Tidal Heating: Lessons from Io and the Jovian System (Report from the Kiss Workshop)
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Galileo Reveals Best-Yet Europa Close-Ups Stone Projects A
II Stone projects a prom1s1ng• • future for Lab By MARK WHALEN Vol. 28, No. 5 March 6, 1998 JPL's future has never been stronger and its Pasadena, California variety of challenges never broader, JPL Director Dr. Edward Stone told Laboratory staff last week in his annual State of the Laboratory address. The Laboratory's transition from an organi zation focused on one large, innovative mission Galileo reveals best-yet Europa close-ups a decade to one that delivers several smaller, innovative missions every year "has not been easy, and it won't be in the future," Stone acknowledged. "But if it were easy, we would n't be asked to do it. We are asked to do these things because they are hard. That's the reason the nation, and NASA, need a place like JPL. ''That's what attracts and keeps most of us here," he added. "Most of us can work elsewhere, and perhaps earn P49631 more doing so. What keeps us New images taken by JPL's The Conamara Chaos region on Europa, here is the chal with cliffs along the edges of high-standing Galileo spacecraft during its clos lenge and the ice plates, is shown in the above photo. For est-ever flyby of Jupiter's moon scale, the height of the cliffs and size of the opportunity to do what no one has done before Europa were unveiled March 2. indentations are comparable to the famous to search for life elsewhere." Europa holds great fascination cliff face of South Dakota's Mount To help achieve success in its series of pro for scientists because of the Rushmore. -
Active Volcanism on Io: Global Distribution and Variations in Activity
Icarus 140, 243–264 (1999) Article ID icar.1999.6129, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Active Volcanism on Io: Global Distribution and Variations in Activity Rosaly Lopes-Gautier Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 E-mail: [email protected] Alfred S. McEwen Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, P. O. Box 210092, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0092 William B. Smythe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 P. E. Geissler Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, P. O. Box 210092, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0092 L. Kamp and A. G. Davies Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 J. R. Spencer Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 L. Keszthelyi Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, P. O. Box 210092, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0092 R. Carlson Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 F. E. Leader and R. Mehlman Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 L. Soderblom Branch of Astrogeologic Studies, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 and The Galileo NIMS and SSI Teams Received June 23, 1998; revised February 10, 1999 in 1979. A total of 61 active volcanic centers have been identified Io’s volcanic activity has been monitored by instruments aboard from Voyager, groundbased, and Galileo observations. Of these, 41 the Galileo spacecraft since June 28, 1996. We present results from are hot spots detected by NIMS and/or SSI. -
Michael H. Wong Abstract Science Programs Requirements for PDX
A Dedicated Space Telescope for Time-Domain Solar System Science Máté Ádámkovics Gordon Bjoraker Leigh N. Fletcher Erich Karkoschka Julianne I. Moses Joachim Saur Nathan J. Strange Michael H. Wong UC Berkeley NASA GSFC JPL Univ. Arizona LPI Univ. Cologne JPL mikewong@ astro.berkeley.edu STScI (Instruments Division) Sushil K. Atreya John R. Casani Richard G. French Jian-Yang Li Keith Noll Kunio Sayanagi Anne Verbiscer UC Berkeley (Astronomy Department) Univ. Mich. JPL Wellesley Univ. Maryland STScI Caltech Univ. Virginia Don Banfield John T. Clarke William Grundy Franck Marchis Glenn S. Orton Nick Schneider Padmavati A. Yanamandra-Fisher Cornell Boston Univ. Lowell SETI/UC Berkeley JPL CU JPL Jim Bell Imke de Pater Amanda R. Hendrix Melissa A. McGrath Kathy A. Rages Eric H. Smith Cornell UC Berkeley JPL NASA MSFC SETI Lockheed Martin Susan Benecchi Scott G. Edgington Daniel Hestroffer William J. Merline Kurt Retherford Lawrence A. Sromovsky STScI JPL Obs. Paris Meudon SwRI SWRI UW-Madison Abstract Requirements for PDX Resolution / sensitivity / volume trades Time-variable phenomena with scales ranging from minutes to The chief requirements for time-domain solar system science are angular resolution, For most space telescope missions, photometric sensitivity is a major requirement. For time-domain solar system decades have led to a large fraction of recent advances in many sampling interval, and campaign duration. Although many ground- and space-based astronomy, a trade can be studied between sensitivity and payload volume, since relatively bright solar system aspects of solar system science. We present the scientific telescopes satisfy the angular resolution requirement, only a dedicated solar system targets are less demanding of sensitivity. -
Detection and Characterization of Io's Atmosphere from High
Detection and characterization of Io’s atmosphere from high-resolution 4-µm spectroscopy E. Lellouch1, M. Ali-Dib1,2, K.-L. Jessup3, A. Smette4, H.-U. Käufl4, and F. Marchis5 1Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris Diderot, F-92195 Meudon, France ; [email protected] 2Institut UTINAM, CNRS/INSU, Université de Franche-Comté, UMR 6213, Observatoire de Besançon, BP 1615, F-25010, Besançon Cedex, France 3 Dept. Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, United States 4European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschildst. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany 5SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Av, Mountain View CA, USA. Icarus, in press. Abstract We report on high-resolution and spatially-resolved spectra of Io in the 4.0 µm region, recorded with the VLT/CRIRES instrument in 2008 and 2010, which provide the first detection of the 1+3 band of SO2 in Io’s atmosphere. Data are analyzed to constrain the latitudinal, longitudinal, and diurnal distribution of Io’s SO2 atmosphere as well as its characteristic temperature. equatorial SO2 column densities clearly show longitudinal 17 -2 asymmetry, but with a maximum of ~1.5x10 cm at central meridian longitude L = 200-220 16 -2 and a minimum of ~3x10 cm at L = 285-300, the longitudinal pattern somewhat differs from earlier inferences from Ly α and thermal IR measurements. Within the accuracy of the measurements, no evolution of the atmospheric density from mid-2008 to mid-2010 can be distinguished. The decrease of the SO2 column density towards high latitude is apparent, and the typical latitudinal extent of the atmosphere found to be ±40° at half-maximum. -
Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity Between 2 and 5 Mu M
Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity between 2 and 5µm F. Marchis Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, U.S.A. and D. Le Mignant W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and F. H. Chaffee W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela HI96743, U.S.A. and A.G. Davies Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, U.S.A. and S. H. Kwok W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. – 2 – and R. Prang´e Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, bat.121, Universit´eParis Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France and I. de Pater Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, U.S.A. and P. Amico W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and R. Campbell W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and T. Fusco ONERA, DOTA-E, BP 72, F-92322 Chatillon, France and – 3 – R. W. Goodrich W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and A. Conrad W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. Received ; accepted Manuscript: 82 pages; 7 tables, 6 figures – 4 – Running title: Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity between 2 and 5 µm Send correspondence to F. Marchis, University of California at Berkeley, Department of Astronomy, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA tel: +1 510 642 3958 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT We present in this Keck AO paper the first global high angular resolution observations of Io in three broadband near-infrared filters: Kc (2.3 µm), Lp (3.8 µm) and Ms (4.7 µm). -
Radiant Flux from Earth's Subaerially Erupting Volcanoes
International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. 29, No. 22, 20 November 2008, 6443–6466 Radiant flux from Earth’s subaerially erupting volcanoes R. WRIGHT* and E. PILGER Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA During the past decade an average of 60 volcanoes erupted each year, around 20 of which were erupting on any given day. Some of these, such as Erta Ale in Ethiopia, are persistently active, whereas others, such as Bezymianny in Russia, erupt more sporadically. Satellite remote sensing offers a convenient way to monitor changes in the thermal budgets of these volcanoes from space. Using data acquired by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, we show how the amount of heat radiated into the Earth’s atmosphere by 65 active volcanoes has varied between 26 February 2000 and 31 December 2006. We find that the radiant volcanic heat flux into the atmosphere occurs at a relatively steady-state baseline level, superimposed on which are large thermal emission ‘spikes’. These anomalous emission events are associated with the emplacement of basaltic ‘a’a lava flows at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, Italy, and Nyamuragira, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We also demonstrate how these data can be used to estimate lava effusion rates during effusive eruptions, and magma flux rates at persistently active volcanoes that host active lava lakes. 1. Introduction In addition to the eruption of lava and volatiles, active volcanoes emit copious amounts of thermal energy. A volcano that becomes active after a period of quiescence invariably exhibits an increase in geothermal heat flux, during either the emplacement of shallow intrusions (which increase in the vigour of pre-existing hydrothermal systems) or the actual eruption of lava. -
Surface Changes on Io During the Galileo Mission
Icarus 169 (2004) 29–64 www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission Paul Geissler,a,∗ Alfred McEwen,b Cynthia Phillips,c Laszlo Keszthelyi,a and John Spencer d a U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA b Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA c SETI Institute, 2035 Landings Drive, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA d Lowell Observatory, 1400 W. Mars Hill Rd., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA Received 14 February 2003; revised 9 September 2003 Abstract A careful survey of Galileo SSI global monitoring images revealed more than 80 apparent surface changes that took place on Io during the 5 year period of observation, ranging from giant plume deposits to subtle changes in the color or albedo of patera surfaces. Explosive volcanic activity was discovered at four previously unrecognized centers: an unnamed patera to the south of Karei that produced a Pele-sized red ring, a patera to the west of Zal that produced a small circular bright deposit, a large orange ring detected near the north pole of Io, and a small bright ring near Io’s south pole. Only a handful of Io’s many active volcanoes produced large scale explosive eruptions, and several of these erupted repeatedly, leaving at least 83% of Io’s surface unaltered throughout the Galileo mission. Most of the hot spots detected from SSI, NIMS and ground-based thermal observations caused no noticeable surface changes greater than 10 km in extent over the five year period. Surface changes were found at every location where active plumes were identified, including Acala which was never seen in sunlight and was only detected through auroral emissions during eclipse. -
Power Outputs and Volumetric Eruption Rates for Ionian Volcanoes From
Volcanic Eruption Classification on Io and Earth From Low-Resolution Remote- Sensing Data Ashley Davies Jet Propulsion Laboratory- California Institute of Technology and Laszlo Keszthelyi United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Branch, Flagstaff, AZ. Division of Planetary Science Conference 37 Cambridge, UK, September 2005 Introduction New Io data will be mostly low-spatial resolution for at least the next decade (AO): (New Horizons is the exception) Comparing low-res thermal emission data from Io and Earth: - Similar eruption styles have the same mass and thermal flux densities [1-3] - Ionian eruptions are typically more voluminous and areally more extensive We have been looking at the classification of near-IR thermal emission data to: - understand how mode of emplacement can be constrained - better model the eruption process taking place Shape & evolution of integrated spectrum constrains style: - e.g., used to determine emplacement mode at Prometheus, Pele, Pillan in low-spatial resolution Galileo NIMS data [2, 4] [1] Keszthelyi et al., 2001, LPSC-32 #1523. [2] Davies et al., 2001. [3] Davies, 2003a,b, JGR,GRL. [4] Howell, 1997. Constraining eruption style from low-res observations Outbursts - 1990 time-series data [1-3]; 1996 event [4]; Pillan 1997 [5]: Tvashtar (g’based + SSI) [6]; Surt 2001 using AO [7] - modelled as fire-fountains and associated flows Pele: - Constrained from IRIS data [8-9]; identified as active lava lake from low-spatial resolution time-series NIMS data [10] Zamama, Prometheus, Amirani et al.: - Crust-dominated; laminar emplacement; NIMS data [11] Approach has limitations (Loki) - Probably a lake (or magma sea [11], given its size). -
Detections of Active Volcanic Centers
NIMS observations Detections of active volcanic centers Types of hotspot activity Persistenthot spots - global distribution - plume activity - variations in power output Styles of activity ORBIT NUMBER OFNIMS HIGHESTSPATIAL RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS wpm) G1 4 350 62 11 220 c3 3 122 E4 27 160 E6 5 200 67 7 264 GB 18 476 c9 9 302 c10 10 160 Ell 10 3% E12 1 260 E14 1 120 E15 1 230 E16 1 350 108 PLANNJD VOLCANO MONITORING OBSERVATIONS: c20 (MAY 99): 1 c21 (JULY 99): 1 C22 (AUGUST 99): 1 IO’S ACTIVE VOLCANIC CENTERS - update as of 3/99 75 active volcanic centers (75 hot spots plus Ra) known from: Voyager IRIS and ISS Galileo NIMS and SSI Ground-based observations (J. Spencer et al., C. Dumas et al.) HST NICMOS observations (J. Goguen et al.) 25 areasidentified as possiblyactive volcanic centers DIFFERENCES IN ACXXWI'Y AT IO'S HOT SPOTS Duration VariationDuration in Plume TtXIlpeI%ltUIV Red power output activity output power range deposits Persistent Outburst Absent nult~lcn Prominent Long-lived Brightening Prometheus-typeFaint"basalticn sporadic AbsentFading Short-lived Unconstrained Steady Unique RED DEPOSITS: Prominent Faint Absent From McEwen et al. [1998], Geissler et al. [1999]: Presence of prominent red deposits correlated with recent activity Red deposits thought to be fallout from plumes - perhaps sulfur Update from Lopes-Gautier et al. [1999]: 23/75 (31%) of known hot spots are associated with red deposits This may represent a lower limit of hot spots-plume activity (not all plumes produce red deposits) PLUMEACTIVITY 0 Absent Prometheus-type long-lived,small, bright, surrounded by white (some with red) deposits Prometheus, Kanehekili, Amirani, Maui, Zamama, Volund, Marduk 0 Short-lived no plume seen, but plume deposits identified Aten, Surt, Euboea, Babbar (?) Unique Pele, Loki, Pillan, Acala, and Ra All between longitudes240Q-3600 (only plumes observed in this region) Masubiand Culann are either Prometheus-type or Short-lived (Updated from McEwen et al. -
The Thermal Signature of Volcanic Eruptions on Io and Earth – Implications for a Future Mission to Io
41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010) 1396.pdf THE THERMAL SIGNATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ON IO AND EARTH – IMPLICATIONS FOR A FUTURE MISSION TO IO. A. G. Davies1, L. P. Keszthelyi2 and A. J. L. Harris3, 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology ([email protected], ms 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA), 2USGS-Flagstaff (2525 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA, [email protected]), Université Blaise Pascal, 5 Rue Kessler, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France ([email protected]). Introduction: High-temperature silicate volcanic intensity that can match the 5-µm intensity. Pele is the activity has been identified on Io and Earth (see only volcano on Io that persistently exhibits this summary in [1]). We present a new spectrum-based behaviour. 2-µm/5-µm ratios are similar to those of technique [2] to identify the style of active volcanic terrestrial active lava lakes [2]. eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io. Thermal remote sensing Paterae: Ionian paterae such as Culann Patera and of Io has had to rely primarily on low-spatial-resolution Tupan Patera have 2/5-µm ratios (Figure 1) similar to data, similar to low-spatial-resolution satellite data those of insulated flows [2]. These features may be applied to detecting and charting the temporal evolution resurfaced by flows [8] or may be lava lakes [9]. of terrestrial hot spots. These terrestrial analyses use However, no Pele-like (active lake) ratios are seen in data from sensors designed primarily to monitor the data analysed so far. -
The Thermal Signature of Volcanic Eruptions on Io and Earth
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 194 (2010) 75–99 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores The thermal signature of volcanic eruptions on Io and Earth Ashley Gerard Davies a,⁎, Laszlo P. Keszthelyi b, Andrew J.L. Harris c a Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. ms 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA b USGS Astrogeology Branch, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, USA c Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, OPGC, Université Blaise Pascal—CNRS, 5 Rue Kessler, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France article info abstract Article history: We investigate a spectrum-based technique to identify the style of active volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's Received 6 October 2009 moon Io. Thermal remote sensing of Io has had to rely primarily on low-spatial-resolution data, similar to Accepted 21 April 2010 low-spatial-resolution satellite data applied to detecting and charting the temporal evolution of terrestrial Available online 16 May 2010 hot spots. These terrestrial analyses use data from sensors designed to monitor the weather and sea surface temperature. On Io, such low-spatial-resolution data are used to classify eruption styles (modes of Keywords: emplacement) by means of several criteria related to the temporal evolution of the infrared spectrum volcanism “ ” fi Io associated with the eruptive activity at each hot spot, which we term thermal signature. We nd that the Earth ratio of the emission at 2 and 5 µm, and how this ratio changes with time, is often diagnostic of eruption remote sensing style, even in low-spatial-resolution data. -
From Jr@Mole
JunoCam at PJ26: What the pictures show John Rogers (BAA), 2020 April 30 Perijove-26 (PJ26) was on 2020 April 10. Perijove altitude was 3501 km, at 24.1ºN, L3=50.5. Because of Jupiter’s oblateness, minimum altitude came 1m 46s later and was 3354 km. Juno crossed the equator 9m 33s after perijove, at an altitude of 6239 km, at L1=17, L2=12, L3=63. The orbital inclination is currently 105º (i.e. 75º retrograde), and the solar latitude on Jupiter has decreased to 1.7º, proceeding towards equinox in 2021 April. At PJ26 the spacecraft was tilted to allow the Microwave Radiometer (and so also JunoCam) a better-than-usual view of the clouds below. So PJ26 produced what will probably be the last best images of the equatorial region, as future orbits will return to the Earth-pointing orientation and perijove will continue to drift northward. Excellent ground-based images of the sub-spacecraft track were taken ~1 rotation before and 3- 5 rotations after the perijove. Various maps have been made from them, including labelling and animation, and are posted separately in our BAA 2020 Report no.3 [ref.1]. This report, like all in this series, is due to the work of the NASA JunoCam team: Drs Candy Hansen (Principal Investigator), Glenn Orton, Tom Momary, and Mike Caplinger (of Malin Space Science Systems); and Gerald Eichstädt, who produces the complete sets of high-quality processed images and map projections. As usual, the JunoCam images have been presented (i) as initial versions posted by the JunoCam team (‘v01’, each projected as if from a point above Juno’s track, but with reduced resolution); (ii) as full-scale, high-quality versions by Gerald Eichstädt (strips closer to Juno’s actual perspective); and (iii) both cylindrical and polar map projections of all the images by Gerald, which I have combined into composite maps.