Epidemiología Clínica Y Molecular De La Tripanosomosis Animal Por Trypanosoma Evansi En Canarias” Presentada Por El Doctorando D

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Epidemiología Clínica Y Molecular De La Tripanosomosis Animal Por Trypanosoma Evansi En Canarias” Presentada Por El Doctorando D UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA Departamento de Patología Animal, Producción Animal Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos Anexo I D. MIGUEL BATISTA ARTEAGA, SECRETARIO DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE PATOLOGÍA ANIMAL, PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, BROMATOLOGÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA, CERTIFICA, Que el Consejo de Doctores del Departamento toma el acuerdo de dar el consentimiento para su tramitación a la tesis doctoral titulada ”Epidemiología clínica y molecular de la tripanosomosis animal por Trypanosoma evansi en Canarias” presentada por el doctorando D. Noé F. Rodríguez González y dirigida por los Dres. D. Carlos J. Gutiérrez Cabrera, D.ª María Teresa Tejedor Junco y D.ª Margarita González Martín. Y para que así conste, y a efectos de los previsto en el artº 5 del Reglamento para la Elaboración, Tribunal, Defensa y Evaluación de Tesis Doctorales de la Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, firmo la presente en Arucas, a 23 de noviembre de dos mil once. t +34 928 451 099 e-mail [email protected] Edificio de Veterinaria +34 928 451 137 www.ulpgc.es Campus U. De Montaña Cardones f +34 928 451 142 35413 Arucas – Las Palmas PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CLÍNICA E INVESTIGACIÓN TERAPÉUTICA DEPARTAMENTO DE PATOLOGÍA ANIMAL, PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, BROMATOLOGÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS TESIS DOCTORAL “Epidemiología clínica y molecular de la tripanosomosis animal por Trypanosoma evansi en Canarias” Doctorando Noé F. Rodríguez González Directores Carlos J. Gutiérrez Cabrera Mª Teresa Tejedor Junco Margarita González Martín Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 9 de noviembre 2011 Carlos J. Gutiérrez Cabrera, Profesor Titular del Área de conocimiento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal del Departamento de Patología Animal, Producción Animal y Tecnología de los Alimentos de la Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, y Mª Teresa Tejedor Junco y Margarita González Martín, Profesoras Titulares del Área de conocimiento de Microbiología del Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. INFORMAN: Que D. Noé F. Rodríguez González, Licenciado en Veterinaria por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ha realizado bajo nuestra dirección y asesoramiento el presente trabajo de tesis doctoral titulado: “Epidemiología clínica y molecular de la tripanosomosis animal por Trypanosoma evansi en Canarias” El cual reúne las condiciones exigidas por la legislación vigente para su presentación con el fin de optar al grado de Doctor en Veterinaria. Y para que así conste a los efectos oportunos, firmamos en Arucas (Las Palmas) a 9 de noviembre de 2011. Fdo. Dr. Carlos J. Gutiérrez Cabrera Fdo. Dra. Mª Teresa Tejedor Junco Fdo. Dra. Margarita González Martín “Ninguna fuerza abatirá tus sueños, porque ellos se nutren con su propia luz. Se alimentan de su propia pasión. Renacen cada día para ser” Atahualpa Yupanqui A mi abuelo Pedro. A mis padres. A mi hermana. Al resto de mi familia y a esos familiares con los que no comparto sangre, pero sí el músculo que la bombea, mis amigos. A todos ellos, porque conocen el sacrificio que ha supuesto este camino, por ser el aliento para seguir luchando y porque me permiten definirme como la persona que soy, no más que una amalgama de vivencias compartidas. Abreviaturas de uso común: ADN Acido desoxirribonucleico ADNk Acido desoxirribonucleico kinetoplástido Ag-ELISA Enzimainmunoensayo para detección de antígenos BCM Método de la capa leucocitaria CATT/T. evansi Test de aglutinación sobre tarjeta para Trypanosoma evansi. ELISA Enzimainmunoensayo IFI Inmunofluorescencia indirecta IgG- ELISA Enzimainmunoensayo para detección de inmunoglobulinas G. MHCT Método de concentración del microhematocrito o técnica de Woo OIE Organización Internacional de Epizootias OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud pb Pares de bases PCR Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa RoTat 1.2 Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 VCM Volumen corpuscular medio VSG Glicoproteínas variables de superficie Índice Página I. INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 1 II. OBJETIVOS 11 III. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 15 1. HISTORIA Y EVOLUCIÓN DE Trypanosoma evansi 17 1.1. Historia del término Trypanosoma evansi: sinonimias 17 1.2. Historia del término “surra”: sinonimias 18 1.3. Evolución de Trypanosoma evansi 19 1.4. Distribución geográfica de Trypanosoma evansi 20 1.5. Reseñas históricas de los camellos (Camelus dromedarius) en Canarias. 22 1.6. Situación actual de la surra desde la óptica del comercio internacional de animales 24 1.7. Situación actual de Trypanosoma evansi desde la óptica de la salud pública: potencial zoonótico 25 2. TAXONOMÍA DE Trypanosoma evansi 27 2.1. Sistemática tradicional de Trypanosoma spp. 27 2.2. Sistemática actual de Trypanosoma spp. 27 2.3. Clasificación de los tripanosomas de importancia veterinaria y médica que afectan a mamíferos 29 3. MORFOLOGÍA DE Trypanosoma evansi 31 3.1. Generalidades 31 3.2. Flagelo 31 3.3. Periplasto y envoltura de glicoproteínas 32 3.4. Citoesqueleto 33 3.5. Citoplasma 33 4. CICLO DE Trypanosoma evansi 36 I Índice 4.1. Formas de transmisión de Trypanosoma evansi 36 4.1.1. Transmisión por picadura de vectores mecánicos 36 4.1.2. Transmisión por mordedura por Desmodus rotundus 37 4.1.3. Transmisión vía oral 37 4.1.4. Transmisión iatrogénica 38 4.1.5. Transmisión vertical 38 4.1.5.1. Transmisión transplacentaria 38 4.1.5.2. Transmisión lactógena 39 4.2. Insectos vectores principales de Trypanosoma evansi. Situación en 39 Canarias 4.2.1. Géneros Tabanus y Atylotus 39 4.2.2. Género Stomoxys 42 4.2.3. Género Haematobia (Lyperosia) 44 4.3. Papel de otros insectos en la epidemiología de Trypanosoma evansi 45 4.3.1. Género Hippobosca 45 4.3.2. Otros insectos 46 4.4. Animales hospedadores potenciales de Trypanosoma evansi 46 5. PATOLOGÍA DE LA INFESTACIÓN POR Trypanosoma evansi 51 5.1. Manifestaciones clínicas 51 5.1.1. Generalidades 51 5.1.2. Manifestaciones clínicas en camélidos 52 5.1.3. Manifestaciones clínicas en equinos 53 5.1.4. Manifestaciones clínicas en especies rumiantes ganaderas 54 5.1.5. Manifestaciones clínicas en carnívoros domésticos 56 II Índice 5.1.6. Manifestaciones clínicas en otras especies animales 56 5.1.7. Confusiones clínicas con otros tripanosomas patógenos distintos de T. 59 evansi 5.1.7.1. Trypanosoma lewisi 59 5.1.7.2. Trypanosoma theileri 59 5.1.7.3. Trypanosoma vivax 60 5.1.7.4. Trypanosoma equiperdum 60 5.1.7.5. Trypanosoma spp. con estrictas especificidades 60 geográficas 5.2. Hallazgos laboratoriales 61 5.2.1. Hematología 61 5.2.1.1. Hematología. Alteraciones de la serie roja 61 5.2.1.1.1. Camélidos 61 5.2.1.1.2. Equinos 62 5.2.1.1.3. Carnívoros domésticos 63 5.2.1.1.4. Especies rumiantes ganaderas 64 5.2.1.2. Hematología: Alteraciones de la serie blanca 64 5.2.1.2.1. Camélidos 65 5.2.1.2.2. Equinos 65 5.2.1.2.3. Carnívoros domésticos 65 5.2.1.2.4. Especies rumiantes ganaderas 66 5.2.2. Alteraciones bioquímicas 67 5.2.2.1. Proteínas séricas totales: Albumina y globulinas 67 5.2.2.2. Enzimas 68 5.2.2.3. Bilirrubina, índice ictérico 69 III Índice 5.2.2.4. Urea y Creatinina 69 5.2.2.5. Macro y microminerales 70 5.2.2.6. Glucosa 70 5.2.2.7. Parámetros lipídicos 70 5.3. Anatomía patológica 71 5.3.1. Hallazgos macroscópicos 71 5.3.2. Hallazgos microscópicos 73 5.3.2.1. Piel 73 5.3.2.2. Sistema nervioso 73 5.3.2.3. Ojo 74 5.3.2.4. Bazo y ganglios linfáticos 74 5.3.2.5. Médula ósea 75 5.3.2.6. Musculatura esquelética y cardíaca 75 5.3.2.7. Pulmón 75 5.3.2.8. Hígado 76 5.3.2.9. Riñón 76 5.3.2.10. Glándulas adrenales. 77 5.3.2.11. Intestino 77 5.3.2.12. Aparato reproductivo 78 5.4. Patogénesis 78 5.4.1. Generalidades 78 5.4.2. Formación inicial del chancro e implicación en la patogenia 79 5.4.3. Parasitemia y fiebre intermitentes. Consecuencias 80 IV Índice 5.4.4. Período de prepatencia 81 5.4.5. Patogenia de la anemia. Consecuencias 82 5.4.6. Patogenia del edema 84 5.4.7. Invasión del sistema nervioso central y alteraciones neurológicas 85 5.4.8. Respuesta inmunitaria. Inmunodepresión 86 5.4.8.1. Respuesta inmunitaria celular 87 5.4.8.2. Respuesta inmunitaria humoral 89 5.4.8.2.1. Anticuerpos 89 5.4.8.2.2. Sistema del complemento 90 5.4.9. Desórdenes hormonales 91 6. DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA TRIPANOSOMOSIS POR Trypanosoma evansi 93 6.1. Métodos de identificación del agente 94 6.1.1. Examen directo al microscopio 94 6.1.1.1. Gota gruesa 94 6.1.1.2. Tinción de frotis denso 95 6.1.1.3. Tinción de frotis fino 95 6.1.2. Métodos de concentración 96 6.1.2.1. Técnica de Woo 96 6.1.2.2. Técnica de Murray 99 6.1.2.3. Técnica del mini-intercambio aniónico y 100 centrifugación 6.1.3. Inoculación en animales 101 6.1.4. Detección de ADN tripanosómico 102 V Índice 6.1.4.1. PCR convencional 102 6.1.4.2. Sondas de ADN recombinante 107 6.1.4.3. PCR cuantitativa 107 6.1.4.4. Amplificación isotérmica tipo LAMP 108 6.1.5. Detección antigénica 109 6.2. Métodos serológicos 110 6.2.4. Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) 111 6.2.5. Enzimainmunoensayo (ELISA indirecto o IgG-ELISA) 112 6.2.6. Pruebas de aglutinación en tarjeta (CATT/ T. evansi y LATEX/T. 115 evansi) 6.2.6.4.
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