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Biogeography of the Jaera Albifrons Superspecies (Isopoda, Asellota) on the Atlantic Coast of Canada

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Biogeography of the Jaera Albifrons Superspecies (Isopoda, Asellota) on the Atlantic Coast of Canada 1235 Biogeography of the Jaera albifrons superspecies (Isopoda, Asellota) on the Atlantic coast of Canada MICHEL VEUILLE Laboratoire de Biologic et Genetique Evoltttives dn C.N.R.S., 91190, Gifsur Yvette, France Received January 20. 1976 VEUILLE. M. 1976. Biogeography of the Jaera albifrons superspecies (Isopoda. Asellota) on the Atlantic coast of Canada. Can. J.Zool. 54: 1235-1241. The biogeographical study of the four Canadian forms of the Jaera albifrons superspecies leads to a division into two groups. J. (a.)albifrons, J. (a.) ischiosetosa, and J. (a.) praehirsuta are spread along the whole Atlantic coast, from cold to temperate shores but. as in Europe, salinity and exposure affect their relative abundance. J. (a.) posthirsnta occurs only in the warm shallow waters protected from arctic currents. The presumably postglacial origin of its disjunct distribu­ tion is discussed. VEUILLE. M. 1976. Biogeography of the Jaera albifrons superspecies (Isopoda. Asellota) on the Atlantic coast of Canada. Can. J. Zool. 54: 1235-1241. L'etude biogeographique des quatre formes canadiennes de la super-espece Jaera albifrons amene a y distinguer deux groupes. Les especes J. (a.) albifrons. J. (a.) ischiosetosa et J. (a.) praehirsuta colonisent tout le littoral atlantique. des cotes froides aux rivages temperes, mais comme en Europe, la salinite et ["exposition influencent leur abondance respective. L'espece J. (a.) posthirsnta ne setrouve que dans les eaux pluschaudeset peu profondesdes rivages proteges de l'infiuence des eaux arctiques. L'origine vraisemblablement post-glaciaire de son aire de repartition disjointe est discutee. Introduction Main Features of the Region Although the superspecies Jaera albifrons is This survey deals with the Estuary and Gulf a common component of the shore fauna of of St. Lawrence, the southern coast of New­ eastern Canada, very little is known about the foundland, Nova Scotia, and the Bay of Fundy. distribution of its various forms in this large From a biogeographical point of view, it is a area. The identification from the Gaspe Penin­ part of the subarctic boreal region, which is sula of three samples belonging to the species cooled by the Labrador current and extends albifrons, ischiosetosa, and praehirsuta by Fors- south to the Gulf of Maine. Cold deep layers man (Brunei 1970c/) and the study by Steele and of seawater enter the St. Lawrence through the Steele (1972) of a natural population of ischio­ Laurentian Channel as far as the Saguenay setosa from Newfoundland are the only reports Fjord and their effects are felt in the main part for this area. of the estuary. The stirring effect of the tides The Atlantic coast of Canada is a very hetero­ of the Bay of Fundy lowers the surface temper­ genous biogeographical region, and systematic atures of this other sea arm. investigations were required to establish the Some shallow waters remain protected from distribution of these species according to boreal waters: the southwestern Gulf of St. environmental conditions. A second problem Lawrence and the Minas Basin have warm was provided by the species posthirsnta, known waters in summer, with relatively low salinities, until now only in Massachussets, where it was contrasting with the boreal euhaline areas described by Forsman (1949) and Bocquet and (Lauzier et al. 1951; Bousfield 1962). Otherwise, Prunus (1963); the northern limit of the range of the outflow of the St. Lawrence River gives the this species remained unknown. estuary a decreasing salinity from seawater In addition to the collections made by the landwards to freshwater, mainly south from the author, data were supplied by loans from the Saguenay Fjord, and with an abrupt change Smithsonian Institution, the Marine Biology between baie St. Paul and Riviere du Loup Station of Grande Riviere, and by extensive (Lavoie and Beaulieu 1971). South of this last collections of the National Museum of Natural limit is a low-salinity brackish subregion that is Sciences of Ottawa. also warmed in summer (Bousfield 1955). 1236 CAN. J. ZOOL. VOL. 54, 1976 12 3 4 5 6 7 FIG. 1. Key to males of Canadian species of Jacra. Top, male in ventral view; 1, 2, 3, 4: four anterior pairs of pereopods; 6, 7: two posterior pairs of pereopods; po, Jaera (alhifrons) posthirsuta; i, J. (a.) ischiosetosa; a, J. (a.) alhifrons; pi; J. (a.) praehirsuta. Salinity and surface temperature are important Canadian Species of Jaera alhifrons factors in the biology of intertidal invertebrates, Jaera alhifrons are minute isopods from 1 to and all these features divide the coast into sub- 5 mm in length; they live intertidally beneath regions with different physical conditions. Since stones or on Fucus. They show a conspicuous they are close to the boundaries of two bio- widening of their lateral margins, and their geographical provinces, the subarctic boreal minute biramous uropods seem to emerge and the temperate ones, they provide a shelter posteriorly out of a pleotelson notch (Fig. 1, top). to animals of various origins and they determine The T-shaped praeoperculum of males is another a mosaic of faunal elements superimposed on fairly distinctive feature of the superspecies. corresponding heterogenous environmental Jaera alhifrons (Leach) was split by Forsman factors. They may be useful in the study of the (1949) and Bocquet (1953) into five sibling main factors that act on the distribution of the forms, which the latter recognized to be true littoral species; their effect on the different species. Four of these forms occur on the forms of the Jaera alhifrons group is obvious. eastern coast of Canada and show no mor- VEUILLE 1237 Atlantic Ocean FIG. 2. Distribution of Jaera (albifrons) ischiosetosa. &i stations with one recorded species of Jaera albifrons; •• stations with two sympatric species; O* stations with three sympatric species; ••• stations of ischiosetosa. phological difference from previously described Such variations were previously reported from populations. They may be identified by the European and American representatives of these secondary sexual characters of the pereopods species, and appear to be expressions of a (Fig. 1) in the males. natural intraspecific variability within each In species lacking anterior differentiations, form (see Bocquet 1953; Bocquet and Veuille the sixth and seventh pairs of pereopods bear 1973; Prunus 1966, 1968; Solignac 1967). long setae from ischiopodite to carpopodite Only one Fj hybrid, albifrons x ischiosetosa, {Jaera (a.) posthirsuta), or a brush of long curved was found at the Pilot Station (Quebec North setae on a distally broadened ischiopodite Shore). (Jaera (a.) ischiosetosa), or a distal lobe with a Jaera albifrons is widespread throughout the comb of short setae on the carpopodites eastern coast of Canada, and 157 different (Jaera (a.) albifrons). The only species with stations were recorded, but it is misleading to anterior differentiations (Jaera (a.) praehirsuta) look at a mixing of species as a whole, and the possesses long curved setae on pereopods 1 124 stations that are known to the species level through 4 (except in young males) and a stout (ischiosetosa (36), albifrons (34), praehirsuta distal spine on the two last pairs of carpopodites. (41), and posthirsuta (13)) are a good illustration Variations occur among Canadian popula­ of this. tions in the expression of these characters, with­ out affecting the certainty of their determina­ Jaera (albifrons) ischiosetosa (Fig. 2) tion (e.g. graduations in the length of the lobe in This form is found all over the coast with albifrons, and in the number of setae in praehir­ abundance varying according to the subregion. suta, and extension, in large specimens, of the Most of the samples come from the St. Law­ secondary sexual characters to other legs). rence Estuary (19 out of 36). Numerous popula- 1238 CAN. J. ZOOI.. VOL. 54. 1976 FIG. 3. Distribution of Jaera (albifrons) albifrons. A A stations with one recorded species of Jaera albifrons; QB stations with two sympatric species; O* stations with three sympatric species; ••• stations of albifrons. tions have also settled in the Bay of Fundy and Jaera (albifrons) albifrons (Fig. 3) la baie des Chaleurs. These are sheltered areas The distribution of this form is very similar with variable temperatures and salinities (down to that of ischiosetosa, since there appears to be to 10%0 in the southern Estuary of St. Lawrence, no exclusion regarding salinity or temperature. at He aux Coudres). J. (a.) albifrons is well represented in the St. In contrast, very few ischiosetosa were col­ Lawrence Estuary (19 out of 34 populations) lected on exposed shores, such as the southern and sparse on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. coast of Nova Scotia. The two populations Nevertheless, it has been recorded in several known from this subregion were found in the stations of the eastern coast of the Gaspe estuary of Halifax harbour and in an isolated Peninsula, and is significantly less common in rock pool. Both stations are presumably refuges the Bay of Fundy. This scarcity cannot be for this organism, and since such places occur in explained from the factors analyzed at the a scattered way along the shore, they may lead very macroscopic level of this survey. The to an underestimation of its true abundance in ecological preferences of Canadian populations exposed areas. of albifrons with regard to main physical factors We conclude that ischiosetosa is a eurythermal are very close to those of European ones. and euryhaline species, occurring from euhaline to mesohaline waters (according to the "Venice Jaera (albifrons) praehirsuta (Fig. 4) system') and living in sheltered places. Similar The prominent characteristic of this species ecological characters are reported from Euro­ is its dominance along the exposed shores of pean populations of this species. southern Nova Scotia and the coasts of New- VEUII.LE 1239 FIG. 4. Distribution of Jaera (albifrons) prachirsuta. AA stations with one recorded species of Jaera albifrons; •• stations with two sympatric species; O* stations with three sympatric species; • •• stations of praehirsuta.
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