue of the local black news­ paper, the Milwaukee Courier. opined. Father James Groppi performs a mass at Saint Boniface Church with two Commandos at his side for The COURIER and many protection, ca.
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