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Introduction to Sharpening & Honing Carving Chisels by Larry Grohovez

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Introduction to Sharpening & Honing Carving Chisels by Larry Grohovez Introduction to Sharpening & Honing Carving Chisels By Larry Grohovez Currently Secretary of the Western Australian Woodcarvers Guild, and member of the Fine Woodwork Association, Larry has an extensive background in car entry, joinery and machinery sho s, as well as house construction and civil engineering. Larry has s ent the ast ten years running his own s ecialist woodcraft and woodcarving business, and now brings us the first article in a five art series revealing his tried and tested shar ening method which can be used to shar ening the Arbortech Power Chisel. There is a lot of misunderstanding in regard to shar ening carving chisels, mainly due to the vast array of stone and systems available, many which cross styles. There is a difference in the measurement scale between United States and Ja anese manufacturers in grit sizes. Shar tools will make your work easier and reduce or eliminate the need to sand. This series of articles deci her and arrange this information into cross-reference tables and gra hs to sim lify this information. Pictures and diagrams will assist in de-mystifying the art of shar ening your chisels. The following three stages are robably the most im ortant things to remember when shar ening. Note: If your edge is in reasonable condition, you can ski Ste No. 1, but Ste s 2 - . are essential. A common error made by most inex erienced shar eners is to go from a coarse stone to a very fine stone and miss an intermediate stone, that is - they go from Ste 1 to Ste and miss out on Ste 2. Shar ening can be com ared to sand a ering in that you must sand the timber with coarse, then medium and then fine sand a er. Difference etween Sharpening and Honing Shar ening is to regrind the bevel giving you a new edge, therefore removing any chi s or im erfections in the edge. It will also have the effect of straightening u the edge if it has worn unevenly. /oning is to stro the bevel to remove fine scratches that affect the edge and to remove the burr or fine metal tailings that remain after shar ening. It is a good work habit to have a leather stro next to you while you carve so you can regularly hone your bevel for a second to touch u the edge. A shar edge will not blunt so 0uickly. When to sharpen or hone 1ou should shar en your chisel when2- • Edge is chi ed • tool tears or crushes wood fibres • Too develo s a rounded bevel • Tool has to be ushed with force to cut /oning chisels should be done2- • Immediately after shar ening • When unable to slice thin shavings • Every 15 minutes or so during use as a good work ractice Chisel ictured through a microsco e magnified 50x. It shows the scratches on bevel from a 800 grit stone. A scratchy edge to either the bevel or inner canal will result in a jagged edge. A jagged edge will dull 0uickly. This tool re0uires honing to remove burrs and saw tooth edge. N82 8lack triangle in bottom of icture is a in oint. There are a large variety of stones available in the market lace. They fall under two ty es, hand stones or electric s inning stones. Of these there are many ty es of materials using both wet or dry formats. Generally, electric stones turn at a faster rate and therefore removal metal 0uicker so a coolant as well as a lubricant should be considered. Listed below is a reference table of stone ty es, their nature and recommended lubricants. LIST OF STONE T1PES - RECOMMENDED LU8RICANTS Type Material Origin Lu ricant Hardness Arkansas Natural Stone Natural Oil/Water /ard (Washita) Ja anese Aluminium Man Water Soft Water Oxide made Aluminium Man Indian Oil /ard Oxide made Ruby/Aluminium Man Ruby Water /ard Oxide made Ceramic Clay Natural Dry /ard Wheel Aluminium Man Dry /ard ty e Oxide made Man DMT* Diamond Water /ard made Man Ezela * Diamond Dry /ard made *Registered Trade Brand /intA • Traditional Carborundum stones are in fact India stones • As stones fill with metal articles they should be washed occasionally. • Soft stones wear down 0uickly but are easy to flatten again. • Some stones are available in coarse/fine combinations. • Store stones in a dust free container. .apan Ru er- Grit Ar)ansas DMT EZELA, Ceramic India Ru y Wheels Water ised .5 Coarse 45 45 50 50 80 80 Medium 100 Coarse 120 120 180 Coarse C240 Medium Coarse Fine D 220 Medium Coarse 240 2E0 Medium 280 Fine Fery .20 Fine .25 Coarse Fine .50 Washita 425 C800 500 Soft C1000 500 Fine Fine C1200 D Fine D Fine E00 /ard Medium C2000 800 900 8lack Fine 1000 C4000 Su er Ultra 1200 D Fine Fine Fine 1500 C5000 2200 C8000 Note2 The descri tion used to define the grits is that used by the res ective manufacturer, so the same grit stone may have a different name. For exam le D Fine (1200) is also known as Ultra fine and Su er fine by different manufacturers. There is a difference in the way the Ja anese and USA systems grade the grit sizes of their stones. This is the cause of much confusion. As a rule if you are unsure, the Ja anese tend to use very high numbers whereas the USA use numbers under 900. Listed below is a com arison table. Note2 The grits do not increase incrementally. 0SA .apanese 100 150 180 240 240 280 280 .50 .20 500 .50 500 500 1000 500 1200 E00 2000 900 4000 1200 5000 1500 5000 2200 8000 /intA • Remember to shar en from coarse to medium to fine to get consistent results. • Electric drive wheels turn faster so the cutting action seems to be a little finer. A coarse grit will cut slightly finer than the same grit in a handstone. Systems Available The systems of stones can be grou ed into four categories2 • /and stones • 8ench grinder wheel ty e (high s eed/dry) • 8ench grinder wheel ty e (slow/water) • Flat wheel ty e (water) Type Advantages Disadvantages 1. Hand Stone • Cheap • Slow • Combinations in • Hard to one stone maintain • Portable bevel • Oil or water 2. Bench Grinder • Fast • Easily over (fast) • Common grind bevel • Useful for other • Hollow grind tools bevel • Easily overheat tool • No fine stone available 3. Bench Grinder • Cannot • Patience (slow/water) overheat tool required • Good control • Expensive • Not easily portable 4. Flat Wheel • Water or dry • Expensive • Flat grind to • Not easily bevel portable • Perfect speed • Good visibility • Interchangeable wheels For shar ening I would recommend systems 1, . - 4. System 2 is too harsh on the tools and it is very easy to over grind your chisel. I s oke about the differences between shar ening and honing and last month, gave detailed descri tions on stone and the various ty es, brands and grades on the market. This month, IHll discuss honing which is robably the most im ortant and misunderstood art of the whole shar ening rocess. /oning is the last stage of the shar ening rocess. It is the fine shar ening which olishes the bevel. This removes the scratches left by the coarser grits and also removes the burr or tailings on the edge. A s in-off advantage of honing is that a olished bevel leaves a smooth surface as timber has the ability to burnish. This also seals the end grain slightly letting the timber refract more light and therefore finishes will not a ear to be so dull. /oning can be achieved by two methods2- • a owered wheel • a hand stro In both methods, the honing wheel or stro needs to be charged with a rouge or com ound. It is this com ound that olishes the metal. There are different com ounds that cut or olish at different rates and these are listed in the table below. Types of Honing Wheels T1,E GRADE COM,O0ND Leather Medium Rouge Felt /ard or Medium Rouge Pa er Fine Rouge None (Im regnated in Rubber Coarse to Extra Fine Wheel) Scotchbrite Coarse None • /oning wheels do not olish the bevel, they are the holder of the com ound.It is the com ound that olishes the metal. • /oning on a ower wheel will still generate heat so be careful not to overheat tool edge. /oning Com ounds /oning com ounds are waxed based materials that contain different abrasives.It is the abrasive that removes metal. Some com ounds contain a coarse fast cutting abrasive while others have fine abrasives that olish rather than cut. /oning where you olish rather than fast cut is also known as buffing. Manufacturers use a colour code for their com ounds and while they all vary a little in their formulate they do not have com arable cuttings grits. There are three basic grou ings of honing com ounds 2 FAST CUT, REMOFE COARSE A. A8RASIFE CUT SCRATC/ES MEDIUM CUT/FIRST B. GOOD ALL ROUNDER STAGE POLIS/ C. FINE POLIS/ 8UFFING AND POLIS/ING • Never mix different com ounds on one wheel as they melt you will have neither one nor the other. • A ly a small amount of com ound often rather than a lot at once, a second on a fast s inning wheel is ade0uate. COM,O0ND CHART COLO0R T1,E ACTION 8lack (Grey) A Fastest Abrasive cutter Green (Dark) A 8est All rounder, fast White 8 Good all rounder, medium 8rown Rouge (Tro ili) 8 Slower Cut 8lue rouge C Polisher, Fery slow cut Green (Light) C Polish Only When honing on a bench grinder ty e wheel, it is im ortant to note that the direction of the wheel must be reversed.
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