cnm B U L L E T I N Volume 8: No. 5 Cultural Resources Management • A National Park Service Technical Bulletin October 1985

will be adapted for contemporary RESTORING THE HISTORIC SCENE uses. The Historic Site is planning to lease approximately 10 houses AT LINCOLN HOME for low-key business, commercial, George L. Painter or professional use. This can be done under the provisions of the 1980 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act. As part of the program, the lessee must preserve, restore, and maintain the exterior of the structure during the term of the lease. In turn, the lessee will be permitted to adap- tively restore the interior, subject to the restriction that major architec­ tural features must be preserved. In early 1985, the Site launched the program by announcing that the Corneau and Stuve Houses would be made available for leas­ ing. From 1855 to 1860, the Cor­ neau House was the residence of Lincoln's friend, pharmacist Charles Corneau. Historic records show that the Lincoln family purchased such items as "Cough Candy," "Caster Oil," and "Hair Balsam" at the Corneau and Diller drugstore. The Stuve House, on the other hand, was constructed more than ten years after Lincoln's One-half million people visit the Lincoln Home in Springfield, IL each year departure from Springfield. The house has been preserved within the Historic Site as an excellent ex­ Springfield, Illinois, was home to The National Park Service has ample of the Italianate style of ar­ Abraham Lincoln for nearly 25 preserved some of the neighbors' chitecture of the 1870's. years. He moved to the city in homes within the four blocks of 1837, married Mary Todd in 1842, Lincoln Home National Historic Prospective lessees of the Cor­ and purchased the only home he Site; others disappeared before the neau and Stuve Houses received ever owned two years later. Here, establishment of the Historic Site in copies of requests for proposals. on the corner of Eighth and Jackson 1972. In addition to the Lincoln These packages described the ar­ Streets, Lincoln enjoyed 17 years of Home, the Site contains seventeen chitectural features of each struc­ family life before he became Presi­ historic structures, including twelve ture, as well as the preservation re­ dent. By 1860, the year he was residences of Lincoln's neighbors. quirements and tax incentives of nominated and elected to the These houses and outbuildings are the leasing program. Because the Presidency, 9,400 people inhabited important resources because they houses are included on the Na­ the thriving community. Like most compose an integral part of the tional Register of Historic Places, a of the city's residents, the Lincoln historic scene surrounding the Lin­ corporation, group, or individual family had become well-acquainted coln Home. leasing a structure may take advan­ tage of tax incentives. By the provi- with their neighbors and enjoyed In order to help preserve the friendships with many of them. historic structures, their interiors continued on page 4 Volunteers Crucial in gathered by the professional ar­ cheologists and their troop of un­ Custer Battlefield Dig paid volunteers. "We could not have done the Warren E. "Sandy" Barnard project without the volunteers," Scott says. Ron Nichols is an engineer with unknown from the Custer battle For one thing, funds weren't a California-based aircraft manu­ storybook. available for hiring more ex­ facturer. "One of my long-term goals since perienced individuals. Perhaps more important, it would have John Husk of Englewood, Colo­ I came to the Custer Battlefield has taken much too long to train pro­ rado, is a consulting geologist who been to have an archeological proj­ fessional archeologists to handle works for the oil industry. ect, and the fire provided that op­ portunity," Court says. metal detectors as skillfully as Murray Kloberdanz practices law seasoned veterans Irwin and Riva in Osage, Iowa. His brother, Mike, So for five weeks in May and Lee of Turlock, Calif. handles hospital computer supplies, June 1984, archeologists and based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. volunteers—many using metal The Lees spent all five weeks detectors—searched the main battle­ And Brian Pohanka is a writer- with Scott and company and field, and uncovered more than researcher for Time-Life Books in directed the metal detecting at the 1,100 battle-related artifacts, in­ Washington, D.C. Reno-Benteen site. The main battle­ cluding hundreds of cartridges and All people of varying back­ field itself had been swept a year numerous pieces of bone material. grounds. What brought them ago. together—along with nearly 60 So successful was that initial pro­ Metal detecting hobbyists and ar­ other men and women from 16 ject that the Custer Battlefield cheologists mix about as well as states and England—was the 1985 Historical and Museum Association, gasoline and fire, but in two years which had funded the first "dig", archeological project at the Custer at the Custer battlefield, a new ap­ agreed to support a second one for Battlefield National Monument near preciation has grown up between May and June of 1985. Crow Agency, Montana. the two sides. The second year's harvest of ar­ All the volunteers provided from "My attitude has changed," Scott one to five weeks' service in the tifacts is still being studied, prin­ cipally at the NPS Midwest Ar­ said. "We've learned that these field, assisting archeologists from people know what they are doing." the National Park Service and the cheological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska. But Court and NPS Ar- And they can be trusted with University of Nebraska in their historical artifacts, Scott came to search for clues as to what cheologist Doug Scott agree that realize. happened to Lt. Col. George Arm­ this year's project was even more strong Custer and every man in successful. One metal detector pro, Val five companies of his 7th U.S. Some 3,100 artifacts, including a Gass, was asked by a television Cavalry. record 373 on May 21, the hottest news reporter if he ever were On June 25, 1876, Custer and day in the five weeks, were tempted to steal artifacts. some 210 men under his direct command were wiped out in a legendary encounter with Plains In­ dians recorded in history as the Battle of the Little Big Horn, better known as "Custer's Last Stand." Almost 50 others died in a separate nearby engagement at what is today called the Reno- Benteen Defense Site, where two of Custer's subordinates and nearly 350 men fought off the Indians for two days until relief parties arrived. What actually happened to Custer and his men remains as much a mystery today as it was in 1876, but that doesn't keep history buffs from speculating. When a prairie fire swept across the main battle­ field in August 1983, removing sagebrush and grasses that had gone undisturbed since the battle, Battlefield Supt. James V. Court realized that what was first viewed as a disaster actually offered an op­ Archeologists have uncovered more than 4,200 artifacts. Shown here is a picket pin, Indian portunity to peel away some of the wire bracelet, pocket knife, cavalry spur, harness buckle and horseshoe.

2 MANAGING ORCHARDS - A DIFFICULT RESOURCE

John Donahue

John Muir National Historic Site, located in Martinez, California, was the home of the founding father of our nation's conservation movement. This nine-acre memorial was once part of Muir's twenty six hundred-acre fruit ranch. The grounds contain the Victorian mansion where Muir wrote most of his major works. The site also has a wide variety of orchards and a vineyard which help recreate the historic scene reminiscent of the "John of the Mountains" residence in Martinez. The plantings provide Metal detectors proved invaluable around marble markers showing where Custer's soldiers an econiche for many creatures and were killed. native vegetation as well as creating the ambience that visitors find so memorable. Looking at her incredulously, he Perhaps the most disappointing Our site is small in acreage, but responded, "Heavens no, that's a aspect of the two digs was the rich in its diversity of species and part of history and it's exciting just failure to locate in Deep Ravine the the associated problems. Caring for to see these items coming out of remains of 28 missing men of a variety of species obviously the ground after 109 years." Custer's Company E. Soil studies requires a sophisticated It's also more important to allow in the ravine by geomorphologist management approach. Developing the artifacts to be studied so that C. Vance Haynes of the University a plan for the management of any future generations can benefit from of Arizona were productive this orchard is a difficult task at best. A the knowledge, the retired railroad year as he located what may have National Park site usually has the man from Salt Lake City, Utah, been the 1876 ravine floor. added burden of having the added. Court wants more exploration orchards zoned as historic and No one went into either dig ex­ conducted in Deep Ravine as well categorized as a cultural resource. pecting to unravel the mystery of as around the 260 marble markers Facing the paradox of caring for a Custer's last fight, but the new in­ on the field. Twenty-six of the living, growing community of formation is already proving markers, which purportedly in­ creatures, while maintaining the valuable. dicate where Custer's troopers historic scene, can test the patience "It appears likely that Custer was died, were excavated under the of the best manager. Add to the simply outmanned and outgunned direction of archeologist Melissa rigorous standards of cultural that day," Scott explains. Connor during both years, and led resource management, restrictions "Archeologist Rich Fox, who made to startling bone discoveries. on the use of pesticides and the the first survey of the battlefield For example, this year some 150 innate problems of historical immediately after the 1983 fire, bones of a Custer trooper were landscaping, and you have the agrees, and notes that the "ar- found around a marker on Greasy situation faced by our staff two cheological database" should prove Grass Ridge. The bones of one leg years ago. Even the University of invaluable to historians for many were still inside his boot. So California, land grant college in the years, long after initial studies are perhaps another archeological proj­ agricultural center of the world, did completed in the coming months. ect may be undertaken at the not have a document detailing the Exploration of the Custer ground Custer Battlefield. ® daily operations of orchard may not be finished, Court thinks. management. This dilemma has While additional metal detecting is recently been overcome by the unlikely in the future, several sites completion of our Orchard Management Plan and our at Reno-Benteen are strong can­ The author is Assistant Professor of Jour­ didates for more traditional ar- nalism at Indiana State University, Terre site-specific Integrated Pest cheological study methods, he Haute. As a battlefield volunteer, Barnard Management Plan. spent all five weeks of the project working adds. as a media relations adviser. continued on page 5

3 Lincoln home . . . cooperation with the North Atlantic behind the Lincoln Home. Such continued from page 1 Historic Preservation Laboratory. findings will help interpret the The methodology of this study in­ structural history of the houses and sions of the Economic Recovery Tax cluded such techniques as provide data for their restoration. Act of 1982, lessees who lease a microscopic and chemical analysis. certified historic structure for a These projects all assist the NPS Under a contract, the houses are minimum of 15 years and in its efforts to recapture the am­ being painted in their historic rehabilitate it for income-producing bience of the Eighth Street colors. purposes may qualify for a tax neighborhood. Such restoration ac­ credit of up to 25 percent of the During the early summer of 1985, tivities enable the public to view rehabilitation funds expended. the Service contracted for archeo- the Lincoln Home in its historic set­ logical excavations around four of ting. This environment was an im­ The Site received leasing pro­ the Site's historic structures, in­ portant part of Lincoln's life. Dur­ posals from a number of parties. cluding the Lincoln Home. The ing his 17 years in the Lincoln The Springfield Junior League has Department of Anthropology of Home and nearly 25 years in been selected to lease the Corneau Northern Illinois University (NIU) Springfield, Lincoln's thoughts House. The leasing of the Stuve conducted the field archeology as matured and his insights into the House was under review as of this part of a contract administered by dilemmas facing the nation writing. Future plans include leas­ the Service's Midwest Archeological deepened. ing approximately eight additional Center. Under the direction of Dr. houses. On the morning of Februry 11, Charles Markman and Floyd In another project related to the 1861, Lincoln completed prepara­ Mansberger of NIU, a crew of six tions to depart from Springfield on preservation and restoration of project archeologists spent five historic structures, the National the beginning of his fateful journey weeks investigating areas adjacent to the White House. About one Park Service is documenting the ar­ to the Cook House, Shutt House, chitecture of five Lincoln-period thousand people had gathered in and Lincoln Home. Additional ex­ the drizzling rain to see him off at houses at the Site. The National cavations will take place during the Park Service's Midwest Regional the great Western Depot. They restoration of the Solomon Allen called for a speech; from the rear Office and the Historic American Barn foundation, which is sched­ Buildings Survey (HABS) in the platform of the train, Lincoln uled for the autumn of 1985. NIU is delivered his farewell address to Washington Office are jointly spon­ researching the findings and per­ soring the study. the citizens of Springfield. Lincoln forming laboratory analysis of the acknowledged the importance of The Site buildings under study recovered artifacts. these years when he declared, "To by HABS include the Dean, this place, and the kindness of Dubois, Miller, Sprigg, and Arnold A primary purpose of the archeo­ logical research is to survey areas these people, I owe everything." Houses—structures named after Then, the train pulled away and their residents in 1860. Under pro­ which might be affected by future restoration projects. The excava­ Abraham Lincoln left the place that fessional direction, the research is had been his home for nearly 25 being conducted by a team of stu­ tions are also yielding additional in­ sights into the lifestyles of the years. He was leaving Springfield dent architects and graduate to face formidable difficulties as students in historic architecture. Lincoln family and their neighbors. Furthermore, these investigations President during the turbulent The project will document existing epoch of the Civil War.® architectural conditions in each have revealed new information building through the preparation of about the physical features of the historic properties; for example, a photographs, field measurements, The author is Historian at the Lincoln Home and measured drawings. well and cistern were uncovered National Historic Site. The HABS study was conducted during the summer of 1985. At its conclusion, the Historic Site and the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office is to receive copies of the drawings. All original HABS records are trans­ mitted to the Library of Congress for preservation. This research will lay the foundation for Historic Structure Reports, which will later provide recommendations on restoration of the houses. In a related project, a historic paint analysis has been completed on the Beedle, Corneau, Lyon, and Sprigg Houses. To ascertain the colors of the four structures during the Lincoln period, a physical in­ vestigation was conducted in Workmen prepare the Corneau House for the Historic Leasing Program.

4 the expectation that they will be better able to defend themselves from attacks by insects and pathogens. At this point, our network of professional contacts helped us gain reaffirmation of our own conclusions and an introduction to state-of-the-art techniques. We had established contact with universities, extension agencies, commercial growers, and research groups during our quest for answers. During 1984 we worked with the University of California at Berkeley division of biological control, and several divisions at the Plum orchard at John Muir NHS. Davis campus. Entomologists, specific problems and requirements pomologists, viticulturists, and Managing Orchards . . . of each individual species. Lastly, horticulturalists traveled from continued from page 3 we wanted to organize our various parts of California to offer program along a calendar year advice. Rodale Press donated a The John Muir NHS Orchard outline. With our goals firmly considerable amount of literature. Management Plan encompasses the established, we began identifying Each specialist was able to provide rehabilitation and replacement-of our problems by establishing an us with threads of knowledge problem species. It also outlines the intricate system of monitoring both which we wove into our own plan. day-to-day grounds operations in a insects and diseases in our systematic manner. An important orchards. Reliable data was During the last two years, we aspect of our strategy is the limited collected through the use of have experimented with all of the dependence on chemicals for pest pheremone traps for specific methods included in our plans. We management that we have chosen. problems, and yellow sticky traps are convinced that our activities We have developed an Integrated for random sampling. Follow-up have increased the vigor of our Pest Management plan based on was provided through the use of orchard trees and established a organic methods. Emphasis is visual observation which is labor balanced eco-system containing placed on deterence, early intensive, but it provides essential many predatory insects. Healthy trees in the field are the recognition, biological controls, and information in a timely manner. cornerstone of our pest cultural practices. Implementation These monitoring activities identify management strategy. of our cultural program includes a the problems, establish the strict regime of irrigation, pruning, population levels, and provide Our successes in the last two fertilization, harvesting and invaluable information about the years have been greater than we monitoring. These activities patterns associated with each had hoped. Fireblight has been promote vigorous and healthy specific problem. Placing all of this reduced from a 100% infestation in plants which can resist insects and data on graphs (generated by the the pear orchard to being found in diseases more effectively. There Lotus 1-2-3 software package) only one tree. This year's crop is are, of course, no methods for revealed important information also dramatically larger. Last year's predicting every form of blight or about population fluctuations and apricots were insect-ridden about 50% of the time. This year our infestation that may occur. Many approximate dates of appearance. apricots have not produced a single problems, however, can be An original inventory of our worm. The codling moth anticipated and prevented with orchards and an intensive search of population has been reduced from good management practices. The the literature provided us with a epidemic proportions in our apple framework to begin building our basic recipe which we used to orchard to an acceptable level. program. Knowing what to look for assemble our plan included the Apple trees that produced nothing and generally when it might appear following elements: selecting of of value recently are now goals; identifying the problems and helped us make the best use of our presenting us with sweet, existing inadequacies; researching limited resources. worm-free apples. Powdery mildew the literature; establishing a It rapidly became obvious that has been eradicated from our peach network of professional contacts; our problems were numerous. The orchard. Peach leaf curl has been selecting the best procedures for results of our research also pointed reduced significantly. Our greatest the operation; and enacting the out the failure of the previously success has been the obvious plan, testing each segment in a used chemical program. Most increased vigor of our trees. field situation. chemical programs fall into the Specimens that were ready for The selection of our goals was a pitfall of treating the symptoms and removal not long ago are now simple matter. We wanted to not the problems. Our new thriving and growing at an establish the general needs that program concentrates on the apply to all orchards and the production of healthy trees with continued on page 13

5 TO TOUCH OR NOT of limited training, a potential A SOLUTION TO TO TOUCH exists for compromising historic fabric while, for example, fixing a FORT PULASKI'S Bill Binnewies leak on a roof. Training PRESERVATION opportunities for park employees in Historic buildings and other basic historic preservation DILEMMA structures have a strange habit of maintenance are available, but Donald R. Cumberland, Jr. showing up anywhere within the limited. National Park System. At Bighorn Currently, the following training Canyon National Recreation Area, options are available: Imagine you have to preserve a we have 42 historic structures 1. Have employees attend massive historic structure and which represent a significant Maintenance: Historic Structures for thousands of museum objects in a cultural resource for this part of the Technicians which is given twice a climate known for its harmful country. However, because the year (once each at Mather and effects on cultural materials. primary purpose of our park is Albright), or Maintenance: Compound this situation with the related to water-based recreation, Cultural Resources for Managers, fact that the only available storage cultural and other resources often which is given once a year at space is separated from a damp do not receive the attention they Mather, or Preservation of Log environment by only a wooden need to provide for their protection Structures (usually given in the floor. No problem, you say? Well, and preservation. Rocky Mountain Region). the complications don't stop there. We recognize the necessity for a 2. Have employees assigned on a Upon closer examination, it systematic preventive maintenance temporary duty basis to a crew becomes clear that the requirements program for our historic structures. which is doing preservation or and conditions necessary to Therefore, with help from the stabilization work (there are preserve the museum objects may Rocky Mountain Region, we are travel and other costs cause damage to the historic developing a Historic Structures considerations with this structure. If you were in this Preservation Guide (HSPG) per approach). situation, how would you have NPS-28. The plan is based on a 3. Arrange for a historical resolved the dilemma of mutually documented inspection system from architect to visit a park for incompatible preservation which we will identify the work to hands-on training. requirements? be done. 4. Watch for other agency or This was the situation that Now enters one of management's organization training Superintendent Daniel Brown at dilemmas. Once work on historic opportunities. Fort Pulaski had to overcome in structures has been identified, who Presently, special training order to preserve the park's is going to do the work? To touch programs in historic preservation cultural resources. Faced with these or not to touch, that is the maintenance are being conducted perplexing problems, question. by some regions. Some are Superintendent Brown requested Our Cultural Resource Management ad-hoc training given to park the assistance of the Southeast Guidelines (NPS-28) requires that all staffs as opportunities occur. Regional Office and the Curatorial maintenance work on historic Others are more formal training Services Branch, WASO. (See structures be done by qualified programs, as found in the North related article on Page 7 by John technicians, artisans, or trade Atlantic Region, which leads to Beck.) mechanics in accordance with an certification of park employees as Fort Pulaski, a 19th-century brick approved Historic Structure Historic Preservation coastal fortification, was built near Preservation Guide or under the Maintenance Specialists. Savannah, Georgia, at a location of direction of a historical architect. The National Park Service needs strategic importance. Unfortunately, However, because of the magnitude to develop a historic preservation marshy terrain characterized the of the workload many parks, maintenance program which will area, and the fort is surrounded by including those with significant lead to certification of employees as a watered moat. Efforts over many cultural resources, do not have preservation maintenance years to prevent moisture seepage preservation guides or ready access specialists. Without such a into the lower portions of the fort to a historical architect. As a result, program, management cannot have proved unsuccessful. basic preventive maintenance which execute an on-site preventive Permanent dampness of the should be done by the park is not substories beneath the floors of being accomplished because of a maintenance effort and still meet standards established in NPS-28. several casemates, in fact, have lack of "qualified" technicians become a way of life. Nevertheless, needed to do the work. Such a program will benefit the employee, the park, and the it is in one of these brick vaulted We have skilled craftsmen at resources, and provide for a much casemates that, faced with limited parks who are equipped with both needed link among historical space, the park located the the knowledge and skills to architects, archeologists, museum storage facility. perform masonry, carpentry, management, preservation The climatic conditions at Fort painting, and other work. specialists, and others.® Pulaski reflect the southern seacoast However, few have had any environment. High relative exposure to the standards related to The author is Superintendent of Bighorn humidity, high temperature, and historic preservation work. Because Canyon National Recreation Area. salt-laden air are typical conditions.

6 These are the same conditions that on the interior surfaces of Fort Pulaski's Bally Box also contribute to chemical, windows, walls, ceilings, and physical, and biological floors. Depending on the —A Superintendent's Point of View deterioration of artifacts. Altering humidity/temperature relationship, such an environment so that it falls the dewpoint can also occur inside John Beck within limits beneficial to museum the historic wall. If condensed At many of the smaller units of objects becomes a major challenge, moisture soaks into the fabric of the the National Park System, especially considering the close structure, decay can threaten improvements in cultural resources proximity of the damp substory. structural features. Another management have come slowly—or The museum field recognizes and problem occurs if moisture reacts to perhaps not at all. This situation recommends maintaining certain a freeze/thaw cycle. The cycle of almost could have been predicted levels of environmental conditions ice-crystal formation and thaw will with the coming of shrinking to minimize the deteriorating effects weaken the fabric of masonry or budgets and field generalization, as of temperature, relative humidity, stone structural features and cause well as the priorities and legal light and pollutants. Two of the the surfaces to spall or flake. precedent given to other park most damaging agents to artifacts In spite of these conflicting operations. Finally, in the 1960s, are excessive, fluctuating preservation requirements, the park the Service began to give its temperature and relative humidity was provided a solution that sizeable artifact collection the (RH) levels. Although specific types contributed to the preservation of proper documentation and storage of materials may require different the historic objects without it deserved. The first step at Fort optimum levels of these two damaging the historic structure. Pulaski National Monument was to factors, the 16 degrees C to 24 With the assistance of WASO and provide appropriate storage for degrees C (60-75 degrees F) range the regional office, the park approximately 1,800 artifacts in a for temperature, and the 50+ - 5% assembled a prefabricated harsh subtropical maritime climate. range for RH are considered self-contained modular structure As a joint project, the Curatorial acceptable for most museum within the historic casemate for use Services Branch staff at Harpers objects, providing the RH is kept as a special museum storage room. Ferry Center, the National Park relatively constant within this This room, which is similar to a Service Southeast Cultural Resource range. walk-in refrigerator, is built with a Center in Atlanta, and the staff at Having established requirements system of prefabricated modular the monument purchased and for preserving the museum foam panels four inches thick installed a Bally building in the collection, let us turn our attention sandwiched between sheets of fort. Normally used for the storage to the historic structure. For the last galvanized steel. These panels of fruit or other perishable foods, it few years, historical architects have maintain strict temperature and proved to be a relatively been concerned about the relative humidity levels. Because of inexpensive, efficient, and effective temperature and relative humidity its superior insulation value and solution. At once, the level of care ranges recommended for museum effective sealing capabilities, a for the monument's study collections within historic structure made of these panels and collection and archives improved structures. They feel that in some fitted with a climate-control system significantly. structures these conditions may not becomes an environmental "vault." First, museum storage was be compatible with optimum The prefabricated museum consolidated. In the late 1960s, conditions for the survival of the storage room at Fort Pulaski planning documents recommended historic structure. For instance, measures 13'6" wide by 20'2V2" moving all modern operations into during the winter season there is a deep by 10'6" high. It provides the newly constructed visitor point where warmer, more humid sufficient space to house the park's center. At the same time, park staff air, being maintained to preserve collections and the necessary documented that office and storage museum objects inside the storage equipment for containing space designed in the visitor center structure, contacts building fabric them. After considering the was already inadequate. By 1980, cooled by the colder ambient air strength of the casemate's wooden museum storage consisted of more outside the structure. At this point floor structure to carry a new floor than half a dozen locations in three of contrasting temperatures the load, the storage room was buildings scattered throughout the dewpoint of the humid interior air assembled inside the casemate. The monument. By pursuing adaptive is reached and condensation occurs continued on page 8 use along with the Bally building, museum storage was easily consolidated in a room of the fort, adjacent to the visitor services and resource management staff that would care for the collection. In addition to well-ordered storage, the Bally building with its insulation factor of R32 provided a remarkably stable and efficient View of Fort Pulaski showing elevation and section of casemate containing prefabricated environment for whatever it storage room and museum storage equipment. continued on page 8

7 Dilemma . . . continued from page 7 and design change it permits as Basically, the Bally storage vault well as the rapidity of construction. looks like a large galvanized box storage room was designed with It can be enlarged or decreased in with a water-cooled heat pump sliding doors and no windows. size, or even moved at a later time sitting on top. For a structure of its Walls, ceilings and floors were with equal ease. size and function, it is so constructed of the prefabricated Currently, the park is working self-contained that there is virtually modular panels. with a heating, ventilating, and air no adverse impact on the historic This storage room, with its conditioning contractor as well as fort itself. The visual or audio environmental control system, the regional staff to design a intrusion is minimal to nonexistent; provides the appropriate system for controlling the therefore, the box provides an temperature and relative humidity environment within the vault. The excellent approach to adaptive use conditions to preserve the park's climate control system will maintain of historic structures. In addition, museum collections; yet it keeps desired conditions independent of fire and intrusion alarms are not these conditions from affecting and the other rooms of Fort Pulaski. needed because the fort, as an damaging the historic casemate The park plans to use a exhibit, is already protected by surrounding it. Damage is combination heating/cooling system these devices. Constructing the prevented because the contrasting such as a heat pump devoted building was very simple. It was temperatures that would cause exclusively to the storage area. shipped in several pieces after dewpoint and condensation are Within the Service, the adaptive being specially built to our reached in the moisture-free use of historic structures for specifications, and put together polyurethane of the vault panel collection storage occurs frequently using half a dozen employees who instead of the fabric of the historic and will in all likelihood increase. If had never assembled one before. structure. In this way, the the routine use of a panelized inner The park's maintenance division conditions needed to preserve the box to contain collections can be wired the interior with track fabric of the fort can be maintained promoted, needless damage to lighting for maximum flexibility. and so can the conditions necessary structures may be prevented, and Shelves and cabinets were for the preservation of the museum optimum conditions for museum assembled in a few days, and the collection. objects may be achieved. In this building was ready for artifacts and The use of such structures for way, Fort Pulaski's preservation archives. With its high insulation museum storage is a recent dilemma can become a preservation coefficient, maintaining a proper development. Only within the past solution shared by other parks.® temperature and humidity also seven years have museums made required only a minimum-sized use of this type of system. The heat pump. National Museum of American The author is Museum Specialist, Curatorial What is the next step at Fort History, Smithsonian Institution, Services Branch, WASO, stationed at Harpers Ferry Center. Pulaski National Monument? decided on one to store its (The installation and use of this Having acquired a near perfect archives. The staff at the prefabricated structure for museum storage, together with technical information, will be storage facility for the study Smithsonian's National Air and the subject of a Preseroation Tech Note, to be collection, a multitude of our Space Museum found this system featured in a future CRM BULLETIN.) problems have been solved. In to be the only acceptable storage 1985, the staff hopes to complete all containment for the astronauts' required paperwork for museum Bally Box . . . space suits and other garments. accreditation by the American continued from page 7 Such a system is considered by Association of Museums. A few many museums to be contains. The primary objective of years ago, the goal was well state-of-the-art in collection storage. the improved museum storage was beyond reach, primarily due to a Whereas facilities using to minimize deterioration from storage situation far below conventional structures may be heat, cold, moisture, light, dust, air standard. Now Fort Pulaski capable of maintaining conditions pollution, insects, rodents, and National Monument can look appropriate to artifact preservation, fungus. There is no question that toward recognition as a leading the vault achieves the same results we have achieved that objective NPS museum accredited by the at a much reduced operating and while at the same time we have A AM. Through experience, we capital cost. It is currently being improved intrusion and fire have learned that the Bally handled under the Federal Supply protection. Today, our study building—or any structure with its Schedule. As a result of collection is sealed in a virtually attributes—is probably the first and government contracting, the price is airtight, watertight box discreetly easiest step toward such a goal that approximately 50% of the regular placed within a historic structure. If a museum manager can make. list price. The 1985 cost is we chose to move the storage Considering the tremendous approximately $35-40 per square facility into the next room, the park improvement in care afforded the foot, generally well below the cost staff could do the job in a few days study collection, we believe the required for a traditionally and replicate the same standards of Bally box was a very wise constructed building, and yet the care found in the previous location. investment.® panelized structure is more effective This degree of flexibility would be in preserving museu i collections. difficult to achieve using other Two further benefits of this approaches to study collection John Beck is the Chief of Visitor Services at system are the ease of expansion storage. Fort Pulaski.

8 Warships In The Pacific—A Theme Study

Dr. Harry A. Butowsky

Have you ever wondered what During this study more than 40 the fleet was dependent upon happened to the large fleet of surviving warships and the successful operation of its warships that the United States merchantmen dating from World many component ships, each used in World War II to defeat War II were identified and performing a specialized mission the Japanese in the Pacific? visited. Twenty-five of these to accomplish the overall Where are the dozens of aircraft were found likely to meet the objective of defeating Japan. carriers, battleships and cruisers criteria of the National Historic Included in the study are that formed the backbone of the Landmarks Program. A aircraft carriers, battleships, American fleet? What about the twenty-sixth ship, USS Missouri, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, hundreds of destroyers, is discussed because it is listed minesweepers, and a number of submarines and fleet support on the National Register of other types such as Liberty ships used in the war? Historic Places. Ships, and PT Boats.

To find the answers to these The American battle fleet that Aircraft Carriers questions and also identify other fought against Japan in World USS Intrepid and USS Yorktown sites associated with the victory War II was made up of many are Essex class aircraft carriers that over Japan in World War II, the types of ships, each performing fought against Japan in World War Congress of the United States, her specialized mission and II and represent the role and power by means of Public Law 95-348, supporting general fleet of the aircraft carrier as the asked the National Park Service operations. The battle fleet in principal capital ship of the Navy the Pacific provided an attack after 1941. The Pacific War against to evaluate surviving World War Japan was fought over vast reaches II warships that saw action in capability that destroyed Japan's of ocean employing aircraft carriers the Pacific against Japan and to warships and merchant marine as highly mobile weapons capable provide a basis for and spearheaded the of destroying enemy ships and recommending certain ones for amphibious attacks that bases at great distances. Japan's designation as National Historic threatened the home islands success early in the war and that of Landmarks. with invasion. The success of the United States later in the

Aircraft Carrier USS Intrepid.

9 conflict was directly dependent on American cruisers that fought in American cruiser development. She the achievements of the carrier the Pacific none has survived is the first of a class of ships battle-groups deployed by each unaltered today. USS Des Moines is designed to effectively compete side. Essex class carriers represent the culmination of wartime against Japanese cruisers in World the determination and industrial potential of the United States to achieve victory in World War II. Both ships have been altered from their World War II configuration with the addition of angled flight decks. They are in good condition and are preserved as museum ships.

Battleships USS North Carolina, USS Alabama, USS Massachusetts and USS Missouri represent the World War II role of the American battleship which changed from the principal capital ship of the Navy to a support ship designed to protect Battleship USS North Carolina. and screen the fast Essex class carrier battlegroups. USS North Carolina, USS Alabama, and USS Massachusetts were all fast new American battleships that illustrate the role of the battleship as the protector of the aircraft carrier. USS North Carolina and USS Alabama are in excellent condition and retain their World War II integrity. USS Massachusetts is in good condition and retains her World War II integrity. All three ships saw action in the Pacific during World War II. USS Missouri is perhaps the most famous American battleship dating from the war. It was on her deck on September 2, 1945, that the Japanese signed the surrender ending World War II. For many Destroyer USS Kidd. years she was in reserve in the Navy Yard at Bremerton, Washington. In 1983 the Navy moved her from Bremerton to Long Beach, California, to prepare the ship for active duty. As a result of her modernization, USS Missouri has lost her World War II integrity.

Cruisers By 1942 cruisers had become the principal surface combat ship in the Pacific. In addition to screening the fast attack carriers, cruisers carried out gunnery raids on enemy-held shores, provided fire support for amphibious operations and were given many assignments in support of general fleet operations. Of the many existing types and classes of Submarine USS Cod.

10 War II. Although she was not World War II design and represents Gato class. They were designed to commissioned until after the end of the ultimate development in World dive to a depth of 400 feet as the war, her design concept and War II destroyer design. USS Joseph opposed to the 300 feet for Gato equipment date from the war. She P. Kennedy, Jr. is in good condition class boats. Like Gafo class represents one of the last big gun and, although modernized, retains submarines they were built in large wartime cruisers in existence today. much of her World War II integrity. numbers and carried much of the She is still retained by the Navy in She is the only surviving Gearing burden of the submarine war in the the reserve fleet at the Philadelphia class destroyer today in the United Pacific. USS Bowfin, USS Pampanito, Naval Yard. States. USS Lionfish, and USS Becuna are all Balao class submarines. USS Bozufin and USS Pampanito are in excellent condition, retain their Destroyers Submarines World War II integrity, and have Destroyers in World War II were The role of American submarines significant war records. USS general all purpose ships ready to in the war against Japan cannot be Lionfish is in excellent condition, fight off attacks from the air, on the overestimated. During four years of retains her World War II integrity, surface, or from below the sea. war, American submarines sank and saw service in the Pacific. USS Fletcher class destroyers are more than 600,000 tons of Japanese Becuna is in good condition, has particularly significant and played a warships and more than 5,000,000 some loss of her World War II major role in the defeat of Japan in tons of merchant shipping. This integrity, and saw service in the the Pacific. They were the first to was accomplished by a force that Pacific. never numbered more than two break with design practices that USS Torsk is the only surviving had developed as a result of the percent of naval personnel engaged Tench class submarine that saw London Treaty of 1930. They were in the war. American submarines service in the Pacific. Tench class large ships that carried sufficient formed a blockade that denied boats were improved copies of the food, fuel, amunition and stores for Japan the oil, food, and other raw previous Gato/Balao classes and extended operations in the Pacific. materials she needed to continue to represent the final submarine With 175 built, Fletcher class fight. By 1945, without this design of World War II. USS Torsk destroyers were the largest class of commerce and the raw materials it is particularly significant in that she destroyers constructed by the supplied to her war effort, Japan fired the last torpedoes of World United States in World War II. USS found it impossible to continue the War II and is credited with sinking Kidd, USS Cassin Young, and USS war outside of the homeland. the last Japanese combat ships to The Sullivans are all Fletcher class The Gato class was the standard be lost in the war. USS Torsk is in destroyers. USS Kidd is in excellent design for American submarines at good condition with some loss of condition and retains her World the beginning of World War II. The her World War II integrity. War II integrity. USS Cassin Young Gato class, and its successor, the and USS The Sullivans are in good Balao class, bore the brunt of the condition and retain most of their fighting against Japan during the Minesweepers World War II integrity. war. Gato class submarines were USS Hazard and USS Inaugural USS Laffey, an Alan M. Sumner successful boats that proved to be are fleet minesweepers of the class destroyer, was an interim fast, strong, well armed, and suited Admirable class that represent the design between the Fletcher class to the long-range patrols necessary role of the many support ships and the much improved Gearing to fight in the Pacific. USS designed to service and protect class. USS Laffey is particularly Silversides, USS Drum, USS Cobia, larger naval vessels in operation significant because of her action on and USS Cod are all Gato class against Japan in World War II. The April 16, 1945, when she fought submarines. USS Silversides and purpose of fleet minesweepers was one of the most famous USS Drum are in excellent to arrive before the main battle fleet destroyer-kamikaze duels of the condition, retain their World War II and sweep the area for mines. Pacific War. In the space of 90 integrity, and have significant war Minesweepers remained with the minutes she was attacked by 22 records. USS Cobia is in excellent fleet during operations constantly Japanese kamikazes and bombers. condition, retains her World War II sweeping for enemy mines. During this action USS Laffey integrity, and saw service in the Minesweepers were the first navy managed to shoot down 11 of the Pacific during the war. USS Cod is vessels to arrive in a new area and attacking planes while being hit by in good condition, retains her the last to leave. five kamikazes and two bombs World War II integrity, and saw USS Hazard is one of the best killing 32 and wounding 71 of her service in the Pacific during the preserved and maintained World crew. USS Laffey was awarded a war. USS Cod is the only World War II warships in the country Presidential Unit Citation for this War II submarine preserved as a today. She was taken out of action. USS Laffey is the only Alan war memorial that has not been operation in 1946 and has survived M. Sumner class destroyer surviving altered to accommodate visitor as a museum ship in Omaha with today in the United States. She is access. Visitors to USS Cod must all of her systems and equipment in fair condition and has lost some enter the submarine the same way intact. She possesses total integrity of her World War II integrity. the sailors did in World War II. and is a time capsule of a World USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., a Balao class submarines were an War Il-era Navy minesweeper. USS Gearing class destroyer, was a late improved version of the previous Hazard served in the Pacific in 1945.

11 USS Inaugural is in fair condition responsible for numerous enemy the unexcelled industrial capacity of and has lost a substantial amount losses in warships, material, and the United States to prepare and of her World War II integrity. She personnel. PT 796 is the best transport war supplies all over the is now restored to her World War remaining example of this type of world during the war. Liberty II configuration. She served in the warship in the country today. She Ships were armed for defense and Pacific in 1945. is in excellent condition and retains many of them participated in her World War II integrity. combat with enemy forces. SS Jeremiah O'Brien is the sole Torpedo Boats Liberty Ships operable unaltered survivor of this PT 796 is a Higgins-type torpedo Liberty Ships were an emergency great fleet of ships built during the boat built for service in World War response to a critical shortage of war. She represents the largest II. PT Boats were small, fast, and maritime cargo ships in World War class of ships constructed by the ultimately expendable interdiction II. Manned by merchant seamen United States during the war. SS ships, armed with torpedoes and and a naval armed guard, they Jeremiah O'Brien is in excellent machine guns for cutting enemy carried all types of war supplies condition and retains her World communication lines, for harassing throughout the Pacific and Atlantic War II integrity. ® enemy forces, and for short-range Oceans. More than 2,700 Liberty oceanic scouting. PT Boats were a Ships were constructed during the significant American naval warship war. They were all built to a The author is a historian in the History type in World War II and were standardized design and represent Division, WASO.

Minesweeper USS Inaugural.

12 Concessioner Remodels Historic Building in the headquarters building, ar- cheological museum, chief ranger's Douglas L. Caldwell, Dr. Jack E. Smith, Cynthia L. Orlando office, rangers dormitory, and several park employee residences- On May 16, 1985, representatives visitor services in a facility that structures which comprise the Mesa of the National Park Service and blends with the historic district in Verde National Park Historic ARA Leisure Services, Inc., conces­ which it is located. The more than District. The use of native sand­ sioner for Mesa Verde National $500,000 remodeling and expansion stone set into a mortar of native Park, officially opened Spruce Tree project was funded by ARA. soil carried the spirit of the Terrace for business. Adaptation of The structure was built in 1927 as prehistoric cliff dwellings while re­ the historic structure for use by a hospital to serve the isolated taining an architecturally distinct ARA provides an excellent example park. Its construction was the flavor. It is unique in American ar­ of cooperation between the Service fulfillment of efforts by Aileen chitecture, and has been recognized and a concessioner to improve Nusbaum, wife of Superintendent as such by the nomination of the Jesse Nusbaum, to have a full serv­ historic district to the National ice medical center for park Register of Historic Places. Managing Orchards . . . employees and visitors. Mrs. continued from page 5 Following conceptual site plans Nusbaum, a trained nurse with devised by the National Park Serv­ field experience in France during ice, the concessioner hired the excellent rate. Our choice of the World War I, first worked out of a Denver architectural firm of Barker, "healthier plant-more resistance" canvas tent that she obtained Rinker, Seacat and Partners, Inc., theory proved to be wise. In a through the Surgeon General in to design the new facility. All ex­ world where the staggering 1924 with donated funds. The terior walls were left intact, and a expense of pesticide programs is following year, Superintendent portion of original ceiling over the compounded by their danger, it is Nusbaum recruited a medical in­ entranceway was incorporated into enlightening to observe the success tern, Dwight W. Rife, who the new design. The remainder of of our fairly innocous approach. combined his skills in medicine the ceiling and roof was replaced as In conclusion, the best way to with an enthusiasm for archeology was the flooring. Additions made battle the confusing problems and the duties of a park ranger. to the building in 1968 were associated with managing historic That same year, a visiting congres­ removed and a new kitchen and in­ NPS orchards is to have a sional appropriations subcommittee door dining room were added to systematic general management was impressed with the ac­ the back and side of the building. plan and a site-specific Integrated complishments made by the park's A three-level patio for outdoor din­ Pest Management plan. The medical team despite its meager ing was added to one side. What research, experimentation, and resources. resulted was the original hospital enactment of these plans have Based on the subcommittee's section with its stone walls remain­ resulted in an overall positive effect recommendation, $7,500 was ap­ ing distinguishable from the addi­ on our grounds at the John Muir propriated to build and equip the tions to the rear and side. The new home. The orchards themselves Aileen Nusbaum Hospital at Mesa additions were compatible in scale, have validated our management Verde National Park. Construction mass, style, and texture with the approach by their improved began in 1926, and by the following existing building and the historic appearance and increased year, the doors were opened to a district, but the use of plaster and production of quality fruit. ® fully equipped 15-bed hospital. wood exterior with stone accents Over the years, as the park en­ makes identification of the new sec­ The author is the gardener at John Muir trance road was improved and the tions quite easy. Mitigation by National Historic Site. isolated nature of the park recordation to HABS standards was The cultural practices at John Muir changed, the need for a full found acceptable since the altera­ include: hospital gradually diminished. It tions and additions would preserve Irrigation—soil moisture monitored with tensiometers watering by either deep was given some new life during the the property and continue its use root or flooding; 1930's and early 1940's when the as a contributing element of the Fertilization—one pound of nitrogen park was the site of two Civilian Mesa Verde National Park Ad­ per tree, stressed trees receive two pounds in two treatments; organic Conservation Corps camps. After ministrative District. Today, Spruce matter is constantly added to the soil; these camps closed at the beginn­ Tree Terrace not only houses gift Pruning—fruit trees are very different in ing of World War II, the building shops and cafeteria, but also con­ their specific pruning needs, as detailed in the OMP; served only as a first aid station tinues to contribute to the ambiance Monitoring—pheremone traps for until 1967 when it was turned over of the historic district and its codling moth, peach borer, Medfly, for concessioner use. historic association with the park's yellow sticky traps, and visual development. ® observation; The structure was built in the Sanitation—the key to any program effectiveness is to remove all diseased Modified Pueblo architectural style, or infested material; created by the Nusbaums that Biological Controls—trichogramma Jack Smith is Chief, Division of Research wasps have been used to battle codling fused historic Hopi and Spanish and Cultural Resource Management at Mesa moths without killing beneficial Colonial design elements. First Verde National Park. ladybugs, lacewings, etc.; and used by the Nusbaums for the Cynthia Orlando is Park Ranger/Concessions Spraying Program—the use of mainly on the park staff. dormant oil containing COCS to help in superintendent's residence, the Douglas Caldwell is Management Assistant the battle with fungi and mildew. Modified Pueblo motif was copied at Mesa Verde.

13 NEW ON THE MARKET All About Old Buildings: The Paperbound, 246 pages, with 55 Whole Preservation Catalog, Diane photographs and 11 illustrations. Maddex, Editor. This all-inclusive $14.95 ($13.45 to AASLH Wallpapers for Historic Buildings book offers a lively readable mix­ members). Order from: AASLH by Richard C. Nylander. Organized ture of photographs, drawings, car­ Press, 708 Berry Road, Nashville, by historical periods, this compact toons, resource listings, case TN 37204. handbook shows how to select histories, excerpts and quotations. authentic reproductions and where The fact-filled format and catalog- to buy more than 350 recom­ style design provide a wealth of in­ Sculptural Monuments In An Out­ mended patterns. formation; i.e., how to handle door Environment, Virginia N. problems with your own old house, Naude, editor. Consisting of eight Fabrics for Historic Buildings by how to organize people in your papers from the November 1985 Jane C. Nylander. Learn how to community and how to enjoy the Conference on Conservation and choose and purchase the correct structures that make up your Maintenance of Outdoor Bronze, fabrics to furnish a historic or old world. the book discusses ethics, policy, building. Excellent for historic site and controversial treatment, with a 400 pages; $35.00 (hardbound), managers, this book discusses how list of treated monuments. 116 $24.95 (paperback), plus $3.00 for to research, select and install ap­ pages, $7.25. Order from: handling and shipping per order. propriate fabrics, describing more Sculptural Monuments, Penn­ than 550 patterns, organized by Order from Preservation Shops, sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, period, fabric type and manufac­ National Trust for Historic Preser­ Broad and Cherry Streets, turer. Both books sell for $9.95 and vation, 1600 H Street, NW, Philadelphia, PA 19102. are paperbound. Order from Washington, DC 20006. AASLH Press, 708 Berry Road, Nashville, TN 37204. A Culture at Risk: Who Cares for America's Heritage? Written by Village Creek, an architectural and Charles Phillips and Patricia Hogan, CALL FOR PAPERS historical resources survey con­ this 112-page book, with 43 tables • The International Workshop on ducted by the Birmingham Historic and charts, documents that half the Society with 150 pages, including Heritage and Conservation: historical organizations in America Jerusalem as a Laboratory 30 photos and 27 illustrations and have been in operation for less than maps. 25 years; more than 60 percent of will be held March 16-20, 1986 in The book reports on three com­ them survive on annual budgets of Jerusalem, Israel. Principal sponsors munities in Birmingham through less than $50,000; and more than of the program are the City of which flows Village Creek, a half are located in communities Jerusalem and The Conservation tributary of the Black Warrier River. with populations of less than 25,000 Foundation. To receive the It concerns the houses that lie in residents. The survey report Guidelines for Submission of Village Creek's floor plain and the analyzes data collected from 1,000 Abstracts (Deadline: October 31) working class men and women historical organizations. and other information, contact: who have lived there during the The book costs $10.00 and can be Phyllis Myers, Senior Associate, slow transformation of the creek ordered from: Order Department, The Conservation Foundation, 1255 from asset to liability. Order from AASLH, P.O. Box 40983, Nashville, 23rd"Street, NW, Washington, DC Birmingham Historical Society, 1421 TN 37204. Shipping costs are not 20037; Phone: 202/293-4800. 22nd Street South, Birmingham, AL charged for prepaid orders. Ten­ 35205. $15.00, plus $1.50 for nessee residents add 7.75 percent • New River Symposium postage and handling. sales tax. The New River Gorge National Archabet: An Architectural River and the Wytheville Com­ Alphabet, Balthazar Korab— The Care of Antiques and munity College are sponsoring the Photographer. One of the most Historical Collections, a revised fifth annual New River Sym­ respected photographers of ar­ and expanded 2nd edition by A. posium, to be held April 10-12, chitecture searches and finds all 26 Bruce MacLeish. The new edition is 1986. Papers are being sought in letters hidden among facades and completely redesigned and greatly natural history, folklore, geology, doorways, farms, and fretwork. expanded to include developments history, archaeology, geography, The book juxtaposes dramatic in conservation technology. It em­ and other sciences, social sciences, photographs with quotations from phasizes preventive maintenance and humanities. All papers should such architectural observers as Vic­ and focuses on the establishment of share the common theme of tor Hugo and Robert Venturi, a conservation program as well as natural, physical, and/or human en­ Goethe and Frank Lloyd Wright. dealing with the care of objects ac­ vironments, or the interrelation of Available from Preservation Shops, cording to their composition. The these. For further information, con­ National Trust for Historic Preser­ appendices provide additional infor­ tact the co-chairman of the con­ vation, 1600 H Street, NW, mation on adhesives, the hanging ference, Gene Cox, at New River Washington, DC 20006. Priced at of historical garments, and a list of Gorge National River, P.O. Box $12.95, plus $3.00 for handling and suppliers of materials and 1189, Oak Hill, WV 25901; Phone: shipping per order. equipment. 304/465-0508.

14 -• FEEDBACK-e Hugh C. Miller Crack Control in Masonry Buildings Therefore providing a tensile strength, any case, additionally turned into rein­ and a simple concept of inserting a flat forced beams by use of bolts into them Cracks in walls present a major bar in horizontal joints with attached through extra supporting tension bars. problem in building conservation. anchors on the bar locking into per­ The slots are grout-filled and They may be caused by a variety of pendicular joints was developed. First, pointed-up to match surrounding orig­ reasons, but their presence is due to the bar could be continuous with trans­ inal jointing so that the remedial work the inability of a masonry wall to ab­ fer of load to all the wall elements is completely hidden. 0 sorb tensile forces. Tensile failure cor­ along its length; it would thus equally rection in the past is often evidenced distribute applied loads. Secondly, it Dr. Brian J. Egloff by the use of buttresses or of tie bars. was independent of mortar bond Project Manager These methods have the disadvantage strength. Thirdly, it would be com­ Port Arthur Historical Site of localizing applied loads to small wall pletely unobtrusive and not require areas and sometimes to single bricks or major intrusion. Fourthly, it was stones which can themselves fail. Many analogous to reinforcement in a con­ of the conservation problems we have crete beam and would consequently today are due to this second failure of turn wall sections into deep reinforced inadequate early work. beams to give not only horizontal but Generally, cracking due to founda­ also vertical strength. tion movements is a minor proportion of wall cracking. Movements due to The insertion technique is simple: temperature expansion/con traction, Slots are cut in brick and stone roof loading, lack of bond strength courses by abrasive wheel to a depth (particularly in English bond), and of of 60 mm under header courses at facade delamination, again due to poor nominated locations. Perpends above Figure 2 bond, are the common cracks. the slot are raked out at 600 mm centres. Past works of making good these A 40 mm bar is inserted into the cracks have ranged from pointing, to slot and a T-piece placed in each raked insertion of tie bars or beams, to perpend and rivetted to the bar. The demolition and rebuilding. The minor T-pieces provide a positive locking works have generally not been effective mechanism against the headers in the and the major works have been at best wall. visually obtrusive and at worst destructive of original materials Special end connections are installed and workmanship. for corners and for anchoring into stonework. A method devised to overcome such Bond strength is achieved by using disadvantages was developed for the the vertical joints between bricks and Penitentiary at Port Arthur, Tasmania. stones to provide bar anchorage. The The method is thought to have wide system enables failed original window application. Building cracking coincided and door lintels to be retained since with temperature expansion/contraction they no longer carry loads and are, in and structural damage by fire collapse. Structural integrity was largely lost.

Figure 3

Figure 4

15 NEWSBRIEFS ble to and which affect thousands MESA VERDE'S EXCHANGE of visitors and residents. The cur­ PROGRAM rent National Park Service publica­ Mesa Verde National Park par­ MOUND CITY ARTIFACTS ON tions program, via the Site Bulletin ticipated in an exchange program EXHIBIT format, provided the Park with a with the Haderslev, Denmark Three prehistoric Hopewell Indian system for developing professional- Museum this spring and summer to copper artifacts excavated at Mound looking in-house brochures that in­ promote cooperative activities be­ City Group in the 1920s are on ex­ terpret such work as it progresses. tween American and foreign hibit at The Detroit Institute of Arts On one side of these bulletins is a museums through the exchange of through November 11. The artifacts general message explaining the con­ curatorial ideas, information, and consist of one of the well-known cept that maintenance is, in fact, techniques. copper falcon-shaped birds from the Mound City museum exhibit preservation. The other side is used Allen S. Bohnert, Museum Curator and two unique copper plaques to give information on whatever at Mesa Verde, spent six weeks at featuring bird effigies never before specific project is currently under­ the Haderslev Museum, the major shown to the public. way. archeological museum in Den­ mark's Southern Jutland, where he participated in an archeological ex­ ROUNDTABLE REPORTS cavation and studied museums MAINTENANCE IS The Summer 1985 "Roundtable throughout the country. His PRESERVATION Reports" section of The Journal of With 15 historic structures and over Museum Education featured "Inter­ counterpart, Ms. Lizzi Thandrup, 30 acres of land in downtown preting Historic Sites and the Built an objects conservation specializing Philadelphia, Independence Na­ Environment." It presented ex­ in archeological materials and ex­ tional Historical Park seems to be amples of built environments as hibition techniques, visited various continually engaged in major well as related aspects of inter­ conservation facilities, national maintenance projects that are visi- preting history through objects, in­ monuments and parks in the terpreter training, living history southwest, as well as presented a versus nostalgia, and visitor orien­ program for the general public on Correction tation. Subscription to the journal Danish museums. In the article, "Historic Archaeology and the is $20.00 and available from As a designated World Heritage Decorative Arts" (Vol. 8, Nos. 3&4, pg. 14), Museum Education Roundtable, Site, Mesa Verde NP is meeting its the BULLETIN inaccurately stated that all of Box 8561, Rockville, Maryland commitment of developing a better the black and white photographs illustrated ob­ 20856. Back issues of the Journal understanding of diverse cultural jects from Jamestown. They actually included may be obtained for $5.00 each. For resource management respon­ photos of objects from Independence NHP as further information, contact sibilities by having hosted the First well as Jamestown. The staff also regrets the Suzanne Schell at 703/476-9757. World Conference on Cultural typographical errors resulting in misspelling of Parks last September, and by par­ tobacco pipe stems, Chuckatuck, and polygenetic. ticipating in this international ex­ change program.

IN THIS ISSUE . . . Pulaski's Bally Box 7 Lincoln Home Restoration ... .1 Warships Theme Study 9 Exploring Custer Battlefield.. .2 Concessioner Remodels 13 Managing Orchards 3 New on the Market 14 October 1985 Historic Maintenance 6 Call for Papers 14 Solution to Preservation FEEDBACK 15 Dilemma 6 NEWSBRIEFS 16 Published bimonthly by the Associate Director, Cultural Resources, in the interest of promoting and maintaining high U. S. Department of First-Class Mail . standards in the preservation and the Interior Postage&Fees Paid management of cultural resources. National Park Service Cultural Resources U.S. Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Director: William Penn Mott, Jr. G-83 Washington, DC 20013-7127 Associate Director: Jerry L. Rogers Editor: Mary V. Maruca Assistant Editor: Karlota M. Koester Feedback Editor: Hugh C. Miller

Cultural Resources, Washington, D.C. Volume 8: No. 5