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Executive Summary United Nations CEDAW/C/BTN/1-3 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General of All Forms of Discrimination 20 January 2003 against Women Original: English Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Combined initial, second and third reports of States parties Bhutan* * The present document is being issued without formal editing. 03-22106 (E) 240203 *0322106* CEDAW/C/BTN/1-3 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Report of Bhutan Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. COUNTRY BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 HISTORY...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 THE JUDICIARY AND OTHER KEY BODIES ................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 7 1.6 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................................... 8 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE SITUATION OF WOMEN IN BHUTAN.................................................................. 9 2.1 TRADITIONAL PERCEPTIONS...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 ROLES OF RURAL WOMEN AND MEN ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.3 URBAN WOMEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.4 CRUCIAL GAPS IN DATA............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 3. BHUTAN AND CEDAW ........................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 COMMITMENT TO WOMEN ........................................................................................................................................ 14 3.2 COMMITMENT TO MAINSTREAMING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE................................................................................... 15 3.3 ACCORDING VALUE TO WOMEN’S UNPAID WORK.................................................................................................... 16 3.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 4. THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN (CEDAW, ARTICLES 2/3) ....................................................................... 17 4.1 MARRIAGE ACT OF BHUTAN, 1980 ( CEDAW ARTICLE 16 ) ................................................................................... 18 4.2 RAPE ACT, 1996 ( ARTICLE 9 ) ................................................................................................................................. 20 4.3 BHUTAN CITIZENSHIP ACT, 1985............................................................... ............................................................21 4.4 INHERITANCE ACT, 1980, AND OTHER ACTS ( CEDAW, ARTICLES 13&15) ........................................................... 21 5. PROMOTION AND ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (CEDAW, ARTICLES 2/3).............................................22 5.1 WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN BHUTAN.................................................................................................... 22 5.2 NATIONAL WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF BHUTAN ...................................................................................................... 23 6. FAMILY LIFE (CEDAW, ARTICLE 5).................................................................................................................. 24 6.1 DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSIBILITIES AMONG FAMILIES.............................................................................................. 25 6.2 WOMEN’S AND MEN’S TASKS ................................................................................................................................... 26 6.3 TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY MARRIAGES .................................................................................................... 26 7. EDUCATION OF WOMEN (CEDAW, ARTICLE 10).......................................................................................... 27 7.1 THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 28 7.2 EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND GOALS........................................................................................................................ 29 7.3 DROPOUTS AND REPEATERS...................................................................................................................................... 29 7.4 FEMALE ROLE MODELS, CONSTRAINTS AND CAREER CHOICES................................................................................ 30 7.5 NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND DISPARITIES IN LITERACY ...................................................................................... 30 7.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................. 31 I CEDAW/C/BTN/1-3 8. WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HEALTH (CEDAW, ARTICLE 12)............................................................................. 32 8.1. THE MODERN HEALTH SYSTEM AND HEALTH INDICATORS ...................................................................................... 33 8.2 RAISING AWARENESS AND PROTECTING GENERAL HEALTH.................................................................................... 34 8.3 NUTRITIONAL INDICATORS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN.......................................................................................... 36 8.4 WATER AND SANITATION.......................................................................................................................................... 38 8.5 WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH...................................................................................................................... 39 8.6 REDUCING HIGH POPULATION GROWTH ................................................................................................................... 40 8.7 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH............................................................................................................................... 41 8.8 ABORTION ................................................................................................................................................................. 41 8.9 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 9. WOMEN AND EMPLOYMENT (CEDAW, ARTICLE 11).................................................................................. 43 9.1 WOMEN IN PUBLIC SERVICE...................................................................................................................................... 44 9.2 RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, UNDERAGE GIRLS AS DOMESTIC WORKERS, AND DAY CARE ..................................... 45 9.3 PAY FOR UNSKILLED LABOUR................................................................................................................................... 46 10. SHARING OF POWER AND DECISION-MAKING (CEDAW, ARTICLE 7) .................................................. 46 10.1 WOMEN IN COMMUNITY, BLOCK AND DISTRICT DECISION-MAKING...................................................................... 47 10.2 WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION IN GOVERNMENT AND DIPLOMATIC FORUMS ( CEDAW ARTICLE 8 ) ...................... 48 11. WOMEN’S ACCESS TO ECONOMIC STRUCTURES AND THE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO BANK LOANS AND OTHER FORMS OF CREDIT (CEDAW, ARTICLES 13/14/15)...... 49 11.1 DEBATE OVER WOMEN’S INHERITANCE ................................................................................................................. 49 11.2 WOMEN’S ACCESS TO CREDIT................................................................................................................................. 50 11.3 WOMEN AND POVERTY ..........................................................................................................................................
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