THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 9 NO. 4 November 1983

Fort Clatsop Historical Association Sponsors President Large's Statue Project at National Park Facility Message Past President "Frenchy" Chui­ nard once said our Foundation is built around the twin ideals of "friendship and scholarship." I thought at the time that was an apt ch aracterization, and I believe it still strikes the right note for our objectives in the year ahead. Certainly the 1983 annual meeting in Pasco, Washington, gave the members present a chance to greet old friends and make new ones, with everyone sharing a common interest in a grand exploring achievement in our nation's his­ tory. The Washington state com­ mittee that planned the meeting's varied and interesting agenda de­ serves the thanks of all who at­ tended, some from great distances. The pace of events was comfortable; people had a chance to visit among Tilustration courtesy of William Wagner and the Daily Astorian newspaper. themselves without feeling rushed. People examine new statue, "Arrival", in the lobby of the Fort Clatsop Interpretive There was a nice balance between Center building. Unveiling ceremonies took place on September 10, 1983. speakers' presentations about the Enthusiastic citizens of Astoria and concert with the National Park Serv­ place of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ Clatsop County, Oregon , and espe­ ice's Superintendent Robert Scott dition in local history, and just cially the Fort Clatsop Historical and his staff at the Memorial, Sculp­ plain sightseeing in the land where Association, undertook a project in tor Stan Wanlass, Astoria, Oregon, the Columbia and Snake Rivers 1979 that has recently culminated a Clatsop Community College art come together. It was a good meet­ in a beautiful six and one-half foot instructor, and other interested citi­ ing. [see pages 12-17]. high, 1200 pound bronze statue that zens, conceived and sought ways to However, many of our 600 members has been installed in the lobby of implement the creation of a life-size have never attended one of these the Fort Clatsop National Memorial bronze statue for installation at a annual gatherings of the Founda­ Interpretive Center. The National suitable location at the Memorial. tion. The experience is decidedly Park facility, the site of the Lewis The statue would portray an inci­ worthwhile. It's not too early to and Clark Expedition's 1805-1806 dent related to the Expedition's ac­ think about saying hello to your fel­ winter establishment, is approxi­ tivity in the vicinity. low Lewis and Clark enthusiasts mately four and one-half miles Countless hours a nd devoted ener­ next August in Great Falls, Mon­ southwest of Astoria, Oregon. The gies have been given to the project tana. Attendance at the Sixteenth Fort Clatsop Historical Associa­ Annual Meeting on the banks of the tion, a supportive organization to by artist Wanlass. Research of the literature about the Expedition and Missouri could be a pleasant inter­ the National Park Service, is made lude within a s ummer vacation up of local individuals interested in conferences with the Memorial's his­ torically oriented staff, and with through the mountain west. The furthering the public interest and other students and enthusiasts of fired-up members of the Founda­ awareness of the famous exploring the Expedition, brought forth an tion's Portage Route Ch apter, Great enterprise. Nearly 120,000 individ­ initial concept for the work. In 1980, Falls, are already planning ways to uals visit this historic site annually. the Association finally approved show their hospitality to new faces The local Association, working in (continued on page 23) (continued on page 2) President's Message THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL (can't from page 1) from all across the country. It will HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. be a great place to meet people Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporatit;m Act IRS Exemption you've only read about in We Pro­ Certificate No. 501 (C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 ceeded On, to tell them where you're from, to exchange recollections of OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE how you got hooked on the exploits President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President of Lewis and Clark, and thus begin Arlen J . Large William P. Sherman Clifford lmsland new Foundation friendships. 120% Rumsey Court, S.E. 3291 S.W. Fairmount Blvd. 61 9 North 79th St. Washington. D.C. 20003 Portland. OR 97201 In our discussions with each other Seattle, WA 98103 we realize we live during an espe­ Edrie Lee Vinson, Secretary Clarence H. Decker, Treasurer cially exciting time in the annals of 258 Hope Road P.O. Box. 128 Lewis and Clark scholarship. Pub­ ,\ Helena. MT 59601 East Alton, IL 62024 lication of the new edition of expedi­ tion journals under the guidance of DIRECTORS Foundation Director Gary Moulton at the University of Nebraska is an Todd Berens Viola Forrest Margaret Norris Santa Ana. CA event of the greatest significance to Walla Walla, WA Fayetteville, N.Y. our organization. Harold Billian Helen Hetrick Charles C. Patton Villlanova. PA Glasgow, MT Springfield, IL Just imagine Reuben Gold Roy D . Craft H. John Montague James P. Ronda Thwaites toiling away 80 years ago Stevenson, WA Marietta, GA Youngstown. OH in Wisconsin on his pioneer edition John E. Foote Gary E. Moulton Robert L. Taylor of the expedition's priceless manu­ Billings, MT Lincoln, NE Washington, D.C. scripts, not knowing whether anyone Hazel Bain, Longview, WA. Immediate Past President, is a Foundation Director. cared about the product of his labor. PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO Not so Gary Moulton today. He knows h e has a friendly rooting sec­ Edwynne P. Murphy. 1970 Robert E. Lange, 1973-1974 Gail M . Stensland. 1977-78 tion out there. Our Foundation is St. Louis, Missouri Portland, Oregon Fort Benton, Montana giving him more than just some E.G. Chuinard, M.D.. 1971 Gary Leppart, 1974-1975 Mitchell Doumit. 1978-79 modest financial support, but a lot Tigard, Oregon Lewistown. Montana Cathlamet, Washington John Greenslit, 1972 Wilbur P. Werner, 1975-1976 Bob Saindon, 1979-1980 of appreciation and encouragement Lansing, Michigan Cut Bank, Montana Helena, Montana as well. His initial collection of the Lynn Burris, Jr.. 1972-1973 Clarence H. Decker, 1976-77 Irving W. Anderson, 1980-81 expedition's maps, the Atlas vol­ Topeka. Kansas East Alton, Illinois Portland, Oregon ume, has been well received, and V. Strode Hinds, D.D.S. 1981-1982 Hazel Bain. 1982-1983 we're looking forward to more vol­ Sioux City, Iowa Longview, Washington umes of simila1· quality. His project is important because it Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 deals with the raw materials of the ABOUT THE FOUNDATION Lewis and Clark story that we want so much to share with others. As The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate nationally: public interest word of this ambitious publishing in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark E~pedition: the contributions to American history made by the expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition w hich are of project spreads, it should stimulate historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and supports activities which enhance the eniovment and understandina of the Lewis and Clark storv. The scopft more interest in the expedition of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse, and include involvement in pursuits which, in the. judgment of the Directors are, of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate·w ith among professional writers and the heritage ot Lewis and Clark. The actiyities of the National Foundation are intended to compliment and historians. Before long the newly supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement in the broad field of edited journals will begin appearing Lewis and Clark historical research; writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of in libraries across the nation, ex­ activities of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal. State, and local government officials, historians, scholars. and others panding the story's audience as of wide ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual Meeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during August. the birth month of both Meriwether never before. It should be an in­ Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is rotated among the States, and tours generally are arranged to stance where solid scholarship wins visit sites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic association with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. new friends for a brave band of explorers and, most likely, new WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD. M.D., FOUNDER members for our Foundation. We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, We come together in this organiza­ Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the famous Expedition. tion for a great variety of reasons, ranging from a sense of patriotism PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE to the sheer love of a rattling good adventure story. Above all we do it Robert E. Lange. Editor and Committee Chairman. 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland. OR I, 97201 to enjoy ourselves and each other. As your president for a brief time, it Irving W. Anderson Donald Jackson will be my goal to foster that en­ Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College 3920 Old Stage Road joyment in an atmosphere of friend­ Portland, OR 97219 Colorado Springs. CO 80906 ship and scholarship. E.G. Chuinard Gary E. Moulton 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane Love Library - Univ. Nebraska Tigard, OR 97223 Lincoln. NE 68588 ArlenJ. Lar~:it Paul R . Cutright Wilbur P. Warner 312 Summit Avenue P.O. Box 438 Jenkintowi1, PA 19046 Cut Bank. MT 59427

-2- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Our New President Arlen James Large His Job Assignments and His Hobbies Have Taken Him to All 50 States and All Seven Continents Our new president prefers to be called Jim. Born 52 years ago in Flora, a small town in southern Illinois, our fifteenth Foundation president enjoys an exciting and rewarding lifestyle. Jim attended the University of Illinois where he earned a B.S. in journalism. While at the University he was managing editor of the Daily Illini, the student newspaper. Following graduation he worked for a year as the farm editor of the Champaign-Urbana Courier. Army service as a Lieuten­ ant saw him in Korea for two years. In 1956 Jim joined the Chicago Bureau of the Wall Street Journal, and two years later he was trans­ ferred to the Washington Bureau to cover the Agriculture Department in the days of Ezra Taft Benson. When he was assigned to cover the Treasury and Federal Reserve Board during the Kennedy Admin­ istration, and tax legislation in Congress, Jim undertook a self­ taught cram course in economics. digs in France and Spain, surveying for a cross country 'Lewis and Clark He later began a long stint of politi­ in Scotland, Peru, and the. Missis· cal writing for the Journal which Tour', and it has been a 'slippery sippi Gulf Islands. My job a nd hob­ slope' from then on!" involved following the presidential bies have taken me to a ll 50 states campaign s and aspirations of and all seven continents. George Romney, George Wallace, When Jim returned to Washington Hubert Humphrey, Richard Nixon, I've lived for 25 years on Capitol Hill in August 1978 from the Founda­ in Washington, DC, a block from the Eugene McCarthy, Ronald Reagan, Library of Con gress. This is conven­ tion's Tenth Annual Meeting held Robert Kennedy, George McGovern, ient for my interest in history, and in Vancouver, Washington, his edi­ and Edmund Muskie. His most especially the history of exploration, torial on the editorial page "Lewis vivid memory of those years was whether of Columbus to the New and Clarkers Keep an Adventure the Democratic National Conven­ World, Scott to the South Pole, or Alive" (see We Proceeded On, Vol. 4, tion in Chicago in 1968. In a letter Armstrong to the Moon. Exploration No. 4, p. 10 and enclosure) was to the editor, J im said: "I recall the of the American West has been a responsible for an influx of new jowls of Mayor Daley, the bloody subject of special interest to me, and I members from Wall Street Journal police raid on McCarthy's head­ consider the Lewis and Clark Expe· readers. dition to be one of the greatest adven­ quarters, the incredible security ture stories of all time. machines at the convention hall that flashed a green light if your On May 7, 1969, Jim's by-lined edi­ Jim has been a regular contributor credentials were okay, and the torial titled "Onward! - Lewis and to the pages of We Proceeded On. See his: " Lewis and Clark Part smell of tear gas at the Conrad Hil­ Clark Trail Commission Can't Time Astronomers" (Vol. 5, No. l); ton Hotel." In the 1970s Jim's writ­ Bring Itself to Quit" told readers ing covered the activities of the U.S. about the five years of activity of "Trailing Lewis and Clark; The Spirit of the Party" (Vol. 6, No. l); Senate. He tells of his present activ­ the Congressional Lewis and Clark ity and assignments as follows: Trail Commission, a nd the contro­ "The Biddle-Clark Interview" (Vol. versy about its continuing and the 6, No. 3); and "The Leapfrogging Then I drifted into what I'm doing Commission's predicted demise. In Captains" (Vol. 8, No. 3) . Book now, science. I took a National Sci· a letter Jim wrote: "As a matter of reviews, by Jim, have appeared: ence Foundation junket to Antarctica (Vol. 6, No. 2) The Dialogues of in 19~W for stories on research being ancient curiosity, I'm enclosing a piece I wrote in 1969 on the old Lewis and Clark - A Narrative done there. Have visited the Palomar Poem, by Robert Edson Lee; and and Lick Observatories in California Congressional commission which and the Kitt Observatory in Arizona, was the forerunner of our Founda­ (Vol. 7, No. 2) Thomas Jefferson to sneak as much astronomy into the tion. At that point, all I knew of the and the Stony Mountains - Explor­ Wall Street Journal as possible. I've expedition came mainly from De­ ing the West from Monticello, by written about nuclear power at Three Voto's edition of the journals. A Donald Jackson. Mile Island, power generation by year later I was to first meet 'Boo' windmills, and space shuttle 1 launches at Cape Canaveral. On per­ MacGilvra the tour guide employed Jim Large's leadership, through his sonal vacations I've joined research by the Four Winds Travel Agency many interests and writing talent, is certain to enhance the scholarly teams for a solar eclipse in the Sa­ l. A founder and " Honorary Past President" hara Desert [see also an astronomi­ of the Foundation. "Boo" passed away in standing and prestige of the Foun­ cal activity detailed in We Proceeded 1980. See We Proceeded 011, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. dation during his term as our presi­ On, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 6], archeological 3.5, dent. We Proceeded On, October 1983 -3- News Notes tion of their journals so I could follow last October and haven't worked that singular expedition of men and anywhere since. I have been looking Foundation member Jean Hamil­ one woman, white, red, and black, for work in this area of New York, but ton, Marshall, Missouri, has sup­ upriver. Readers who see a declining there just doesn't seem to be any jobs plied We Proceeded On with a news­ literate expression in America will here. No one will hire me for fear I paper clipping from the Kansas find further evidence in the journals. might be called back to my old job at City Times. The Associated Press Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company presented their permanently impor­ in Utica, New York. Recently they release is dated July 8, 1983, and tant historical and anthropological have been calling back some of the describes artifacts discovered dur­ record clearly and poignantly, often 123 people who were laid off when I ing an archaeological excavation at writing under trying and dangerous was, but whether or not they will call a highway construction site about conditions. In our time, who of the me back is anybody's guess. three miles north of Homer in many astronauts has written any­ northeastern Nebraska. The Press thing to compare in significance or What little I get on unemployment, I force of language? burn up in gas I put in my car looking release says that "Pottery, glass for work. If any of you have jobs or beads and other trade goods have Bob Betts remarked: "Bob, perhaps know of work in your area you. think been found at a former Omaha Indi­ you can use this as a squib in WPO. would be good for me, please let me an tribe village that was visited by I think that it says a lot about our know. I'm anxious to get back to the Lewis and Clark Expedition ... captains." work so I can make ends meet here in the early 1800s [1804-1806)." Ne­ and be able to join all of you next braska State Historical Society Di­ l. Geologic Survey Maps indicate the height of year in Great Falls. If I'm at all able the landmark to be 840 feet above sea level. to be there, I will be there. rector Marvin Kivett is reported to Despite frequently published descriptions, have said that "This is the first time Geologists seem to agree that referring to the I wish to express my appreciation for we have been able to identify the landmark as a " monolith" is erroneous. John the kind words and thoughts that type of pottery the Omahas were Eliot Allen, professor of geology a t Portla nd were expressed by those who signed using." He a lso indicated that the [Oregon] State University, in his Magnificant the card. I am extremely proud to be Gateway: A Layman's Guide to the Geology of associated with members of the glass beads could have been left at the Columbia River Gorge, writes (p. 128): the village during a visit by Lewis " Beacon Rock named by Lewis and Clark in Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. It's friends like you that and Clark in 1804. In her letter of 1806, is a volcanic plug 01· neck of olivine basalt. It is not a "monolith", since it is make me realize how lucky I really transmittal to the editor, Jean Ham­ broken by differently oriented columnar joints am. If any of you are ever in central ilton makes the statement that: and has irregular fluidal layering within the New York, please come to m y home "Marvin Kivett is a very knowledge­ mass, typical of the filling of a volcano which in Chadwicks, New York. My door is able person and if h e says this is a has now been largely eroded away." always open to all of you. Thanks Lewis and Clark village, it is. We again for the card and for thinking of have known Marvin since he was a * * * * * me. Foundation Past President Irving shovelhand on a archaeological dig Your Friend, years ago." Members will recall W. Anderson, Portland, Oregon, re­ (Signed) George C. Richards, Jr. that Jean and Henry Hamilton cently received a letter from the have been active in archaeological Secretary of the Interior announc­ activities for many years. See: ing his appointment as Chairman ***** "Foundation Personalities", We Pro­ of the National Park Service's Na­ tional Lewis and Clarh Historical Foundation members who attended ceeded On, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 8-9. the 15th Annual Meeting in Pasco, Trail Advisory Council. Anderson Washington, August 7-10, 1983, will has been a m ember of the Advisory Council for the past two years and be interested in the news that Bar­ * * * * * bara Kubik, who played such an attended a meeting of the Council at important role as a member of the Billings, Montana, September 11, Foundation member Robert Betts, Washington State Annual Meeting New York, NY, who has been a 1982 (see story, WPO, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 4-5). Committee (see illustrations on contributor to the pages of We Pro­ pages 13 and 17), and her husband ceeded On, in a recent letter to the Rennie are the proud parents of Er­ editor called attention to a brief par­ * * * * * ik Logan Kubik. Erik was born at agraph that he had come across Members who regularly a ttend the 12:27 P.M., Wednesday, August 17, when reading a current best seller. Foundation's annual meetings 1983 (just one week following the Blue Highways: A Journey into missed seeing a familiar face this annual meeting). Three months pre­ America is written by William year. It was Director Todd Berens mature, Erik weighed 2 lbs.-2 oz., Least Heat Moon, who toured Amer­ who put together the card that and measured 141/2 inches long, but ica in a truck and followed along many of us signed and sent along to Barbara says: "While he's very the secondary highways (usually George Richards in Chadwicks, small and arrived early, he's a real portrayed in blue color on maps). New York. Several days after re­ fighter!" A report via Past Presi­ His observations through the eyes turning home the editor received the dent Hazel Bain indicates that by of a half-blood Indian have fasci­ following letter. late September, Erik had recovered nated readers and brought his writ­ some of the usual weight loss sho1·t­ ing to recent nonfiction best seller August 17, 1983 Dear Bob and Ruth, ly after birth and weighed 2 lbs.- listings. Bob Betts directs attention 13 oz., and will remain in the incu­ to a paragraph relating to the Lewis Monday I received a card from sev­ bator until November 18th. and Clark Expedition. William eral members of the Foundation who Least Heat Moon writes: attended this year's meeting in Pasco Barbara is back at work part time, expressing their concern for me. I'm and as a member of the Washing­ East stood Beacon Rock [Skamania hoping you can find a space in WPO ton (State) Lewis and Clark Trail County, Washington], a monumental so this letter can be seen by all those Committee attended the commit­ nine-hundred-foot fluted monolith of who are interested. Thanks Bob. solidified lava. 1 Lewis and Clark tee's October 1st quarterly meeting camped [near] here both going and Yes, I am still living and well. The in Tacoma, Washington. Barbara, returning. In Portland [Oregon], I reason I was unable to journey to who is the Interpretive Assistant at had bought DeVoto's abridged edi- Pasco is because I was laid off my job (can't. on facing page) -4- We Proceeded On, October 1983 the Washington State Parks and shall will coordinate the Chapter's Recent Meetings activities as they liaison with the Recreation Commission's Saca­ Members of the OREGON LEWIS jawea! Sacagawea Interpretive n ational Foundation's 16th Annual AND CLARK TRAIL COMMIT­ Meeting Committee. Bob Saindon, Center at Pasco, commented that: TEE gathered on September 10, "While we may not have n amed Helena, MT., a past-president of the 1983, at the National Park Service's Foundation h as been named by Ar­ him after one of the members of the Fort Clatsop National Memorial Expedition, August was a good len J. Large, 1983-1984 Foundation (the site of the Expedition's 1805- president, to be program chairman month for his birthday - he shares 1806 winter establishment) near As­ it with some fine people!"1 for the Foundation's 16th Annual toria, Oregon. The occasion was the Meeting Committee. A multitude of 1. Meriwether Lewis, August 18, 1774; Wil­ unveiling of the life-size statue, "Ar­ activities relating to the Lewis and liam Clark, August 1, 1770. rival", now installed in the entrance Clark Expedition's 1805-1806 travel * * * * * lobby of the Memorial's Interpretive through Montana and especially in Center building (see story on page the Great Falls area are taking The Department of the Army, Oma­ 1). Fifteen of the twenty-six commit­ ha District, Corps of Engineers, shape, and the Foundation is ap­ tee members were in attendance. preciative of t h e Portage Route have published a listing and order Following the unveiling ceremonies form describing publications and Chapter's interest and participa­ the committee met in the facility's tion. maps available at nominal charges library-staff room. Subjects dis­ to the interested public. One item of cussed at the meeting were: liaison * * * * * particular interest to Lewis and activities with th e U.S. Corps of Clark students and enthusiasts, Army Engineers; the Oregon State Fourteen members and 13 guests of since it relates to the travel route of Parks system; and the National the WASHINGTON (STATE) th e exploring party on the Missouri Park Service's study and develop­ LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL COM­ River, is a set of 84 sheets compris­ ment of the Lewis and Clark Nation­ MIITEE gathered on October 1, ing maps of the 1890 course of the al Historic Trail. Plans were dis­ 1983, at the Washington State His­ Missouri River from its headwaters cussed regarding the Oregon a nd torical Society Museum building in (in southwestern Montana) to its Washington committees hosting a Tacoma, Washington, for the fifty­ confluence with the Mississippi Riv­ charter bus tour activity for trans­ sixth meeting of the committee. er (about 14 miles north of St. Louis, porting and entertaining the Lewis Discussed at the meeting were: the Missouri). While the maps date to and Clark scholars who will be in proposal to rename several of the some 90 years after the Lewis and Portla nd on February 18, 1984, to dams on the Snake River, south­ Clark Expedition traveled the river, take part in the Symposium at Lew­ eastern Washington State; the dis­ the maps do predate the many dams is and Clark College. 1 The tour tribution of maps detailing th e and flood control projects that have would include visits to the Fort Clat­ routes of the Lewis and Clark been constructed along the river sop Nation al Memorial, the Wash­ Expedition to sch ools in the state since 1890. If you are interested in ington State Lewis and Clark Inter­ having names associated with the obtaining the list of publications pretive Center (Cape Disappoint­ expedition (the committee has re­ and maps a nd order form men­ ment-Fort Canby, Pacific County, ceived letters from schools ac­ tioned above, request: "Descriptive Washington), the Expedition's Salt knowledging and expressing thanks Price List of Available Maps (no Works (Seaside, Oregon), and Ecola for the gifts); a report by committee charge)". If you wish to order the set State Park (near Cannon Beach, member Barbara Kubik involving of 84 map-sheets, specify: "Missouri Oregon). This would be a day-long the threatened land-use of 17 acres River Maps, Headwaters to Mouth, activity following the Symposium adjacent to Sacajawea/ Sacagewea 1890, (84 sheets)", and enclose your at the college. A proposal was made State Park, Pasco, Washington, for check in the amount of $15.00. Ad­ that the Oregon Committee consid­ purposes deemed objectionable to dress communications to: Depart­ er hosting the 1986, 18th Annual the park environment; Chairman ment of the Army, Omaha District, Meeting of the (national) Lewis and Craft reported on progress for a new Corps of Engineers, 6014 U.S. Post Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Columbia Gorge Interpretive Cen­ Office-Courthouse, Omaha, NE Inc. ter Museum, a segment of th e mu­ 68102. seum will be devoted to the Lewis 1. For more about the Symposium, see We and Clark Expedition's travel on Proceeded On Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 17. and along the Columbia River in this area (the new Center will be ***** located near the powerhouse at Bonneville Dam, Skaman i a Membership in the newly organized County, Washington); Dick Clifton, PORTAGE ROUTE CHAPTER OF Chief of Interpretive Services for THE (nationa l) LEWIS AND the Washington State Parks and Editor's Note: CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE Recreation Commission, reported We would like lo include in each issue FOUNDATION, INC. (Great Falls, on plans for the observance of the of WPO, news iLems detailing current Montana), now numbers nearly for­ Centennial of Washington State in or forthcoming activities related to ty (see WPO, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1, 3). 1989, and some connotation to the the Lewis and Clark Expedition in The new organization h as been Lewis and Clark Expedition in con­ each of the eleven trail states, or for meeting several times each month nection with the observance; Bob that. matter, a ny activity anywhere and is taking a most active part in Carriker, chairman for the August that wou ld be of interest to members the overall plans for th e centennial 7-10, 1983, Fifteenth Annual Meet­ and readers. T o accomplish this, we observance for the city of Great ing of the_national Foundation re­ must rely on our Directors, their des­ Falls. At a recent meeting Marshall ported that all expenses involved ignated reporters, a nd other Lewis Johnson was elected arran gements with the meeting (hosted by the a nd Clark enth usiasts, to provide us ch airman for the national Founda­ Washington committee) had been with this information. We would be tion's 16th Annual Meeting, August paid and a financial statement had pleased to hear from you. 5-8, 1984, in Great Falls. Mr. Mar- (continued on page 11)

We Proceeded On, October 1983 -5- Editor's note: As has been the policy of We Proceeded On, we include on this and the following pages, the text of the address prepa red and presented by Dr. Michael J. Brodhead at Pasco, Washington, on the occasion of the Foundation's 15th Annual Banquet. We Proceeded On is grateful to Mike Brodhead for making his lectern text available, and pleased that readers of our publication are able to share his excellent banquet address, which was a fine contribution to the success of our 15th Annual Meeting. The Military Naturalist: A Lewis and Clark Heritage By Michael J . Brodhead*

The Lewis and Clark Expedition spawned a rich, almost uniquely American phenomenon: the military natu­ ralist. During the nineteenth century approximately two hundred men in the blue uniform of the regular Army would make contributions, large and small, to the natural history of North America, particularly in its western regions.

When Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark west­ is the fact that the Lewis and Clark expedition ward, he wanted them to conduct a scientific investiga­ spawned a rich, almost uniquely American phenom­ tion of the northern portions of the Louisiana Pur­ enon: the military n aturalist. During the nineteenth chase. In addition to requesting meteorological, ethno­ century approximately two hundred men in the blue logical, geographical, and cartographic information, he uniform of the regular Army would make contributions, told the commanders of the Corps of Discovery to large and small, to the natural history of North Amer­ observe "the animals of the country generally, & espe­ ica, particularly in its western regions. cially those not know in the U.S.[;] the remains and Personnel of the armed forces of imperialist nations, accounts of any which may [be] deemed rare or extinct" such as Britain, France, and the Netherlands, added to and "the face of the country, it's [sic] growth & vegeta­ 1 the knowledge of natural science, but nowhere was the ble productions; especially those not of the U.S." soldier-naturalist more in evidence than in the inland Jefferson had chosen the leadership well. And as good empire of nineteenth century America. The soldiers soldiers, Captain Meriwether Lewis of the First Infan­ who observed and collected and published scholarly try and Lieutenant William Clark of the Regiment of accounts of the flora and fauna of th e expanding repub­ Artillerists, complied fully with the orders of their lic represented all branches of the Army and all of its commander in chief. Traveling from Wood River to the ranks - literally from private to general. Pacific and back they succeeded marvelously in all of The Army was small and its responsibilities limited. the scientific matters covered in the president's instruc­ Yet it was a likely agency to investigate and report tions, notably in zoology and botany. The current upon the plants, animals, and other natural features of names of some animals and plants give only partial the country: the military establishment, although min­ testimony to their accomplishments as n aturalists. uscule by European standards, was highly mobile and As Paul Russell Cutright has shown, Lewis especially its personnel were usually in or near the frontier areas. is an important figure in the history of natural science. Also the Army attracted a number of officers and Through assiduous collecting, careful observation, and enlisted men who had a taste for science. Most had clearly written descriptions, he brought many new spe­ little or no formal education in natural history, but vir­ cies to the attention of scientists; presented new facts tually no other naturalists in the United States, in the on the geographical range of previously known flora early nineteenth century at least, had such training. If and fauna; pioneered in ecology by noting the relation­ the military naturalists were "amateurs" so too were ships of animals to their western environments; stimu­ most other members of the American scientific com­ lated "zoological activity in such diverse fields as tax­ munity. onomy, a nimal portraiture, publication, and museum The phenomenon of the military naturalist is too vast a development"; and inspired scores of naturalists to 2 s ubject to be treated adequately here. But we can dis­ travel with later government-sponsored explorations. cuss some of the more significant, singular, and repre­ Closely related to Professor Cutright's last observation sentative soldiers who followed Captain Lewis's splen­ did example. 1. Donald J ackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and C/arh Expedition with Related Documents, 1783-1854. Second Edition, with Additional Docu· The expeditions of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery men ts and Notes. 2 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), I, Pike, of the First Infantry, to the Upper Mississippi 63. (1805) and the Spanish Borderlands (1806-1807), al­ 2. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Ciarh: Pioneering Naturalist though not devoid of importance to science, cannot (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), 395-396. compare in that respect to the achievements of the

*Foundation member Mike Brodhead, Department of History, University of Nevada, Reno, attended Wichita State University, Kansas (1953-1954), and is a graduate of the University of Kansas (S.S. 1959; M.A. 1962), Lawrence. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota (1967), Minneapolis. Prior to his present position, he was a wa rded a Fellowship (1964) Seminar for Historical Administrators, Williamsburg, Virginia; was Instructor of History (1964-1965), Wisconsin University, Eau Claire; served as curator of Kansas Collection (1965-1967), University of Kansas Libraries; from 1967-1971 he was Assistant Professor of History, and from 1971to1979 was Associate Professor of History, a nd is presently Professor of History (since 1979), University of Nevada, Reno. During 1972-1973, he was a Visiting Professor of History at the University of Kansas. He is the a uthor of numerous periodical articles that have appeared in: The Trail Guide; Kansas Historical Quarterly; New England Quarterly; Nevada Highway and Parhs; Journal of Arizona History; Colorado Magazine; The Prairie Scout (Kansas Corral of the Westerners); and the Nevada Historical Society Quarterly. Mike Brodhead's special interests in the military scientists has particularly involved his study of Elliott Coues, M.D., a familiar litterateur related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. His specific articles relating to Coues have appeared in: The Trail Guide, Vol. 12, March 1967; Arizona and the West, Vol. 13, 1971; New England Quarterly, Vol. 44, 1971; Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 14, 1973; and Colorado Magazine, Vol. 52, 1975. His 74 page monograph, A Soldier-Scientist in the American Southwest: Being a Narrative of the Travels of Brevet Captain Elliott Coues, Assistant Surge.on, U.S.A .. . ., was published as Historical Monograph No. I, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson, 1973. In 1981, the University of Illinois Press published a 509 page biographical volume, co-authored by Dr. Brodhead and Dr. Paul Russell Cutright, titled: Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian (reviewed in WPO, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 15-16). In 1978 these same authors wrote, especially for We Proceeded On, the monograph titled: "Dr. Elliott Coues and Sergeant Charles Floyd", published in WPO, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 6-10.

-6- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Lewis and Clark expedition. Pike himself acknowl­ When the United States acquired Florida in 1819 the edged that he had neither the background, inclination , territory was almost as much a frontier for naturalists nor time to make contributions to zoology and botany. as the Trans-Mississippi West had been for Lewis and After the return of Lewis and Clark it would be over a Clark. John Eatton LeConte, a.distinguished represen­ dozen years before another such grand reconnaissance tative of a family noted for its many men of science a nd would be outfitted by the federal government. The rela­ a captain in the Topographical Engineers, proposed an tively long period between their expedition and the next exploration of the St. Johns River. One of his objectives ambitious military exploration is partly explained by was to "inspect the natural productions of the pro­ vince."8 Calhoun approved the project and the expedi­ the interruption occasioned by the War of 1812 and partly because no one in power in Washington in those tion, in 1822, was a success from the standpoint of nat­ years shared J efferson's vision in its fullness. ural history. LeConte published several articles in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York Large-scale exploration and scientific discovery by mil­ in the 1820s and 1830s.9 They contain much of what he itary men resumed when John C. Calhoun became had learned during his Florida sojourn as well as facts Secretary of War in 1817. He, more than an y other, on the biota of other locations along the eastern sea­ deserves credit for reviving the Jeffersonian commit­ board where he had served. The papers cover a variety ment to federal sponsorship of exploration and th e use of topics - plants, amphibians, rodents, insects, and of the Army as the chief instrument of exploration. mollusks - and describe several new species. In one, This is evident in his instructions to Brevet Major Ste­ for example, he introduced the pine vole (Pitymys phen H. Long, of the Topographical Engineers, when pinetorum) to science. the latter was preparing for his expeditions to the Ill health forced his departure from the Army in 1831. Upper Mississippi, 1819-1820: "You will enter in your He later resumed his researches and writing and at the journal, everything interesting in relation to soil, face time of his death was vice-president of the Academy of of the country, water courses and productions, whether Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. His skill as an illus­ animal, vegeta ble or mineral." In sending Long west­ trator was considerable and he was known as the ward again in 1823, Calhoun similarly directed him to "Audubon of Turtles." "examine and describe the productions [of the route], 3 An energetic champion of science in Army circles was animal, vegetable a nd mineral." Colonel John J. Abert, chief of the Corps of Topo­ The collections a nd scientific reports of the Long expe­ graphical Engineers throughout most of its existence. ditions were made largely by civilians. But the journals He used his influence to facilitate Audubon's travels on he kept during his travels show Long to be a well­ the Gulf Coast; involved himself in a lively controversy versed student of nature. And, based upon his observa­ on the climbing abilities of rattlesnakes; wrote a paper tions on the 1823 expedition, he published an article on on mockingbirds; and was a founder and officer of the the mountain goat. In it h e noted tha t Lewis and Clark National Institution for the Promotion of Science (a had obtained a specimen of the animal.4 Several later predecessor of the Smithsonian Institution).10 military naturalists would also make references to the More importantly, he saw to it that the many explora­ biological contents of the journals of the Great Cap­ tions conducted by his "topogs" expanded the knowl­ tains. In 1832 Long published a notice of "Fossil 5 edge of plant and animal life in America. Surely the remains of a Mastodon found in Tennessee." most famous of his subordinates was Lieutenant John Calhoun also desired that the Lewis Cass expedition to C. Fremont. The official reports of Fremon t's first the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi (1820) (1842) a nd second (1843-1844) expeditions are rich in accumulate data on and specimens of natural history. observations on the botany of his routes. And despite For this purpose he selected Captain David B. Doug­ the loss of many specimens by mishaps, he brought lass, a Corps of E ngineers officer on the West Point back many plants on these and his third (1845) expedi­ faculty, to serve as Cass's botanist a nd topographer. tion. John Torrey published reports and articles on Douglass collected many minerals, plants, and ani­ these collections. mals. The nation 's premier botanist, John Torrey, pub­ Probably the most able naturalist among Abert's offi­ lished a "Notice of the Pla nts collected by Professor cers was his own son, Lieutenant James W. Abert. His Douglass." In it he commented that "Many of the spe­ reports of reconnaissances along the Santa Fe trail, cies are rare, others from entirely new localities and the New Mexico, and present-day Oklahoma show much whole are valuable in increasing our knowledge of 6 attention to natural history, expecially birds. The botanical geograph y. " Torrey was himself a medical young officer frequently and regularly gave descrip­ officer in the Army in the 1820s. In later years he was to tions of the plants and animals he encountered. He was write many more articles and reports on the specimens also well acquainted with the works of Audubon, Alex­ acquired by military explorations. Other scientists ander Wilson, and other authorities. Two of the man y wrote articles on shells and mammals brought back by specimens he collected were new to science, a bird Douglass. The captain's journ al contains a good many (Abert's towhee, Pipilo aberti) and a mammal (the Mex­ observa tions on the natural history of the Cass expedi­ ican pocket gopher, Pappogeomys castanops). Parts of tion. 7 his paper on the scaled quail appeared in the Proceed­ ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 3. Max Meisel, ed., A Bibliography of American Natural History: The (continued on page 8) Pioneer Century, 1769-1865. 3 vols. (Brooklyn: The Premier Publishing Co., 1924-1929), II, 394. 7. D.H. Barnes, "On the Genera Unio and Alasmodonta, with Introduc­ tory Remarks," ibid., VI (1823), 107-127, 258·280; Samuel L. Mitch ill, 4. Long, " On the Rocky Mountain Sheep," Memoirs of the Philadelphia "Description of two mammiferous Animals of North America," Medical Society for Promoting Ag riculture, V (1826), 193-195. Repository, XXI (1821), 248-150. 5. Lone, "Fossil remains of a Mastodon found in Tennessee, Aug. 3, 8. Richard Adicks, ed., Le Co11 te's Report on East Florida (Orlando: The 1832," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, I University Press of Florida, 1978), 9. (June, 1832), 565-566. 9. Meisel, ed., Bibliography of American Natural History, II, 253-262. 6. Torrey, " Notice of the Plants collected by Professor D.B. Doug lass, of West Point, on the expedition under Governour [sic] Cass, during the 10. Abert, "Habit of climbing of the rattle-snake . . . . ," Monthly A meri­ summer of 1820 ....," American J ournal of Science and Arts, IV can Journal of Geology and Natural Science, I (Nov., 1831), 221-223; (1821), 56. Meisel, Bibliography of A merican Natural History, II, 25, 698-700. We Proceeded On, October 1983 -7- (can't from page 7) the same as those common to other parts of the country, phia. In 1882 he published a paper on the birds he had or that they were different. It was therefore established seen on his western travels.11 as a rule to collect everything . . .. " 14 Much of the younger Abert's work as a naturalist was Pope's involvement with natural history continued into incidental to his duties in the Southwest during the the Civil War. While commanding the Department of Mexican War. This conflict added to the United States the Northwest he sent Captain.John Feilner, a zealous a vast domain relatively unknown to science. Impor­ cavalryman-naturalist, to serve as chief engineer for tant discoveries in natural history were made in the General Alfred Sully, commander of the District of Great Basin portion of the Mexican Cession by another Dakota. After urging Feilner to report on the flora, of Colonel Abert's officers, Captain Howard Stansbury. fauna, and meteorology, Pope stated that: Early in Stansbury's journey to the Great Salt Lake in I need not remind you of the important results to science 1849 his civilian naturalist abandoned the party. This which will ensue from even a partial success in these proved to be no great loss because the captain had a observations . .. . I have myself made very complete collec­ keen eye for flora and fauna. His report abounds with tions, both of natural his tory and botanical and mineralog­ astute observations upon them. Eastern savants such ical specimens, by instructing 2 or 3 enlisted men how to as Torrey wrote reports on the specimens he brought m ake them , and keeping them constantly employed. I need back. 12 not suggest to you that it is best to bring in specimens of everything, however common, as it is of as much, if not Spencer F. Baird, assistant secretary of the recently more interest to science to determine the geographical des­ established Smithsonian Institution, prepared the re­ tributions of known species than to discover what is new.15 ports on Stansbury's birds and mammals. Baird, like The other exception to the civilian status of the railroad Jefferson and Calhoun, is a major figure among ciVil­ surveys' naturalists was Assistant Surgeon George ians who inspired and directed efforts by Army men to Suckley, surgeon and naturalist for the 47th parallel observe, collect, and write upon the natural features of survey, headed by Isaac Ingalls Stevens, a West Point the West. Of course the Smithsonian benefited from the graduate then serving as governor of Washington Ter­ enormous number of specimens obtained by military ritory. This expedition gave Suckley and a civilian, Dr. personnel. Baird's father-in-law, Colonel Sylvester James Graham Cooper, ample opportunities to study Churchill, was the Army's inspector gener.al, a fact that the natural history of the Lewis and Clark country. helps explain the good working relationship between Their report appeared in volume XII of the railroad the Smithsonian and the Army. survey reports and was later published commercially The high point of the cooperation between Colonel under the title The Natural History of Washington Ter­ Abert's topogs and Baird and the Smithsonian circle ritory (1 859-1860). Suckley also wrote a " Report on the came with the Pacific Railroad Surveys of the 1850s. A fauna and medical topography of Washington Terri­ number of parties, mostly led by Topographical Engi­ tory" for the Transactions of the American Medical n eers, crossed the West at various latitudes and up and Association.16 down the West Coast in search of suitable railroad Another valuable member of Baird's n etwork was routes. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis's instructions Lieutenant William H. Emory. His report of his recon­ to the leaders of the parties reflect both the tradition naissance of the Southwest during the Mexican War is that went back to Lewis and Clark and the influence of a classic of the genre. It reveals a man keenly aware of Baird: the commanders of the expeditions were not only the natural features of the lands that were soon to to report on the topography, meteorology, and geo­ become possessions of the United States. Practically graphy of the routes but also "to collect information every page includes botanical or other scientific obser­ upon, and specimens of, the botany and zoology of the vations.17 country." 13 During the 1850s Emory served on the Mexican For American science the railroad surveys were more Boundard Survey as its chief astronomer and later as than successful. Most of the naturalists attached to the its commissioner. Baird supplied him with gifted field field parties were civilians selected by Baird. Two mil­ collectors and encouragement to make the survey a itary men represent conspicuous exceptions to this major achievement for science. In Emory's report on pattern. Captain John Pope, in command of the 32d the survey he once again proved himself to be an atten­ parallel survey from the Red River to the Rio Grande, tive and intelligent recorder of the natural setting.18 In displayed considerable sophistication and interest in the appendices on flora and fauna Baird and other na­ natural science and appears to have taken a direct turalists named several new species in honor of Major hand in the gathering of specimens. Regarding the Emory. botanizing along his route he wrote: "The collections in this department of science were not restricted to what Baird did not confine his Army connections to the was new or undescribed, as I considered it quite as Topographical Engineers. He and other Smithsonian interesting to know that the flora of this region were scientists prepared n a tural history appendices for the 11. " Notes of Lieutenant J.W. Abert," in W.H. Emory, Notes of a Mil­ report of Captain Randolph B. Marcy's exploration of itary Reconnaissance . .. . (Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuy­ the Red River country in 1852. Marcy, an officer of the sen, 1848), 386-414; " Report of Lieut. J.W. Abert of His Examination of Fifth Infantry (and later the Army's inspector general) New Mexico in the Years 1846-'47," ibid., 417-548; Abert, [A supposed paid close attention to the plants and animals of the new species of quail inhabiting New Mexico]," Proceedings of the Academ y of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, III (1846-1 847), 221-222; region and compiled a list of its mammals, in which he Abert, "Memoranda in rega rd to tbe various kinds of birds, which I 14. Ibid., II, pt. 4, 3. took note of in a march across the prairies from Fort Leavenwor th, Mo .. 15. The War of the Rebellion: Co mpilation of Official Records, ser. I, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and again uia Santa Fe trail, in the years XXIV, pt. 2, 168-169. 1845 and 1847," Cincinnati Society for Natural History Journal, V (1882), 57-59. 16. Suckely and Cooper, The Natural History of Washington Territory and Oregon . ... (New York: Bailliere Bros., 1859-1860); Suckely, "Re­ 12. Stansbury, Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt port on the fauna and medical topog-raphy of Washington Territory," Lake of Utah . . . . (Philadelphia: Lippincott & Grambo, 1852). Transactions of the American Medical Association, X (1857), 181-217. 13. Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practi­ 17. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance. cable and Economical Route for a Railroad fro m the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 12 vols. (Washington: A.0.P. Nicholson, et al., 18. Emory, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. 1855-1860), I, pt. 1, 8. 2 vols. (Wa shington: A.0.P. Nicholson, 1857-1859). -8- We Proceeded On, October 1983 gave their Latin binomials as well as their common Here we have discussed mainly those who were asso­ names.19 Baird had even closer relations with Marcy's ciated with military expeditions that came after Lewis assistant, Lieutenant George B. McClellan of the Corps and Clark's epic reconnaissance. But equally or more of Engineers. McClellan seems to have been principally important were the accomplishments of those Army responsible for getting the expedition's specimens to men who undertook the study of natural history in their the Smithsonian. Baird and Charles Girard published spare time in remote garrisons and camps. Space per­ in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences mits only brief mention of a few of the most notable. of Philadelphia "Descriptions of New Species of fishes" In the pre-Civil War period two Engineer officers, Cap­ collected by Marcy and McClellan. McClellan was elected a corresponding member of the Academy in tain John D. Kurtz and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph G. Totten (later Brigadier General and Chief of Engineers) 1855. While on duty in Europe the future commander of published pioneering works on the conchology of the the Army of the Potomac secured a cave salamander in Atlantic Coast.25 Captain (later Paymaster General) Austria and presented it - live - to the Academy.20 Benjamin Alvord, Fourth Infantry, wrote articles on The Civil War, in which so many of our naturalists in the polar plant; his experiments on the plant's sup­ blue served, interrupted but did not end the age of the posed polarity involved him in a dispute with botanist Army's scientific exploration. One of the four "Great Asa Gray as well as an exchange of friendly letters Surveys" of the Trans-Mississippi West in the post-war with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow on the poet's men­ era was Lieutenant George M. Wheeler's Geographical tion of the plant in Evangeline. 26 and Geological Explorations West of the One Hun­ dredth Meridian. Civilians performed most of the natu­ The acquisition of California and the Southwest offered golden opportunities in natural history for bright ral history work. Two exceptions were Captain William young officers such as Lieutenant William P. Trow­ L. Carpenter, Fifth Infantry, who collected and wrote bridge, Corps of Engineers; Captain (later Inspector about the insects,21 and Assistant Surgeon Elliott General) George A. McCall, Fourth Infantry; Captain Coues, who contributed to the herpetological and John P. McCown and Lieutenant Darius N. Couch, mammalogical portions of Wheeler's final report. 22 both of the Fourth Artillery; Assistant Surgeon Thom­ Coues, a Baird protege, was the most outstanding natu­ as Charlton Henry; and Major George H. Thomas ralist to serve in the United States Army, which he did (the future "Rock of Chickamauga"), Second Cavalry. for nineteen years. During that time he achieved inter­ Their energetic collecting resulted in a fuller scientific national fame as the author of Key to North American understanding of the new possessions and were the Birds and many other works. Soon after the publica­ bases of several articles, some written by themselves, tion of the Key in 1872 the Army assigned him as others by Baird and his associates. surgeon and naturalist to the Northern Boundary Sur­ vey. As the survey moved between the Red River of the John Xantus began his career as a naturalist while North and the Rocky Mountains Coues examined and serving as an enlisted man in California and elsewhere obtained many zoological specimens and published in the West; it culminated in his rise to.Director of the several mongraphs, articles, and notes on his findings. Zoological Gardens of Budapest and Custos of the eth­ nographic division of the National Museum of his Since his travels with the survey had taken him over native Hungary. lands through which Lewis and Clark had passed, he Some of the earliest American writings on the natural also prepared a bibliography of the various editions of history of Alaska came from the pen of Private Edward their journals, as an aid in correlating his natural his­ W. Nelson of the Signal Corps, 1877-1881.27 Later he tory investigations with those of the intrepid explor­ became the chief of the Department of Agriculture's ers.23 As Professor Cutright has written, this was " the Bureau of Biological Survey. first paper of consequence written about Lewis and Clark, the first to attempt a Lewis and Clark bibliog­ Other important figures of the post-war period include raphy, and the first to appraise technical results of the a number of Coues's fellow medical officers. Lieutenant journey." 24 Coues's fascination with the literature of Colonel Edgar A. Mearns published an important 28 the expedition culminated with the appearance of his study of the mammals of the Mexican boundary, own edition of the journals of Lewis and Clark in 1893. hunted specimens in Africa with Theodore Roosevelt, Thus the journals of the first great military naturalists and wrote extensively on the fauna of the Philippines. were edited by the greatest military naturalist of all. Captain Robert W. Shufeldt's hundreds of publications established him as the unchallenged American author­ 19. Marcy, Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana, in the Year 1852 ity of avian anatomy by the end of the nineteenth cen­ (Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1854), 186-187. tury. French-born Valery Havard contributed impor­ 20. Baird and Girard, "Descriptions of New Species of fishes collected tant studies on the botany of the Southwest. He also by Captains R.B. Marcy and G.B. McClellan in Arkansas," Proceed­ ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, VI (1852- (continued on page 10) 1853), 390-392; ibid., VII (1854-1855), 284; ibid., VIII (1856·1857), ix. 25. Kurtz, Catalogue of Recent Marine Shells, Found on the Coasts of 21. Carpenter, " Report on the alpine insect fauna of Colorado and New North and South Carolina (Portland, Maine: David Tucker, 1860); Tot­ Mexico, season of 1875," Annual report upon the geographical surveys ten, "Description of some new Shells, belonging to the coast of New west of the one hundredth. meridian .. . being Appendix JJ of the England," American Journal of Science and Arts, XXVI (July, 1834), Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1876 (Washington: Govern­ 366-269; "Description~ of some Shells, belonging to the Co~st of New ment Printing Office, 1876), 301-305. England," ibid., XXVIII (July, 1835), 347-353. 22. Coues a nd H.C. Yarrow, "Report upon the Collections of Mammals 26. Alvord, "The polar plant, or Silphium laciniatum., Proceedings of Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, II (1849), and Arizona .... , Report upon Geographical and Geological Explora· 12·18; Alvord, "On the Campas Plant," American Naturalist, XVI tions West of the One Hundredth Meridian.... , V (Washington: (Aug., 1882), 625-635; Samuel Longfellow, ed., Life of Henry Wadsworth Government Printing Office, 1875), 35-129; Coues, "Synopsis of the Longfellow, with Extracts from his Journals and Correspondence. 3 Reptiles and Batrachians of Arizona .. .. , ibid., 585-633. vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1891), III, 273. 23. "An Account of the Various Publications Relating to the Travels of 27. Nelson, Report upon Natural History Collections Made in Alaska Lewis and Clarke [sic], with a Commentary on the Zoological Results of between the Years 1877 and 1881 (Washington: Government Printing Their Expedition," Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Office, 1887). Suruey of the Territories, 2d ser., no. 6 (Feb. 8, 1876), 41 7-444. 28. Mearns, Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States 24. Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals (Norman: .... U.S. National Museum Bulletin 56 (Washington: Government University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), 78. Printing Office, 1907). We Proceeded On, October 1983 -9- (con't from page 9) The common and scientific names of many species in all branches of natural history commemorate several imparted much knowledge of western plant life to his soldiers who added so much to biological knowledge in Swedish-born hospital orderly, Private Ivar F. Tides­ the nineteenth century. In addition to Lewis' wood­ trom. After serving two hitches in the cavalry, Tides­ pecker, Clark's nutcracker, Salmo clarkii, (cutthroat trom pursued the formal study of botany and wrote trout) and the plant genera Lewisia and Clarkia are: Flora of Utah and Nevada (1925) and Flora of Arizona and New Mexico (1941). Abert's squirrel (Sciurus aberti, named for Colonel Abert); the plant genus Fremontia; McCown's longspur The First Cavalry's Captain Charles E. Bendire (Rhynchophanes mccownii); the Trowbridge shrew became the late nineteenth century's best known (Sorex trowbridgei); the plant genus Suckleya; Xantus' authority on American bird eggs and nests. As a write1' hummingbird (Hylocharis xantusii); Mearnsella, a his crowning achievement was the two hefty volumes genus of Philippine fishes; Bendire's thrasher (Toxos­ of his Life Histories of North American Birds (1892, toma bendirei); Coues's flycatcher - and many more. 1895). The contributions of the soldier-naturalists after 1806 The last Army naturalist of note was Colonel Thomas in no way diminish the scientific significance of the L. Casey of the Corps of Engineers, an eminent ento­ Lewis and Clark expedition. Indeed, the accomplish­ mologist whose magnum opus was the eleven-volume ments of those who came later underscore its value to Memoirs on the Coleoptera (1910-1924). Casey discov­ natural history. It began the tradition of the military ered many new species of beetles and willed his mas­ naturalist and its enormous success in enlarging the sive collections of these and other -insects and his knowledge of North American flora and fauna pro­ library to the U.S. National Museum, the home of thou­ vided later Army naturalists with a model and an sands of other specimen s deposited by Army men. inspiration.

Meriwether Lewis's First Written Reference to the Expedition - April 15, 1803 By Steve Harrison

Editor's note: Steve Harrison is the Curator of Collections at the National Park Service's Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (the Gateway Arch), St. Louis, Missouri. The reproduction of Lewis's letter and the transcript of Mr. Harrison's text are through the ~ourtesy of Mr. Jerry L. Schober, Superintendent of the St. Louis facility. The letter and text first appeared in Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring 1983 issue of Gone West, a quarterly magazine, and in the Friends of the Arch News, a monthly newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, July 1983. Both are publications of the Friends of the Arch, JNEM, St. Louis. ' . . . _,/. ..1- JA.~.dJ.-.W>~, .c~/:f. 181".?. While traveling through Pennsyl­ vania preparing for what would lat­ er be known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Meriwether Lewis post­ ed a letter from Fredericktown on April 15, 1803 - his first written r eference to the famed expe­ dition ... Lewis was traveling in Pennsyl­ vania to gain scientific knowledge and obtain supplies for the expedi­ tion. He had served for two years as private secretary and aide-decamp to President Thomas Jefferson, and had been selected to lead the expedi­ tion. Lewis wrote the letter to General William Irvine, a veteran of the Rev­ olutionary War who was superin­ tendent of all military stores. In the letter, Lewis requests a large quan­ tity of "portable soup".1 By the end of May, Philadelphia cook Francois Baillet prepared 193 pounds of dried soup at a cost of $1.50 per pound. 2 Lewis must have thought it money (con't on facing page) l. A recipe and additional information about portable soup appears on page 11, this issue of We Proceeded On. 2. Donald Jackson, (editor), Letters of the Lew­ is and Clark Expedition With Related Docu· ments, 1783-1854, Univ. of IIJ;nois Press, Ur­ bana, 1962, second edition, 1978, pp. 78, 81-82. Donald Jackson acknowledged the existence ._/ie,.,;,.,.d~ J~ . of the letter, which in 1962 was still in Grace t1/>~ J. .;. t ; ·l,l,. ~"!ti .} . Lewis's possession, but not available for pub­ lication. -10- We Proceeded On, October 1983 well spent, because on September 18, 1805, while in the Bitterroot Mountains in present-day Idaho, he Portable Soup - Lewis's "portable soupe"? wrote in his journal: " ... we dined From The Lo.dy's Companion, a 1753 cookbook owned originally by Miss & suped on a skant proportion of Anna Maria Dandrige in 1756, we reproduce the following - probably one of portable soupe, a few canesters of several recipes for the portable soup mentioned in the Expedition's journals which, a little bears oil and about 20 and in Lewis's April 15, 1803 letter. (See page 10 this issue of We Proceeded lbs. of candles form our stock of On.}: provisions... " 3 Take a leg of veal, strip it of Skin and the Fat, then take all the The National Park Service received muscular or fleshy Parts from the Bones; boil this flesh gently in such the original letter from Jefferson a Quantity of Water, and so long a Time, till the Liquor will make a strong Jelly when it is cold: This you may try by taking out a small and Philip Miller, sons of Grace Miller, the late Lewis historian. Spoonful now and then, and letting it cool. H ere it is to be supposed, that though it will jelly presently in small Quantities, yet all the Juice Their generosity makes it possible the Meat may not be extracted; however, when you find it very to preserve the letter for future gen­ of strong, strain the Liquor through a Sieve, and let it settle; then pro­ erations. vide a large Stew-pan, with Water, and some China Cups, or glazed There are several more points to be Earthenware; fill these Cups with Jelly taken clear from the Settling, made about this letter. First, Lewis and set them in a Stew-pan of Water, and let the Water boil gently till generally signed his personal let­ the Jelly becomes as thick as Glue; after which, let them stand to cool, ters with only his name. Second, his and then turn out the Glue upon a Piece of new Flannel, which will signature on official correspon­ draw out the Moisture; turn them once in six or eight Hours, and put dence normally included his mili­ them upon a fresh Flannel, and so continue to do till they are quite tary title, Captain. And third, to our dry, and keep it in a dry warm Place: This will harden so much, that it knowledge, this is the only letter will be stiff and hard as Glue in a little Time, and may be carried in still extant which Lewis signed: the Pocket without Inconvenience. You are to use this by boiling "Private Secretary to the President about a Pint of Water, and pouring it upon a Piece of the Glue or of the United States." Cake, about the bigness of a small Walnut, and stirring it with a Spoon till the Cake dissolves, which will make very strong good 3. Reuben G. Thwaites, (editor), OriginalJour· Broth. As for the seasoning part, every one may add Pepper and Salt nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804· 1806, Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1905, reprint as they like it, for there must be nothing of that Kind put among the editions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y., 1959; Arno Veal when you make the Glue, for any thing of that Sort would make Press, N.Y., 1969. Vol. III, p. 71. it mouldy. As we have observed above there is nothing of Seasoning in this Soup so there may be always added what you desire, either of Recent Meetings Spices or Herbs, to make it savoury to the Palate; but it must be noted, (con't from page 5) that all the Herbs that are used on this Occasion, must be boiled been sent to Foundation Treasurer tender in plain Water, and that Water must be used to pour upon the Decker; Foundation Past President Cake Gravy instead of Simple Water: So may a Dish of good Soup be Hazel Bain and Annual Meeting made without Trouble, only allowing the Proportion of Cake Gravy Chairman Carriker expressed their answering to the above said Direction: Or if Gravy be wanted for thanks to all of the members of the Sauce, double the Quantity may be used that is prescribed for Broth Washington Committee who con­ or Soup. tributed to the success of the annual The editor can provide no explanation for the strange capitalization and meeting; Dr. Chuinard, ch airman of punctuation in the foregoing (circa 1750) text, and it seemed that the "Glue" the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail would never end up as "Soup". Committee, attended the meeting and presented a proposal that the age Foundation for several years. Washington and Oregon commit­ Oregon-California Trails Preservation-Interpretation Lewis a nd Clark Trail Heritage tees host a trip to Lewis and Clark Foundation Past President E.G. sites near the estuary of the Colum­ Purpose of New Organization "Frenchy" Chuinard serves as one bia River for the scholars (Lewis And Subject of New Magazine of twelve directors of the Associa­ and Clark national Foundation tion. The Annual Library rate for members, Gary Moulton, John Lo­ The Oregon-California Trails Asso­ four issues of Overland Journal is gan Allen, and Jam es Ronda, along ciation, an organization dedicated to the identification, preservation, $25.00. Single issues are available with historian Warren L. Cook) who at $7.25 (includes postage). You will be participants at the February interpretation, and improved acces­ 1 sibility of the Oregon Trail and the may request an Association Mem­ 18, 1984 symposium at Lewis and bership Brochure (which details Clark College, Portland, Oregon. California Trail, has recently pub­ lished the Volume 1, No. 1, issue of several classes of membership) by There was a discussion regarding writing: Oregon-California Trails members' attendance at the quar­ Overland Journal, the Associa­ Association, P.O. Box 42, Gerald, terly meetings of the committee. tion's quarterly magazine. The As­ sociation's organizational meeting MO 63037. Members receive each There was also consideration of the issue of Overland Journal as part of committee meeting fewer than four was held in Denver, Colorado, their membership privileges. times each year, and a vote resulted August 11 , 1982, and on August 19- in the decision to continue the pres­ 21, 1983, the Association held its ent practice. Before adjournment, charter convention in the Independ­ J anuary 7, 1984, was selected for a ence, Missouri area. The initial is­ meeting in Vancouver, and April 7, sue of Overland Journal numbered 1984, was designated for a meeting 52 pages and is edited by Gregory M. Franswa, who has also been in Clarkston. elected president of the new organi­ 1. For more about the Symposium, see, We zation. Franswa has been a member Proceeded On, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 7. of the Lewis and Clark Trail Herit- We Proceeded On, October 1983 -11- Cameras Record People and Activities During 15th Annual Meeting Photographs by Roy D. Craft, Bev and Strode Hinds, and Bob Lange

l j

Past President Irving W. Anderson ad­ dressed members and guests following Foundation member Clifford Imsland, the Tuesday, August 9th evening din­ Chairman of the Foundation's Audio­ "The Military Naturalist: A Lewis and ner. A student and researcher for many Visual Education Committee is shown Clark Heritage" was the title of Founda­ years with respect to the Expedition's here prefacing one of the two hour con­ tion member Michael J. Brodhead;s An­ Indian woman Sacagawea and the Char­ tinuous showings of slides, movies and nual Banquet address. Dr. Brodhead is bonneau family, his paper was titled: video tape presentations. Imsland's com­ Professor of History at the University of "America's Public Image of the Char­ mittee is in the preliminary stages of Nevada, Reno. The text of his banquet bonneaus: The Consequences of Con­ developing audio-visual-video material address is reproduced on pages 6-10 in trived History". for educational applications. this issue of We Proceeded On.

t....:• On Wednesday August 10th, charter buses carried annual meeting attendees to Toppenish, Washington (about 80 miles west and north of meeting headquarters at Pasco). The destination was the Yakima [Indian] Nation Cultural Center, the beautiful, newly completed administration facility, museum, library, and interpretive center. Participants enjoyed guided tours of the extensive museum displays, the fine library, and the opportunity to visit the gift shop that featured a fine array of handcrafted items, photographs and books. Prior to entering the dining room for luncheon, attendees gathered on the lawn near the center's entry for this group photograph taken by Roy D. Craft. The excellent buffet luncheon was followed by a brief address by Mr. Russell Jim, distinguished member of the Yakima National Tribal Council (see illustration and story on page 17). -12- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Cameras Record People and Activities During 15th Annual Meeting Photographs by Roy D. Craft, Bev and Strode Hinds, and Bob Lange

Foundation member Barbara Kubik, Interpretive Assistant for the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission's Foundation Director Gary Moulton, Lincoln, Nebraska, the Sacajawea/ Sacagawea State Park addressed members and busy editor for the new edition of The Journals of Lewis and guests at the park. She spoke about the exploring party's arriv­ Clark, a projected eleven volume work in preparation for the al at this place, the confluence of the Snalle and Columbia University of Nebraska Press, addressed attendees on the Rivers in October 1805, and told of the history and develop­ opening evening. His illustrated lecture was titled: "Lewis and ment of the park. Barbara is an active member of the Washing­ Clark - Journals, Editors, and Editions". Following his ton (State) Lewis and Clark Trail Committee. Her biographi­ presentation, members participated in a little quiz related to cal monograph about the Expedition's John Colter appeared the subjects mentioned during his lecture. He holds "the exam­ in a recent issue (Vol. 9, No. 2) of We Proceeded On. ination papers" under his left arm.

Fifteenth Annual Meeting Attendees CALIFORNIA (11) (Montana - continued) (Oregon - continued) Berens, Betty, Santa Ana Foote, Jason, Billings *Hallaux, Jean, Astoria Berens, Todd, Santa Ana Foote, John, Billings Hopkins, Howard, Milwaukie Carter, Eleanor, Glendora Foote, Patricia, Billings Hopkins, Margaret, Milwaukie Carter, William, Glendora Hetrick, Helen, Glasgow Janes, Kelly, Portland Douglas, Duffy, Whittier Holloran, Wesley, Missoula Lange, Robert, Portland Douglas, Samuel, Whittier Vinson, Edrie, Helena Lange, Ruth, Portland Gass, Ch arles, San Francisco Singer, Idella, Fort Benton Peterson, Charles, Ashland Kelsey, Amber, Hawthorne Singer, Bob, Fort Benton Rose, Erna, Portland Kelsey, Ashley, Hawthorne Smith, Irene, Glasgow Schweinfest, Wayne, Portland Kelsey, Jim, Hawthorne Werner, Martha, Cut Bank Sherman, Marian, Portland Kelsey, Jo, Hawthorne Werner, Wilbur, Cut Bank Sherman, William, Portland Townes, Helen, Portland CONNECTICUT (1) NEBRASKA (3) Townes, Will, Portland Thompson, Elizabeth, Colebrook Goosman, Mildred, Omaha Moulton, Gary, Lincoln PENNSYLVANIA (3) GEORGIA (2) Samuelson, A.T., Omaha Billian, Harold, Villanova Montague, Diana, Marrietta Billian, Jane, Villanova Montague, H. John, Marietta NEVADA (3) Billian, Mark, Villanova Brodhead, Hwa-Di, Reno IDAHO (4) (*1) Brodhead, John, Reno WASHINGTON (39) (*12) Annis, Duane, Orofino Brodhead, Michael J., Reno Bain, Hazel, Longview Peterson, Ottis, Boise *Baldwin, Van Natta, Walla Walla *Roenke, Karl, Orofino NEW JERSEY (1) *Baldwin, Mrs. V., Walla Walla Backer, Ruth, Cranford Ware, Helen, Lewiston Bartmess, Judy, Spokane Ware, Marcus, Lewiston Beale, Robert, Pomeroy NEWYORK(5) Bowen, Louise, Tacoma ILLINOIS (3) Betts, Emmie, New York Carriker, Eleanor, Spokane Klunik, Bernice, Wood River Betts, Robert, New York Carriker, Robert, Spokane Klunik, Peter, Wood River Norris, Margaret, Fayetteville Patton, Charles, Springfield Clifton, Richard, Olympia Norris, William, Fayetteville Craft, Gracie, Stevenson IOWA (2) Smith, Brad, Peekskill Craft, Roy D., Stevenson Hinds, Bev, Sioux City NORTH DAKOTA (3) *Davin, Sandra, Walla Walla Hinds, V. Strode, Sioux City Olson, James, Velva Diffenbacher, John, Spokane Olson, Mabel, Velva Diffenbacher,Sandra,Spokane MASSACHUSETTS (1) Flick, Edward, Seattle Marx, Walter, Concord Robinson, Sheila, Coleharbor Flick, Irene, Seattle MINNESOTA (1) OHIO (1) (*1) Forrest, Viola, Walla Walla Wang, L. Edwin, Minneapolis Cambridge, Jean, Strongsville *Forrest, Ray, Walla Walla *Ronda, James, Youngstown Hager, Pauline, Natches MISSOURI (1) Halsey, Cheryll, Richland George, Winifred, St. Louis OREGON (16) (*1) *Heckard, Agatha, Long Beach Anderson, Irving, Portland *Heckard, Kenneth, Long Beach Chuinard, E.G., Tigard MONTANA (13) Hofdahl, Claudia, Bremerton Clark, Marilyn, Helena Chuinard, Fritzi, Tigard Foote, Andrene, Billings Cronk, Harold, Grants Pass (continued on page 14) We Proceeded On, October 1983 -13- (Washington - continued from page 13)

Hofdahl, Victor, Bremerton Norwood, Gus, Vancouver Sutch, Marjorie, Richland Hunt, Robert, Seattle Oberst, Mary, Pasco Tweney, George, Seattle *Hanson , Dorothy, Longview Oberst, Walter, Pasco Tweney, Maxine, Seattle Imsland, Clifford, Seattle Plamondon, Evelyn, Vancouver Wang, Steve, Olympia Knapp, Madge, Spokane P lamondon, Martin, Vancouver Korff, Betty, Vancouver *Ross, Alvin, Walla Walla Korff, Ralph, Vancouver *Ross, Thyra, Walla Walla DISTRICT OF *Krieg, Richard, Skamania Rudeen, Jacky, Olympia COLUMBIA Kubik, Barbara, Kennewick Rudeen, Ralph, Olympia Large, Arlen J . *Kubik, Rennie, Kennewick *Smith, Boyd, West Richland Taylor, Robert Nelson, Elpha, Vancouver Smith, Ralph, Richla nd Nelson , Howard, Vancouver Smith, Rebecca, West Richland *Indicates that individual attended only certain events during four day meeting.

Foundation member Bill Gulick, Walla Walla, Washington was the speaker when annual meeting participants arrived for a visit to Lewis and Clark Trail State Park. The park is located east of Waitsburg, Washington (Highway 12) and borders the Touchet River, the waterway the Expedition followed on the return journey in 1806. A resident of this area for over thirty years, Gulick is recognized as an author and for his writing and production of outdoor dramas and pageants related to the history of southeastern Washington and central Idaho. Much of his work has been with the Indians of the region, the N ez Perce, Umatillas, Walla Wallas, Cayuses, and Yakimas. In 1981, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, published his 316 page volume: Chief Joseph Country: Land of the Nez Perce (reviewed in WPO, Vol. 8, No. 2). Park Ranger Gary Lentz (WPO, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 8) and his staff had assembled, in the meadow where members gathered, several interesting wildlife exhibits. Lentz conducted a brief tour along the trail leading to the Touchet River. It was a hot day (103° F) and the liquid refreshments provided by the annual meeting committee were greatly appreciated.

/ ·I / . r. Ill I John and Diana Montague (center) visit with Beu and Past (Left to Right) Patricia Foote, daughter Andrene, and John President Strode Hinds. John is a newly elected Foundation Foote, Billings, Montana. John is a newly elected Foundation Director. The Montagues reside in Marrietta, Georgia. John is Director. The Foote family own the landmark Pompeys Pillar a Flight Engineer, and Diana a Flight Attendent, for Delta and adjacent lands on the Yellowstone River, and have pre­ Airlines. When John is on a flig ht to the Pacific Northwest, he served it as an important Lewis and Clark historic site. On is usually able to provide a report on Lemhi Pass and the July 25, 1806, William Clark carved his name and date near Bitterroot Mountains. Over the years he has accumulated a the base of the sandstone landmark. (See WPO, Vol. 2, No. 2, fine L ewis and Clark library. pp. 10-13.)

-14- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Cameras Record People and Activities During 15th Annual Meeting Photographs by Roy D. Craft, Bev and Strode Hinds, and Bob Lange

er• f'i*1!ii1

One of the highlights of the Annual Meeting was the Snake River trip on the tour boat Sun Princess. To accommodate the more than one hundred annual meeting registrants, one-half of the attendees made the morning trip, ascending the river and transiting the navigational locks at Ice Harbor Dam. The afternoon tour boat travelers, traveling by charter bus, joined the morning group for a box lunch picnic at the U.S. Corps of Engineer's Charbonneau Park, prior to the lowering of the vessel at the locks (nearly 100 feet) and the descent of the river to Pasco. These photographs were taken at Charbonneau Park which is just above Ice Harbor Dam.

Members on the top deck of the tour boat Sun Princess.

\ ._,"':> j ,J•;. c:ar l ..,~...... ~~ 1982-1983 President Hazel Bain, Long­ view, Washington, welcomes members . .C F ­ and guests to Foundation's 15th Annual Jim Large accepts president's gavel from 1982-1983 President Hazel Bain. Other 1983- Banquet. President-Elect Arlen "Jim" 1984 Foundation officers join in the transfer ceremony (left to right) Secretary Edrie Large (1983-1984) is seated to President Lee Vinson, Helena, Montana; 2nd Vice President Clifford Imsland, Seattle, Washing­ Rain's right. ton; and 1st Vice President William P. Sherman, Portland, Oregon.

We Proceeded On, October 1983 -15- Foundation's Distinguished Service Award Given to Marcus Ware and to the Langes

Unlike the Foundation's Award of Meritorious Achievement, which may be presented to any individual or entity: "For Outstanding Contributions in Bringing to this Nation a Greater Awareness and appreciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", the Foundation's Distinguished Service Award is reserved for presentation to Foundation members only: "For Outstanding Contributions Toward Furthering the Purpose and Objectives of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc." Three members of the Foundation, in the judgement of the Foundation's Award Committee, were so honored at this year's 15th Annual Banquet, and were recipients of the Distinguished Service Award. A long-time member of the Foundation, vitally interested in the organization, a past member of the Board of Directors, a past Vice-President of the Foundation, and one who has served unselfishly and expended many hours as a member and past-chairman of the Foundation's Bylaws Committee, Marcus J. Ware, Lewiston, Idaho, was pre­ sented with the award by Past President Wilbur P. Werner, Cut Bank, Montana. Wilbur, a fellow barrister and friend (also a member and present chairman of the Bylaws Committee) spoke affectionately about the "character" we all love and admire, and a surprised Marcus journeyed (left illustration) to the speaker's platform to receive the award. A similar award was presented jointly (right illustration) by Past President Irving W. Anderson, Portland, Oregon, a member of the Awards Committee, to a surprised Ruth E. Lange and Robert E. Lange, Portland, Oregon. This for Ruth's valuable service to the organization as Membership Secretary, and for her frequent counsel and assistance in the production of We Proceeded On; and to Bob for his nearly ten years of service as editor of our publication. Bob's comments, related to the award, are reproduced elsewhere in this issue of We Proceeded On. See page 24.

H __ ,.. .fl1· - L Marc Ware (left) looks on as Helen (Mrs. Ware) tells Past Pres­ ident Wilbur Werner how surprised they were. Wilbur could hardly wait until it was time for his presentation remarks for Marcus Ware's award. See above caption .

. -~·· .· ·-- -~ --- ~ - .

Past President Wilbur P. Werner, Chairman for the Founda­ tion's Bronze Co mmittee, reports on sales of the item during the past year and extols beauty and value of this limited edi­ tion collectors' item. Three more bronzes were sold during the annual meeting. The bronze is restricted to a limited edition of 150.

-16- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Appreciation Award Recipients: Michael J. Brodhead - Robert C. Carriker

(Left) For his preparation and presentation of the fine address "The Military Naturalist: A Lewis and Clark Heri­ tage" at the Foundation's 15th Annual Banquet, Michael J. Brodhead, Reno, N evada, was presented with the Foundation's Appreciation Award. Ralph H. Rudeen, Olympia, Washington, a member of the Award Committee made the presentation. Foundation member Brodhead is Professor of History, University of Nevada, Reno, and author, with Paul R. Cutright, of the recent volume Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian (reviewed in WPO, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 15-16). He was a co-author with Dr. Cutright for the interesting article "Dr. Elliott Coues and Sergeant Charles Floyd", which appeared in WPO, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 6-10. (Right) The General Chairman for the Foundation's 15th Annual Meeting, Robert C. Carriker, Professor of History at Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington was awarded the Appreciation Award in recognition of his and his committee's hard work and attention to every detail toward making the August 1983 meeting in Pasco, Washington, the great success that it was. His right hand, local, helper Barbara Kubik (see News Note, page 4) joined Bob at the lectern as he accepted the award, Bob, an active member of the Washington (Governor's) Lewis and Clark Trail Committee praised annual meeting committee members Barbara Kubik, Roy Craft and Clifford Imsland and all the members of the state committee for their help and interest in making the 15th Annual Meeting an interesting event for all attendees. Russell Jim Addressed Members at Yakima Nation Cultural Center, Toppenish, WA Editor's note: Mr. Russell Jim addressed "June 9, 1855 was another such members and guests following luncheon date. On that summer evening the at the Yakima Nation Cultural Center. leaders of the Yakima Tribes and This was one of the fine activities Bands signed the Yakima Treaty arranged for the annual meeting by the creating the Yakima Reservation, Washington State Committee. Mr. Jim, in addition to being a member of the but in doing so ceded what is now Yakima Nation Tribal Council, is Chair­ 25% of the State of Washington - man, Yakima Nation Timber, Grazing over 10 million acres. and Overall Development Plannin g "But perhaps one of the most signif­ Commission; Secretary, Yakima Nation Roads, Irrigation and Land Committee; icant dates in our history was Oc­ Member, Washington State Commission tober 17, 1805. On that fair fall for the Humanities; Member, National morning the Lewis and Clark Ex­ Congress of American Indians; and pedition made contact with a band Member, World Council of Indigenous of Yakimas that called themselves People. We Proceeded On is pleased to Chim-na-pum, just below the con­ transcribe the following excerpts from fluence of the Taptette (Yakima) his thought-provoking remarks: and the Ench-wana (Columbia) Rivers. "If one were to write a chronological history of the Yakima Nation, cer­ "The encampment they encoun­ tain dates would dominate the piece tered consisted of two large mat in which major events took place lodges of Indians drying salmon. that would change the course of our 'The numbers of dead salmon on the history from that moment on. shores and floating in the river is March 10, 1957 was such a date. At incrediable to say - and at this 3:30 that afternoon the rising wa­ season they have only to collect the ters behind The Dalles Dam flooded fish, split them open and dry them the last of the great Celilo Fishery on scaffolds on which they have in on the Columbia River, thereby great numbers ... ' Clark wrote of modifying our way of life and our that meeting. He also stated 'The culture from that day on. (continued on page 18)

We Proceeded On, October 1983 -17- waters of this river are so clear, a Russell Jim's closing remarks con­ was ever established, nor was a dol­ salmon may be seen at a depth of 15 sisted of a discussion related to "A lar ever raised to conserve the cul­ to 20 feet.' Lost Heritage", which he indicated tures of the Kickapoo and the Peo­ "After feasting on salmon boiled in was sourced from Peter Farbe's ria Indians. Millions of dollars have baskets of water heated with stones, Man's Rise to Civilization. been expended to excavate and ex­ Clark wrote upon leaving the camp "We have allowed the Indian cul­ port to museums the tools, weapons, " ... those people appear to live in a tures to die . ... There is something and other artifacts of Indians - but scarcely a penny has been spent to state of comparative happiness." here that sense and sensibilities Our way of life was in rhythm with rebel against. Today's America be­ save the living descendants of those nature. Earth and life were sacred. moans the extermination of the who made them. Modern man is The land and water taught material passenger pigeon and the threat­ prompt to prevent cruelty to ani­ and spiritual values. ened extinction of the whooping mals, and sometimes even to hu­ crane and the ivory billed wood­ mans, but no counterpart of the "After Lewis and Clark came other Humane Society or the Sierra Club explorers, missionaries, fur trap­ pecker; he contributes to c.onserva­ tion organizations that seek to pre­ exists to prevent cruelty to entire pers and traders. These strangers cultures. were welcome as guests, as you serve the Hawaiian goose, the sea from the Lewis and Clark Trail Her­ otter of the Aleutian Islands, the itage Foundation are here today, to lizard of the Galapagos Island. To do nothing now is to let our visit our Cultural Center and to "But whoever shed a tear over the children lament that they never learn about my people. loss of native American cultures? knew the magnificent diversity of mankind because our generation let We extend our hand in friendship. Who laments the Pequot of Connec­ ticut, the Boethuk of Newfound­ disappear those who might have "Today, August 10, 1983, may not land, the Mandan of the plains, the taught them." be recorded in the history of the bands of Baja California, all now Yakima People as a day of great extinct? Who would recollect the On the buses, returning to Pasco events. However, it is the day in Delaware Indians if their name that afternoon, members reflected which you came to see us and to were not also that of a state? Who upon Russell Jim's penetrating learn a little of our ways and the now cares that in 1916, Ishi, the last statements, and they were the sub­ impact the coming of the European Yahi Indian of California ever to ject of discussion. The visit to the had upon the Yakimas in what we tread the earth, died in a museum of Yakima Nation Cultural Center call in our Museum as the Time of anthropology in San Francisco? No was indeed an enjoyable and pro­ Testing." Society for the preservation of Yahi found experience.

Foundation member Mildred Goosman, Omaha, Nebraska, has kept We Proceeded On informed concerning the Army Corps of Engineer's Missouri River dredge, the Captain Meriwether Lewis. Several years ago the vessel was presented to the Nebraska State Historical Society for use as a Missouri River Museum. The 270 foot-long, 85 foot wide vessel is now installed in a concrete cradle in a lagoon at the Nebraska State Game and Parks Commission's Brownville State Recreation Area. Brownville is located in Nebraska's Nemaha County, about 60 miles south of Omaha, on the banks of the Missouri River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed this point on about July 12-13, 1804. I t was in this area that the court-martial of Alexander Willard was held and the punishment administered, since he was found guilty of". .. Lying Down, and Not Guilty of Going to Sleep", when on guard duty. For fifty years the dredge Captain Meriwether Lewis saw service and "scoured the bottom of the Missouri River". Now refitted, painted, and with numerous historical displays in place, the museum is a much visited and recognized attraction in Nebraska's excellent historical interpretation program. The Corps of Engineers saw fit to name one of their important river vessels on the Missouri River after Captain Meriwether Lewis, and now the museum at Brownville preserves both the vessel and its famous namesake for all to see and visit. Cooperation has been forthcoming from the Brownville Historical Society, the State Game and Parks Commission, and the Old West Regional Commission. Funding for the displays came from grants from the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Woods Charitable Fund, Inc. Matching grants for the restoration of the dredge came from the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Department of the Interior. -18- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Updating Lewis & Clark cellent color photographs and a about travel a long the Trail and map designed to interest Odyssey about the Foundation and its activi­ In Recent Periodicals readers with a desire to follow the ties. The second feature in the mag­ Odyssey - The Magazine of the trail of the 1803-1806 Expedition. azine's column "Echoes of Bygone Gulf Auto Club in the Summer 1983 The editors of this magazine asked Days" provides a brief sketch of the (Vol. 16, No. 4) issue provides two the editor of We Proceeded On to cri­ Expedition's Indian woman, Saca­ features related to the Lewis and tique author Van Goethem's article gawea, and is titled: "The Legend of Clark Expedition. Larry Van Goe­ prior to publication, and in return Sacagawea". This magazine ap­ them has written about "Following favored the Foundation with a ref­ pears to be a membership periodical the Course of Lewis and Clark", erence to write the Foundation for for members of the Gulf Auto Club and his piece provides readers with information on the Trail. The re­ (membership dues $9.00/ year). Nev­ a brief resume of the historical ex­ sponse by readers of Odyssey to this ertheless, the front cover carries the ploring enterprise together with ex- has brought nearly 50 inquiries (continued on page 20)

Since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers retired the vessel from active duty on the Missouri River in 1975, the Towboat Sergeant Floyd, named for the Expedition's Sergeant Charles Floyd, has seen special service as a floating museum. Congress authorized conversion of the towboat into a museum in 1975, and until early this year the refurbished vessel traveled inland and gulf coastal waterways bringing to thousands of visitors the story of the Army Corps of Engineer's contributions to the development of the Missouri/ Mississippi Rivers over the past 200 years. For several years the museum-vessel was tied up on the Mississippi waterfront at the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (the Gateway Arch), St. Louis, Missouri. Foundation members visited the Sergeant Floyd floating museum during the Foundation's Ninth Annual Meeting (St. Charles and St. Louis, Missouri) in August 1977. Its function as an Army Corps of Engineers museum came to a close last year for the 138 foot long motor vessel. For nearly 60 years the Sergeant Floyd saw service moving men, equipment, supplies, and as an inspection boat and survey boat prior to its service as an informative floating museum. In July of this year the vessel has been turned over to the city of Sioux City, Iowa. Brigadier General Mark Sisinyak accompanied the Sergeant Floyd on its final trip to Larsen Park on Sious City's waterfront. "She's a gallant lady, named for a gallant man," he said as he presented a brass steering lever from kthe Floyd's pilot house to Sioux City Mayor Ken Lawson. Within the next two years the vessel will be dry-docked at the riverside park and made into a local historical museum. Gary Anderson, staff photographer for the Sioux City Journal newspaper took this unique picture of the Towboat Sergeant Floyd on its final trip up the Missouri, and just as the vessel passed Sergeants Bluff and the Sergeant Charles Floyd Monument near Sioux City.'

1. The Expedition's Sergeant Charles Floyd died on August 20, 1804, when the exploring party was near present-day Sioux City, Iowa, the only death during the entire exploring enterprise. The Floyd Monument at the burial place of the Sergeant was erected on the high bluff overlooking the Missouri River, south and east of Sioux City. For additional information see WPO, Publication No. 4, December 1980. We Proceeded On, October 1983 -19- Updating Periodicals frontier notables (Bridger, Meek, tour, was named Louise Hodge and (con't from page 19) Fremont, Sublette, Beckwourth, Car­ her father was Meriwether Lewis son, and others); his travels and life Anderson, a direct decendant of price of $2.25/ issue, and it is sus­ Jane Anderson, nee Lewis, the full pected that a copy of this issue may in California and service as an al­ calde at Mission San Luis Rey sister of Meriwether Lewis of the be obtained by sending $2.25 to Lewis and Clark Expedition. How Odyssey c/ o H.M. Gousha Co., P .O. (north of present-day San Diego), about that! Box 6227, San Jose, CA 95150. and residence in the new gold strike territory (today's P lacer, Nevada, "I would also suspect that there * * * * * and ElDorado Counties) where must be some direct connection to there is record of his services as a the Mrs. Sarah Anderson Gordon Foundation members who pursue desk clerk in the Orleans Hotel in the hobby of muzzleloading, black that Dr. "Frenchy" Chuinard wrote Auburn); and his eventual travel about in the recent issue of We Pro­ powder, mountain men, and the his­ toward new gold strikes in Mon­ tory of frontier firearms, etc., should ceeded On (Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 4-5) I tana, the destination nevei: reached have sent the tour guide, Louise be apprised of a new periodical, The due to his death at age 61 from American Rendezvous Magazine. Meriwether Mauck, a copy of pneumonia in southeastern Oregon. "Frenchy's" article. The publisher. Richard D. Teater, Author McLeod acknowledges that telephoned the editor of We Proceed­ much of the information in his arti­ "I suggested that these ladies ed On, in early August to say that cle is from material published in the should consider membership in the he had come across a recent issue of March/ April 1980, The American Foundation, and urged them to our quarterly and continued the con­ West Magazine, a monograph by think about attending our annual versation with some complimenary Foundation Past-President Irving meeting in Great Falls, Montana, in remarks about our publication. As W. Anderson titled: "A Charbon­ 1984. I don't think that we have is the practice with several other neau Family Portrait". Anderson ever had any direct kin of Meri­ periodicals relating to the history of supplied Sierra Heritage magazine wether Lewis attend any of our pre­ the American west, we agreed to with a photograph of the burial site vious fifteen annual meetings, have exchange publications as they are of Baptiste Charbonneau (a Regis­ we? produced by our respective presses. tered National Historic Place) near Published since May/ June 1982, Ruth, these are some good prospects Danner, Oregon. A copy of Sierra for your membership committee. and with color illustrations begin­ Heritage magazine may be acquired ning with the January / February They are really interested. Please by sending $2.50 to El Toyon Ltd., send them some appropriate litera­ 1983 issue, the previous 40 to 56 P.O. Box 494, Auburn, CA 95603. 2 page issues and forthcoming issues ture concerning our organization." (which include related advertise­ "As ever, ments) should be of real interest to Letter to the Editor Chris Patton" those who follow the hobbies de­ From Director Patton tailed above. Six issues are pub­ Editor's Notes: "Dear Ruth & Bob: lished each year, and subscription 1. There is a reference to the Meriweth er fam­ rates are: $13.50/ year, USA and "Greetings from Springfield! Hot as ily and the Lewis family crests or coats of arms in the "Anecdotes" column, WPO, Vol. 3, $16.00/ year, Canada. If you have Hell - dry as Hell! No. 4, p. 13. this interest, you may send your "I recently took a bus trip with the 2. Director Patton supplied the Membership subscription fee to The American local Museum Society on a tour of Secretary with a mailing address, and the Rendezvous Magazine, P.O. Box suggested mailings have been made. the old plantations along the James 657, Los Altos, CA 94022. River in Virginia - Richmond to Williamsburg. I never saw so many * * * * * beautiful old homes and beautiful Foundation Gift "Heritage: Jean Baptiste Charbon­ old furniture. We visited one planta­ Memberships neau, Cultured Mountain Man", by tion (which is not generally open to If you have someone on your Norman McLeod, is the title of a the public) called Belle Air and gift list who is interested in feature article in Sierra Heritage: located about 1/.i mile from Charles American history and the The Magazine of[California's] Plac­ City, Virginia. It had been pur­ contribution of the Lewis and er, Nevada, and ElDorado .Counties chased by the present owners for Clark Expedition to our na­ [east and north of Sacramento, CA]. use as farm land. Not till later did tion's westward expansion, a McLeod, an account executive for they discover that the main part of membership in the Founda­ the magazine, sub-titled his mono­ the house was built in about 1660 tion, which includes the quar­ graph: "This Educated Explorer and the original framing timbers terly issues of We Proceeded Spent Part of His Life in Auburn were still intact and in good order. On, would be an appreciated [Placer County, California]", and "I noticed several books relating to gift. provides a commendable review of Lewis and Clark on the bookshelves Baptiste Charbonneau (son of the The Foundation has an attrac­ in the central room, which aroused tive gift membership card Lewis and Clark Expedition's Indi­ my curiosity, a nd then in the hall­ an Woman, Sacagawea and expedi­ which will list you as the way I discovered three framed sponsor of a membership. tion member Toussaint Charbon­ plaques of family crests - "Meri­ neau): his activities following the Send your gift membership fee wether", "Lewis", and "Clarke" together with the name of the return of the exploring enterprise; (spelled with the final "e'').1 his education in St. Louis under the gift recipient and the occasion guidance of William Clark; his "Upon inquiry, I learned that the (friendship, birthday, gradua­ friendship and time in Europe and tour guide who was conducting the tion, or holiday) you wish to North America with Prince Paul showing of the house was named honor to the Membership sec­ Wilhelm of Germany; the return to Louise Meriwether Majors Mauck, retary whose address appears North America and his activities as and furthermore, h er grandmother, on page two. a trapper, guide, and associate with who was also assisting with the

-20- We Proceeded On, October 1983 A Latin Matter in the Biddle "Narrative" or "History" of the Lewis and Clark Expedition By Walter H. Marx1

In Volume I, pages 150-151 of the rare 1814 Bradford and Inskeep edition, Nicholas Biddle inserted the following Latin text at the conclusion of the narrative entry for January 5, 1805, which describes a buffalo-dance in the village near the exploring party's Fort Mandan: Mox senex vir simulacrum parvae puellae ostensit. Tune egrediens coetu, jecit effigium solo et superincumbens, senili ardore veneris complexit. Hoc est signum. Denique uxor e turba recessit, et jactu corporis, fovet amplexus viri solo recubante. Maritus appropinqua n s senex vir dejecto vultu, et honorem et dignitatem ejus conservare amplexu uxoris ilium oravit. Foristan imprimis ille i-efellit; dehinc, maritus multis precibus, multis lachrymis, et multis donis vehementer intercessit. Tune senex amator perculsus misericordia, tot precibus, tot lacrymis, et tot donis, conjugali amplexu submisit. Multum ille jactatus est, sed debilis et effoetus senectute, frustra jactatus est. Mru-itus interdum, stans juxta, gaudit multum honore, et ejus dignitati sic conservata. Unis nostrum sodalium, multum alacrior et potentior juventute, h ac nocte honorem quatuor maritorum custodivit. The author's translation of Biddle's Latin text appears in italics in his text on page 22 post.

The August 1982, 14th Annual Meet­ own copy of his edition of the "Jour­ uary 5, 1805, in Latin. In many of ing of the Lewis and Clark Trail nals" to which he gave " ... seven the subsequent editions of the Heritage Foundation in Philadel­ or eight and even more hours a Biddle/ Allen narrative, the reader phia was most appropriate, rightly day ..." transcribing and para­ will come upon the Latin7 with no focusing on Philadelphia as the or­ phrasing, as he wrote Clark.3 These great show, for the ancient tongue ganizing center for the Corps of Dis­ journals were "voluminous" even if is not even printed in italics. The covery, in 1803, and as the recipient interesting, and their demands of reason for this lapsus linguae (slip and custodian of many of the items perseverance and undivided atten­ of the tongue or change of lan­ garnered when the expedition end­ tion made the fastidious Biddle guage) is the same as that which ed. Those in attendance were term them "troublesome"4 as a look prompts editors of the Loeb Classi­ amazed at the quality and quantity at our journal segment will attest. cal Library to place salicious epi­ of such materials, beyond the better Yet the 26-year-old genius perser­ grams of the Roman poets in Italian known original manuscript jour­ vered, after almost twice turning rather than English. nals in safe-keeping at the Ameri­ down the editing task. After a bit By late November of 1804, the more than a year at the work, he can Philosophical Society. On the Corps had established and occupied second day of the meeting the group wrote Clark that he had " ... at its winter quarters near the Man­ visited Andalusia, the estate of length been able to get completely dan Indian villages not far from Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844) the first thro' the manuscripts and am now present-day Washburn, North Da­ ready to put the work to press." 5 editor/paraphraser of the Captains' kota. Clark had started to look for a journals in 1814. The estate is the Legislative duties now called, and suitable site for the construction of Biddle found another editor, Paul continuing resident of the sixth gen­ a winter establishment on October eration of his family. 2 The horses Allen, who completed the job of see­ 30, found it three days later, and the pastured there still attest to the ing the work through the press. Nev­ fort, referred to as huts, was under equestrian tastes of th e family that ertheless, it was Biddle who saw to construction by Novembe·r 5th. perpetuated the estate's n ame from it that the books would be published They named the structure Fort Man­ after the original publisher went the famed horse-breeding area of dan. Spain. bankrupt. He never took a penny for his work, and, feeling that he was Ice was noted to have formed along In the fine French Empire style li­ not finishing the task, he magnani­ the banks of the river on November brary at Andalusia, complete with mously asked th at his name not 12th, and Clark describes the lower original bookcases and Napoleonic appear on the title pages of the two temperatures and the coming of win­ memorabilia, one can see Biddle's volume work, finally published in ter. The characteristically good rela­ 1814. tions with the India ns prevailed 1. Foundation member, New Englander, Wa l­ throughout the duration of the stay ter H. Marx has taught Latin and Greek lan­ There is considerable extant corres­ at Fort Mandan until April 7, 1805, guages for twenty years. His interest in the pondence, Biddle to Clark, and Lewis and Clark Expedition g rew out of his when the party set out to ascend the work in connection with the Latin in The Age Clark to Biddle, related to Biddle's Missouri to its source and then on to of Discovery. H e lea rned of the existence of work with the manuscriptjournals.6 the Pacific shore. Although the Cap­ the Foundation at the Montana Historical In his text of his paraphrase based tains and their men visited the near- Society Museum in Helena, while traveling on the original documents, Biddle the route of th e explorers in the summer of (continu ed on page 22) 1979. He had followed a pa rt of the Trail the elected to include a portion of the previous summer. He has attended Founda­ text, involved with the date of Jan- tion Annual Meetings in Philadelphia in 1982, 7. Several reprint editions of the Biddle/ Allen and this year in Pasco, Washington. Terming na rrative do omit both the Latin or a transla­ himself " .. . a silent partner of the History 3. Donald J ackson, Editor, Letters of the tion of the Latin by the substitution of a single Department'', he is Chafrman of the Depart­ Lewis and Clarh Expedition with Related sentence that reads: "The dance follows; ment of Classics, Middlesex School, Concord, Documents, 1783-1854, Univ. of Illinois Press, which as well as that of the buffalo, consists Massachusetts. His basset hound is named U1·bana, 1962 (Second Enlarged Edition, of little more than a n exhibition of the most "Scannon" after the Expedition's famous 1978). p. 550. foul and revolting indecencies." See: History Newfoundland dog. The editor and readers of 4. Ibid., p. 555, note 6, a nd text of letter to of the Expedition . ... , Prepared for the press We Proceeded On are grateful to Walter for David Bailie Warden. by Paul Allen, Esq., Revised and Abridged by this interesting piece related to the written the Omission of Unimportant Details, with an documen tation about the Lewis a nd Clark 5. Ibid., p. 568. Introduction and Notes by Archibald Expedition. 6. Ibid., pp. 494-545, 550-551, 568, 577-578, 582- M'Vickar, in Two Volumes, Ha rper & Broth­ 2. See: We Proceeded On, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 5. 583, 595-596, 598, 599n; 562-565, 609-610. ers, NY & London, 1842, p. 152.

We Proceeded On, October 1983 -21- by Indian villages, like Champlain the village, declaring that the game other preliminaries. is far off and that a feast is necessary at Quebec in 1608, they would not The additional details are probably allow the natives to stay at the fort to bring it back and if the village be disposed a day and place is named explained by reference to "The Nich­ after dusk for reasons of security for the celebration of it. At the ap­ olas Biddle Notes", 14 Biddle's still­ and common sense, even if their pointed hour the old men arrive and preserved notebook of his questions men were allowed to remain with seat themselves crosslegged on skins and answers with Clark during his the Indians overnight. By so doing, around a fire ln the middle of the three week visit with him at Fincas­ familiarity was gained with the lodge with a sort of doll or small tle, Virginia, in April 1810. This Mandans, and Clark's journal tells image, dressed like a female, placed was a preliminary activity as he us about them as he would do with before them. The young men bring began the task of editing the manu­ the many other tribes he dealt with. them a platter of provisions, a pipe of tobacco, and their wives, whose dress script journals. His inquiries about On January 5, 1805, " ... a cold day on the occasion is only a robe or man­ the Indians encountered by the ex­ Some Snow... " 8 Clark reports ''. .. tle loosely thrown around the body. ploring enterprise far outweigh any a curious Custom... " 9 that had oc­ On their arrival each youth selects other category, and undoubtedly curred the three previous nights in the old man he means to distinguish here in the description of the fertil­ the nearby Mandan village - a by his favor and spreads before him ity rite10 he obtained further infor­ "Buffalow (or Medisan) Dance". the provisions, after which he pre­ mation - even if it would be passed sents the pipe and smokes with on in his work in Latin.16 As Paul Biddle's paraphrase converts a part him.11 [Biddle's Latin text translated of Clark's manuscript journal entry by the author] Next the old man Cutright has stated: "Biddle's own into Latin - specifically the descrip­ shows the little girl doll. Then enter­ curiosity resulted in a considerable tion of what is basically a primitive ing into an embrace, he throws it on fund of information about western fertility rite, which was ''. . . to the ground, and laying on it, hugs it Indians not found in the jour­ cause the buffalow to Come near So with all the ardor of an old man. nals."17 that they may Kill them. .." 9 in the That's a sign. Then t he wife leaves the crowd and with bodily motion In a ddition the Latin text is in trou­ spring. Interestingly, the Mandans ble - either through Biddle's errors allowed the Expedition's Privates to cherishes the embrace of the old man lying on the ground. The hus­ or (more probably) a printer's mis­ participate and also other white band draws near the old man with a reading. After all, Biddle can easily traders in the area. Biddle's prim­ .. sad face and begs him to preserve both be considered extraordinary, almost ness or prudishness, here to the his honor and dignity in the embrace graduating from the University of point of switching his text to a lan­ of his wife. Perhaps at first the old Pennsylvania, but having to go to guage learned by him in school and man failed; then the husband pleads Princeton to get a degree with high known only to the scholarly of his greatly with many prayers, tears, honors at the age of fifteen in 1801, generation, reaches an apex. Biddle and gifts. Then the old lover, struck with mercy due to so many prayers, since the former university felt him omitted references to venereal af­ too young to take a degree. 18 In the fairs and diseases recorded in the tears, and gifts, holds her in a mating embrace. He tries greatly, but riddled 18th Century, Latin reading and original manuscript. Ethnologists with age and weak, he tries in vain. writing was a prerequisite for at­ are grateful for the information his Meanwhile the husband, standing tending college. Certainly Biddle Latin text provides. nearby, rejoices greatly, his honor was no stranger to Latin, to the Most often, editors of Biddle's text and dignity preserved. One of our printed or spoken word, or to pub­ men, much more hearty and potent, lishing. At a later date h e would print the Latin without transla­ due to his youth, this night preserved tion.10 Here is the whole account the honor of four husbands. 12 deliver a nd publish a eulogy on with this author's translation of the Thomas Jefferson as well as an ad­ Latin transcribed in italics: As with all passages in Biddle's dress delivered before the Alumni paraphrase, it is instructive to com­ Association of Princeton. A clas­ J anuary 5th (1805]. [Biddle's text in pare Clark's original text. We are sicist must emend recubante to recu­ English] We had high a nd boisterous luckier than earlier observers, for winds last night and this morning bantis and senex vir to seni viro to .... In the first [Mandan] village the original manuscript journals obtain correct spellings, and some there has been a buffalo-dance for the nearly dropped out of sight and added commas would be helpful as last three nights, which has put them memory after Clark and Biddle well. i 9 Th us the sole Latin passage all into commotion, and the descrip­ died, and were only brought to light in the Biddle Lewis and Clark nar­ tion which we received from those of again just before the turn of this rative provides interesting insight the party who visited the village, and century in the archives of the Amer­ into the composer of the statement, from other sources, is not a little ludi­ ican Philosophical Society, Philadel­ his translator, and their times. crous. phia, where Biddle deposited them At last, full justice is done to Nicho­ The buffalo-dance is an institution at the urging of Thomas Jefferson and the instructions of William las Biddle's Latin with translation originally intended for the benefit of a nd textual corrections for the rec­ the old men , and practiced at their Clark. The editor of the Heritage suggestion. When buffalo become Press edition 13 of the Biddle work ord. scarce they send a man to harangue finally coupled our item, or transla­ 14. Jackson, op. cit., pp. 497-545. 8. Reuben G. Thwaites, Edito1·, Original Jour­ tion of the Latin, with Clark's orig­ 15. Ibid., p. 538. nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- inal manuscript entry, and one can 16. Dr. Gary E. Moulton, editor for the forth­ 1806, Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904 (reprint see immediately how Biddle man­ coming new edition of The Journals of the editions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y., 1959; Arno Lewis and Clark Expedition, Univ. of Ne­ Press, N.Y., 1969). 1:244. aged additional details such as the procedure with the female doll and braska Press, Lincoln (under preparation), 9. Ibid., 1:245. conc urred in this thesis in a discussion with the author during the 14th Annual Meeting of 10. Nicholas Biddle and Paul Allen, editors, 11. Biddle/ Allen (1814 edition), op. cit., 1:150- the Foundation, Philadelphia, August 1982. History of the Expedition Under the Com­ 151. mand of Captains Lewis and Clarll .... , 17. Paul R. Cutright, A History of the Lewis 12. Ibid. Bradsford and Inskeep, Philadelphia, 1814 and Clari< Journals, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, (many versions and reprint editions followed), 13. Op. cit., The Journals [sic] of the Expedi­ Norman, 1976. p. 59 1:150-151. In the 1893 edition edited by Elliott tion Under the Command of Capts. Lewis and 18. See: We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 8. Coues, 1:122. In the James K. Hosmer, 1902, Clark, Nicholas Biddle (Editor) with an Intro­ reprin t edition, 1:160-161. In the 1962 Heritage duction by John Bakeless, The Heritage Press, 19. See the Latin text reproduced in the box Press edition, 1:93-94. N.Y., 1962, 1:92-93. feature on page 21. -22- We Proceeded On, October 1983 Relates to Story on Page One sociation, C/ O Fort Clatsop Nation­ al Memorial, Route 3, P.O. Box 604-FC, Astoria, Oregon 97103.

Membership Renewals Please Help Us On December 31, 1983, 256 Foundation memberships ex­ pire. To spread out the work load, we will be mailing mem­ bership renewal solicitations late in November to about one­ third of these, or to 86 individ­ ~ . uals. We are transferring Illustration courtesy of William Wagner and the Daily Astorian newspaper. about one-third to January 31, Sculptor Stan Wanlass and an assistant are shown here working on the clay model 1984 expiration, and member­ prior to the casting of the finished bronze by the lost wax process. The finished bronze ship renewal solicitations will sculpture, including the spruce log slab base, stands 7~ feet high and weighs nearly be mailed to these 85 indi vid­ 2200 pounds. uals late in December. We will Ft. Clatsop Statue Wasatch Foundry, Lehi, Utah, and transfer about one-third to (can't from page 1) was delivered to the Fort Clatsop February 29, 1984 expiration the design and instigated a pro­ National Memorial in late August and membership renewal solici­ gram to finance the project. Money 1983. On September 10, 1983, nearly tations will be mailed to these was to come from the sale of 16 inch 500 Lewis and Clark enthusiasts 85 individuals late in Jan­ high bronze facsimile/ miniatures gathered for the ceremonies and un­ uary. of the proposed life-size bronze that veiling of the sculpture. The Crown You will really be assisting us was to be eventually made a part of Zellerbach Corporation (Northwest and will avoid extra expenses the Fort Clatsop National Memor­ Timber Division), who have been for the Foundation if your ial. The castings of the 16 inch helpful so many times in the past, response and payment of dues bronze miniatures has been limited supplied a unique seven foot in di­ is returned to us promptly. We to a copyrighted and numbered edi­ ameter, one foot thick, 1000 pound do mail "Second Notices" and tion of only 300, a nd once these slab taken from the base cut of a "Final Notices" soliciting re­ became available, the sales of these giant spruce tree. This slab which is newals, when we have had no provided funding to proceed with now highly varnished comprises response from members. If the life-size project. To date eighty the base on which the statue stands members cause us to mail 16 inch sculptures have been sold at in the lobby of the Memorial's Inter­ three renewal solicitation no­ $1050 each (effective October 1, pretive Center building. As might tices, we would like to point 1983, the price increased to $1250 be supposed, the statue is the sub­ out that the cost of the printed each). The name "Arrival" was giv­ ject of acclaim by all who have h ad solicitation notice/ return mail­ en to the statue, since it relates to the privilege of viewing it, and the ing envelopes, together with the Expedition's attainment in car­ unique base is an added conversa­ three .20¢ postage stamps, rying out their assignment of cross­ tion piece. costs the Foundation $1.08,* ing the North American Continent The project is an example of how and this amounts to slightly to the Pacific Ocean. dedicated people interested in a more than 10% of a "General Sculptor Wanlass sees his work as a worthwhile endavor can cause some­ ($10.00 annual) Membership". montage depicting the arrival of the thing important and distinctive to Operating expenses continue Lewis and Clark Expedition at the become a very permanent part of to increase, but with your co­ shore of the Pacific Ocean on the the interpretation of our history and operation and prompt re­ northwest coast at the Columbia heritage. Congratulations are in or­ sponse, we hope to avoid an River's estuary. It portrays Captain der for the Fort Clatsop Historical increase in our dues structure. Meriwether Lewis standing on the Association, sculptor Wanlass, and *When you respond promptly Pacific shore, while Captain Wil­ to everyone who has contributed to to our first (initial) member­ liam Clark examines a flounder. the completion of this artistic treas­ ship renewal solicitation, the The fish held in the Clatsop Indi­ ure. Foundation's cost is only an's hand is being detailed and re­ Individuals interested in acquiring about .36¢. corded in Clark's field notebook. Scannon, the exploring party's New­ one of the limited edition 16 inch Thank you from the miniatures of the sculpture should Foundation's Mem­ foundland dog, is included in the write for additional information, group as an interested spectator. bership Committee terms of purchase, and an order The life-size bronze was cast at the form to: Fort Clatsop Historical As-

We Proceeded On, October 1983 -23- A ward for Artist Quigley

Ed Quigley, 87, Portland, Oregon, well known western artist and the designer of We Proceeded On's mast­ head is to be honored. Quigley has been selected to receive the 1984 Trustees Award from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The award cites Editor's Note: Quigley for his "Outstanding life­ Ruth (Mrs. Lange) joins the editor in extending our thanks to the time contribution to the art of the Foundation Awards Committee and to the Foundation membership for American West." Congratulations the great tribute extended us at the August 10, 1983, Fifteenth Annual Ed Quigley. (See also, We Proceeded Banquet, when we were made joint recipients of the Foundation's Dis­ On, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 1.) tinguished Service Award. Ruth's and my energies in behalf of our Foundation haue been rewarded by the satisfaction that the life of the organization be sustained, together with the joy of the many sincere . . and dedicated friendships that we haue made during the thirteen year . . ~ life span of the Foundation. Your many letters and cards addressed to us ouer the years, along with the mouing testimonial expressions made ,~. · ~~ by President Jim Large, Vice President Bill Sherman, and Past Presi­ dent Wilbur Werner, and the presentation remarks made by Past Pres­ ident ]ruing Anderson, who acted in behalf of the Awards Committee, haue warmed our hearts. Your accolades and our reaction to the ;;,.~ \ honors you haue bestowed recall for me the statement in a March 1814 letter from Nicholas Biddle, who undertook the task of editing and Clu-istmas presents? How about an publishing the first official paraphrase of the Captain's journals, when annual membership in the Founda­ he wrote to William Clark that he was " ... content that my trouble in tion which includes a subscription the business should be recompensed only by the pleasure which to the four quarterly issues of We attended it, and also by the satisfaction of making your acquaintance Proceeded On. Membership appli­ which I shall always ualue." Again, our thanks to everyone. cations should be directed to the Robert E. Lange Membership Secretary.

THE FOUNDATION NEEDS THE CONTINUED INTEREST AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEWIS AND CLARK ENTHUSIASTS ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS. WE HOPE, IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY A MEMBER, THAT YOU WILL CONSIDER LENDING YOUR SUPPORT TO THE FOUNDATION. IF YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, A PROSPECTUS DESCRIBING THE FOUNDATION, TOGETHER WITH A MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION, WILL BE FORWARDED PROMPTLY. ADDRESS YOUR REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals _of the Expedition: - "this moming we set out early and proceeded on ... " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. " ... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on ... until 6 oCwck ..." Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805. " ... the fog rose thick from tlU! hollars we proceeded on ..." Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1800. "We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some buslU!s ... " Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. "We set out early proceeded on past a Island on tlU! S. Side... " Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1004. '~ .. cl-Ouded up . . . We proceeded on under a fine breeze . .." Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1805.

-24- We Proceeded On, October 1983