Elements D'information Sur Le Marche Du Livre En Hongrie

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Elements D'information Sur Le Marche Du Livre En Hongrie ELEMENTS D’INFORMATION SUR LE MARCHE DU LIVRE EN HONGRIE Étude réalisée par Balazs Makadi Coordination : Claire Mauguière Département études du BIEF Mai 2015 Table des matières INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 I. LE CONTEXTE POLITIQUE, SOCIAL ET ECONOMIQUE HONGROIS......................................... 4 A. LE CONTEXTE SOCIAL ET ECONOMIQUE ............................................................................................... 4 B. LA VIE POLITIQUE ........................................................................................................................... 5 II. LE PAYSAGE EDITORIAL HONGROIS .................................................................................... 7 A. L’EVOLUTION DU SECTEUR DU LIVRE DEPUIS 1989 ............................................................................... 7 B. TOUR D’HORIZON DES PRINCIPALES MAISONS D’EDITION ........................................................................ 8 C. L’ASSOCIATION DES EDITEURS ......................................................................................................... 10 D. LES PROGRAMMES D’AIDE AU LIVRE ................................................................................................. 10 E. LES HABITUDES DE LECTURE ............................................................................................................ 11 III. LA PRODUCTION EDITORIALE ........................................................................................... 13 A. LES PRINCIPAUX CHIFFRES DU SECTEUR EN 2013 ................................................................................ 13 B. DONNEES PAR SECTEUR ................................................................................................................. 14 C. L’EDITION DES LIVRES NUMERIQUES ET AUDIO .................................................................................... 16 IV. LES CIRCUITS DE DISTRIBUTION ET DE PROMOTION ......................................................... 19 A. LES OUTILS DE PROMOTION ............................................................................................................ 19 B. LES EVENEMENTS ET MANIFESTATIONS LIES AU LIVRE ........................................................................... 20 C. DISTRIBUTION ET LIBRAIRIES ........................................................................................................... 21 D. LES AUTRES CANAUX DE VENTE ET DE DIFFUSION DU LIVRE.................................................................... 23 V. LES MODALITES D’UNE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE ................................................ 25 A. IMPORTANCE DES TRADUCTIONS SUR LE MARCHE HONGROIS ................................................................ 25 B. PLACE DU FRANÇAIS ET DE LA FRANCOPHONIE EN HONGRIE .................................................................. 26 C. PROGRAMMES D’AIDE DE L’AMBASSADE DE FRANCE ........................................................................... 28 D. LIBRAIRIES DIFFUSANT LE LIVRE FRANÇAIS ......................................................................................... 28 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 30 ANNUAIRE ................................................................................................................................ 31 2 Introduction Le nouveau modèle économique qui s’est imposé à la Hongrie après 1989 a bouleversé durablement le paysage éditorial : la majorité des acteurs du régime communiste a disparu et ceux qui sont demeurés se sont retrouvés en situation de concurrence dans la nouvelle économie de marché avec des acteurs émergents ayant su engager des moyens efficaces pour trouver leur place. La disparition de la distribution organisée par l’État, en mettant les éditeurs dans l’incapacité de faire parvenir leur production aux lecteurs, a donné naissance à un modèle particulier de la chaîne du livre. Les quelques distributeurs ayant réussi à s’imposer dans la dernière décennie du XXe siècle jouent un rôle primordial. A côté d’éditeurs dont la position est liée à leur appartenance à l’un de ces grands distributeurs, il existe un grand nombre de petites maisons mais elles sont confrontées à des évolutions auxquelles elles ne peuvent guère participer. Vingt-cinq ans après le changement de système politique, le marché du livre hongrois n’est pas encore suffisamment aguerri pour affronter efficacement la situation économique actuelle. La situation est encore complexifiée par un pouvoir d’achat peu élevé et par le fait qu’un tiers de la population hongroise vit en dehors du pays. Néanmoins, un regain d’optimisme agite le milieu de l’édition. En effet, des changements structurels pourraient permettre de générer une croissance prochainement. Par ailleurs, étant donné sa situation géographique, historique et culturelle, la Hongrie a toujours été un creuset de cultures et un point de passage entre Europe de l’Est et Europe de l’Ouest. Cette dimension reste un fil conducteur pour les professionnels, allant de pair avec la reconnaissance grandissante des auteurs hongrois en Europe. 3 1 I. Le contexte politique, social et économique hongrois A. Le contexte social et économique Si l’on compte environ 15 millions de locuteurs de langue hongroise en Europe, la Hongrie elle-même ne recense que 10 millions d’habitants (pour une superficie de 93 000 km2, environ 1/6e de la France). L’agglomération de Budapest, avec 1,8 million d’habitants, regroupe une grande partie de la population. Le hongrois, langue finno- ougrienne différente de celles des pays limitrophes, est parlé par 98 % de la population. Plusieurs minorités ethniques se côtoient : Roms (environ 7 %), Allemands (1,5 %), Slovaques (1 %), Croates (0,8 %) et Roumains (0,25 %). Plusieurs vagues d’émigration ont donné naissance à des communautés hongroises en particulier en Slovaquie, en Ukraine, en Roumanie (Transylvanie) et en Serbie (Voïvodine). Cette diaspora (près de 3 millions de personnes) date notamment de la Première Guerre mondiale qui a laissé la Hongrie amputée des deux tiers de son territoire. Plus récemment, au début du XXIe siècle, l’émigration des jeunes et la fuite des cerveaux s’est accélérée : entre 300 000 et 500 000 Hongrois se sont installés dans l’Union européenne (la Hongrie y a adhéré en 2004), en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni, en Autriche et dans une moindre mesure en Espagne, en Italie, et aux Pays-Bas. Du fait du faible taux de natalité et d’une émigration à la hausse, la population décroît d’environ 30 000 personnes par an et l’immigration peine à combler ce déficit. L’espérance de vie est de 75 ans (71,6 pour les hommes ; 78,7 pour les femmes). Comme dans la plupart des pays européens, le vieillissement démographique pèse sur les générations actives. La monnaie est le forint (HUF). 1 EUR équivaut à environ 300 HUF. Le PIB s’élève à 98,9 milliards d’euros, et le PIB par habitant à 16 800 € (22e rang européen). L’économie est sortie de la récession en 2013 (taux de croissance de 1,1 % et prévisions de 1,8 % pour 2014). Le déficit public avoisine 3 % du PIB. La dette publique est de 80,7 %. Les exportations de biens représentent 82 milliards d’euros, les importations 75 milliards. Le niveau d’emploi est de 58,4 %, le taux de chômage de 10,3 % et celui des inactifs de 34,9 % (2013). Le pouvoir d’achat est généralement faible avec un salaire mensuel net moyen de 500 € et un salaire minimum de 300 €. Presque un tiers de la population vit du SMIC et un quart du revenu total des ménages provient de la retraite et des aides sociales. 1 D’après les rapports de l’Office central des statistiques Magyarorszag 2013 et de l’Ambassade de France en Hongrie. 4 Les dépenses moyennes consacrées à la culture et aux loisirs sont de 14 € par mois par personne ; la tranche la plus aisée de la population dépense 11 fois plus que la tranche la plus modeste (pour les télécommunications, inclus Internet, cette différence n’est que de 4,8 fois). En 2013, le budget public consacré à la culture s’est élevé à 630 millions d’euros (0,7 % du PIB), soit une baisse de 13 % par rapport à 2012. Les restrictions touchent d’abord les centres culturels, les théâtres, des festivals et la sphère culturelle des ONG, tandis que l’édition de livres, de musique, de journaux est moins concernée. Le soutien global de l’État à l’édition est de seulement de 2 millions d’euros par an. B. La vie politique La vie politique se caractérise par une véritable lutte idéologique entre deux grands partis. Depuis 1990, la gauche et la droite se sont succédé au pouvoir en alternance. En 2006, pour la première fois, un parti, celui de gauche, a obtenu un second mandat. De même, les conservateurs du Fidesz, portés au pouvoir en 2010, ont été réélus en 2014. Leur leader, Viktor Orban, gouverne avec une coalition chrétienne-conservatrice. Cette dernière victoire a cependant été tempérée par la montée en puissance du parti d’extrême droite Jobbik devenu le deuxième parti du pays (20 % des voix) et une forte abstention. Depuis 2010, le Fidesz a engagé un grand nombre de réformes qui ont suscité par leur ampleur, leur nature et la rapidité de leur mise en place, des réactions négatives en Hongrie, ainsi que de la part de l’Union européenne et des États-Unis, inquiets du respect de la démocratie. Ces réformes sont : des amendements à la Constitution, la réorganisation
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