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Pouvoir, Contrôle Et Résistance Dans Les Coopératives De Salariés

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Pouvoir, Contrôle Et Résistance Dans Les Coopératives De Salariés UNIVERSITE PARIS-DAUPHINE ECOLE DOCTORALE DE DAUPHINE Pouvoir, contrôle et résistance dans les coopératives de salariés : Une ethnographie d’une coopérative ouvrière Thèse pour l’obtention du titre de docteur en sciences de gestion Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 24 novembre 2015 par Stéphane Jaumier Jury : Mme Isabelle HUAULT, Professeure à l’Université Paris-Dauphine (Directrice de thèse) Mme Eve CHIAPELLO, Directrice d’études à l’E.H.E.S.S. (Rapporteur) Mr. Pierre-Yves GOMEZ, Professeur à l’EM-Lyon (Rapporteur) Mr. Nicolas BERLAND, Professeur à l’Université Paris-Dauphine (Suffragant) Mme Robyn THOMAS, Professeure à l’Université de Cardiff (Suffragant) Mr. Thibault DAUDIGEOS, Professeur Associé à GEM (Suffragant) 2 3 4 Remerciements Un travail de thèse est avant tout l’aboutissement d’une suite d’heureuses rencontres. Je tiens ici à remercier celles et ceux qui ont, d’une façon ou d’une autre, contribué à rendre ce travail possible. J’espère que les oubliés, et ils sont certainement nombreux, ne m’en voudront pas. Le travail présenté ici doit énormément à Isabelle Huault, ma directrice de thèse, qui s’est investie dans son suivi avec un enthousiasme sans faille. En plus de sa hauteur de vue et de ses conseils toujours avisés, sa force de caractère et son sens de l’humour m’ont été très précieux au cours de ces trois années de travail en commun. Thibault Daudigeos, mon co-encadrant, a été bien plus qu’un co-encadrant tout au long de ce processus. Mon travail n’aurait pu aller à son terme sans le soutien ininterrompu qu’il m’a prodigué au cours des quatre dernières années. Il est probable que sa curiosité intellectuelle sans limite, son esprit synthétique et son exigeante bienveillance me serviront pour longtemps encore de modèle au sein du monde académique. Vassili Joannidès m’a permis d’orienter mes recherches à une époque où elles ne savaient pas encore trop quel chemin prendre. Son concours a été tout à fait déterminant. L’amitié et les conseils de Vincent Javicoli ont eux aussi joué un rôle déterminant dans l’orientation de mon travail. Au sein de l’Université Paris-Dauphine, Véronique Perret a su créer l’atmosphère d’écoute mutuelle et de saine émulation intellectuelle qui caractérise le laboratoire MOST. Nicolas Berland a également formulé des commentaires très précieux à l’occasion de ma pré- soutenance. Au sein de Grenoble Ecole de Management, le support apporté par Vincent Mangematin a été décisif. Tim Edwards a fait de mon séjour à l’Université de Cardiff une expérience inoubliable. Là- bas, les conseils de Robyn Thomas ainsi que de Tom Keenoy se sont avérés irremplaçables. Plus largement, mon travail a bénéficié des commentaires et relectures de nombreux collègues doctorants et professeurs, ainsi que de nombreuses rencontres stimulantes. 5 A Dauphine, je pense en particulier à Claire Beaume, Catherine Bonne, Mélissa Boudes, Laurent Cabanes, Mahaut Fanchini, Guillaume Flamand, Margot Leclair, Isabelle Lefebvre, Véronique Magista, Julie Meyer, Julia Parigot, Marie Redon et Anne Vancaelemont. A Grenoble, j’ai en tête les membres de l’équipe AFMO, en particulier Ricardo Azambuja, Marcos Barros, Raffi Duymedjian, Gazi Islam et Vincent Pasquier ; le groupe de recherche sur les coopératives, en particulier Sandrine Ansart, Françoise Moulin, Séverine Le Loarne, Virginie Monvoisin et Nacer Saadi ; je pense aussi à Pabitra Chatterjee, Dorina Coste, Grégoire Croidieu, Corinne Faure, Yi Jiang, Nathalie Louisgrand, Miglé Malinovskyté, Reza Movarrei, Hye Yoon Park, George Watts ; j’ai enfin une pensée toute particulière pour Mia Birau et Sebastian Schorch. A Cardiff, je pense à Ismael Al-Amoudi, Veronica Casarin, Rick Delbridge, Hadar Elraz, Anna Galazka, Sarah Jenkins, Emma Jones, Keyan Lai, Jo O’Mahoney, Jenna Pandeli, Cara Reed, Mike Reed, Luis Reyes Galindo, Chloe Tarrabain, Richard Thomas et James Wallace. Je pense enfin à Olivier Boissin, Amélie Boutinot, Bernadette Bullinger, Hervé Charmettant, Carine Farias, Eric Ghiglione, Pierre-Yves Gomez, Xavier Hollandts, Yvan Renou et Bertrand Valiorgue. Les membres de l’URSCOP, son directeur en particulier, m’ont apporté une aide inestimable dans ma phase de recherche d’un terrain. Mon père, Henri Jaumier, a été une source d’inspiration permanente pendant mon travail de terrain. J’ai également bénéficié des commentaires de Thierry Jaumier et Philippe Jaumier. Isabelle Maillot a fait preuve de beaucoup de patience durant ces deux dernières années. Enfin, j’ai évidemment une pensée émue pour les coopérateurs de Scopix. Qu’ils soient ici assurés qu’ils représentent pour moi bien plus que de simples objets d’étude. 6 Table des matières Remerciements ................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 15 Actualité des coopératives ..................................................................................................... 15 Permanence des coopératives .............................................................................................. 17 Les coopératives de salariés en France aujourdhui ..................................................... 18 Enjeux et structure de la thèse : pouvoir, contrôle et résistance dans les coopératives de salariés .............................................................................................................. 20 Enjeux de létude contemporaines des coopératives : de la gouvernance aux questions de pouvoir, contrôle et résistance .................................................................. 20 Structure de la thèse ................................................................................................................ 25 Ethnographie dune coopérative : le site empirique ......................................................... 29 Choix du site empirique .......................................................................................................... 29 Activités et marchés de Scopix ............................................................................................. 30 Eléments de gouvernance de Scopix .................................................................................. 32 Organisation de Scopix ............................................................................................................ 33 Conditions de travail et culture de Scopix ........................................................................ 36 Ethnographie dune coopérative : éléments méthodologiques .................................... 40 Statut au sein de la coopérative ........................................................................................... 40 Evolution de mon statut sur le terrain .............................................................................. 41 Conditions daccès au terrain................................................................................................ 43 Collecte de données .................................................................................................................. 46 Difficultés principales rencontrées sur le terrain ......................................................... 47 Analyse des données et écriture ethnographique ......................................................... 49 Eléments dépistémologie et de réflexivité ...................................................................... 50 Bibliographie .................................................................................................................................. 53 Annexe A : Organigramme simplifié de Scopix ................................................................... 61 Annexe B : Plan simplifié de latelier de Scopix .................................................................. 63 Annexe C : Ages et anciennetés des salariés de Scopix ..................................................... 65 7 PREMIER ARTICLE ......................................................................................................................... 67 Co-operatives, compromises and critiques: What do French co-operators tell us about individual responses to pluralism? ............................................................................ 69 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 71 Individual responses to pluralism and the sociology of conventions ......................... 74 Individual responses to pluralism ...................................................................................... 74 The sociology of conventions as a new approach to individual responses to pluralism ...................................................................................................................................... 75 Data and methods .......................................................................................................................... 78 Empirical setting ....................................................................................................................... 78 Data collection ............................................................................................................................ 82 Data analysis ..............................................................................................................................
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