Radio/Microwave Spectrum
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
7400.2D Procedures for Handling • Airspace Matters •
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation • Administration 7400.2D Procedures for Handling • Airspace Matters • ·'" ..... "", • Distribution: ZAT-740 (ALL); September 16, 1993 Initiated by ATP-200 RECORD OF CHANGES DIRECTIVE NO. 7400.2D CHANGE SUPPLEMENTS CH,oNGE SUPPLEMENTS TO OPTIONAL TO OPTIONAL BASIC BASIC • .. .. • 1---. • FAA Form 132~5 (6-80) USE PREVIOUS EDITION 9/16/93 7400.2D • PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING AIRSPACE MATTERS 7400.2D FOREWORD • This Order shall be used by all personnel in the joint administration of the airspace program. The guidance and procedures herein incorporate into one publication as many orders, notices and di rectives of the affected services as possible. This order consists of 8 parts and incorporates all re quired changes due to the Airspace Reclassification Rule effective September 16, 1993. • ~l~£~ Associate Administrator for Air Traffic :u..~ Anthony J. erick (AVR) \UAiIAmWd Associat~ Administrator for AssociDt~ Administrator Regulation & Certification for Airway Facilities • 9/16/93 7400.2D TABLE OF CONTENTS • [Bracketed numbers represent the numbering system in Order 7400.2C] PART I. GENERALPROCEDURES Chapter 1. GENERAL Section 1. INTRODUCTION Page 1-1 Purpose/Application {1 000] . 1-1-1 1-2 Effective Date {1001] . 1-1-1 1-3 Cancellation {1002] . 1-1-1 1-4 Change Authority {1003] .. 1-1-1 1-5 Other Responsibilities {1004] . 1-1-1 1-6 Structural Format {1 005] . 1-1-1 1-7 Policy {1006] .. 1-1-1 1-8 Authority and Applicability {1007] . 1-1-1 1-9 FAR References {1008] . 1-1-1 1-10 Executive Order 10854 {1009] . 1-1-2 1-11 Word Usage {1010] . -
Chapter-5 Doppler Effect
Chapter-5 Doppler Effect Stationary source Stationary observer Moving source Stationary observer Stationary source Moving observer Moving source Moving observer http://www.astro.ubc.ca/~scharein/a311/Sim/doppler/Doppler.html Doppler Effect The Doppler effect is the apparent change in the frequency of a wave motion when there is relative motion between the source of the waves and the observer. The apparent change in frequency f experienced as a result of the Doppler effect is known as the Doppler shift. The value of the Doppler shift increases as the relative velocity v between the source and the observer increases. The Doppler effect applies to all forms of waves. Doppler Effect (Moving Source) http://www.absorblearning.com/advancedphysics/demo/units/040103.html Suppose the source moves at a steady velocity vs towards a stationary observer. The source emits sound wave with frequency f. From the diagram, we can see that the distance between crests is shortened such that ' vs Since = c/f and = 1/f, We get c c v s f ' f f c vs f ' ( ) f c vs Doppler Effect (Moving Observer) Consider an observer moving with velocity vo toward a stationary source S. The source emits a sound wave with frequency f and wavelength = c/f. The velocity of the sound wave relative to the observer is c + vo. c Doppler Shift Consider a source moving towards an observer, the Doppler shift f is c f f ' f ( ) f f c vs f v s f c v s f v If v <<c, then we get s s f c The above equation also applies to a receding source, with vs taking as negative. -
Overview of Sensors for Applications
OVERVIEW OF SENSORS FOR APPLICATIONS Deepak Putrevu Head, MTDD/AMHTDG EM SPECTRUM Visible 0.4-0.7μm Near infrared (NIR) 0.7-1.5μm Optical Infrared Shortwave infrared (SWIR) 1.5-3.0μm Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) 3.0-8.0μm (OIR) Region Longwave IR(LWIR)/Thermal IR(TIR) 8.0-15μm Far infrared (FIR) Beyond15μm Gamma Rays X Rays UV Visible NIR SWIR Thermal IR Microwave P-band: ~0.25 – 1 GHz Microwave Region L-band: 1 -2 GHz S-band: 2-4 GHz •Sensors are 24x365 C-band: 4-8 GHz •Signal data characteristics X-band: 8-12 GHz unique to the microwave region of the EM spectrum Ku-band: 12-18 GHz K-band: 18-26 GHz •Response is primarily governed by geometric Ka-band: 26-40 GHz structures and hence V-band: 40 - 75 GHz complementary to optical W-band: 75-110 GHz imaging mm-wave: 110 – 300GHz Basic Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and the Earth’s Surface Incident Power reflected, ρP Reflectivity: The fractional part of the radiation, P incident radiation that is reflected by the surface. Power absorbed, αP Absorptivity: the fractional part of the = Power emitted, εP incident radiation that is absorbed by the surface. Power transmitted, τP Emissivity: The ratio of the observed flux emitted by a body or surface to that of a P= Pr + Pt + Pa blackbody under the same condition. 푃 푃 푃 푟 + 푡 + 푎 = 1 푃 푃 푃 Transmissivity: The fractional part of the ρ + τ + α =1 radiation transmitted through the medium. At thermal equilibrium, absorption and emission are the same. -
RTT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC January 2015 Defence Spectrum – the New Battleground?
RTT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC January 2015 Defence Spectrum – the new battleground? In this month’s technology topic we look at contemporary military radio developments, the integration of LTE user devices into defence communication systems, the relevance of military research to 5 G deployment efficiency and related spectral utilisation and regulatory issues. Defence communication systems are deployed across the whole radio spectrum from long wave to light. This includes mobile communication systems at VHF and UHF and L Band and S band, LEO, MEO and GSO satellite systems (VHF to E band) and mobile and fixed radar (VHF to E band). Legacy defence systems are being upgraded to provide additional functionality. This requires more rather than less spectrum. Increased radar resolution requires wider channel bandwidths; longer range requires more power and improved sensitivity. Improved sensitivity increases the risk of inter system interference. Emerging application requirements including unmanned aerial vehicles require a mix of additional terrestrial, satellite and radar bandwidth. These requirements are geographically and spectrally diverse rather than battlefield and spectrally specific. The assumption in many markets is that the defence industry will be willing and able to surrender spectrum for mobile broadband consumer and civilian use. The AWS 3 auction in the US is a contemporary example with a $5 billion transition budget to cover legacy military system decommissioning in the DOD coordination zone between 1755 and 1780 MHz This transition strategy assumes an increased use of LTE network hardware and user hardware in battlefield systems. While this might imply an opportunity for closer coordination and cooperation between the mobile broadband and defence community it seems likely that an increase in the amount of defence bandwidth needed to support a broadening range of RF dependent systems could be a problematic component in the global spectral allocation and auction process. -
Ncar S-Pol Second Frequency (K -Band) Radar
P12R.6 NCAR S-POL SECOND FREQUENCY (KA-BAND) RADAR Gordon Farquharson,∗ Frank Pratte, Milan Pipersky, Don Ferraro, Alan Phinney, Eric Loew, Robert Rilling, Scott Ellis, and Jothiram Vivekanandan National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 1. INTRODUCTION The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) has recently extended the observational capability of the S-band dual-polarimetric weather radar system (S-Pol, Keeler et al. (2000)) by adding a Ka-band (35 GHz) po- larimetric Doppler radar (Vivekanandan et al., 2004). The Transmitter Ka-band radar employs a dual channel receiver and can be configured for either HH and HV, or HH and VV polari- metric measurements. The Ka-band and S-band antenna beams are matched and aligned, and timing signals for both systems are generated from the Global Position Sys- tem (GPS) ensuring that a common resolution volume is sampled by both systems. This dual-wavelength capabil- ity provides the potential for retrieving water vapor profiles Radar Processor (Ellis et al., 2005) and liquid water content in Rayleigh scattering conditions (Vivekanandan et al., 1999), im- proving remote sensing of various precipitation types, and studies on cloud microphysics. 2. RADAR DESCRIPTION Receiver The K -band radar is housed in three enclosures which a Figure 1: K -band radar attached to the S-band dish. The are mounted to the S-Pol S-band dish and pedestal struc- a transmitter, receiver, and processor enclosures are vis- ture (Figure 1); these include the transmitter enclosure, ible. The K -band antenna is mounted to the receiver the receiver enclosure, and the radar processor enclo- a enclosure and is facing away from the viewer in the pho- sure. -
The Montague Doppler Radar, an Overview June 2018
ISSUE PAPER SERIES The Montague Doppler Radar, An Overview June 2018 NEW YORK STATE TUG HILL COMMISSION DULLES STATE OFFICE BUILDING · 317 WASHINGTON STREET · WATERTOWN, NY 13601 · (315) 785-2380 · WWW.TUGHILL.ORG The Tug Hill Commission Technical and Issue Paper Series are designed to help local officials and citizens in the Tug Hill region and other rural parts of New York State. The Tech- nical Paper Series provides guidance on procedures based on questions frequently received by the Commis- sion. The Issue Paper Series pro- vides background on key issues facing the region without taking advocacy positions. Other papers in each se- ries are available from the Tug Hill Commission. Please call us or vis- it our website for more information. The Montague Doppler Weather Radar, An Overview Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Who owns the Montague radar? ................................................................................................................. 1 Who uses the Montague radar? .................................................................................................................. 1 How does the radar system work? .............................................................................................................. 2 How does the radar predict lake-effect snowstorms? ................................................................................ 2 How does the -
Advances in Satellite Technologies- ISRO Initiatives
Advances in Satellite Technologies- ISRO Initiatives Sumitesh Sarkar Space Applications Centre (ISRO) March 27, 2019 National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 Advance Technology : Key Areas Migration from Broadcast/VSAT centric to Data-centric Payload design - HTS . Multi-beam coverage in Ku and Ka-band ensuring Frequency Reuse and enhanced Payload performance . Increased Payload Hardware – need for miniaturization . Addressing new applications like Mobile backhauling, In-Flight Connectivity etc. Special focus on unserved/underserved regions within India Use of Higher frequency bands – Ku to Ka to Q/V band . Migration to higher frequency bands – ‘User ‘ as well as ‘Feeder’ links . More interference free Spectrum . Constraints of available technologies Redefining MSS with enhanced capabilities . Multi-beam High power transponders in S-band - enabling SDMB services National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 2 Evolution in On-board Antenna Technology Single Circular beam Shaped Beam Multibeam(HTS) (Dual Gridded Reflector) National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 Technology Trends – Active Low power RF Circuits MMIC SOC 9mm X 6mm Ka-band (In test) 100mmx40mm 70mmx60mm x25mm x22mm based based MMIC die in pac. pac. MMIC Chip MMIC LTCC pac. Qualified (In BB test) 100mmx100mm x25mm Gen In production by industry nd MIC based MIC 2 RF Technologies RF 170mmx100mmx35mm MIC MIC based 200mmx180mmx100mm (2RF sec.) 1stgen. INSAT-2A to INSAT-2D INSAT-3 and 4 Series GSAT-5 GSAT-7/11 Future technologies Payload Generation National Workshop on Advances in Satellite Technologies - Mach 27, 2019 High Throughput Satellite : GSAT-11 Features: . -
Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
Airborne L-Band Radio Frequency Interference Observations from the SMAPVEX08 Campaign and Associated Flights James Park, Student Member, IEEE, J
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 1 Airborne L-Band Radio Frequency Interference Observations From the SMAPVEX08 Campaign and Associated Flights James Park, Student Member, IEEE, J. T. Johnson, Fellow, IEEE, Ninoslav Majurec, Noppasin Niamsuwan, Member, IEEE, Jeffrey R. Piepmeier, Member, IEEE, Priscilla N. Mohammed, Member, IEEE, Christopher S. Ruf, Fellow, IEEE, Sidharth Misra, Simon H. Yueh, Fellow, IEEE, and Steve J. Dinardo, Member, IEEE Abstract—Statistics of radio frequency interference (RFI) ob- The current experience of significant RFI corruption of the served in the band 1398–1422 MHz during an airborne campaign observations of the SMOS radiometer [8], as well as the up- in the United States are reported for use in analysis and forecasting coming deployment of the Aquarius and SMAP missions [11], of L-band RFI for microwave radiometry. The observations were [12] motivate studies of the properties of the RFI environment conducted from September to October 2008, and included approx- imately 92 h of flight time, of which approximately 20 h of “tran- as well as the performance of a variety of RFI detection and sit” or dedicated RFI observing flights are used in compiling the mitigation approaches. statistics presented. The observations used include outbound and A recent work [7] has reported results from an airborne return flights from Colorado to Maryland, as well as RFI surveys L-band RFI observing system in Europe and Australia. The over large cities. The Passive Active L-Band Sensor (PALS) ra- hardware utilized in [7] was capable of implementing algo- diometer of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory augmented by three rithms for pulsed RFI detection using either a “pulse” or a dedicated RFI observing systems was used in these observations. -
An Implementation of Real-Time Phased Array Radar Fundamental Functions on a DSP-Focused, High-Performance, Embedded Computing Platform
aerospace Article An Implementation of Real-Time Phased Array Radar Fundamental Functions on a DSP-Focused, High-Performance, Embedded Computing Platform Xining Yu 1,*, Yan Zhang 1, Ankit Patel 1, Allen Zahrai 2 and Mark Weber 2 1 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 3190 Monitor Avenue, Norman, OK 73019, USA; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (A.P.) 2 National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atomospheric Administration, Norman, OK 73072, USA; [email protected] (A.Z.); [email protected] (M.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-405-325-2871 Academic Editor: Konstantinos Kontis Received: 22 July 2016; Accepted: 2 September 2016; Published: 9 September 2016 Abstract: This paper investigates the feasibility of a backend design for real-time, multiple-channel processing digital phased array system, particularly for high-performance embedded computing platforms constructed of general purpose digital signal processors. First, we obtained the lab-scale backend performance benchmark from simulating beamforming, pulse compression, and Doppler filtering based on a Micro Telecom Computing Architecture (MTCA) chassis using the Serial RapidIO protocol in backplane communication. Next, a field-scale demonstrator of a multifunctional phased array radar is emulated by using the similar configuration. Interestingly, the performance of a barebones design is compared to that of emerging tools that systematically take advantage of parallelism and multicore capabilities, including the Open Computing Language. Keywords: phased array radar; embedded computing; serial RapidIO; MPAR 1. Introduction 1.1. Real-Time, Large-Scale, Phased Array Radar Systems In [1], we had introduced the real-time phased array radar (PAR) processing based on the Micro Telecom Computing Architecture (MTCA) chassis. -
L-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Modified Partial Ground Plane for Multiband Operation
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-10, August 2019 L-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Modified Partial Ground Plane for Multiband Operation Prachi Pandey, Neelesh Agrawal, Mukesh Kumar, Navendu Nitin, Anil Kumar Abstract- In this paper a design of L-shaped monopole In [4] a meandered T-shaped monopole is proposed for antenna (LMA) with modified partial ground plane for multiband 2.45/5.2/5.8 GHz LAN operations with a long and a short operation is presented. The `dimension of proposed antenna is arm strip extended from the feedline. A compact improved 40× 47 mm2 with 1.6 height using Teflon substrate having T-Form monopole antenna [5] using two asymmetric dielectric constant 2.1. The ground plane is amended by inserting horizontal strips has been designed to achieve multiband an anti-symmetric horizontal L-slots. Single band to multiband behaviour is accomplished by applying two horizontal L-slots on operation. In [6] a C-shaped monopole antenna is designed partial ground plane of LMA. Both the slots are antisymmetric to having a shorted parasitic strip to obtain two separate Y-axis. The parametric study has also been done which is impedance bandwidth. Frequency agility, improved gain and responsible for antenna behaviour. The operating frequency beam forming can be attained by applying additional bands of designed antenna are 2.35-2.91GHz,3.24-3.51GHz dielectric layers. But additional layers increase the weight of ,4.31-5.30GHz and 5.90-6.31GHz which is suitable for Bluetooth the antenna which is again undesirable in wireless (2.4GHZ),WLAN (2.4GHz,5.2GHz), WiMAX (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, environment. -
And H-Band Spectra of Globular Clusters in The
A&A 543, A75 (2012) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201218847 & c ESO 2012 ! Astrophysics Integrated J-andH-band spectra of globular clusters in the LMC: implications for stellar population models and galaxy age dating!,!!,!!! M. Lyubenova1,H.Kuntschner2,M.Rejkuba2,D.R.Silva3,M.Kissler-Patig2,andL.E.Tacconi-Garman2 1 Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 2 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany 3 National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719 USA Received 19 January 2012 / Accepted 1 May 2012 ABSTRACT Context. The rest-frame near-IR spectra of intermediate age (1–2 Gyr) stellar populations aredominatedbycarbonbasedabsorption features offering a wealth of information. Yet, spectral libraries that include the near-IR wavelength range do not sample a sufficiently broad range of ages and metallicities to allowforaccuratecalibrationofstellar population models and thus the interpretation of the observations. Aims. In this paper we investigate the integrated J-andH-band spectra of six intermediate age and old globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Methods. The observations for six clusters were obtained with the SINFONI integral field spectrograph at the ESO VLT Yepun tele- scope, covering the J (1.09–1.41 µm) and H-band (1.43–1.86 µm) spectral range. The spectral resolution is 6.7 Å in J and 6.6 Å in H-band (FWHM). The observations were made in natural seeing, covering the central 24"" 24"" of each cluster and in addition sam- pling the brightest eight red giant branch and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star candidates× within the clusters’ tidal radii.