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Truth, Falsehood, and Reciprocity in Pindar and Aeschylus

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Truth, Falsehood, and Reciprocity in Pindar and Aeschylus View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository Truth,Falsehood,andReciprocityinPindar andAeschylus ArumPark AdissertationsubmittedtothefacultyoftheUniversityof NorthCarolina atChapelHill inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeof DoctorofPhilosophyinthe DepartmentofClassics. ChapelHill 2009 Approvedby: Advisor:PeterM.Smith Reader:JamesJ.O’Hara Reader:OwenE.Goslin Reader:CecilW.Wooten Reader:SharonL.James ©2009 ArumPark ALLRIGHTSRESERVED ii AAABSTRACT ARUMPARK:Truth,Falsehood,andReciprocity inPindarandAeschylus (UnderthedirectionofPeterM.Smith) Thenumerousstudiesof truthandfalsehoodinGreekthoughtarequitevariedin scopeandmethodology buttendtofallintooneoftwocategories:detailedwordstudies thatidentifyandexplicatetermsfortruthandfalsehood,usuallyinthe poetryof Homer andHesiod,or generalexplorationsofthenatureoftruthandthe processesforits formationacross Greekliterature. Thisstudyseekstofillthegapsleft bythesetwoapproaches by combining meticulousexaminationofAeschylus’ andPindar’stermsfortruthandfalsehoodwitha broaderdiscussionofhowtruthandfalsehoodoperateintheir poetry.Thefocusison passagesthatexplicitly mentiontruthandfalsehood,anapproachthat generates conclusions bothabouttheuseofthesetermsandabouttheinfluenceoftheseconcepts ona poet’sself-conscious purpose.Themajor claimsarethatAeschyleanandPindaric truthandfalsehoodare genericallydeterminedconceptsandareincorporatedin relationshipsorcyclesofreciprocityintegraltoeachpoet’s genre. Thustruthandfalsehoodcannot beunderstoodwithoutadequate considerationof genreandpurpose.As a praise poet,Pindar’s aimsaretwofold:hemustconvincehis audienceofhisdevotiontothe personheistaskedwithpraising(the laudandus ),andhe must persuadethemthat hisclaimsaboutthe laudandus are accurate.Hethus incorporatestruthintotherelationshipheconstructs betweenhimself andthe laudandus iii byespousingatruththatcombinessinceritywithaccuracy andbydenouncingfalsehood forthethreatit posestothisrelationship. Aeschyluslikewiseassimilatestruthandfalsehoodtohis poetic purpose.Since his primary concernasa tragedianistopresent plotsofretributiveviolence,ideasabout truthandfalsehoodappearincontextsof beliefordisbelief.Thuscharacterswhospeak truthare believedordisbelievedinaccordancewithwhatwillfacilitate plotsabout violentreprisal;similarly,whethercharacterssuccessfullyorunsuccessfully enacta deceptiondependsonwhatisrequiredtotellastory of reciprocalaggression. iv ToOmaandDori v AAACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This projectcouldnothaveseenthelightofday withoutthehelpofmany people, someofwhom Iwillundoubtedlyneglecttomentionhere.Thanksareowedtomytwo advisors:WilliamRace patientlyoversawthe projectinitsinceptivestages,andPeter Smith,averitablefontofencouragement,enthusiasticallyandgood-naturedlywalked me—andwhennecessary,pushedme—throughitscompletion.I amgratefultomy readers:JamesO’Hara providedneededsupportintheformofquickbutcareful readings,challengingsuggestions,andhumorous anecdotes;SharonJameshelpedme thinkaboutthe bigger pictureofthis projectandidentifiedits promisingcontributions; CecilWootenremindedmetobemeticulousandstraightforward;OwenGoslin,who gamelysteppedonboardinthelatestagesofthe project,nevertheless provided admirablyincisivecommentsandanendlesssupply ofhelpfuladvice. Ioweadebtof gratitudetoAmherstCollege andFiveColleges,Inc.fora dissertationfellowshipfundingmywriting andresearchandforthesupportive friendships Iformedduringmy yearinMassachusetts.ThankstoBecky,Dale,and MelbaSinos,AndreolaRossi,ChristopherTrinacty,SaraUpton,LaurieMoran,Melissa Mueller,AliciaEllis,RainaUhden,andNAPOF (Emily,Tim,Sara,Jun,andMichael). HeartfeltthankstomyChapelHillfamily.AndersonWiltshire,RebekahSmith (thanksforthedissertationmonkey!),JohnandFranny Henkel,RobandCourtney VanderPoppen,Erika ZimmermannDamer,Liz Robinson,AmandaMathis,Cinnamon WeaverandKimMilesalwayslent friendlyearstomyconcerns.Ihavehadmorethan vi oneintellectuallystimulating/humblingconversationwithDerekSmithandJohn Esposito.LucySchenkman,AndyDesimone,andIsaac andRaynaWeiner eachdidtheir bittopreservemysanity. ThanksalsotoVictorBersandLaurenApfel,whohavekeptintouchwithme sincemylifeinClassics began. I wouldneverhavesurvivedgraduateschool,muchlessthedissertation,without theendlessloveofmyfamily.ThankstoWyattandTrixieformakingme laughandto mymotherYoungtaeShin,mysisterDawnParkHamilton,andmyhusbandDavid Carlisle,allofwhom believedinme,servedasmyrolemodels,listenedtome,andnever stoppedcheeringmeon. vii TTTABLE OF CCCONTENTS CCCHAPTER OOONENENE ::: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 CCCHAPTER TTTWOWOWO ::: TERMS FOR TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD ....................................................... 17 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 17 LSJ ................................................................................................................................ 18 λθεια...................................................................................................................... 18 τυµος/ττυµος........................................................................................................ 21 πτη,δλος ............................................................................................................. 21 ψεδος....................................................................................................................... 21 AESCHYLUS ................................................................................................................... 22 TRUTH ....................................................................................................................... 22 FALSEHOOD ............................................................................................................... 31 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 36 PINDAR .......................................................................................................................... 37 TRUTH ....................................................................................................................... 37 FALSEHOOD AND DECEPTION ..................................................................................... 43 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 46 CCCHAPTER TTTHREE ::: TRUTH , FALSEHOOD , AND XENIA IN PINDAR ........................................ 48 PART ONE : TRUTH AND XENIA ......................................................................................... 48 TRUTH AND PRAISE : OLYMPIAN 1............................................................................. 50 TRUTH PERSONIFIED .................................................................................................. 55 viii REALITY AND POETRY : NEMEAN 7............................................................................ 65 PART TWO : FALSEHOOD , DECEPTION , AND XENIA ........................................................ 76 PSEUDOS AND XENIA : THREE TYPES OF OPPOSITION ................................................ 77 1.The InterweavingofPoeticObligationandMythin Olympian 1 ................... 77 2. Pseudos asPunishmentforViolating Xenia : Ixionin Pythian 2.................... 82 3.Sex,Lies,andtheGuest-HostRelationship: TheHera-Cloud,Koronis,andHippolyta............................................................. 89 EXCURSUS : MALE SEDUCTION ................................................................................ 104 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 112 CCCHAPTHAPTERER FFFOUR ::: WHAT IS TRUTH TO AESCHYLUS ?......................................................... 114 VERBAL ALETHEIA ...................................................................................................... 114 OPPOSITIONS ................................................................................................................ 114 ManipulatingtheContrastBetweenTruthandHope ............................................. 117 WHERE IS THE TRUTH TO BE FOUND ? WHO KNOWS THE TRUTH ?............................... 121 1.NonverbalSignals.............................................................................................. 121 2.Messengers......................................................................................................... 129 3.Prophecy ............................................................................................................ 132 GENDER AND CREDIBILITY ? ........................................................................................ 139 TRUTH , FALSEHOOD , AND EXCHANGE ......................................................................... 150 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 156 CCCHAPTER FFFIVE ::: CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 158 BBBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 164 ix CCCHAPTER OOONENENE ::: IIINTRODUCTION Thisdissertationaddressesthetopicsoftruthandfalsehoodinthe poetryof PindarandAeschylus.Studiesof aletheia inGreekthoughthave beenabundant, probably becauseof amodernfascinationwiththeideaoftruth,butmostoftheworkhas
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