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D28–D31 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue Published online 23 October 2010 doi:10.1093/nar/gkq967 The European Nucleotide Archive Rasko Leinonen*, Ruth Akhtar, Ewan Birney, Lawrence Bower, Ana Cerdeno-Ta´ rraga, Ying Cheng, Iain Cleland, Nadeem Faruque, Neil Goodgame, Richard Gibson, Gemma Hoad, Mikyung Jang, Nima Pakseresht, Sheila Plaister, Rajesh Radhakrishnan, Kethi Reddy, Siamak Sobhany, Petra Ten Hoopen, Robert Vaughan, Vadim Zalunin and Guy Cochrane European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK Received September 15, 2010; Accepted October 3, 2010 ABSTRACT archived nucleotide data. All primary data in the INSDC belongs to the submitters and can only be The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www updated with submitter consent. For full policy details .ebi.ac.uk/ena) is Europe’s primary nucleotide- please refer to: http://www.insdc.org/policy.html. sequence repository. The ENA consists of three main databases: the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), the Trace Archive and EMBL-Bank. The ob- CONTENT jective of ENA is to support and promote the use of In October 2010, the ENA contained 500 billion raw and nucleotide sequencing as an experimental research assembled sequences consisting of 50 trillion base pairs. platform by providing data submission, archive, In the last 3 years, the next-generation sequence reads search and download services. In this article, we stored in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) have outline these services and describe major changes become the largest and fastest growing source of new and improvements introduced during 2010. These data accounting now for 95% of all base pairs made available by ENA. At the same time, the number of include extended EMBL-Bank and SRA-data sub- completed genome sequences has risen to over 1400 for mission services, extended ENA Browser function- cellular organisms and 3000 for viruses and phages (http:// ality, support for submitting data to the European www.ebi.ac.uk/genomes/). Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) through SRA, and the launch of a new sequence similarity search service. SUBMISSIONS OF RAW DATA FROM NEXT GENERATION PLATFORMS THE EUROPEAN NUCLEOTIDE ARCHIVE The SRA accepts sequence submissions from next-generation sequencing platforms. New submitters The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) operates as a should contact [email protected] for the creation of a public archive for nucleotide sequence data. By bringing submission account and a secure data upload area. together databases for raw sequence data, assembly infor- Submitters first upload data files into the secure mation and functional annotation, the ENA provides a data-upload area in one of the supported data formats, comprehensive and integrated resource for this fundamen- then prepare and submit study, sample, experiment, run tal source of biological information. Central to the ENA is and submission XML files to SRA. Detailed submission the provision of submission services, including interactive instructions are available here: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/ and programmatic submission tools, search services, about/page.php?page=sra_submissions. including text and sequence similarity search tools and We have extended the SRA submission service to data presentation and retrieval services. The ENA works support submissions of authorized access data, typically closely together with NCBI (1) and DDBJ (2) as partners clinical samples that have been sequenced under a confi- in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database dentiality and consent agreement. Authorized access data Collaboration (3). The principal policy of INSDC is to can now be submitted through the SRA submission provide free and unrestricted permanent access to all service into the European Genome-phenome Archive *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 1223 494608; Fax: +44 1223 494468; Email: [email protected] ß The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue D29 Figure 1. The complete mitochondrial genome for Ursus spelaeus (cave bear) from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology submitted to EMBL-Bank in 2010. D30 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue (EGA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega). Data submitted to Browser to cover EMBL-Bank and Trace archive records EGA are not part of the public SRA database and are and introduced several improvements including a graph- excluded from the INSDC data exchange. Permission to ical EMBL-Bank annotation and assembly viewer and view and retrieve authorised access data can only be intuitive navigation between different ENA data classes. granted by the external data access committee (DAC) For full details of the ENA browser URL syntax please responsible for the data concerned. Please contact refer to: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/about/page.php?page [email protected] for more information about =browser. For example, the following URL returns the EGA policies. A secure data upload area is required to complete mitochondrial genome for ‘Ursus spelaeus’ (cave submit authorised access data through the SRA submis- bear) (6): http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/FM177760 sion service. It is also possible to submit EGA’s policy, (Figure 1). Data can be queried using the EB-Eye free dataset and DAC objects through SRA. text search functionality available in the header section SRA will shortly accept sequence read submissions in of all EBI web pages (7). ENA results are available Binary Alignment/Map (BAM) format (4). A BAM file is under the ‘Nucleotide Sequences’ category and linked to a binary compressed representation of the Sequence the ENA Browser. Free text search is also available from Alignment/Map (SAM) format. With sequence read align- the ENA home page: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena. ments becoming an increasingly common intermediate in Rapid and comprehensive sequence similarity searches primary analysis, BAM format is emerging as a popular against ENA data are supported through a new service choice for storing sequence reads with alignments. The based on Exonerate (8) technology: http://www.ebi.ac SRA is currently finalizing an archive BAM specification .uk/ena/search/ (Goodgame, N., manuscript in prepar- which will standardize the use of BAM files for primary ation). All nucleotide sequences archived by the INSDC data archival purposes. Once completed, BAM submis- and made available as part of EMBL-Bank are covered by sions to SRA archives will be required to follow this our service. This includes all ENA sequences except raw specification. reads from the Trace Archive and SRA. Experimental search support for a limited number of raw reads is provided through De-Bruijn servers based on Velvet (9), SUBMISSIONS OF ASSEMBLED AND ANNOTATED using the Exonerate client-server protocol and being fully SEQUENCES integrated with our search service. This search is available EMBL-Bank is a comprehensive public database of by selecting the ‘Experimental De Bruijn search’ option nucleotide sequences, associated biological annotation from the search page. The EMBL-Bank sequence search and bibliographic information. It contains a large diver- service is currently being expanded for more specific sity of data from patent, expressed sequence tag, whole purposes according to community requests. genome shotgun and other high-throughput sequences, Bulk download of EMBL-Bank data is supported through genomic assemblies and richly annotated through FTP at ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/embl/, sequence fragments to whole replicons (5). Submitters and SRA and Trace Archive data through FTP at ftp:// should navigate to http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/about/page ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/ and Aspera through fasp.sra.ebi.ac.uk. .php?page=submissions for access to all submission services. Advice regarding EMBL-Bank submissions is ENA COMMUNITY available from [email protected]. We have extended the web-based EMBL-Bank submis- The ENA team welcomes feedback and suggestions sion service in a number of ways. For providers of relating to all of our services at [email protected]. We genome-scale data, we have added functionality that are always interested in hearing from potential collabor- allows data submissions in EMBL-Bank flat file format. ators who have an interest in working with and integrating For smaller scale submissions, we have added new tem- our services. plates to the EMBL-Bank submission service. Each template focuses on a particular commonly occurring type of sequence and annotation data and collects FUNDING required information from the submitters using a web The ENA is funded by the European Molecular Biology form or spreadsheet upload. New templates are available Laboratory, European Commission and the Wellcome for unannotated WGS submissions with only source Trust. Funding for open access charge: European organism annotation, and for protein coding and Molecular Biology Laboratory. phylogenetic-marker regions. The template mechanism, introduced in 2009, has been well received and attracts Conflict of interest statement. None declared. now up to half of all web-based EMBL-Bank submissions. REFERENCES DATA SEARCH, BROWSING AND RETRIEVAL 1. Benson,D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi,I., Lipman,D.J., Ostell,J. and ENA data can be browsed and retrieved in XML, HTML, Sayers,E.W. (2010) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res., 38, D46–D51. 2. Kaminuma,E., Mashima,J., Kodama,Y., Gojobori,T., fasta, fastq and flat file formats using the ENA Browser Ogasawara,O., Okubo,K., Takagi,T. and Nakamura,Y. (2010) which can be used both interactively and programmatic- DDBJ launches a new archive database with analytical tools for ally through REST URLs. In 2010, we extended the ENA next-generation sequence data. Nucleic. Acids Res., 38, D33–D38. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol.
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