Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Acting Today For Tomorrow A Policy and Practice Note for Climate- and Disaster-Resilient Public Disclosure Authorized Development in the Pacific Islands Region, with Supporting Research, Analysis, and Case Studies Acting Today For Tomorrow A Policy and Practice Note for Climate- and Disaster-Resilient Development in the Pacific Islands Region, with Supporting Research, Analysis, and Case Studies ii Acting Today For Tomorrow Photo: iStockphoto © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover photo: Ciril Jazbec iii Acknowledgments his Policy and Practice Note, along with the Supporting Research, Analysis, and Case Study materials, was prepared by a team led by Emilia Battaglini (Task Team TLeader, World Bank) and comprising Michael Bonte-Grapentin (World Bank), John Hay (independent consultant), Cristelle Pratt (independent consultant), and Olivia Warrick (World Bank), under the overall guidance of Ferid Belhaj, John Roome, Charles Feinstein, and Abhas Jha (World Bank). We benefitted greatly from the feedback and guidance of peer reviewers and advisors from the Pacific region and from the World Bank (listed in appendix 1). Special acknowledgment is due to the organizations that supported the World Bank in the dissemination of the Policy and Practice Note, particularly the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. We acknowledge the financial support of the partners of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. Anne Himmelfarb edited the report and Miki Fernandez assisted with the design. Rachel Cipryk and Nathan Hale (World Bank) provided support throughout, and Aleta Moriarty and Laura Keenan (World Bank) provided advice on the communication and dissemination strategy. Photo: The World Bank Photo: Olivia Warrick v Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ iii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. vi Executive Summary ............................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 2. A Policy and Practice Note for Climate- and Disaster-Resilient Development in the Pacific Islands Region ................................................ 2 2.1 The Consequences of Not Acting Today .................................................... 3 2.2 The Lessons of the Last Decade ................................................................. 9 2.3 The Way Forward: Overcoming Remaining Barriers ................................... 15 2.4 Fostering Resilient Development ................................................................ 18 3. Supporting Research, Analysis, and Case Studies ..................................... 21 3.1 What Are the Consequences of Not Acting Today? ................................... 22 3.2 Lessons of the Last Decade ........................................................................ 25 3.3 The Way Forward: Overcoming Remaining Barriers ................................... 41 3.4 Fostering Resilient Development ............................................................... 43 4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 55 5. References .................................................................................................... 57 Appendix 1. Significant Contributors to Preparation of the Policy and Practice Note ........................................................................... 60 Appendix 2. Outputs from the Policy and Practice Note Session at the Pacific Platform Meeting for Disaster Risk Management, August 2011 .................................................................................. 65 Appendix 3. Summary Overview of the Collective Roles of CROP Agencies in Relation to Climate Change ....................................................... 74 Appendix 4. “Acting Today for Tomorrow”: High-Level Dialogue and Meeting on Climate and Disaster Resilient Development ......... 80 Appendix 5. Studies Reviewed for the Analysis Summarized in Table 3.3 ........... 85 vi Acting Today For Tomorrow List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AusAID Australian Agency for International Development CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBA community-based adaptation CCA climate change adaptation CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CIM Coastal Infrastructure Management CPEIR Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review CROP Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific DCCEE Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency DRM disaster risk management DRR disaster risk reduction EU European Union EU-ACP European Union-African, Caribbean, and Pacific FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FSPI Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International GEF Global Environment Facility GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GDP gross domestic product HFA Hyogo Framework for Action ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JCS Joint Country Strategy JNAP Joint National Action Plan KAP Kiribati Adaptation Program MCDEM Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management MDG Millennium Development Goal M&E monitoring and evaluation MFEM Ministry of Finance and Economic Management NAP National Action Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment List of Abbreviations vii NDMO National Disaster Management Office NGO nongovernmental organization NZ-MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change PACE-SD Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development PASO Pacific Aviation Safety Office PCCR Pacific Climate Change Roundtable PCRAFI Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative PIANGO Pacific Islands Association of Nongovernmental Organisations PICT Pacific island country and territory PIDP Pacific Islands Development Programme PIFACC Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat PMU project management unit PPA Pacific Power Association PPN Policy and Practice Note PRSM Pacific Region Support Mechanism RFA Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme SPTO South Pacific Tourism Organisation UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USP University of the South Pacific VMGD Vanuatu Meteorological and Geohazards Division VRA Vulnerability Reduction Assessment WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization viii Acting Today For Tomorrow Executive Summary acific island countries continue to be among the most vulnerable in the world: they combine high exposure to frequent and damaging natural hazards with low capacity Pto manage the resulting risks. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by poorly planned socioeconomic development, which has increased exposure and disaster losses, and by climate change, which has increased the magnitude of cyclones, droughts, and flooding. Changes in how disasters and other extreme events in the Pacific are managed could significantly lessen the region’s vulnerability. Currently, inefficient management of risks negates development gains and incurs large costs for national and local governments. Progress in reducing vulnerability has been retarded in part