DOCSLIB.ORG

Experimental Studies on Biogas Production and Its Utilization in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Run on Dual Fuel Mode

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experimental Studies on Biogas Production and Its Utilization in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Run on Dual Fuel Mode EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND ITS UTILIZATION IN A DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE RUN ON DUAL FUEL MODE A THESIS Submitted by DEBABRATA BARIK (Roll No: 511ME120) In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA ROURKELA-769008 (INDIA) NOVEMBER 2016 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND ITS UTILIZATION IN A DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE RUN ON DUAL FUEL MODE A THESIS Submitted by DEBABRATA BARIK (Roll No: 511ME120) In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Under the Supervision of PROF. S. MURUGAN DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA ROURKELA-769008 (INDIA) NOVEMBER 2016 Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela-769008 India CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Experimental studies on biogas production and its utilization in a direct injection diesel engine run on dual fuel mode” being submitted by Mr. Debabrata Barik for the award of Ph.D. degree is a record of bonafide research carried out by him in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, under my supervision. It is also certified that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in, does not form a part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion for this or any other candidate. Place: NIT Rourkela Supervisor Date: (Prof. S. Murugan) Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela- 769008, India Dedicated to My Beloved Parents And My Wife Susmita (Gelhi) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Completion of work with a lot of hurdles put off all joys of life, because it brings the real ecstasy in the life. This may not happen without a continuous support of my supervisor. I would like to take the opportunity to express my humble gratitude and deep regards to my supervisor, Prof. S. Murugan, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his flawless guidance, monitoring and continuous motivation for the completion of the thesis. The regular counselling, and lessons for life given by him shall help me to proceed properly in a long journey of my life. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Animesh Biswas, Director, NIT Rourkela for providing required infrastructural facilities. I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to Prof. S.K. Sarangi, Ex-Director, NIT Rourkela for his indirect support by providing a good ambience and necessary facilities for carrying out the research. I express my sincere thanks to Prof. S.S. Mohapatra, HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela for providing me the necessary facilities in the department. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Doctoral Scrutiny Committee members, Prof. S.S. Mohapatra (Chairman) and Prof. A. Satapathy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prof. R.K. Singh and Prof. A. Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, for their constant encouragement and valuable suggestions while carrying out my research. The completion of this research work could not have been accomplished without the support of my research colleagues, Dr. R. Prakash, Dr. Pritinika Behera, Dr. Dulari Hansdah, Dr. Arun Kumar Wamankar, Mr. Abhishek Sharma, Mr. Harishankar Bendu, and Mrs. Kapura Tudu. I express my appreciation for their in debt help and useful ideas related to the improvement and completion of the research work. I am also thankful to Mr. N.P. Barik, Mr. Ramakrishna Mandal and Mr. N.K. Bisoi for their timely help and cooperation in completing the experimental work. This work is also the outcome of the blessing guidance and support of my father Mr. Charchil Kumar Barik, mother Mrs. Urmila Barik, my wife Mrs. Susmita Samal, brother Mr. Satyabrata Barik, and sister Mrs. Pradiptyimayi Barik. I would like to thank them for their great support, patience and unconditional love and care during my good and bad times. Last but not the least, there may be many who remain unacknowledged in this humble note of gratitude and there are none who remain unappreciated. Above all, I owe it all to Almighty God for granting me the wisdom, health and strength to undertake this research work and enabling me to its completion. (Debabrata Barik) ABSTRACT Biodiesel is considered as one of the potential liquid alternative fuels in many countries in the world. It is produced from edible and non-edible oils, animal fat, and algae by the transesterification process. In India, Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) a non-edible oil seed is considered as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. The de-oiled cakes of Karanja seed obtained from expeller units are of no use, and are disposed in the open. The disposal of such non edible oil cake in the open and land fill generates various anthropogenic gases, and may increase the global warming potential (GWP). The organic matters contained in these de-oiled cakes can be converted to useful energy by adopting a proper waste-to-energy conversion process. Hence, an attempt was made in this investigation to use the Karanja seed cake (SCK) as a potential feedstock for producing biogas by anaerobic digestion, and the produced biogas was proposed as an alternative fuel for CI engines. Initially, biogas was produced from four different proportions of SCK mixed with cattle dung (CD) in small scale rectors, to study the different parameters effecting the biogas production. The SCK-CD was mixed in the proportion of 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 in percentage on a mass basis, and the mixtures were denoted as S1, S2, S3, and S4 respectively. Important parameters, such as the pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) were evaluated and analyzed. The results indicated that the sample S3 gave the best result, in comparison with the other samples, and the methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) contents in the biogas were found to be about 73% and 17% respectively. The sample S3 was chosen for producing biogas in a large scale floating drum digester. The biogas obtained from the floating drum digester was stored in a gas bag and then characterized for its physiochemical properties, to ensure its application as a gaseous alternative fuel for CI engine. For ensuring its usage as an alternative fuel in a CI engine, it was tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing a power of 4.4 kW at a rated speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was modified to operate on the dual fuel mode. In the first module, the experimental results obtained from the diesel, KME, and dual fuel engine operated with diesel/biodiesel-biogas were validated by a three zone modeling using MATLAB. Combustion parameters, such as peak cylinder pressure, and ignition delay, and emission parameters, such as NO and smoke emission were validated. The validation i indicated that there was a deviation of only about 2-3% between the theoretical and experimental results. After the modeling work experimental investigation on the engine was performed. Two groups (A and B) of experimental modules were proposed to assess the dual fuel engine’s behavior. In group A, two experimental modules were proposed with diesel-biogas dual fuel. In the first module, diesel was used as an injected fuel (pilot) for initiating combustion, and biogas was inducted at four different flow rates in the suction of the engine, varying from 0.3 kg/h to 1.2 kg/h in steps of 0.3 kg/h. The combustion, performance and emission parameters of the engine were evaluated, analyzed and compared with those of diesel operation of the same engine. It was observed that the engine exhibited a drop in brake thermal efficiency and increase in CO and HC emissions throughout the load spectrum. Further, tests were conducted to determine the optimum injection timing of the pilot fuel in the diesel-biogas dual fuel mode, when the engine was operated at the optimum biogas flow rate of 0.9 kg/h. The injection timing of diesel (pilot fuel) was advanced to a maximum of 4.5 oCA in steps of 1.5 oCA, from the original injection timing of the engine. The engine behavior in terms of the combustion, performance and emissions was determined, and compared with those of the diesel-biogas dual fuel operation. Based on the experimental results, the advanced injection timing of 26 oCA was chosen as the optimum injection timing for the pilot injection. The data obtained with the diesel-biogas dual operation with the injection timing of 26 oCA were considered as reference data for further investigations in this study. After conducting experiments with the diesel-biogas, a few attempts were made in group B to run the engine only on two different renewable fuels (biodiesel and biogas) that were obtained from a single source of feedstock. In group B, as the first module, biodiesel was used as an injected (pilot) fuel instead of diesel and biogas was used as an inducted fuel. In this operation, biogas was inducted at different flow rates varying from 0.3 kg/h to 1.2 kg/h at regular intervals of 0.3 kg/h in the suction of the engine. From the results, it was observed that the ignition delay was reduced by about 2-4 oCA for the biodiesel-biogas dual fuel operation from that of the optimized diesel-biogas operation (26 oCA pilot fuel injection timing with biogas at 0.9 kg/h) at full load. In the second module, the injection timing of the pilot fuel (biodiesel) was advanced to a maximum of 4.5 oCA at regular intervals of 1.5 oCA and retarded to 1.5 oCA, from that of the original injection timing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Background Summary Memorandum for Roundhouse Parking Lot Northampton, Massachusetts
    A'/ '-z?-zQ EPA CONTRACT NO. 68-W6-0042 EPA WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 043-SIBZ-OIZZ EPA Project Officer: Diana King 00141 EPA Work Assignment Manager: Jim Byrne J0 24 M no BACKGROUND SUMMARY MEMORANDUM FOR ROUNDHOUSE PARKING LOT NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS TARGETED BROWNFIELDS ASSESSMENTS January 2001 Prepared By: Metcalf & Eddy 30 Harvard Mill Square Wakefield4 Massachusetts EL& Metcalf &Eddy I SB' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Background Summary Memorandum - Roundhouse Parking Lot, Northampton, Massachusetts TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................. 1 2.0 SITE INFORMATION OVERVIEW . 2.1 Location ................. 2.2 Site History ................... 2.3 Current Site Features and Utilities . 2.4 Summary of Environmental Information for the Site. 2.5 Adjacent and Nearby Businesses and Properties........ 3.0 GEOLOGIC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC CONDITIONS ....... 7 4.0 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION AND AREAS OF CONCERN 7 REFERENCES ...... ............... 9 FIGURES Figure 1 Site Location Figure 2 Historical Features APPENDICES Appendix A Historical Site Drawings and Maps Appendix B Site Photos - September 2000 Appendix C Historical Topographic Maps: Years 1938, 1948, and 1964 M . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Background Summary Memorandum - Roundhouse Parking Lot, Northampton, Massachusetts 1.0 INTRODUCTION This Background Summary Memorandum for the property known as the Roundhouse Parking Lot has been prepared in accordance with the Work Plan developed by Metcalf & Eddy (1999) for conducting the Targeted Brownfields Assessments (TBAs) Work Assignment Number 043-SIBZ-O1ZZ, under EPA's Response Action Contract (RAC). The Roundhouse municipal parking lot area is located off of Old South Street in Northampton, Massachusetts. The purpose of this memorandum is to summarize reasonably available information related to the site for use by M&E and its client, the EPA, for developing the scope of work for conducting subsequent assessment activities in support of the objectives of the EPA's TBA program.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks Profiles
    Gasworks Profiles Gasworks Profile A: The History and Operation of Gasworks (Manufactured Gas Plants) in Britain Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profile C: Water Gas Plants Gasworks Profile D: Producer Gas Plants ISBN 978-1-905046-26-3 © CL:AIRE 2014 Published by Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE), 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. The Gasworks Profiles have been prepared by: Dr Russell Thomas, Technical Director Parsons Brinckerhoff Redland, Bristol, UK Tel: 0117-933-9262 Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. The author is grateful to fellow members of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers Panel for the history of the industry and the staff of the National Grid Gas Archive for their kind assistance. CL:AIRE would like to thank members of its Technology and Research Group who reviewed and commented on these profiles. All images courtesy of the National Grid Gas Archive, unless stated. Disclaimer: The purpose of this document is to act as a pointer to the activities carried out on former manufactured gas plants (gasworks). The Author and Publisher will not be responsible for any loss, however arising, from the use of, or reliance on, this information. This document (‘this publication’) is provided ‘as is’ without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. You should not assume that this publication is error-free or that it will be suitable for the particular purpose you have in mind when using it.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage - Kunihiro Takahashi
    ENERGY CARRIERS AND CONVERSION SYSTEMS – Vol. II - Hydrogen Storage - Kunihiro Takahashi HYDROGEN STORAGE Kunihiro Takahashi Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., Japan Keywords: hydrogen storage, pressurized hydrogen, pressure container (vessel), atmospheric hydrogen storage tank, spherical hydrogen storage tank, underground storage, liquefaction of hydrogen, liquid hydrogen storage, ortho-para conversion, heat insulation, slush hydrogen, metal hydride, methanol, ammonia, methylcyclohexane, activated carbon, graphite nanofiber, carbon nanotube, glass microsphere, zeolite, renewable energy Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gas Storage in a Gaseous State 2.1 Storage under Atmospheric Pressure 2.1.1 Water-sealed Gas Holder 2.1.2 Dry Type Gas Holder 2.2 Storage under Pressure 2.2.1 Cylinders 2.2.2 Tank 2.3 Underground Storage 3. Storage as Liquid Hydrogen 3.1 Liquefaction of Hydrogen 3.1.1 Raw Hydrogen Refining 3.1.2 Ortho–Para Conversion 3.1.3 Liquefaction Process of Hydrogen 3.1.4 Storage by Slush Hydrogen 3.1.5 Liquid Hydrogen Tank 4. Hydrogen Storage by Chemical Hydrides 4.1 Storage by Metal Hydrides 4.1.1 Hydrogen Storage Vessels 4.2 Hydrogen Storage by Organic Compound 4.2.1 Potassium Formate 4.2.2 Ammonia, Methanol, and Methylcyclohexane System 4.3 GlassUNESCO Microspheres and Others – EOLSS 4.3.1 Carbon Materials 4.3.2 Glass BalloonSAMPLE and Zeolite CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This topic introduces hydrogen storage. There are various hydrogen storage methods including storage in the gaseous state, storing as a liquid, and storage as a compound or in combination with another medium. The method of storing hydrogen in the gaseous ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ENERGY CARRIERS AND CONVERSION SYSTEMS – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Manufactured Gas Industry in Kansas
    EPARTM S D E A KDHE N S T N O A F K Kansas Department of Health and Environment Bureau of Environmental Remediation/Remedial Section Developed By: Aspen Junge and John Cook June 30, 2008 The Manufactured Gas Industry in Kansas For 60 years, many Kansans depended pleasant and agreeable, as gas light. It is a on manufactured gas to light and heat their steady, handy and constant light, and not near homes, and to cook their food. Manufactured so wearing to the eyes as candle or oil light. gas, produced in factories called gas works, was Then one need not worry himself about oil cans, considered one of the most civilizing lamps or lamp chimneys. He may go home with improvements a frontier city could make. his mind at rest, sure that when the shades of Imagine your city as it may have been in night are closing in around him, his faithful the 1860s. Horse-drawn buggies and wagons spouse (if he has one, or, in lieu thereof, a travel down unpaved streets, which were a sea mother or sister, or some other man’s sister) of mud after it rained. At night it was very dark, will have the gas lit, his slippers and gown because there were no streetlights. What little ready, and a generous welcome in store for the light there was came from lanterns, fueled by weary toiler (of the Kaw), instead of a lecture kerosene or candles, placed in windows or in on female suffering, caused by his forgetting to front of whatever businesses were open late.
    [Show full text]
  • To View Asset
    DISCOVERY VICTORIA’S EARTH RESOURCES JOURNAL NOVEMBER 1999 INSIDE THIS ISSUE • MINERS HELP CLEANUP • OTWAY BASIN INTEREST • NEW DATA RELEASE DISCOVERY VICTORIA’S EARTH RESOURCES JOURNAL NOVEMBER 1999 contents MINERS AID DOCKLANDS CLEANUP 2 Mining industry skills help a major redevelopment VIC WEATHERS SPENDING SLUMP 4 Trend figures show Victoria is doing better than other states OTWAY BASIN ATTRACTS NEW PLAYERS 6 More companies join the search for gas UNDERGROUND STORAGE BOOSTS GAS RESERVES 8 WUGS means more security for Victoria’s gas supplies SANTOS STARTS VICTORIAN GAS PRODUCTION 10 More gas flows for Victorian consumers MINERAL SANDS TENDERS ATTRACT MANY BIDDERS 10 Explorers snap up new mineral sands acreage VICTORIAN MINERS READY FOR ANYTHING 11 cover picture Stawell’s safety team make it two in a row ALL THAT GLITTERS ISN’T GOLD 18 Victoria’s commitment to providing high-quality Victoria’s Mining Week focuses on new minerals airborne geophysical data over the vast majority of the NEW DATA WILL BOOST EXPLORATION 19 state is providing explorers with unequalled advantages Explorers get plenty of encouragement from this new data release in locating exploration targets. The latest package of airborne magnetic and geophysical data plus accom- BOOST FOR BASE METALS TOO! 21 panying maps was released during Victorian Mining GSV reveals a new look at the prospects for base metals Week in November. It covers large areas of eastern Victoria and the highlands near Omeo. Our cover MINERAL REPORTING STANDARDS AND THE JORC CODE 22 image is one of the many new images from the latest There’s a new force in developing Australia leads the world in setting the standards data release and covers the Mansfield-Howitt region.
    [Show full text]
  • LNG CUSTODY TRANSFER HANDBOOK 5Th Edition: 2017 GIIGNL Document Status and Purpose
    LNG CUSTODY TRANSFER HANDBOOK 5th Edition: 2017 GIIGNL Document status and purpose This fifth (2017) edition of the GIIGNL LNG transfer and LNG transfer from an onshore This latest version replaces all previous editions Custody Transfer Handbook reflects GIIGNL’s terminal to small scale LNG carriers. More than of the custody transfer handbook. Please always understanding of best current practice at the pointing at the differences and highlighting the consult the GIIGNL website www.giignl.org to time of publication. points of attention when dealing with these new check for the latest version of this handbook, operations, this fifth version provides answers esp. when referring to a pdf download or a The purpose of this handbook is to serve as a and solutions for setting up (slightly) altered or printout of this handbook reference manual to assist readers to new custody transfer procedures. As a reminder, understand the procedures and equipment (Photo front cover : © Fluxys Belgium – P. Henderyckx) it is not specifically intended to work out available to and used by the members of GIIGNL procedures for overland LNG custody transfer to determine the energy quantity of LNG operations involving LNG trucks, containers or transferred between LNG ships and LNG trains, or for small scale LNG transfer such as terminals. It is neither a standard nor a bunkering or refueling of ships and trucks. For specification. these, kind reference is made to the GIIGNL This handbook is not intended to provide the Retail LNG / LNG as a fuel handbook. reader with a detailed LNG ship-shore custody No proprietary procedure, nor particular transfer procedure as such, but sets out the manufacture of equipment, is recommended or practical issues and requirements to guide and implied suitable for any specific purpose in this facilitate a skilled operator team to work out a handbook.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks and Gasholders Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary
    Gasworks and Gasholders Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which lack such a summary. This can either be where the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. Gas works, or sites where gas was manufactured by thermally decomposing fossil fuels and stored in gasholders, were one of the most ubiquitous and widely distributed industrial complexes of the 19th and 20th centuries. Frequently constructed on the edges of urban areas, close to their customers and adjacent to rivers, canals and railways - reflecting both the inability of the early works to transmit gas over large distances and the reliance Front cover: on a supply of coal – meant that gasworks and gasholders had a The Cheltenham Gas considerable visual impact on the landscape. Beginning with the Light & Coke Company formation of the Gas Light and Coke Company in London in 1812, works from the air in coal gas manufactured at gasworks in towns, cities and on private 1938. Formed in 1818, the company moved to a larger estates was transmitted via England’s first energy networks before site formed by the junction first nationalisation (1949) and the conversion to natural gas (from of Gloucester Road 1967), brought about the end of the industry and the clearance of and Tewkesbury Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasholders and Their Tanks
    Gasholders and their Tanks A profile of the construction of different types of gasholders, their associated tanks and their occurrence on former gasworks and gasholder station sites. Prepared by Dr Russell Thomas, Technical Director, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Redland, Bristol, UK, 0117-933-9262, [email protected] or [email protected]. The author is grateful to fellow members of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers Panel for the History of the Industry and the staff of the National Grid Gas Archive for their kind assistance. Introduction This profile aims to give an insight into the construction and operation of gasholders and their tanks, for those who investigate former gasworks sites or have a general interest in the gas industry. All images courtesy of the National Gas Archive, unless stated. Although gasholders seem simple, the complexity and ingenuity of these structures should not be underestimated; they are the result of complex engineering design which was gradually refined Photograph 1. The world’s oldest remaining gasholder at Fulham, attributed to Samuel Clegg. and improved. This profile is limited to a brief description of the different designs of gasholders, active service within the gas industry. This is The tanks of former gasholders are often still their operation and, importantly, their tanks. because low-pressure gas storage is no longer present on many former gasworks sites, infilled required, as improved storage capacity has been and hidden beneath the ground. During Gasholders are the only remaining distinctive created elsewhere in the gas network. demolition, the tank void formed a ready-made feature of a gasworks to still be visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Manufactured Gas and Related Gas Storage Facilities on Long Island
    Historic Manufactured Gas and Related Gas Storage Facilities on Long Island Prepared by KeySpan Corporation For The Long Island Power Authority May 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY__________________________________________ PAGE 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS_________________________________19 GLOSSARY _________________________________________________________21 MAP OF HISTORIC MANUFACTURED GAS AND RELATED GAS STORAGE FACILITIES ON LONG ISLAND ______________________________________26 MAJOR FACILITIES_________________________________________________28 MANUFACTURED GAS PLANTS _____________________________________29 Nassau County Sites __________________________________________________ 32 Glen Cove MGP ____________________________________________________ 33 Hempstead - Clinton Road MGP ______________________________________ 36 Hempstead - Intersection Street MGP __________________________________ 37 Suffolk County Sites ___________________________________________________ 39 Babylon MGP_______________________________________________________ 40 Bay Shore MGP _____________________________________________________ 42 Halesite MGP _______________________________________________________ 47 Patchogue MGP ____________________________________________________ 49 Sag Harbor MGP ____________________________________________________ 51 Queens County Sites __________________________________________________ 53 Far Rockaway MGP _________________________________________________ 54 Rockaway Park MGP ________________________________________________ 56 May
    [Show full text]
  • 720-0322 Sterling Forge: SKU# SF2456
    Essential Element for Outdoor Entertainment Stainless Steel Gas Grill USE AND CARE GUIDE MODEL NO.: 720-0322 Sterling Forge: SKU# SF2456 CUSTOMER SERVICE: www.sterlingforgegrills.com FOR OUTDOOR USE ONLY TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION ONE: Table of Contents & SECTION FIVE: Importance-----------------------------1 Care & Maintenance-----------------22 Precautions-----------------------------2-5 SECTION SIX: Exploded View------------------------23 SECTION TWO: Parts List-------------------------------24 Assembly Instructions----------------6-13 Gas holder & propane tank assembly SECTION SEVEN: -------------------------------------------14 Trouble Shooting---------------------25 To match light the grill---------------15 SECTION EIGHT: SECTION THREE: Grilling Hints--------------------------26 Gas Hook up---------------------------16 Grill Cooking Chart-------------------26-28 Leak Testing---------------------------17 SECTION NINE: Installer Final Check------------------18 Grill Recipe Suggestions ------------------------------------------29-30 SECTION FOUR: Operating Instruction-----------------19 SECTION TEN: Lighting Instructions------------------20 Limited Warranty----------------------31 Lighting Illustrations------------------21 IMPORTANCE *** WARNING *** Danger Warning FOR YOUR SAFETY I f you smell gas: FOR YOUR SAFETY 1. Shut off gas to the appliance. 1. Do not store or use gasoline or other flammable 2. Extinguish any open flame. vapors and liquids in the vicinity of this or any 3. Open lid other appliance. 4. If odor continues, keep away from the 2. An LP cylinder not connected for use shall not be appliance and immediately call you gas stored in the vicinity of this or any other supplier or your fire department. appliance. WARNING WARNING Combustion byproducts produced when using this Failure to comply with these instructions could result product contain chemicals known to the State of in a fire or explosion that could cause serious bodily California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other injury, death, or property damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Converting Waste Plastics Into a Resource
    CONVERTING WASTE PLASTICS INTO A RESOURCE Compendium of Technologies ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2009 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Converting Waste Plastics into a Resource Compendium of Technologies Compiled by United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre Osaka/Shiga, Japan Preface Economic growth and changing consumption and production patterns are resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste plastics in the world. In Asia and the Pacific, as well as many other developing regions, plastic consumption has increased much more than the world average due to rapid urbanization and economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and Their Tanks
    Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profiles Gasworks Profile A: The History and Operation of Gasworks (Manufactured Gas Plants) Contents in Britain Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profile C: Water Gas Plants 1. Introduction.............................................................. .................... B1 Gasworks Profile D: Producer Gas Plants 2. Gasholders in a Historical Context........................... .................... B2 3. The Housing of Gasholders.......................................................... B6 ISBN 978-1-905046-26-3 © CL:AIRE 2014 4. Column-Guided Gasholders......................................................... B6 5. Guide-Framed Gasholders........................................................... B7 Published by Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE), 6. Cable-Guided Gasholders............................................................ B7 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ. 7. Flying Lifts.................................................................................... B7 8. Spiral-Guided Gasholders............................................................ B8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval 9. Waterless or Dry Gasholders....................................................... B9 system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright 10. Crowns, Cups and Dips...............................................................
    [Show full text]