32/ uu^ (3^-3 zre* ÇT A^ , ... . Mi:-*.. , The hydrogeology of the northern part of the Western Desert in Egypt A.B. Pomper Report 34 The WINAND STARING CENTRE, Wageningen (TheNetherlands) , 1990 hm.mi lSn530£,lr\7Q^ 8f ABSTRACT Pomper, A.B.» 1990.Th e hydrogeology of the northern part of the Western Desert in Egypt. Wageningen,Th e Winand Staring Centre. Report 34» 75p. , 36figs , 5 tables. The investigations concerned fixing of the hydrogeological system of the area. With help of literature data, supplemented with own calculations and observations in the area, itappeare d that two aquifers occur in the subsoil with an aquitard in between.Th e latter only occurs in the northern part of the area, so in the remaining part only one -ope n -aquife r ispresent . For each of the aquifers the hydrological properties are calculated. In the northern part of the area salt water occurs in the subsoil, in the southern part fresh water.Th e salt water in the lower aquifer has extreme high salt concentrations (brines), in theuppe r aquifer mostly brackish water occurs.Th e fresh groundwater in the southern part originates from other climatic circumstances as the present, which among others was evident from stable isotope observations. Keywords! Hydrogeology, geology, Egypt,Wester n Desert, stable isotopes. ISSN 0924-3062 Copyright 1990 The WINAND STARING CENTRE for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Postbus 125, 6700A C Wageningen (The Netherlands). Phonei +318370-74200,fa x +318370-24812, telex 75230VISI-NL . The WINAND STARING CENTRE iscontinuin g the research oft Institute for Land and WaterHangemen t Research (ICW), Institute for Pesticide Research, Environment Division (IOB),Dorschkam p Research Institute for Forestry and Landscape Planning,Divisio n of Landscape Planning (LB),an d Soil Survey Institute (STIBOKA) . No part of this publication may be reproduced of published in any form or by any means,o r stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the written permission from the Winand Staring Centre. Project 8370.3 95IS/12.90 CONTENTS Page PREFACE 9 SUMMARY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 GENERALDESCRIPTIO NO FTH EARE A 17 3 TECTONICSITUATIO N 19 4 GEOMORPHOLOGICALSETTIN G 23 5 GEOLOGICALFORMATION S 25 5.1 General 25 5.2 Formationsencountere d 25 5.2.1 Miocene 31 5.2.2 Oligocene/UpperEocen e 32 5.2.3 Eocene/Paleocene 34 5.2.4 Cretaceous 35 5.2.5 Cenomanian 37 5.2.6 LowerCretaceou s 38 5.2.7 Jurassic 41 5.2.8 Pre-Jurassicdeposit s 41 6 INTEGRATIONO FTH EGEOLOGICA LDAT AWIT HTH E HYDROLOGICALCONDITION S 43 6.1 Procedure inthi spape r formappin gth e transmissivities 44 6.2 Hydraulicconductivitie s 44 6.3 Theinfluenc eo ftemperatur ean dhig hsal t concentrations ongroundwate r flow 48 6.3.1 Temperature 48 6.3.2 Differences insal tconcentration s 50 6.4 Thema po fth etransmissivit yo fth eNubia n SandstoneComple x 50 6.5 Thetransmissivit y ofth edeposit so fth e MoghraFormatio n 52 7 THEHYDROCHEMICA LSITUATIO N 55 7.1 Watertypes 56 7.2 Observations 56 7.3 Chloride 61 7.4 Thestabl eisotope s 62 7.4.1 General 62 7.4.2 Theobservation s 63 7.5 Discussion 64 8 CONCLUSIONS 65 Page REFERENCES 67 APPENDICES 1 Wellnumber s 71 2 Chemicalanalyse s 75 FIGURES 1 Mapo fEgyp twit hlocatio no fth einvestigate d areaan dmai ntopographi cname s 16 2 Topographicalma po fEgyp t 17 3 Simplified tectonicma po fEgyp t 19 4 Tectonicma paccordin gt oIWACO/RIG W 20 5 Faultsi nth eoverlyin gdeposit so fth e Precambrianbasemen t inth eWester nDeser t 20 6 Locationma po fwell s 26 7 The thicknesso fth edeposit so fth eMiocen e 31 8 Schematic faciesprofil e 33 9 Mapshowin gth edistributio no ffacie so fth e LowerMiocen e 33 10 Thicknessan dsprea do fth eOligocenen/Uppe r Eocenedeposit s 34 11 Thethicknes so fth eUppe rCretaceou sdeposit s 35 12 Faciesma po fth eTuronian-Santonia n 36 13 Thethicknes so fth eCenomania ndeposit s 36 14 Occurrencean dthicknes so fth eBahariy aShale s 38 15 Thethicknes so fth elowe rCretaceou sdeposit s 39 16 Occurrencean dthicknes so fth eJurassi cdeposit s 39 17 Thedept hi nmetres-MS Lo fth ePrecambria nbas e deposits 40 18 Averagehydrauli c conductivityo fth eNubia n Sandstoneaquife r 46 19 Theaverag ek-valu eo fth edeposit so fth e MoghraFormatio n 46 20 Thechang eo ftemperatur e in28 9oi lwell s 49 21 Thetemperatur eo fgroundwate r inwel lnr .Q 6 49 22 Thethicknes so fth edeposit so fth eNubia n AquiferSyste m 51 23 Estimated transmissivityo fth elayer so fth e NubianSandston eComple x 51 24 Thethicknes so fth edeposit so fth eMoghr a Formation (JVQ-reports) 53 25 Thethicknes so fth edeposit so fth eMoghr a Formationaccordin gt oHanta r 53 26 Thetransmissivit y ofth edeposit so fth eMoghr a Formationbase do nFigs .1 9an d2 4 54 27 Thelocatio no fobservatio nwell s 55 28 Detailedma po fth eare aaroun dSiw aan dth e westernpar to fth eQattar aDepressio nwit hth e locationso fth eobservatio npoint s 56 29 Piperdiagra m ofth edat afro mth eow nfiel d campaign 57 30 Piperdiagra mwit hth edat afro mSwanber ge tal . 57 Page 31 Piperdiagra mo fth ewate ranalysi sdat afro m JVQ 58 32 The relationbetwee n thecalciu m andmagnesiu m concentrations ofdat a fromSwanber g 59 33 The relationbetwee n thecalciu m andmagnesiu m concentrations ofdat afro mJV Q 59 34 Therelatio nbetwee nth ecalciu m andmagnesiu m concentrations ofdat afro m theow nfiel ddat a 60 35 North-southprofil e throughth enorther npar to f theWester nDeser t 61 36 Therelatio nbetwee nth e,8 0an dD concentration s ofth esample so fth eow nfiel dcampaig n 63 TABLES 1 Stratigraphicalan dlithologica lsectio no fth e northernpar to fth eWester nDeser t 24 2 Dataabou tth econsistanc e offormation s inth e undergroundo fth eWester nDeser t 27 3 Summarizedgeologi c tableo fth enorther npar t ofth eWester nDeser t 45 4 Hydraulicconductivitie so fclasti csediment s withdifferen t lithologicalcomposition s 47 5 180an ddeuteriu m analysiso fth ewate rsample so f thefiel dcampaig n 63 PREFACE Inthi spape ra summar yi sgive no fth egeologica lan d geohydrologicalaspect so fth enorther npar to fth eWester n Desert inEgypt ,mainl ycompile dwit hhel po fdat afro m literature.I twil lb ea bas e forfurthe rexamination san dfo r fieldobservation s inEgypt .Th etopic stha tar eviewe d-mos t incollaboratio nwit hothe rinvestigators -i nthi spaper ,wil l be: -Geologica lan dgeohydrologica lapect so fth earea ; -Translatio no fth eobservation s toth ehydrologica lsituation ; -Hydrochemica laspects . Beside thatth eobjectiv eo fthi spape ri st ob ea startin g pointfo rdiscussion swit h those,wh oar eintereste dan d involvedi nth ewatermanagemen t situationo fsem iari darea s ingenera lan despeciall y inEgypt . Thanks tothos ewh ower e interestedi nth eforme rdraft san d theirvaluabl e remarks.Thi sdeal sespeciall yProf .Dr .Ismai l M.E lRamley ,Hydrogeologis to fth eDeser tInstitut ei nCairo , whointensel y reviewedth efirs tdraf to fthi spaper .Th e discussionswit hhi man dhi seffort st ointroduc em et oth e DesertInstute s library,ha dgrea tvalue sfo rm ywor ki nEgypt . Thanksals ot oDr .M .Menent ian dIng .W.G.M .Bastiaansse nfo r theirvaluabl eadvise san dco-operatio n inwor ki nEgyp tan d toou rEgyptia ncollègues ,especiall y Ing.M.H .Ab dE lKari m forcollaboratio nan dhospitalit y atth eResearc hInstitut e forGroundwate r (RIGW)i nCairo . 11 SUMMARY Duet oth edramati cgro wo fth epopulatio n inEgyp t therei sa greatnee dfo rextensio no fth eagricultura lare ai nth ecountry . Beside thatlos so fagricultura llan ddu et odesertificatio n mustb eprevented . Oneo fth emai nproblem si ssalisatio no fth esoil .Importan t ist oknow ,wha ti sth eorigi no fgroundwate r inth esubsoil , aswel li ntim ea si nspace .Therefor e theexistin gevaporatio n researcho fth eWinan dStarin gCentr ewit hhel po fsatellit e observations,ha dt ob esupplemente dwit hhydrogeologica l investigations. Manydat awer eavailabl e fromexploration s fordifferen t purposes.Importan twa sth einformatio n from theoi lcompanie s andth eresearc hfo rth es ocalle d "Hydro-solarprojec t Qattara". Inth econcernin gare ather ear elimite ddifference si n groundlevelelevations .Mainl y therei sa gradua lincreas eo f thegroundlevel s form theMediterranea ncoasta lare ai nth e southerndirection .I nth elandscap e therear edepression si n thelandsurface .Ther ei sa sequenc eo fsuc hdepression sfro m thesouth-eas t toth enorthwest ,accumulatin gi nth eQattar a Depression (2000 0 km2),wit hgroundlevel sbelo wsealeve l (deepestpoin t13 3m-msl )an dth eSiw aDepressio nnea rth e Egyptian-Libianborder . Inth edepression s isseepag eo fgroundwater .I nth e depressionswit hfres hwate rseepag ear eoases ,existin gsinc e theancient .Newl ydrille dwell sbesid e theold ,mos tnatura l wells,gav epossibilitie s forexpensio no fagricultura lare a andne wproduct sbesid e thetraditiona ldeser tproducts . Surpluso firrigatio nwate r flowst oth elowe rpart so fth e depressions,wher elake scam eint oexistanc ewit hhig hsal t contentsan dformatio no fsal tcrus tarea s ("sebkah1s"). The interfacebetwee nfres han dsal twate r isfoun dsom e30 0 kmsout ho fth eMediterrania ncoast .Nort ho fi textrem ehig h saltconcentration s arefoun di ngroun dan dsurfac ewater .I n thedepression sextende d "sebkah"area scam eint oexistanc ei n thearea swit hsal twate r seepage.Fres hde wwate raccumulatio n inth eunsaturate dpar to fth esubsoil ,make spossibl ethat , locally,natura lvegetatio nha sbee ncom e intoexistanc ei n baredeser tareas . Theobjective so fth ehydrogeologica l investigations inth e northernpar to fth eWester nDeser t inEgyp twere : -Wha ti sth eorigin eo fth eexistin gfres hwate roccurranc e andi sther ean ysupply ; -Wha ti sth eshar eo fsubsurfac e saltwate rfro mth e directiono fth eMediterrania nsea . 12 Beside traditionalhydrologica l techniques,th einformatio n from isotopeconcentration s appeared tohav eimportanc efo r theresult so fth einvestigations .I tappeare d thati nsom e referencesvariet yoccurre d forth ename so fth edifferen t formations.Therefor e atabe lha sbee ncompile d forth e nomenclature ofth eformation s (Figure6 )i norde r topu tsid e bysid ename so fformation so fth esam eages .Fro m theLowe r Creteceousan dyounge r formationssufficien t informationcoul d beobtaine d tocompil emap so fth ethicknesse so fdeposit so f formations.Besid e thata ma pcoul db eobtaine do fth etopleve l ofPrecambria ngraniti can dmetamorphi crocks ,b ycombinin g mapso fsevara lauthors . Ingenera lth ehydrologica l systemo fth estud yare aca nb e splitu pint otw oaquifer swit ha naquitar d inbetween : -Uppe rAquifer ,consistin go fth eQuarternar yan dMiocen e sediments; -Aquitard ,consistin go fEocene/Oligocen e shales (Dabaa Shales); -Lowe rAquifer ,consistin go fth eolde rdeposit sabov eth e pre-Cambrianbas e (NubianSandston eComplex) . TheDaba aShale sonl yoccu ri nth ecentra lpar to fth earea . Sothe yar eabsen talon gth eedge so fth earea ,wher eon e aquiferexists . Afirs tste pi smad efo ra ninventarisatio no fth evalue so f thehydroli cconductivitie s (k-values)o fth elayers .Ther ei s onlya fe winformatio nabou tth etransmissivitie so fth e subsoilo fth earea .S oa star ti smad ewit hcompilin gmap so f thesevalue swit hhel po fth eavailabl e dataan destimation s onth edat afro mth egeologica lsituation .A firs tresul ti sa mapo fth ehydrologica lconductivitie s (k-values)o fth eNubia n SandstoneAquifer .Combinin gthi sma pwit ha newl ycompile d mapo fth ethicknes so fth eNubia nSandston eComplex ,resulte d ina ma po fth etransmissivit yo fthi slayers .A tthi sstag e ofth einvestigations ,ther e isn oclearnes sabou tth ehydrolo gicalfunction so fth ecomple xo fEocen ean dUppe rCretaceou s limestones.Thi si smainl ydu et oth efac ttha tn oinformatio n isavailabl eo fth ek-value s oflimestone s ingenera lan d especially inth einvestigate d area.Ne w informationi s available sinceth esecon dversio no fKrusema nan dD eRidde r (1990)i spublished .Complicatin gabou tth ehydrologica l functiono fth euppe raquife r istha tth ethicknes so fthi s layerdepend so nth edept ho fth efreati cwate r table.Th edept h ofthi sleve li svaryin gbetwee na fe wmetre s ind elowe rpart s ofth eare a (depressions)t omor e than10 0metre s inth ehighe r parts. Hydrochemicalinvestigation sconsiste do fliteratur e research besidedat afro msample scollecte ddurin ga visi tt oth e WesternDeser ti nseptembe r198 9("fiel dcampaig n 1989"). Groundwater inth enorther npar to fth eare ainvestigate di s brackish toextrem esalin e (brines).I nth esouther npar t freshwate roccur si nth esubsoil .Fro misotop edat ai t 13 appreared thatth efres hwate roriginate sfro mothe rclimati c circumstancesa sth epresent .Thi sfres hwate ri smarke db y ratherhig hconcentration so fcalcium ,magnesiu m andsulphate . Therati obetwee nth ecalciu m andmagnesiu m concentrationsi s different fromthos enea rth eMediterranea ncoasta lare a (where alimite dfres hwate r lence,du et owinte rprecipitatio ni s present)an di nth eWad iNatrou narea . 15 1INTRODUCTIO N Inth enorth-easter npar to fAfrica ,larg efres hwate r occurrences arepresen ti nth esubsoil .Eve ni npre-histori c times,oase soccurre da tlocation swher e freshwate rwa s presenta tshallo wdepths .Th eoase sar emainl y locatedi n naturaldepression s inth erathe rfla tlandscape .Natura lwell s occurrednex tt odu gones .Durin gth elas tdecennia ,man yne w coredwell shav ebee nadde dt oenlarg e theagricultura lare a andt oimprov eagricultura lproductio nb yirrigation . Forsevera lyear snow ,th eWinan dStarin gCentr e (continuing theresearc ho fth eInstitut e forLan dan dWate rManagemen t Research)ha sbee ncarryin gou tevaporatio n studiesusin g remotesensin gtechnique san dmakin gfiel dmeasurement s inth e depressions -"playas"-i nth eWester nDeser ti nEgypt .Model s havebee ndevelope dfo rth enecessar ycalculations . Itca nb estate dtha ti narea swit hhig hvalue so fevaporatio n andextremel y lowprecipitation ,ther emus tb ea clos e relationshipbetwee n thesubsurfac e inflowi na nare aan dth e evaporationvalues .I ti simportan tt ocarr you thydrogeo - logicalinvestigation s aswel la sevaporatio ncalculation si n order tochec kth eresult san dmode lcalibration . Manygeologica lan dhydrogeologica lstudie shav ebee nmad ei n thearea .Thi spape raim st ocollec thydrogeologica ldat afro m manyavailabl e references andt ofi tthe mfo rus ei n hydrologicalmodels .Afte ra genera ldescriptio no fth earea , resultso fth ecalculation so fhydrologica lparameter sar e giventogethe rwit ha descriptio no fth ehydrochemica l groundwater situation.Th elatte r isimportan ti norde rt o investigate theorigi no fgroundwate r inth eare aan dt o predictfutur esituations .Attentio nha sbee ngive nt oth e occurrence andthicknes so fth elayer so fsevera lformation s inth esubsurfac eo fth eare aunde r investigationan dt o differentiating theoccurrenc e ofsalin ean dfres h groundwater. 16 Figure 1Ma p of Egyptwit h the location of Ihe investigated area (shaded)an d main topographic names. 17 2GENERA LDESCRIPTIO NO FTH EARE A Figure 1show sth elocatio nfo rth einvestigate d area.I t coversa nare ao fabou t250,00 0km 2 inth enorther npar to f theWester nDesert . MEDITERRANEAN SEA Figure ZTopographica l map of Egypt,accordin g toSundbor g and Nilsson (1985). Theare aca nb esubdivide d intoth efollowin gmai ngeographi c units (Ezzat,1983) : -Th ecoasta lplain ; -E lDiff aplateau ; -Depression s (Qattara/Moghra,Siwa ,Bahariya ,Farafra) ; -Tableland s (WadiE lNatrun/Nakle tE lBarraq ,E lHineishat) ; -Plain s (PiedmontPlain ,Ol dan dYoun gNiloti cgravall y plains,E lAala mCorrugate dPlain ) -Kataniy aHorst . Mainly inth einvestigate d area,ther ear elimite ddifference s ingroundlevels .Th egroun delevation s (Figure2 )var ybetwee n 135m belo wmea nse aleve l (m-msl)(Qattar aDepression )an d 300m abov ems l (inth esouther npar to fth earea) . 19 3TECTONI CSITUATIO N Figure3 show sa simplifie d tectonicma pafte rSai d (1962). Theeaster npar to fEgyp ti spar to fa vas tcraton :th eArabo - NubianMassi f (Said,1962) .Thi scrato noriginate sfro mth e earlytime so fgeologi chistory .I tconsist smainl yo fgraniti c andmetamorphi crocks ,whic har efoun da tgrea tdepth si nth e investigatedarea .Thes erock sar eth ebasemen t rockso fth e overlayingyounge rformations . Figure 3Simplifie d tectonic map of Egypt (Said 196Z). Thesouth-easter npar to fEgyp t-wher eth emetamorphi can d granitic rocksar eoutcropping- ,i sth esourc eare afo rth e clastic sediments,mor et oth enorth .Durin gth egeologi c history,th eare anorthwes to fth ecrato ni sgenerall yi n subsidence.Thu sa thic klaye ro fclasti can dcalcareou s sedimentary rockswa sformed .Thi ssedimentar ybasi nca nb e subdivided intotw opart s: - thestabl eshel fi nth ecentra lpar to fEgypt ; -th eunstabl e shelfi nth enorther npart ,extendin gt oth e Mediterranianshoreline . 20 34o 36° I maasbs°fN'jbian I I Stable shelf f^^ Unstable she» Sedimentary basins Figure 4Tectoni c map according to IWACO/RIGW (1989). Figure 5Fault s in the overlying deposits of the Precambrian basement in theWester n Desert (modified after Ezzat, 19B3). 21 Inth eunstabl e shelfarea ,th erock sar eintensel ydeforme d byfolding .Th estud yare ai smainl ysituate dalon gth e unstable shelf.Th ebasemen tha sbee nsubdivide d intoblock s byNNW-SS Efault s (Figure 4). Thereafterdurin gsevera lperiod s ofdeformation ,a syste mo fSW-N Edirecte duplift sha sbee n formed (Figure3) . Beside thegenera ltectoni cstructures ,a complicate dsyste m offault so fdifferen timportanc e isfoun di nth ecoverin g layers (Figure 5). Generally,i tca nb estate dthat : -th emai ndirectio no fthes e faultsi seast-wes t (excl.th e areaaroun dMers aMatruh ,wher ea north-sout hdirectio n predominates); -i nth esouthwes tther ear ehardl yn ofault si nth eformation s younger thanPaleozoic . Noinformatio ncoul db efoun dabou tth echaracter so fth e faults:tru efault so rflexures .Fo rth egroundwate r flowthi s differencei so fessentia limportance . Thebasemen t rockshav ebee ncovere dwit ha larg elaye ro f clastican dcalcareou ssediments .Period swit hfaultin gwer e alternatedb ypeneplanation .Thi sresulte di na rathe r complicated situationo faniticline san dsyncline swit hman y faults. 23 4GEOMORPHOLOGICA LSETTIN G Asstate di nchapte r2 ,ther ear en ogrea tdifference si n groundleveli nth earea .Accordin gt oSai d (1962),th e topographyo fth eare ai sgoverne db yth efollowin gphenomena : -practicall yabsenc eo fa drainag esystem ; -vas tarea swit ha sand ydeser twit h "parallelbelt so fsan d dunes"ove rman ykilometre s lengthi nth enorthnorthwest - southsoutheastdirectio nan donl ya fe wkilometre swidth .I n between therear e"extensiv e flatexpanse so fdrifte dsand" ; -th eto po fth eunderlyin gbedroc k isa deser tpeneplain ; -th enorthwar ddippin glayer so fth ebedroc kar edu et oth e formationo fcuesta san dinselbergs ,bein gth enort h boundarieso fth eoccurrin gdepressions . Thereha sbee nquit esom ediscussio nabou tth eorigi no fth e depressions.Accordin gt oSai d (1962)the yar edu et owin d erosion. Differences inerosivit y ofth ebedroc k layers,i sdu et oth e formationo fmes aan dth ementione descarpments .Th eescarpmen t atth enorther nri mo fth eQattar aDepressio nextend sove ra lengtho fmor etha n30 0kilometres .Th ecaproc kmostl yconsist s ofcompac tlimeston e -beinga relativel yhar droc ki ndr y areas-an doccasionall ybasalt .A tth efoo to fth eescarpement s pedimentshav ebee nformed . 24 Table 1 Stratigraphical and lithological section of the northern part of the Western Desert. After RICU (pers.eoram.) AGE After Asdine,1974. Aftef El Bassyony Qattara/Siwa/ Bahariya/ Fayum/ Several authors Lithology (1978) New Valley G Barqa eolian deposits eolian deposits eolian deposits Sand ary wadi deposits wadi deposits Clay '""" tufa deposits Gravel Loess Gravel.sands F M Gebele lHadi d F )' Plio-Pl istocene *"» ° °" El Karman F. KaIU i Form. Gar el Muluk ï.f Oolitic Limest. Gebel HamziF.) ' Alem el Khadem F.)' Middle Giarabub (»armaria, F Giarabub-Harmarica F. rtarmaricaF . AtarmaricaF . Limestone Miocene Qaret Sand Lime- I-r HograForai . Shousan ttoghra F. MoghraF . Hoghra F. Sandstone stone Formation Shale Shale Oligocène Basale Basalt Basalt Basalt »"»" "•*•"«• Dabaa F. Qatrani F. Qatrani F. QarraniF . Upper Qasr el Sagha F. Qasr el Sagha F. Qasr ei SaghaF . Birkit Qarun F. Birgit Qarun F.Hamra F. Hamra F. ^.„. Middle Appolonia Formation Hokattam F. A Limestone Saqb F. Rayan F. Samalut F. lower Appolonia F. Dungul/Thebes F. HiiiiaF . Limestone/Shale Thebes F. Esna F. Tarawan F. Limestone/Shale ' Kukur F. /faastrienUan Khonan Format:ion Khotnon F. Dakhla F. Dakhla F. El Hefhuf F. )! ALimeston e B Chalk A Argillaveous Limest. Cortiacian B Limestone C Sands, Sandst.,Limest. Turanian Abu-Roash Formation ßuvi F. 0„lr. ,D Limestone E Limest.,Shale,Sandst. _ F Limestone Ï G Shale,Sandst.Littest. Romania, Bahariya Formation Bahariya F. Bahanya F. El Heiz F. )' Sandstone,Shale El Borg.F. El Borg.F. El Borg F. Albian Burg Kharita Hem&er Sandstone,Shale Sandstone,Shale ! i*ptisn El-Arab Burg El Arab F. Abu Bailas F. Abu Bailas F. Abu Bailas F. Limestone Sandstone Formation El-Bueib Hatru and Sandstone Barreraia,, Fora. Shale Abu Simbel F. Abu Simbel F. Abu Simbel F. Shale »ecoraia. Betty Formation Betty F. ! i Limestone,Shale — Upper : Hasjd Formation Hasajid F. Ju,...,. Middle Khstaba Formation Eghel Xhatatba F. Lower Wadi Natrun Form. Wadi Natrun F. UmBogma F. — Kohla F. Cilf F. 1Cil f F. Gilf F. Paleozoic IShale PreCarabrian i oiphlc ) DOMINIK and SCHAAL (1984) ); E22AT (1983) 25 5GEOLOGICA LFORMATION S 5.1Genera l Inth einvestigate d area,i ti shar dt ofin dcomplet esequenc e offormation safte r thepre-Carboniferou sbase .Locall yhoweve r absenceo fformation s frequentlyoccur .A tfe wplace srock so f Silurianan dDevonia norigi nar efound .A smentione dearlier , there isgenerall y asligh tdi pi nth eformations ,fro mth e pre-Carboniferousbaseroc koutcrop si nsout han dsouth-eas t Egyptt oth enorthwar ddirection .Occurrane eo funconformatie s wereencountered ,du et oeithe rerosio no rne wdeposition . Accordingt oSai d (1962)th eCarboniferou san dyounge r formationsca nb espli tu pint othre edivisions : -uppe rclasti cdivision :Oligocèn et orecent , predominantly clasticwit h intercalationso f-organic - limestones, • -middl ecalcareou sdivision :Cenomania nt oto pEocene , predominantlycalcareous ; -lowe rclasti cdivision :pre-Cenomanian ,predominantl yclasti c with limestoneintercalations . Concerningth egeologica lnomenclature ,i tca nb ementione d thati nth eavailabl e references,differen tname sfo r formations frequently occur.A sa framewor k thestratigraphi e tableo fAbdin e (Table1 )i suse dbecaus e inmos tpaper sth e presentednomenclatur e isused .Besid e thatth eStratigraphi e andlithologi e typesectio no fE lBassyon y (1983)an dth e CorrelationChar to fSurfac eGeologica lUnit s (RIGW,pers . comm.)i sgiven .Th e locationo fth ewells ,tha twer etake n intoaccoun tfo rth epresen tstud yi sgive ni nFigur e6 .Th e wellswer eobtaine d fromdifferen tsources .Therefore ,fo rthi s study,th eare aha sbee nspli tu pi na numbe ro fblock swit ha privatenumberin gfo reac hwell ,bein guse dfo rth epresen t investigations.Tha tmean s thati nthi spape reac hwel lha sa numberconsistin go fa bloc knumbe rlef to fth epoin tan da wellnumberrigh to fit .Appendi x 1give sth eprivat enumbering , beside theorigina lnumberin gan dth esourc epublication . Originalwel ldescription swer eno tavailabl ea tthi sstag eo f thestudy .A schemati cdescriptio no fth edeposit si nth e differentwells ,i sgive ni nTabl e2 . 5.2Formation sencountere d Inthi sstud yth eQuaternar y andPliocen edeposit shav ego t fewattention .The yar eo floca limportanc ean dhav en o significance forth eregiona lgroundwate r situation.Th e sedimentso fthes eformation sconsis to fdunesand ,wad i depositsetc .an dfor ma relativel y thinblanke to fsediment s uponth eunderlayin gthic klayer so folde rformations . 26 Figure 6 Location map of wellsuse d for thispaper .Mos t of thedat a from these wells originate from JVQ (1981). Explanation of the original umbering and source isgive n in appendix 1. The area investigated has been devided intosheets . In this paper the well number consists of the sheet number lefto f the point and a serial number right ofit . 27 m TJ n n n -C xs £ n n n N N N +> 4» 4> n 14 n TJ TJ TJ n M 0) ai rH x 1« ai 8 x! 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TJ JS m » u vi m a vi vi vi u M VI 14 «1 01 14 VI 14 U VI VI 01 3 a 14 14 VI C •ri 14 4» xi TJ JS JS JS JS JS C u M 14 M TJ 14 VI 14 14 14 VI 14 O N TJ TJ TJ 14 N S S N N N \ N u 4» 4> 4< 4< 14 14 VI S 4> 4>4>4)4>4>4'4>4>4>4> 4» 4» 4» 4» 8 VI « 14 14 \ \ S « _ 14 UI4l4MV)l4VIVI«in VI 14 VI VI TJ T» TJ JS TJ Xi Xi Xi Xi S TJ TJTJTJTJTJTJTJTJ XI Xi TJ TJ Xi Xi XI XI XI X! S VI VI VI 14 14 14 14 14 U r-i V) MWMMMMWOM 14 14 n 1 n VI 14 14 n a M A A C* ri N Kl Ul *0 CO O» O ri ri N Kl -t Ifl va tv C0 o. o ri ri N O rt ri rt •H rt ri ri C\l N NCvICvINNNNCvIKIKIKI O O O O ri ri O O Xl o o o o o , I« MMMMrrtMMKIMK>N1MKIMKIKIKIKIKlMIOKI u +> a o a E N +1 4» M +V>I M •H •o •o •n TJ a u w J3 S +> +> 4> +> > n u n n v> a •o •a •o •o •o a v> u M n m J3 .c fi m m n N s +• 4* 4* +> +" u m M u n m U TJ •o •n •o TJ T) 3 u U n i a i VI VI 1 xi J= M VI N X N +" +> •f 4» 4> 4» 4< VI n u VI VI m VI TS •n •o •0 TJ •0 TJ VI VI VI U VI 1 « +> •V VI VI •o •o Xi +" VI u M n s N 4» 4> 4* 4> 4» 4> u VI VI VI VI VI V) VI A 9 •o •o _3 1 i 1 •o M 1 1 M O A A V) A A n Xi m vi M 0) N S N 4'4>4>4>4>4>+'4»4»4'4'4'4> 4> 4> 4> 4» 4» 41 +> 4> 4» 4» 4> U VI VI VI M VI VI vi n vi vi n II) U BlIfltfl'OTI'Ilfl'OTJ'OT) •o TJ TJ •O TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ M VI U MwoMWMwnwwnviw vi n n VI ID M I) VI I a M J= .c J3 Xi Xi Xi VI VI n vi n VI VI VI fi fi .fi VI N \ S S N s TJ N Sn Nv i Sv i S s J +> +1 4> 4> 4> 4* •p m 4> 4> TJ 4* 4» 4» 4» +> 4> 4» 4» 4* c VI M VI VI VI n vi u VI «I N VI vi n vi M vi vi vi n vi vi n TJTJTJTJTJJSTJTJTJ Xi Xi J3 TJ TJ Xi Xi TJ TJ \ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ VI VI VI «s VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI n n VI VI «I M H VI VI «1 VI VI «I VI VI M VI u £ .fi Xi Xi XI TJ VI u u VI A w u VI ai N N N N N u 4> 4> 4> 4* 4> 4> 4» 4J N 4» 4" 4» 4> 4> 4> \ U VI VI VI U VI 4> VI VI U « U 4» VI vi a a VI TJ A A ,. -s^^^^^^^-g^n ^ AAAtAAAAAAAA,Ai 4* 4» 4> U VI n i i I I I I I VI I H 5 i i i i i i i i i Xi Xi Xi fi a VI n U VI n N N N 4» +> +> +> 4" +> 4» 4»4'4»4'4'4»4>4>4»4>4>4»4»4>4' 4» 8 n n vi vi vi n vi vi vi vi n MnwMMnnnwwvivinoM n LU AAA*. A1AAAAAAA Xi n n N N t» 4» 4» 4> •H VI VI VI TJ .C TJ Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi fi TJ TJ 41 VI VI U VI VI vi n i i i i m vi vi vi i vi n n 3 i u n n o a m c o Xi Xi VI TJ a a N S N 4» +> 4J 4» •C 4» 4» 4> 4> 4»4'4>4>4'4>414>4'4>4' 4* 4> 4> 8 VI VI VI VI U VI VI VI U VI MMMMWMMOnWn vi vi vi N e TJ TJTJTJTJTJTJTJTJTJTJTJ TJ TJ TJ Cvl •H H H n I V) VI VI A A l 'S A nnnnnnniiiiii« a Kl J- t/l ^0 ri M Kl m « N a « o ri N H N Kl i U) * s » o n M M * U) SO N 10 ri N r O O O O O O O n ri O O O O O o o oonnrlrlrlrlrlr l n o O xt O O O O O n mtnuiin^ososo^ovo^oxo^o^ovo is.h.hvNNr^r^Nrvr>!rvr^r^r^r^Nr>.eoco 30 u o +> u tl Û. e •H > 0) Q A +> U n TJ <3 V) N 0 0) VI .c •o sz v> II) V) +> * VI VI U •o A i u J3 J3 VI VI VI 0) N fa -H +> 4> 4» +s> u n n V) VI •o TJ T«J TJ TJ n m n VI V) J= +> +> .c JS w V) VI VI a N TJ TJ N N +> 4< •f VI V) +> +> +> n VI VI S v. M o •o TJ JS .C TJ X -C T«J TJ VI 5 n a VI VI VI VI U VI +* VI •o a X J3 VI vi VI VI u S X N fa •f T5 +• +> +> +> o VI n VI VI u VI TJ TJ J 1 i JS «1 a a VI 1 I I I I I I I I I +> 8 VI UI VI TJ TJ jz r. 4» -f +» +» -H +• O 8 VI U VI VI VI VI VI M TJ TJ TJ TJ IM •H , Â A A A £ «nui Cl oooooooooo J3 COCOCOaJCOIOCONCviN 31 5.2.1Miocen e Inth econcerne dare athi sformatio nca nb espli tu pint otw o horizons:th eMarmaric aFormatio n (MiddleMiocene )an dth e MoghraFormatio n (LowerMiocene) .Fro m theavailabl edat ai t wasno tjustifie dt opresen tthi sdivisio ni nisopac hmap so f bothformations .S ofirs to fth ewhol eMiocen ewa stake nint o accountwithou tsubdivision . Escarpment !:Uy;3j Sandy desert and dunes ]///X Absent due to non deposition or erosion Farafra Isopachs (m) v;:\-V Oasis Well Figure 7Th e thickness of the deposits of theMiocene .Th e figure shows the isopachs inmetres .Apar t from a small area east of the Qattara Depression» the highest values occur in theare a between Matruh and Alexandria. Apartfro mloca loccurrenc eo fyounge rdeposits ,th eMiocen e depositsar eexpose dnea r thegroundsurfac ei nextensiv eareas . Figure7 show sth ethicknesse so fth eMiocen e layers.Almos t inth ewhol earea ,deposit so fthi sformatio nar epresent . Greatthicknesse sar efoun di nsmal llocation snea r thecoas t betweenMers aMatru han dAlexandri a andjus tsout ho fth e QattaraDepression .Fro m theselocations ,a gradua ldecreas e ofth ethicknesse s isfoun dt oth eedge so fth econcerne darea . Thelowes tvalue sar efoun dnea r theEgyptian-Libia nborde r -whichi sdu et oth eabsenc eo fMoghr adeposit s (Table1) -an d 32 inth edirectio no fE lFaiyou m -whereHarmaric adeposit sar e missing. Thedeposit so fth eMiddl eMiocen eMarmaric aFormation , consisto fchalk ,limeston ean dmar l (Thielee tal. ,1970 ; JVQ, 1979).Accordin gt oSai d (1962)thi sformatio ni smad eu p ofa nuppe rwhit e limestonemembe ran da lowe rmembe ro fgre y calcitewit hsom eshal e intercalations.The yar eoutcroppin g atman yplace si nth enorther nan dwester npar to fth earea . Theboundar ywit hth eunderlayin gMoghr adeposit s isdippin g fromsout ht onort h (Thiele,1970 )an dfro meas tt owes t (Said,1962) . InE lDiff aPlateau ,nort han dnorth-wes to fth e QattaraDepression ,th egreates t thicknessesoccu ralon gth e coast (Figure 8).Accordin gt oSai d (1962)th ethicknes s increasesfro m5 m a tE lMoghr aOasi si nth eeas tt omor etha n 150m nea r theLybian-Egyptia nborde r toth ewest .Nea rE l Sirath eMarmaric aFormatio nshow si ntw owell sth efollowin g distribution (JVQ,1979) : Wellnr. Limestone Calcarinite Clay Marl CI 65.3% 13.2% 21.5% C2 60.1% 23.2% 14.1% 2.6% Thevas tMarmaric awhit e limestonesar eth eprotectin gcaproc k ofth enorther nescarpmen to fth eQattar aDepressio n (Said,1962) . Inth edepressio nitsel fthe ythe yar eabsent , duet oerosion . TheLowe rMiocen eMoghr aFormatio nmainl yconsist so fclasti c deposits.The yar echaracterize db yfluviatil ean dfluvio marine sandstoneswit hintercalation s ofshal ean dlimestone . Figure9 show sth edistributio no fface si nth eMoghr aFormatio n inth einvestigate dare aafte rSai d (1961). Thischang eals o canb erea dfro m theschemati cwel ldescription s inTabl e2 . Thewell so fth esheet s1 ,2 ,5 an d6 contai npredominan t limestone/shale,wherea smor e toth eeas tsandston epredominate . Accordingt oSai d (1962)i nth eeaster npar to fth eare ath e sand/shale ratioamount s3.5/1 .Mor e toth ewes tgraduall yth e proportiono fshal ei sgreater .I nShiw a thesand/shal erati o amounts1/3 .Thiel ee tal .(1970 )hav esimila robservation si n theE lDiff aPlateau . 5.2.2 Oligocene/UpperEocen e Theconcerne ddeposit sconsis to fa thic klaye ro fshale so f theDaba aFormatio n (QatraniFormatio no rGhorou dFormation) . Figure1 0show sth eoccurrenc e andthicknes so fthi sformation . Itappear s thatonl y ina par to fth einvestigate d areaDaba a shalesar efound .S oi ti so fimportanc e thatth eboundar yo f thedeposit s isjus tfoun dnea r thesouther n fringeo fth e 33 I •-. •'•'•;•:•'] Pleistocene-recent EnliTÎTfa Pliocene Marmarica facies Moghra facies \ Miocene Heterostagines limestone and chalk Figure8 Schemati cfacie sprofil eafte rThiel ee tal .(1970) . LEGEND 0penmarin e ,ocies Open Bay facies(Elphidium-SIreblus, Mill assemblage ) K/K/\ Reefol facies (Miogysina-Amphis /// / Estuarine facies Buliminella — PSIAJ tegino Assemblage ) '/// Haplophragmoldes assemblage . '•,'-."•.'•'•".*• Fluviotile facies Km Q 100 | 200 Km Figure9 Ma pshowin gth edistributio no ffacie so fth eLowe rMiocen e (afterSaid ,1961) . 34 Siwä Oas/s=- Escarpment £££&•! Sandy desert and dunes Y////\ Absent due to non deposition or 'erosion Isopachs (m) Well Figure 10Thicknes s and spread of the Oligocenen/Upper Eocene deposits (Dabaa Formation). Qattaradepression .Th egrea tthicknesses ,however ,ar efoun d inth enortheaster npar to fth eQattara .Accordin g toJV Q (1979)th eDaba aFormatio nconsist so f"silt yclayston eand/o r shalewit hfe wintercalate d sandstonean dlimeston elayers" . Iti s"sof tt omediu mhard ,blocky ,sticky ,splintery , fossiliferous,pyriti can dpartl yglauconitic" .I nTabl e2 ,i t canb erea dther ear ehardl yn oexception so nth eshal e charactero fth edeposit so fthi sformation . 5.2.3 Eocene/Paleocene Theboundar ybetwee nEocen e andPaleocen ecanno tb e readfro m theprofile s inJV Q (1979). Inth einvestigate dare amostl y limestone isfoun d (Table 2). Atsom eplace si nth e hydrogeologicalprofile s inJV Q (1979),intercalation so fshal e arepresentend ,bu tthe ysee m tob eo floca limportance .A t mostplace sther eseem st ob en odifferenc ebetwee nth e depositso fEocen ean dth eunderlayin gUppe rCretaceous .I ti s tob eexpecte d thatth eboundarie sbetwee nbot hformations , arebase do npaleontologica linvestigations . 35 5.2.4 Cretaceous GenerallyCretaceou s issubdivide d intoth ehorizon sUppe r Cretaceousan dLowe rCretaceous .I nth eWester nDeser tare a theUppe rCretaceou sconsist so fth efollowin glayer s(Tabl e 1): -Khoma nFormatio n (Senonian); -Abu-Roas hFormatio n (Senonian/Turonian/Cenomanian); -Bahariy aFormatio n (Cenomanian). TheLowe rCretaceou sconsist sof : -Bur gEl-Ara bFormation ; -Bett yFormation . Mediterranean ^ Sandy desert and dunes X//A Abent due to non desposition or ^-^ erosion Farafra Isopaches (m) v;; Oasis Well Figure 11Th e thickness of theUppe r Cretaceous deposits. Itappeare dt ob edifficul tt orecogniz e thesesubdivision s from theavailabl eprofiles .Thu smap swer ecompile d forth e UpperCretaceou s (excludingCenomanian) ,Cenomania nan dLowe r Cretaceous. Figure 11show stha t thethicknes so fth edeposit so fth eUppe r Cretaceousformatio n inth einvestagate d areaha sa grea t variation.Generall y thethicknes sdiminishe si na southwar d direction from300-40 0metre salon gth ecoas tt oles stha n10 0 36 Figure 12Facie sma p of theTuronian-Santonia n (Said, 1962). South-west north-east directed bands of high occurrances of limestone alternate with bands of lower occurrances. Figure 13Th e thickness of the Cenomanian deposits. 37 metres southo fSiwa .Mor e toth esout hther ei sagai na n increase inth edirectio no fth eFarafr aOasis .I nthi sare aa numbero flocation sar efoun dwit hver yhig hvalue s (moretha n 100metres) .On ei ssituate d south-westo fMatruh .Th eother s aresituate di na ban dbetwee n 150kilometre seas to fSiw ai n eastwarddirectio nu pt oCairo .Extrem ehig hvalue so f200 0 metres thicknessar efoun di nth esouther npar to fth eQattar a Depression.A tsom elocation si nth einvestagate d areaUppe r Cretaceousdeposit sar eabsen t (southo fMoghr aan dpossibl y southwesto fE lAlamein) . TheUppe rCretaceou sdeposit sconsis tmainl yo flimeston ean d chalk (Said,1962) .N odifferenc ecoul db eobserve dbetwee n thedeposit so fthi sformatio nan dth eoverlayin gEocene .Du e tointensiv e tectonicactivitie si nthi sarea ,i tca nb e expected thatth elimeston e isstrongl ydissecte db ynumerou s majoran dmino rfaults .E lBassyon y (1983)state d thatth e UpperCretaceuo sca nb esubdivide d intothre eformations : -Khoma nFormation ; -Ab uRoas hFormation ; -Bahariy aFormation . The thicknessma po fFigur e 11include s theuppe rtw o formations. TheKhoma nFormatio nconsist so fmilk ywhit e togre ymassiv e chalkylimestone ,moderatel y soft (ElBassyony , 1983).T oth e souththi sformatio ninterfinger swit hth eDakhl aShales .Fro m Table2 ,i ti sclea r thati nth ecentra lpar to fth e investigated areaonl ylimeston e isfoun d (blocksnr ,2 ,3 an d 7), whereast oth eedges ,mor e intercalationso fshal ean d occasionally evensandston ear eencountered .Th esam eca nb e mentionesfo rth eQattar aare a (welllnumbe r6.0 1 till6.0 7 and7.1 3 till7.16) .Fro mFigur e1 2i ti sclea rtha t SW-NE-bandso fhig hoccurrence s oflinmestone ,alternat ewit h bandso flowe roccurrances .Th egive nlocation sshowin g absenceo fUppe rCretaceou sar eno ti nagreemen twit hthos ei n Figure11 . 5.2.5 Cenomanian Thedeposit so fthi sag ear erepresente db yth eBahariy a Formation.Generall y theyar echaracterize db ya rathe r uniform thicknesso f300-50 0metre s (Figure 13).A ban do flo w values isfoun dfro ma poin t southwesto fMoghr a inth e directiono fMers aMatruh .Accordin g toTabl e2 ,hal fo fth e wells showsandstone san dmos to fth eothe rpar tsandstone s andshales .I nth enorther npar to fth eare aman y layerso f limestoneoccu r (blocks2-4) .Figur e1 4show sth eoccurrenc e andthicknes so fth eCenomania nshales .Fo rth ehydrolog yo f theinvestigate d areathe yar eimportan ta sa naquitar d between thePre-Cenomania nlimestone san dth eunderlyin g layerswit hpredominan tsandstones .Accordin gt oSai d (1962) 38 the southern limit of the Cenomanian deposits are encountered at an east-west line at latitude 27 50' mainly just south of the investigated area.H e stated that 35%o f the deposits of this formation consist of sandstone.Accordin g to El Bassyony (1983), the clastic ratio increases towards thebase .Ther e are only a few outcrops of this formation; one of them is in the Bahariya Oasis. \///\ Absent due to non deposition or erosion Isopaches(m ) Well Figure \<\Occurrenc e and thickness of theBahariy a Shales. Important for hydrology is that this layer only occurs ina rather smallarea . 5.2.6 Lower Cretaceous The deposits of the Lower Cretaceous consist of a thick layer ofhomogeneou s sandstones and ispresen t in the subsoil along thewhol e northern Egypt.Generall y there is an increase of the thickness of these deposits from south tonort h (Figure 15). In azon e from Matruh along Siwa to the southwest, rather lowvalue s for the thickness were recorded (< 500 m). Between Matruh and Salum the thicknesses amount more than 2000. In the remainingpart of the investigated area values of about 1000 metres occur. Small areas with absence of deposits of this formation occur south ofMoghr a and southwest of Cairo.Th e 39 Figure 15Th e thickness of the Lower Cretaceous deposits. Figure 16Occurranc e and thickness of the Jurassic deposits. 40 Figure 17Th e depth inmetres-MS L of the top of the Precambrian base deposits. extensioni nth elas tdirectio n isno ti naccordanc ewit hth e observationo fSai d (1962). From theavailabl ewells ,i tca n beobserve d thatther ei sa nincreas eo fth erelativ eshal e contentt oth esouthwest .Thi si si naccordanc ewit hth e observationso fSai d (1960).Betwee n theQattar aDepressio n 41 and the Nile, there are only sandstones in the Lower Cretaceous. 5.2.7 Jurassic Less than half of the available wells give information about the Jurassic deposits in the investigated area. Inman y of them, the base of these deposits is not reached. Figure 16 gives the thickness of the Jurassic deposits.Th e limit of the deposits runs from apoint near Salum along the south-western fringe of the Qattara Depression to theeast . According toTabl e 2 there is adiversit y ofdeposits : sandstone, shale and limestone.Accordin g to Said (1962), there is adecreas e of the relative sandstone content from the southern fringe of the deposits to the north. 5.2.8 Pre-Jurassic deposits There is a scarcity of information about thispart of the geologic section in the subsurface of the northern sector of theWester n Desert.Onl y in fewwell s the Pre-Cambrian basement complex composed ofmetamorphi c and ingeneous rocks is reached,mainl y in the uplift areas of the Stable Shelf. Although some well descriptions give adivisio n in formations it is not useful tomak e descriptions of the deposits of the different formations.Th e available descriptions give a similar composition of the rocks as in the overlying Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. Triassic deposits are absent in the investigated area. The Paleozoic deposits mainly consist of clastic deposits:most sandstones with some shale. Figure 17 shows an outline of the top level of the Precambrian basement complex, according to several authors, supplemented with some observations from the JVQ-profiles. Supplementary informations about the northern part of the investigated area isnecessary . Generally it can be stated that the toplevel of the Precambrian base shows three steps: - The north-western part of the area, including the depressions (Siwa,Qattara ,Moghra )wit h an elevation between 3000 and 4000 metres below mean sea level in thewest , declining tomor e than 6000metre s below mean sea level between ElAlamei n and Alexandria; - A SW-NE-strip of 1500-3000 metres below MSL between Farafra Oasis and the Libian boundary declining to 2000-3000 metres below MSL near Cairo; - The area south of Fayoum with elevations of less than 2000 metres below mean sea level. 42 According to the toplevel of the Paleozoic deposits, it canb e stated that in only a few from the availabe wells,thi s level is known.Al l of them are situated along the fringe of the inner basin. South of Fayoum in several wells, theMesozoi c rocks are directly situated on the Precambrian Basement Complex. 43 6 INTEGRATIONO FTH EGEOLOGICA LDAT AWIT HTH EHYDROGEOLOGICA L CONDITIONS Thehydrologica l systemo fth esubsurfac eo fth enorther npar t ofWester nDeser tgenerall yha sa thicknes so fmor e than400 0 metres.Accordin gt oPelgru m (1988)th ehydrologica lsyste m canb e subdivided intoth efollowin gunit s: -Uppe raquifer ,consistin go fth edeposit so fth eMarmaric a andMoghr aFormations ; -Aquitard ,consistin go fth eDaba ashales ; -Secon daquifer ,consistin go fth eEocen ean dUppe rCretaceou s (excl.Cenomanian )deposits ,mainl yconsistin go flimestone ; -Aquitard ,consistin go fth eCenomania nshales ; -Lowe raquifer ,consistin go fth eLowe rMesosoi can d Paleocenedeposit s (NubianSandston eComplex) ; -Precambria nbasemen tcomplex . Accordingt oSundbor gan dNilso n (1985)th efollowin gaquife r complexesca nb edistinguishe dinto : 1Th eWester nPlatea uAquife rSystem ; 2Th eMarmaric aan dCoasta lAquife rComplex ; 3Th eMiocen eMoghr aSystem ; 4 TheUppe rCretaceou st oEocen eAquife rSyste m (UCESystem) ; 5Th ePre-Uppe rCenomania nAquife rSyste m (PUCo rNubia n System). Sincebetwee nth ePU Can dth eUC Esystem sther ei sonl ya n aquitard ina smal lpar to fth eare a (Bahariya Shales),fro ma pointo fvie wo fregiona lhydrology ,the ymostl yca nb etake n together (loweraquifer) .Accordin gt oth euppe rthre esystems , itca nb estate dtha tn oaquitard soccur ,wit hextension salon g largeareas .S othes esystem sals oca nb econsidere da son e aquifer. Theconclusio nfro m thisdiscussio nwa stha tth ehydrologica l systemcoul db edivide dint oth efollowin ghydrologica lunits : -Th euppe raquifer ,consistin go fth edeposit so fth eMiocen e (Marmarica Formation,Moghr aFormation) ; -Th eaquitard ,consistin go fth eshal edeposit so fth e Oligocène (DabaaFormation) ; -Th elowe raquifer ,consistin go fal lformation sunderlayin g theOligocène ,base db y thePrecambria nBasemen tdeposits . Whereas theDaba aShale sonl yoccu r inth ecentra lpar to fth e investigatedare a (Figure 10),alon gth efringe so fth earea , bothaquifer sca nb e takentogethe r toon e-open -aquifer .Th e upperaquife rcover sth ewhol eare a-wit hloca labsences -an d hasa thicknes so fmor etha n60 0metre si nth enorther npar t ofth earea ,thinnin gou tt oles stha n20 0metre s toth eedge s ofth earea .Th elowe raquife rha sa thicknes so fmor etha n 3000metre si nth ewhol earea . 44 6.1 Procedure in thispape r formappin g the transmissivities 2 2 The transmissivity (m /d or m /s)ca nb e calculated by multiplying the thickness of an aquifer (D,metres )wit h the annex hydraulic conductivity (k,m/ d or m/s). Problems are the values of the hydraulic conductivities. In a large scale investigation as this one,i twil l do if only global values are available,besid e a rather good knowledge of the thickness. There may be great variations of the k-values of the deposits of the different formations in theaquifers . Beside that it canb e stated that the k-values of the deposits of one formation can be fixed within certain limitations.I t is therefore usefull to calculate the transmissivities of the deposits of the different formations separately and after that calculation of the totalvalue s for the two aquifers by addition. 6.2 Hydraulic conductivities The hydraulic conductivities depend on different properties of the sedimentary deposits:por e size,por e shape, sorting, orientation of the grains etc.Du e tovariet y in orientation of the grains,diversit y of k-values occurs for the different directions of groundwater flow. Mainly in thehorizonta l directions the k-values are almost equal. Unless many investigations in thepast ,n o relation is foundbetwee n the horizontal and vertical k-values. Whereas in aquifers the horizontal components of groundwaterflow are manyfold of the vertical, the horizontal k-values are most important.Moreove r it appears that inpractice ,measurin g and calculation ofhorizonta l k-values ismuc h easier than the vertical values.Tabe l 3 gives an outline of the horizontal k-values from different references.N o data could be found about the k-values of the calcarous middle section of the underground (Eocene,Paleocene ,Uppe r Cretaceous). This problem will get separate attention in aproceedin g stage of these investigations. Important for the results willb e the amount of fissuring of the rocks.Fro m Tabel 3 it is clear, that there are great contrasts invalue s for the Quarternary deposits. The importance of this however is low,becaus e in the investigated area it concerns layers of relatively limited thicknesses and extensions.Onl y in theNil e Delta, the Quarternary aquifer has an important function in the hydrological system of that subarea. It concerns,however ,a local situation without importance for the hydrological system of the northern part of the Western Desert as awhole . 45 Table3 Summarize dgeologi ctabl eo fth enorther npar to fth eWester nDeser t inEgypt ïwit ha shor tdescriptio no fth elitholog yan dth e hydrologicalconductivitie s (k-values1accordin g tosevera lauthors . UNIT Formation Lithology Hydr.Cond.(m/d ) Sand 50 (Nile Delta) )10 l Quartcrnary Clay SO-200(Ntle Delta) ) ° Gravel 15-25 (Coastal aquifers) ) 0.002-0.2 (Nile Delta))1 Gravai,sands Flio- Ilamam F. Oolitic limestone Flelstocena Sandstones Sandy limestone 1 Mnrmnricn F. Limestone 0.1-6.7 ) 9.8 )6 Miocene tioghra F. Sand Lime 8.7-17.6 )2 Sandstone stone 17.3 )B Shale Shale 0.2-12.1 )T)1X Oligocène Basalt Doha.a F. Shale Limestone Appa1on la F. Shale Limestono/shale Paloocone Limestone/shale Khatnan F. a.Limestone b.Chalk Argillavous 1imoston e Limestone I Sand,Sandstone,lime ston e Abu Roash F. Limestone | 8.4 0. Limestone,shale,sand ston e Limestone j Shale,sandstone,limestone Bahariya F. Sandstone,shale Burg Sandstone,shale 3.8)• » Limestone 2-10 )3 El Arab F. 2-9 )• _8. 4 )6 3.5 )5 Betty F. 0.1-8.7 )° 6-7 (Dakhla) )10 5-10 (Bahariya) )>° Masjd F. Limestone,shale 2-5 (Farafra) )10 2-4 (Kharga) )10 Katatba F. Shale,sandstone 1-3 (Nile Basin) )10 Jurassl e Wadi Nat run F. Shale Paleozoic Sandstone,shale Procûmbrion Granitic and tnotamorphlc rocks )i ATTIA.1988. )6 Thispaper . )2 SUNDBORG andNILSSON,198 5. )7 JVQ, 19831. )3 AMER etal.,1980 . )8 EUR0C0NSULT/PACER,1983 . )< HESSE et al.,1987. )'9 BRINKMAN et al., 1987 10 )5 PELGRUM,1988 . ) IWAC0/RIGW,1989 . )" EZZAT,1983 . 46 Figure 18Averag e hydraulic conductivity (k-value,m/d )o f the Hubian Sandstone aquifer. S/Wci OdSIS^ Siwa Escarpment Sandy desert and dunes X//\ Absent due to non deposition or erosion Isopaches (m) • Well Figure 19Th e average k-value (m/d)o f the deposits of theMoghr a Formation. 47 Accordingt oth evalue sfo rth eNubia nSandston eComplex , relativeman ydat aar eavailabl e from theliterature .I nJV Q (1979)a descriptio n isgive nfo rth eestimatio no fth e hydraulicconductivitie s accordingt oth emetho dHAZEN .Tabl e 4 givesth edescriptio no fth evalue st ob eapplie do n differentclasti csediments . Table 4 Hydraulic conductivities (k-Values)o f clastic sediments with different lithological compositions according themetho d HAZEN. k (m/s) k (m/d) Description 1x 10-4 8.64 Sand» middle tofine , non-cohesive 1x 10-5 0.86 Sand,middl e tofine ,slightl y silty, slightly clayey non-cohesive 1x 10-6 0.09 Sand,middl e tofine , silty,clayey , non-cohesive 1x 10-7 0.01 Sand, middle to fine,cohesiv e or dense sandstone 1x 10-8 0.00 Silt,clay , silt and alternations Moredetail sar egive ni nJV Q (1981).Wit hhel po fthi smetho d andth eavailabl ewel ldescriptions ,estimation swer ecarrie d outo fth esedimentlayer so fth eNubia nAquife rSyste man dth e MoghraFormation .Afte rtha tth eeverag ek-value s ofth e NubianSandston eAquife ran dth eMoghr aFormatio ni never ywel l werecalculated .Th e resultsar efoun di nFigure s1 8an d19 . Amer (1982)modelle d theNubia nAquife rSyste mbetwee nth e Egyptianborders .H ecalculate d thetransmissivitie so fth e NubianSandston eComplex .I tappeare d thatther e isa decreas e ofth evalue sfro m thesouther nborde ro fEgyp tt oth eQattar a Depressionfro m1 0m/ dt o4. 8m/d .Thi si si nagreemen twit h statementso fDr .E lShata a (Pers.Comm. ,1989 )tha tther ei s anincreas eo fth eshal econtent so fth eNubia nSandston e Complexfro mth esout ht oth enorth .H estate stha tth eNubia n Sandstonei sallmos timpermeabl enea rth eMediterrania ncoast . Figure1 8show sa simila rimage . Forth eMiocen e layers,th emos tprobabl evalu efo rth e horizontalhydrauli cconductivit y is1 0m/d .I nth eare ao f Siwaan dmor et oth eeas ti nth eQattar aDepression ,th e valuesar elo wo rneglectable .Hig hvalue sar efoun di nsmal l areassouth-wes to fAlexandri a andsouth-eas to fMers aMatruh . Figure 19show sth eestimate dk-value s ofth edeposit so fth e MoghraFormation .Th eprocedur eha sbee nth esam ea sthos eo f theNubia nSandston eComplex .I tappear stha tth elowes t valuesoccu ralon gth eMediterranea nan dther ei sa nincreas e 48 of the values in the south-eastern direction. In the area south ofE lAlamein ,value s occur ofmor e than 8m/d . 6.3 The influence of temperature and high salt concentrations on groundwater flow Inhydrologica l systems with great thicknesses, the increase of temperature with the depths,hav e great impacts on the viscosity and density of groundwater and after thatwit h the intensity of groundwater flow. Beside that, in the deeper aquifers high salt concentrations can occur (brines,se e chapter 7.) The general expression of the Darcy equation is: k dp v = ~~ rijd x inwhic h : K= permeabilit y (L2) T1= viscosit y (K.T.ML*1) p =pressur e (K.L)"2) x = distance (L) For the transmission of the permeability (K)int o the hydraulic conductivity (k)th e following expression isused : k pg K = Tl inwhic h : K =permeabilit y (L2) H =viscosit y (K.T.ML-2) p =pressur e (K.L-2) p= density (M.L-3) Whereas mostly no great differences in the values n and poccur , the differences in these values are not taken into account. In the case of high temperatures of groundwater and/or high salt concentrations the differences in density and viscosity are no more neglectable and have tob e taken into account in the calculations of groundwater flow. 6.3.1 Temperature Normally increases of 1centigrad e for an increase of the depth of 100metre s is taken into account.Fo r colloquial groundwater basins, the influence of the increase of temperature on groundwater flow canb e neglected. Northeast Africa,however , is situated in apart of the world with high tectonic activities, Higher increases of the temperature than 1centigrade/10 0 m are tob e expected. 49 Temperature (°C} 25 50 75 100 125 0- i t i i • . « • < OJ .••»••.- • CN « •nv .• • • 1 - • • v • • . • •• • • • • • • •* • 2 - • E • .c • • ••>.•• • «. •• o. •• • »1 • • • O 3- A • • • * • .*• Vil. . • • • •» ••. • • • • •• • • • • 4' •• •• 4- • «w "' «/ • • • • • • • %* ' • • • • s - Figure 20 The change of temperature in 289 oil wells according to Morgan et al. (1977) 100 120 £ 140 160 180 200 24 25 26 27 28 Temperature (centigrades) Figure 21Th e temperature of grounwater inwel l nr.Q6 . In Said (1990)Boulo s investigated the change in temperature of oilwell s in the northern part of theWester n Desert. Figure 20 shows the relation between the temperature of groundwater at thebottom s of 289 oilwell s in the area and the depth. The average increase of temperature in this diagram amounts about 2.8 centigrade/100 metres. 50 During the own field campaign, the temperature was measured in well nr. Q6. The result is found in Figure 21.Th e increase of the groundwater temperature over themeasure d range amounts 1.4 centigrade/100 metres.Th e temperature ofwate r flowing out from Bir Qfar amounts 60.6 centigrades. According toBastiaansse n andAb d El Karim (pers. comm.), due tocombine d with a factor ranging from 1.2 at surface level to 3.0 at 2800meters-MS L temperature and salinity effect, the estimated k-value (HAZEN-method) should be multiplied by 2.66 at the bottom of awel l near the Qattara Depression at 2744 metres-MSL. If the change of temperature with the depth is exactly known in the investigated area,th e calculations of groundwater flowwit h the Darcy formula must be multiplied with a factor consisting of the depth and the measurements of temperature.A t this stage of the investigations, the available data on the groundwater temperature are not sufficient. 6.3.2 Differences in salt concentrations In chapter 7 a description of the salt concentrations of groundwater will be given. In calculations of groundwater flow in fresh water bodies a density of groundwater of 1 is taken into account. Small differences in salt concentrations have slight impacts on groundwater flow and so are neglected. In case ofbrackish , salt and extreme salt water these differences have tob e taken into account. 6.4 The map of the transmissivity of the Nubian Sandstone Complex Thisma p of the transmissivity of the Nubian Sandstone complex could be obtained by multiplying the k-values of Figure 18 with thicknesses (Figure22) . The thickness (Figure 22)wa s obtained from the difference between the depth of the top of the deposits of the Nubian Sandstone complex and the top of the Pre-CambrainBas e Deposits (Figure 17).Th e transmissivity map is shown in Figure 23.Th e scarce wells,wher e the whole layer ispresent are given in thismap .Most of them are in agreement with the estimated values of the contourlines.Du e to lack of data, it appeared not tob e possible to get reliable values in the triangle between thewester n part of the Mediterranian shore line and the Egyptian/Libian border. Very low values are found in an area southwest ofMoghra . It even seems that there is a small area with absence of the Nubian Sandstone Complex. The presence of the Bahariya Oasis 51 "-"-•"' Escarpment E-iïv:;^] Sandy desert and dunes Absent due to non deposition or erosion (sopaches (m) Boundary of high axes L —A Fault Figure 22Th e thickness Escarpment Sandy desert and dunes \///\ Absent due to non deposition or erosion Isopaches (m) Fare fro Boundary of high axes Oasis Well Figure 23Estimate d transmissivity of the layers of the Nubian Sandstone Complex (contourlines inm /d) . 52 Uplift (Figure 4), isrefoun di nth elowe rvalue so fth e thicknessestha ni nth enorthwester npar to fth earea .Du et o lacko favailabl e data,i nth eare ao fE lFayou m andsout ho f it,onl ya globa lvalu eo f> 150 0metre scoul db egiven .I ti s tob eexpecte d thatthes evalue sar elowe r thani nth eare ao f theBahariy aOasi sUplift .T oge tbette r resultsfo rthi smap , iti sabsolutel ynecessar y tomak estudie so fth eorigina lwel l descriptions inth earea .Thi si smoreove r importantfo rth e partso fth einvestigate darea ,wher en odat aca nb e takenfro m thismap . 6.5 Thetransmissivit yo fth edeposit so fth eMoghr aFormatio n Figure2 4show sth ethicknesse so fth edeposit so fth e Formation.Locall y therear egrea tdifference sbetwee nthi s mapan dthos efro mHanta r inSaid , (1990)(Figur e 25),bu tth e generaltren do fHantar' sma p isrefoun d inFigur e24 . Therefore thethicknes so fFigur e2 4i suse dfo rfurthe r calculations ofth etransmissivities .Multiplyin g thevalue s ofFigur e 19(k-value )an dFigur e2 4resulte di nFigur e26 . Itappear stha ti ngenera lth evalue so fth etransmissivitie s arever ymuc hlowe r thanthos eo fth eNubia nSandston eAquife r (about 10%).A complicatin g facti stha ta tmos tlocation sth e depositso fth eMoghr aFormatio nar efoun dclos et oth e groundsurface.Wherea sa tman yplace sdee pgroundwate rlevel s arefoun d (>10 0metre sbelo wgroundlevel) ,onl ya par to fthi s formationha sfunctio ni ngroudwate rflow . Thehighes tvalue sar efoun di na smal lare ai nth esurroundin g ofE lAlamei n (>100 0m/d) .A secon dobservatio ni stha tonl y inth eeaster npar to fth enorther npar to fth eWester nDesert , theMoghr adeposit shav e importance forgroundwate rflow . 53 •• Escarpment [^'•y^.'/'l Sandy desert and dunes Isopaches (m) Well Figure 2 Escarpment W^ Sandy desert and dunes \///\ Absent duet ono ndepositio n or erosion Isopaches (m) Well Figure 25Th ethicknes so fth edeposit so fth eMoghr a Formation according to Hantar. 54 Mediterranean Sea '*••••.-+ Stwa Oasis* IMie^ :::f::-:-.:;:->:-:-:=" Siwa .'••";;;i Escarpment Sandy desert£ V//\ Absent due tono n depositie erosion Isopaches( Well Figure H6Th e transmissivity (m2/d)o f the deposits of theMoghr a Formation, based on data from Figure 19an d Figure 24. 55 7TH EHYDROCHEMICA LSITUATIO N Inth esouther npar to fth earea ,fres hgroundwate r occurs;i n thenorther npar tsal twater .Figur e2 7give s thegloba l locationo fth elatara linterfac ebetwee n thefres han dsal t wateri nth esubsoil ,besid e thelocation so fth ewell stha t wereuse d forthi schapter .Figur e2 8give sa detaile dma po f theare aaroun dSiw aan dth ewester npar to fth eQattar a Depressionwit h thelcocation so fth eobservatio npoint so f theow nfiel dcampaign .Du e toth elimite dnumbe ro f observationwells ,th eexac tlocatio no fth einterfac ecanno t begiven .Besid e that,i ti st ob eexpecte d thatth evertica l planeo fth einterfac e isver ycomplicated . Duringa shor tfiel dcampaign ,sample swer ecollecte do f groundwater andsurfac ewate r inth eare ao fSiw aan di nth e southernpar to fth eQattar aDepression .Severa lstudie shav e beenmad eo fth eisotope-concentration s ofgroundwate r inth e studyarea .Th e relationbetwee n therelativ eô 180value san d thechlorid econcentration s appeared tohav egrea tvalue sfo r thestud yo fth eorigi no fgroundwater . Figure 27Th e location of observation wells from different authors and own data, beside the global location of the lateral fresh-salt interface. 56 Figure 28Detaile d map of the area around Siwa and the western part of the Qattara Depression with the locations of the observation points of the own field campaign (inset detail of the surroundings of Siwa). 7.1Watertype s Swanberge tal.(1984 )give sa noutlin eo fth ehydrochemica l situationo fEgypt ,base do n16 0 analyseso fgroundwate rfro m wells,5 4o fwhic hlocate di nth enorther npar to fth eWester n Desert.I nthi sare ath efollowin gwatertype sar edistinguishe d -MgCl-wate ralon gth eMediterrania ncoas tan di nth eSiw a Oasis; -N aS O-wate ri nfres hwate roccurrance s inth emajo roasi s anath eMediterrania ncoasta larea ; -NaHC O -wateri nth ewhol eare ai nshallo wwell swit hhig h totaldissolve d solidconcentrations . 7.2Observation s Thesample so fth efiel dcampaig nhav ebee nanalize do nth e concentrations ofth emai nion se.g .Na ,K ,Ca ,Mg ,Al ,Fe , HCO ,S O andCl .The yhav ebee nplotte d ina pipe rdiagra m (Figure 29).Besid e thatth eobservation so fSwanber ge tal . (1984)hav ebee nplotte di nanothe rdiagra m (Figure30 )an d thoseo fJV Q (1983)i nFigur e31 .Figur e2 9show stha t 57 /v%\ / V- * // / / Figure 29 Piper diagram of the data from the own > // field campaign. * Siwa A Wadi Nairoun • Qatiaia Tk Favoum area v%v A '*/«.••. Figure 30 Piper diagram with the data from Swanberg et al. (1984). Siwa Wadi Nalroun Mediterranean coastal area V% V 58 '/ 4? x Siwa * Qattara * El Diffa Plateau O Wadi Natroun/Moghra • Area South-east of Qattara Vè\f * Sea water and Nile water Figure ÏI Piper diagram of thewate r analysis data from JVQ (1981). The samples from the Siwa area and theQattar a Depression are mainly concentrated in the lefthand upper part of the diagram. groundwater inth eSiw aare ai smainl yconcentrate d inth e uppertriangl e (Calcium/Magnesium Sulphatewater) .Th e groundwater fromth eMediterrania nare ai sfoun di nth ewhol e diagram,wherea sth ewater s inth eWad iNatru nar econcentrate d inth erigh thandsid eo fth euppe rpar to fth ediagram .Durin g thefiel dcampaign ,n osample swer ecollecte d inth ecoasta l area. Accordingt oth esample si nth eSiw aarea ,i tca nb estate d thata simila rimag ei sfoun da stha to fSwanber g (1984).Th e lattersample so fth eWad iNatru narea ,ar ecollecte d inth e easternpar to fth earea ,whera s thoseo fthi sstud yoriginat e from thewester npar to fth earea .Thi sexplain ssom e differences.Th eJVQ-repor t (1983)als oshow svalue so fsample s 59 0.0 25.0 Ca(meq/l)|--- - 10.0 H MOO • Siwa ' Mediterraneancoasta l area • Wadi Natroun h 60 4.0 H \- 4.0 2.0 H h 2.0 0.0 H O - 00 ]--• ..-lMg(meq/l} 00 25.0 Figure 32Th e relation between the calcium and magnesium concentrations of data from Swanberg (1984). o.o 5.0 200 25.0 Ca(meq/l ) i------!••- I 10.0 H MOO + - Siwa • - Eldiff a Plateau x - Area between Wadi Natroun and Moghra • - Area SEo f the Qattara Depression |- 4.0 0.0 H • 0.0 I--- .--iMg (meq/l) 0.0 25.0 Figure 33Th e relation between the clacium and magnesium concentrations of data from JVCJ(198 1) . 60 in the El Diffa Plateau, the area between WadiNatrou n and Moghra and the area southeast ofQattara . The ElDiff a samples and the Wadi Natroun/Moghra samples are found in the upper triangle of the diagram, which means they also are of the Ca-Mg/SO -Cl type.Th e samples of the area southeast of the Qattara Depression are located in the centralpar t of the diagram which means that itconcern s groundwater ofmixe d watertypes.Wherea s themai n part of the samples are found in the righthand part of the diagram, it is useful to focus discussions on the calcium andmagnesiu m concentrations and the sulphate and chloride concentrations. Figure 32,3 3 and 34 give the relations between the calcium and magnesium concentrations of the water samples of the Swanberg-samples, the JVQ-samples and the own samples respectively. It appears that the relative share ofmagnesiu m in the total ion contents near theMediterrania n coast is twofold as those near Shiwa. Concerning the sulphate and chloride concentrations, it canb e mentioned that there is a straight relation between these values and the Siwa samples.Th e ratiosbetwee n the chloride concentrations and the sulphate concentrations amount about 2.5.Th e samples of the Mediterranian area seem tohav e no relations. Many samples have relations equal to those ofSiwa , but many others have higher shares of sulphate.Th e samples of theWad iNatru n area have very low concentrations ofbot h ions. 25.0 Ca(meq/l ) I 10.CM ""' I- 10.0 Siwa Qattara Depression Wadi Natroun • Fayoun area 4 OH - 00 Mg(meq/l ) 25 0 Figure 34-Th e relation between thecalciu m and magnesium concentrations of data from theow n field campaign. 61 7.3Chlorid e Thechlorid e ioni sver yusefu la sa trace rfo r hydrogeologicalprocesses .Th e reasoni stha t-unde rnatura l cicumstances- iti schemicall y inactive.Th esourc eo f chloride ingroundwater ,mostl y isseawate r intrusion.I nmos t casesvariation s inchlorid econcentration sar edu et o differentmixe swit hfres hwate ran dsolutio no fsal t occurrances inth esubsoil .I nari dcircumstance s-however - variationsi nsal tconcentration smanytime sar edu et o evaporation.I nth enorther npar to fth eWester nDeser to f Egypt,th einterfac ebetwee nwate rwit hhig han dlo wchlorid e concentrations isfoun dalon ga northwest-southeas t line(se e Figure 27).Th eexac tlocatio ncanno tb egive nbecaus eo fth e -relatively- lowdensit yo fobservatio nwell san dvariation s inth evertica lpositio no fth einterface .Besid e thatth e interfaceplan ei nvertica lsens e isver ycomplicated .Mostl y therear egrea tdifference s insal tcontent sbetwee nth euppe r andth elowe raquife r (Figure35) .Th echlorid e concentrations ofgroundwate r inth euppe r-tertiairy -aquifer ,mostl yar e limited tovalue sbelo w10,00 0mg/1 .I nth enorther npar to f theQattar aDepression ,extrem ehig hvalue s (moretha n100,00 0 mg/1)occu ra tshallo wdepths .I nth esouther npar tonl yi n surfacewate r (sebkhas)hig hvalue soccu r (besidehig hvalue s forth eothe r iones).I nth eNubia nSandston eAquifer ,extrem e highvalue soccu r (50,000-150,000mg/1 )i nth eare anort ho f thesalt-fres hwate rinterface . Figure 35Morth-sout h profile through the northern part of the Western Desert. 62 7.4Th establ eisotope s 7.4.1 General Therei sa stron grelatio nbetwee n therelativ e concentrations ofdeuteriu m and 180 ingroundwate r aton ehan dan dth e distance toth eocea no rlarg ese abasi na tth eother .Durin g evaporationan dcondensatio n thephenomeno n takesplac eo f fractionization ofheav ywate rmolecule s-HD 180an dH 180- against thelighte rH_ 160. Duringevaporatio n theheav y moleculesar erelativ e lower involved thanth elighte rones . The resulti stha ti nth ewate rvapo r theconcentratio no f heavywate rmolecule s islowe r thanthos ei nth eorigina lse a orocea nwater .I nth ecas eo fcondensatio n towate rdrop sth e heavywate rmolecule sdominate .Thi smean s thatth eremainin g watervapo rha slowe r relative concentrations ofheave ywate r moleculeswit hrepercussion s forthos econcentration smor e inland.Th e resulti stha tther eis ,wit hincreas eo fth e distance fromgreate r seabasin so rth eocean ,a decreasin g heavywate rconcentratio no fth erai nwate ran dfres h groundwater from rainwate rinfiltration . Inth ecas eo f theWester nDeser ta differenc eo fheav y isotopeconcentration s occursbetwee nwate roriginatin gfro m thenearb yMediterranea n andthos efro m thedistan tAtlantic . Whereasa tpresen tnorther nwind spredominat e inth earea , mosto fth escarc e rainwate roriginate s fromth e Mediterranean.I fi nth eobserve d freshgroundwate r -somehow originating fromprecipitation - theheav ywate rconcentration s arerelativ e low,th eorigi nmus tb e foundi nothe rclimati c circumstances thanth epresent ,e.g . ina climat ewit h predominantwester nwinds .Suc hcircumstance s occurreddurin g theperiod si nth eQuarternar ywhe ni nth epresen thumi d climatic areasglaciation soccurred .I nth epresen tari darea s ofth enorther nhemispher ehumi dclimati c circumstanceswer e found,calle d"pluvials" . Theconcentration s ofheav yatom si nwate ri sexpresse di n relationwit ha standar dcalle dStandar dMea nOcea nWate r (SMOW).Th evalue smentione d inth eproceedin gpar to fthi s paperar eexpresse d in /00SMOW ,whic hmean s thatth e observedconcentration s areth ementione d thousandthso fthos e ofStandar dMea nOcea nwater ,expresse da s6 : . R -R - sample standard ,„3 6= = ^ — .1 0 standard inwhic hR =isotop erati o Thevalue sar edenote da sÔ Dan dô ,80respectively . 63 7.4.2 Theobservation s From apar to fth esample s form thefiel dcampaign ,th e ö-valuesar eanalysed .Tabl e5 give s theresult so fthes e analyses.I ti sremarkabl e thata coupl eo fsample sha s 180 valueso fca.-1 0 /00.The yal loriginat efro mwell si nth e surroundingso fSiw aan dth eQattar asample sQ lan dQ6 .Th e latterar ebot hfro mdee poi lwell si nth eQattar aDepression . The lowó 180value sar ei nagreemen to f theobservation so f Sundborgan dNilsso n (1985). Plottingth eÔ Dvalue si nth ediagram so fth erelatio nbetwee n thedeuteriu m concentrations andth edistance s toth eAtlanti c ofSonnta ge tal .(1978 )sho wtha tth eow nobservation sfro m wellsar ei nagreemen twit h thoseo fSonnta ge tal .(1978) . 18 Table 5 O and deuterium analyses of the water samples of the field campaign (values in 0/00 Standard Mean Ocean Hater (SHOW)). 18 10 x JC18 X18 x Hellnr O O ÓD Hellnr ÖD Hellnr O O ón Hellnr O 0 ÓD 6 O SI -10.10 - Ql -10.43 - HN1 -0.89 -15.1 Fl 3.35 29.1 sz -10.18 -79.Z QZ - - HNZ -1.53 -19.1 F2 7.47 49.Z S3 -10.48 - Q3 -0.61 -36.7 HN3 -1.03 -ZZ.1 S4 -10.35 - Q4 -0.49 -42.8 HN4 0.15 3.1 S5 -10.36 - Q5 1.49 -Z4.7 HII5 -0.33 -3.3 S6 -10.36 - Q6 -10.15 -78.6 S7 -10.16 - Q7 -6.34 -68.6 SO -0.25 - Q10 -8.83 -71.7 S1Z -9.5Z -68.8 Qll -8.46 -69.4 S13 -10.21 - S14 -10.13 - S15 -10.07 - -2.4 0.0 2.4 / *F2 -6"0 120 18 Figure 36Th e relation between the O and D concentrations of the samples of the own field campaign. The samples of the Hadi Natrun Area and those of the ElFayou m area are situated on a line parallel with the line of the Mediterranian meteoric water, indicating the origin of Nile water infiltration.Th e Qattara and Siwa samples are situated on a line with another direction, indicating a separate origin. 64 Figure3 6show s therelatio nbetwee n thestabl eisotope so f thedifferen tsamples .I tappear stha tth elin ethroug hth e observationso fth eWad iNatru nan dE lFayou m isparalle lt o thoseo fth eMediterrania nmeteori cwater .I ti sobviou stha t theorigi no fthos ewater smus tb efoun di ninfiltratio no f Nilewater .Th eQattar aan dSiw asample sar esituate do na differentdirecte d line.I ti sclea r thatth eorigi no fthos e waters iddifferen tfro mth eothers . 7.5Discussio n Thewid esprea do fth eMediterrania n samplesi nth ePiper - diagrams indicates thatther ear esevera lsource so f groundwater intha tare aan dtha tther eexist sgroundwate r frommixe dorigin .A ton ehan dther ei sinfiltatio no f precipitationwate ran da tth eothe r therei sinfluenc eo fsal t waterintrusio nfro m theMediterrania nSea .Th egrea t differences inchlorid econcentration sbetwee n theuppe r -Tertiairy-aquifer andth elowe raquife r (NubianSandston e Complex),indicat e thatth ehig hconcentration s inth elowe r aquiferar eno tdu et oevaporatio nnea rth egroundsurface . Iti sno tobviou s thatenrichmen t ofth echlorid e concentrations ist ob e foundi nsolutio no fsal tfro msal tlayer si nth e subsoil,becaus ei nnon eo fth ewel ldescription soccurranc e ofsal tlayer si sfound .Th eothe rexplanatio nca nb emembran e actiono fth eoverlayin glayer so fth eNubia nSandston ecomplex . Thefac ttha ti nth einlan dpar to fth eare achlorid eexist s beside lowvalue so fnatriu m andhig hvalue so fcalciu m and . magnesium,indicate stha tther ei sio nexchang ebetwee nth e saltwate roccurrance s inth enorther npar to fth eare awit h saltwate ran dth esouther npar twit hfres hwater .Du e toio n exchangewit hth eroc kmaterial ,calciu m andmagnesiu m hasbee n goneint osolutio nan dsodiu mha sbee nfixe do nth eminera l complexes. Thever ylo w6 0value so fth esample sfro mwell si nSiw aan d theQattar aDepression ,indicat e thatthes ewater shav e differentorigine s thanth eothers .Besid e thatth elo wvalue s indicate thatth econcernin gwater soriginat efro mothe r climaticcircumstance s thenth epresent .Th ehig hvalu eo fth e Ain-el-Shaersprin gi nth eFayoum-are aindicate s thatth e concerningwate roriginate s fromNil ewate rinfiltration .Th e verylo wvalue sindicat e thatth econcernin ggroundwater s originate froma climati cphas ewit hpredominan twester nwind s e.g.durin gth epluvia lperio dconnecte dwit hglacia lperiod s inth epresen thumi dclimat ezon ei nth eNorther nHemispher e (Sonntage tal. , 1978). Wheras thesal twate roccurrance sNubia nSandston eAquife ri n thenorther npar to fth earea ,hav ehighe rÔ 180value stha n thosenea rShiwa ,i ti sno tobviou s thatther eha sbee n somehowmixin gbetwee nbot hwaters .Thi smean s thatth e chloride occurrances inth efres hwater snea rShiw aar eno t duet omixin go ffres han dsal twate ralon gth einterface . 65 CONCLUSIONS -Muc hdat aabou tth egeologi csituatio ncoul db eobtaine dfro m theavailabl ereferences ; -Neverthles s supplyo fmor e reliabledat ai sdesirable ; especially aboutth ehydrauli c conductivitieso fth edeposit s andth esituatio no fth edeepe rlayers ; -Th esubsurfac eo fth enorther npar to fth eWester nDeser to f Egyptca nbes tdivide dint otw oaquifer se.g. : -Th eUppe rAquifer ,consistin go fth edeposit so fth e MarmaricaFormatio nan dth eMoghr aFormation ; -Th eLowe rAquife rconsistin go fth edeposits ,underlayin g theOligocèn ean dUppe rMiocen eDaba aFormation ,e.g . Limestoneso fth eMiocen e andUppe rCretaceou sDeposit s andth eunderlayin gsandston e formations (NubianSandstone) . -I nbetwee n therei sa naquitard ,consistin go fth eshale so f theDaba aFormation ; -Th edeposit so fthi sformatio nonl yoccu r inth ecentra lpar t ofth einvestigate d area.Outsid e theare awher eth eDaba a shalesoccur ,ther e isa nope nconnectio nbetwee nth eUppe r andLowe rAquifers ; -I ncontrar ywit h thestatemen to fPelgru m (1988),i ti sno t tob eexpecte d thatther ei sanothe raquitard ,consistin go f theth eshale si nth eBahariy aFormatio n (Cenomanian); -.Th edept h toth ePrecambria nBas eLeve li sno tsufficien ta t thisstag eo fth einvestigations ; -Hydrologi ecalculations ,base do nth eresult so fthi spaper , bestca nb estarte dwit hcalculatin g thetransmissivitie s foreac hformatio n separately,usin gth ei nthi spape rgive n mapso fth ethicknesse so fth edeposit so fth edifferen t formations; -A sa startpoint ,th efollowin gvalue s forth ehydrauli c conductivities canb eapplied : -Uppe raquife r :4- 5m/d ; -Nubia nsandston eaquifer :5 m/d . -Specia linvestigation shav et ob ecarrie dou tfo rth e hydraulic conductivities ofth elimeston e layers(Miocene , Eocenean dUppe rCretaceous) ; -Th efres hwate ri nth esouther npar to fth eare aconsist so f Mg/Ca-Clwater ; -Alon gth eMediterrania nCoas tals oCa/Mg-C lwater soccur , buthav ea differen tCa-M grati oa sthos eo fth eSiw aarea ; -Fro m stable isotopedat ai tca nb econclude d thatth e chloride inth efres hwate r isno tdu et omixtur ewit hsal t watermor et oth enorth . 67 REFERENCES AbdelAal ,A .an dA.R .Moustafa ,1988 .Structura lframewor ko f theAb uGharadi gBasin ,Wester nDesert ,Egypt .Nint h EGPCExploratio nan dProductio nConference ,Cairo . 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(editor),1990 .Th egeolog yo fEgypt .Balkema/ - Rotterdam/Brookfield. Sonntag,C.,E .Klitisc hE.M .E lShazly ,C .Kalink ean dK.O . Munnlich (1978).Palaoklimatisch eInformatio ni m ^C-datierterSaharawässer :Kontinental-effek t inD und 180. GeologischeRundscha u67 ,Hef t2 :413-423 . Stoepker,K.E. ,1989 .Wester nDeser tGroundwate rMode lan dth e Qattaraevaporation ,Egypt .(I ndutch) .Fre eUniversit y Amsterdam,Th eNetherlands . Sundborg,A an dB .Nilso n1985 .Qattar aHydrosola rPowe rProjec t environmental assessment.UNG Irappor tNo .62 ;Uppsal a University,Departmen to fPhysica lGeography ,Sweden . 70 Swanberg,A. ,P .Morga nan dF.K .Boulos ,1984 .Geochemistr yo f theGroundwater so fEgypt .Annal so fth eGeologica l Surveyo fEgypt .Cairo ,Egypt .Vol .XIV :127-150 . Thiele,J. , F.Graman nan dH .Kleinsorge ,1970 .Zu rGeologi e zwischende nNordran dde rostlich eKattara-Senk eun d derMittelmeer-Küst e (Ägypten,westlich eWüste) . GeologischesJahrbuc h88 ,Hannover :95-191 . 71 APPENDIX1 Translation of the well numbers in thispape r to the original well numbers and names.Th e first number gives the sheet number of this paper and the well numbers are given indecimals . Well number JVQ-number Well name Remarks 1.01 2 Salum-1 1.0Z 3 Fagur-1 1.03 4 Fagur-1 1.04 82 NW-Desert 302/1 2.01 8 Mawara-1 2.02 20 Mersa Matruh-1 2.03 9 Dawabis1 2.04 21 Sigrifa-1 2.05 29 Kanayis-1 2.06 10 Zayed-1 2.07 22 Mansur-1 2.08 30 Kheima-1 2.09 11 Umbarka 10 23 Meleiha-1 11 12 Shusnan-1 12 24 Hamed-1 13 31 Nasr-1 14 14 N.Gazalat-1 15 25 Zarif-1 16 32 Mazuq-1 17 26 RasQattara- 1 18 101 Abayad-1 2.19 117 Abu Tunis-1 20 90 El Ramis 21 116 Mideiwar-1 22 83 Barakat-1 2.23 84 Khalda-1 2.24 85 Meleiha-3 25 26 87 Meleiha-1 27 114 Minqar-1 3.01 115 Abu Subeiha-1 3.0Z 59 NW-Desert 310/1 3.03 80 Dahab-1 3.04 60 Shaltut-1 3.05 89 Mireir-1 3.06 96 Alamein-1 3.07 42 Qattara Rim-1 3.08 54 Fayad-1 3.09 43 Sharib-1 3.10 81 Qasaba-1 3.11 55 Tiba-1 3.12 61 Zebeida-1 3.13 58 Alam AlBueib- 1 3.15 33 Dabaa-1 3.16 58 72 Appendix 1i Continu Well number JVQ-number Well name Remarks 3.17 34 Washka-1 3.18 88 Ganayen-1 3.19 91 Obeidallah-1 3.Z0 92 Garf-1 3.El 93 Aghar-1 3.22 94 Ghanim-1 3.Z3 95 Razzak-1 3.24 46 West Alamein-1 3.25 36 ElKharita- 1 3.26 35 Tarfa-1 3.27 52 Yidma-1 3.28 37 Sanamein-1 3.29 45 East Alamein-1 3.30 38 Sanhur-1 3.31 44 Ghoroud-1 4.01 71 Hash Isa-1 4.02 76 N-Dilingat-1 4.03 77 Tahrir-1 4.04 104 Shibim El Kom-1 4.05 101 Wadi Natrun-1 4.06 70 Kafr ElDawar- 1 4.07 69 ElTibia- 1 4.08 118 Damanhur South-1 4.09 97 Itaia lBarud- 1 4.10 75 Mahmudiya-1 4.11 74 Buseili-1 5.01 4 Kohla-2 5.02 5 Zeinan-1 5.03 6 Siwa-1 5.04 105 A1-A84 5.05 7 ElDessiougi- 1 5.06 98 ElBasur- 1 6.01 15 Ghazalat-1 6.02 27 ElKheit- 1 6.03 119 WD 5-1 6.04 16 Ghorab-1 6.05 28 Betty-1 6.06 102 ElKifar- 1 6.07 17 Ein Hussein-1 6.08 18 ElBahrein- 2 6.09 19 Bahrein-1 6.10 No data 6.11 99 Gibb Afia-2 6.12 100 Gibb Afia-1 (Gax-1) 7.01 41 SW Mubarak-1 7.02 120 WD 7/1 7.03 103 WD 8/1 7.04 39 Rabat-1 7.05 47 Abu Ghardig-2 7.06 108 WD 32/1 73 Appendix 1i Continu Well number JVQ-number Well name Remarks 7.07 40 WD 33/1 7.08 57 WD 57/1 7.09 56 Mubarak-1 7.10 109 E.Mubarak-1 7.11 110 E.Mubarak-2 7.12 111 Wadi Khadish-1 7.13 48 Abu Sennan-1 7.14 107 Agnes-1 7.15 49 Misawaq-1 7.16 50 Dayuri 7.17 51 Bahariya-1 7.18 59 New Desert 310-1 8.01 73 Gebel Rissu-1 8.02 112 WD 19/2 8.03 78 WD 78 8.04 113 Abu Roash-1 8.05 62 Katanya 8.06 63 Kadish 8.07 64 Wadi el Rayan 8.08 66 Nashfa-1 8.09 79 ElGindi- 1 1Z.01 67 NB 7/1 12.02 68 MB 42/1 12.03 65 NB 119/1
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