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Design Analysis and Parametric Modeling of Harmonics Effects on a 1.5Kva Single Phase Wooden Cross Cutting Machine Step Down Transformer

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Design Analysis and Parametric Modeling of Harmonics Effects on a 1.5Kva Single Phase Wooden Cross Cutting Machine Step Down Transformer IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332 www.ijiset.com Design Analysis and Parametric Modeling of Harmonics Effects on a 1.5kva Single Phase Wooden Cross Cutting Machine Step Down Transformer 1 2 3 France O. AkpojedjeP ,P P YussufP O. AbuP P and Clement AgbeboayeP P 1,3 P DepartmentP of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, National Institute of Construction Technology, Uromi, Nigeria. 2 P DepartmentP of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Abstract for the design, construction and operation of many This paper aims at x-raying the design analysis and electrical and electronics devices [4]. The principle parametric modeling of harmonics effects on a of operation is based on the basic principle of 1.5KVA single phase wooden cross cutting electromagnetic induction which was discovered by machine step down electric service transformer. Michael Faraday in 1813 [4]. The literature survey was considered and the Transformers are basically passive devices for research work was realised through analytical transforming voltage and current [5]. One of the designs and parametric modeling of harmonics windings, generally termed as secondary winding, effects on a single phase, core type electric service transforms energy through the principle of mutual transformer which steps down the 240volts mains induction and delivers power to the load [5]. The voltage to the appropriate voltage level of 120volts. voltage levels at the primary and secondary The electric service transformer has efficiency of windings are usually different and any increase or 96.02% with maximum load efficiency of 42.69%, decrease of the secondary voltage is accompanied and 5.07% of total losses in the system. This by corresponding decrease or increase in current research work will be relevant to transformer [5]. Transformers are among the most efficient designers and students, as it exposes the full design machines; 95% efficiency being common in lower analysis and calculations of transformers; and its capacity ranges, while an efficiency of the order of basic parametric models. 99% is achievable in high capacity range [5]. Keywords: Design and analysis, losses, model, According to Evbogbai and Obiazi [6], magnetic flux density, parametric, transformer transformers can be manufactured from locally calculations materials as reported in their work titled "Design 1.0 INTRODUCTION and construction of small power transformers using Transformers are veritable tools in electrical power locally available materials". The study showed that system and their functions are significant especially electrical machines could be constructed locally in stepping up and stepping down (transformation) since Nigeria is blessed with iron, steel, and the of voltages/currents for appropriate usage. The availability of copper and aluminum conductors for advent of transformer has given leverage to long the windings [4]. transmission of electricity from the point of In this research work we trying to get clear cut for production to the point of consumption. Electricity design analysis and parametric modeling of is a particularly attractive form of energy that can harmonics effect of a 1.5KVA single phase wooden be easily produced, transmitted and transformed cross cutting machine step down transformer in into other form of energy [1]. The transformation carpentry workshop of the School of Engineering of voltage and current in electricity supply is Technology, National Institute of Construction carried out by an apparatus called the transformer. Technology, Uromi, Nigeria. "Transformers are very useful in many electrical 1.2 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS IN circuits. Consequently, the transformer is a device TERMS OF CONSTRUCTION which plays a vital and essential role in many Transformers are classified according to their facets of electrical engineering" [2]. Therefore, construction into two main types namely: Core and "Transformer is a static (stationary) piece of Shell types [7]: apparatus by means of which electric power in one a. Core Type Transformer circuit is transformed into electric power of the Every transformer consists of a magnetic same frequency in another circuit" [3]. It can raise circuit of laminated iron core with which or lower the voltage in a circuit but with the electric circuits, primary and corresponding decrease or increase in current secondary are linked. The coils in this [3].The importance of transformer in voltage type are cylindrical in form and placed transformation in our everyday life cannot be one inside the other with proper overemphasized [4]. Transformer forms the basis insulation between them. The portion of 97 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332 www.ijiset.com the core over which comes the windings Window space factor KRwR = 10 = 0.33 is called limb or leg whereas the core 30 + kv which connects the two limbs are called the yoke. The cross - sectional area of the Type of construction : core type yoke is normally greater than that of the Cooling medium : Air Natural Air Natural limb but it may be equal also. (ANAN) b. Shell Type Transformer In the shell type of transformer, both the 1.4.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND windings, low voltage (L.V) and high CALCULATIONS voltage (H.V) are put around the central Core - Design limb. The winding is called the Sandwich The voltage per turn, E = K S winding where flat rectangular or circular t (1) coils, alternately L.V and H.V., are ERtR = 0.98V arranged one above the other with the necessary insulation between them. The cross - sectional area of the central limb is twice that of the side limbs as it carries Calculating the core area, ARi double the flux than the side limbs. Et Consequently, the width of the central Ai = limb is twice that of the side limbs 4.44FBm (2) keeping the same core depth throughout. 1.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 A 1.5KVA, 240volts, single phase transformer ARi R= 35cmP transform the mains voltage to 120volts; 12.5amps to power a single phase wooden cross cutting Calculating the magnetic flux, φ machine in the Civil Engineering Department of m φ = A B the School of Engineering Technology in the m i m (3) National Institute of Construction Technology, φ Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria. The transformer was m = 4.38 mWb designed using indigenous knowledge in view of Calculating the diameter of circumscribing local materials available for its realization. The circle around core, d harmonics effect was analyzed to mitigate any Since the transformer is core type and square possible losses that may be caused by it. The section that is to be used. wooden cross cutting machine, its function is to 2 ARgrossR = 0.5dP P (4) provide cross cutting wooden materials for a specified purpose(s). The wooden cross cutting machine provides human-machine interface with its ARiR = kRsRARgi R (5) function of optimizing cutting in wooden materials. Assuming stacking factor kR sR = 0.9 A 1.4 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND ⇒ d = i (6) ANALYSIS .0.9 x 0.5 1.4.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS d = 8.82cm The machine design procedure for core and shell types of power and distribution transformers have Calculating the width of lamination been reported by [ 5 & 7]. The design differences Since, the core is to be square section, lies on the specifications of the machine to be Width of lamination is (a) = 0.71d (7) designed and plan. = 6.26cm The following are the specifications of the single Calculating the net window area (ARwR) phase wooden cross cutting machine step down The expression for the output power of a electric service transformer that the design strives to achieve. single phase transformer is: -3 KVAR1-ph R = S = 2.22f BRmRARiRARwR KRwR δx10P P (8) Power rating, S = 1.5KVA Input voltage, VR1R = 240V 3 ARw R= S x10P ∕P 2.22f BRmRARiRKRwR δ Output voltage, VR2R = 120V Frequency, F = 50Hz 2 -2 ARwR = 32.18R RcmP Maximum flux density, B RmR = 1.25wbmP 2 6 2 RwR Rw R RwR Current density, δ = 2.5A/mmP P = 2.5x10P P Amp/mP However, A = H xW (9) Constant K = 0.8 Window Design 98 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332 www.ijiset.com Calculating the core dimensions TR1R = 245 turns The centre - to - centre distance of the core is Calculating the secondary turn, TR2 twice the core width, i.e (stack) TR2R = VR2R/ ERtR (19) This will be equal to 2x0.71d = 1.42d (10) TR2R = 122 turns = 12.52cm Calculating the conductor size for the Centre - to - centre distance between limbs primary and secondary windings Limbs = WRwR x d The cross sectional of the conductor is: A = I/δ (20) (11) R WRwR x d = 12.52 Calculating the primary conductor size, A1 From equation 20, AR1R = IR1R/δ RwR W = 12.52 - d 2 AR1R = 2.5mmP WRwR = 3.7cm Calculating the secondary conductor size, AR2 From equation 20, AR2R = IR2R/δ Therefore, HRwR = 8.70cm 2 AR2R = 5mmP Calculating overall core height, H Calculating the diameter of the conductor The overall core height, H 2 Area, A = πd 4 H = HRwR + 2(0.71d) (12) (21) H = 21.22cm 4a ∴ = Calculating the overall with of core, W d π (22) The overall width of core, W Where d = diameter of the conductor W = WRwR + d + 0.71d (13) W = 18.78cm Calculating the diameter of the primary Yoke Design conductor, dR1 Calculating the stack height,
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