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The Convict Cichlid Amatitlania Nigrofasciata

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The Convict Cichlid Amatitlania Nigrofasciata RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 28 007–012 (2013) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.28(1).2013.007-012 SHORT COMMUNICATION The convict cichlid Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Cichlidae): fi rst record of this non-native species in Western Australian waterbodies Rodney Duffy, Michael Snow and Chris Bird Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, 39 Northside Drive, Hillarys, Western Australia 6025, Australia. Email: Rodney.Duffy@fi sh.wa.gov.au KEYWORDS: feral fi sh, pest, introduced, South West drainage division, Swan Coastal Plain INTRODUCTION established wild populations in the USA (Hawaii), The southwest of Western Australia is recognised as Mexico, Israel, Japan and Australia (Ishikawa and a global biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000), and Tachihara 2010; Welcomme 1988). although it is relatively depauperate in freshwater fi sh The species is a member of the Cichlidae, a family of biodiversity, these species have high rates of endemicity fi sh known for prolonged biparental care of offspring (Morgan, Gill and Potter 1998). The South West (Bernstein 1980; Keenleyside 1991). Due to confusion drainage division includes the Swan Coastal Plain, a over taxonomy, the various studies of convict cichlids long (approximately 600 km) and narrow (30 km at its may not all represent the same species. However, all widest point) plain extending from Geraldton to Cape species are closely related, and therefore the results of Leeuwin that is bordered by the Indian Ocean and behavioural studies are broadly applicable across the the Darling Escarpment (Cummings and Hardy 2000; group. The convict cichlid group has been extensively Thackway and Cresswell 1995). studied in the laboratory (Wisenden 1995) but despite signifi cant research, few studies have investigated the Establishment of non-native species outside their life history of Amatitlania nigrofasciata in natural natural range is a major threat to endemic species environments. Adults were shown to reach 100 mm (Canonico et al. 2005; Courtenay and Stauffer 1990; standard length (SL) (Kullander 2003) and mature Dudgeon et al. 2006) and has been identifi ed as a females were found at 32 mm SL in introduced major cause of extinctions (Reid et al. 2005). The populations in Japan (Ishikawa and Tachihara 2010). incidence of introductions of non-native fish to This size is similar to that reported for the closely freshwater environments of Australia has increased related Amatitlania siquia1, whose males mature at (Arthington et al. 1999; Lintermans 2004). Freshwater sizes as small as 51 mm SL, and is a species which systems are often subject to both acute and chronic has received more intensive study (Wisenden 1995). anthropogenic interactions and as a result suffer a high Parental pairs are monogamous, and in the introduced risk of introductions (Costanza et al. 1998; Gherardi population in Japan, bred throughout the year despite 2007; Rahel 2007). The Swan Coastal Plain has the water temperatures of less than 20oC (Ishikawa and highest population density in the state of Western Tachihara 2010). Amatitlania siquia excavates small Australia (ABS 2011); therefore, freshwater systems in caves under hard substrate and lays its eggs on the this area are particularly vulnerable to non-native fi sh roof of these caves (Wisenden 1995). Both sexes care introduction. for the young (Noonan 1983) with adult fi sh caring for The convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata the brood by shepherding juveniles when outside the Gunther, 1867 has a history of taxonomic confusion cave (Wisenden et al. 1995) and returning them to the (Schmitter-Soto 2007a; Schmitter-Soto 2007b; Smith cave at night for shelter, where adults stand guard and defend against potential predators (Gagliardi-Seeley et al. 2008), most recently being moved from the genus and Itzkowitz 2009; Wisenden 1995). The non-native Archocentrus to Amatitlania in 2007 (Schmitter-Soto population in Japan exhibits rapid growth in the fi rst 2007a; Schmitter-Soto 2007b). It is naturally found in Central American rivers and lakes on the Pacifi c slope from Rio Sucio, El Salvador to Rio Suchiate, Guatemala; 1 Wisenden 1995 reports on Amatitlania nigrofasciata, however based and the Atlantic slope from Rio Patuca, Honduras to on the distribution described by Schmitter-Soto 2007, this species is A. Rio Jutiapa, Guatemala (Schmitter-Soto 2007a). It has siquia (refer to Ishikawa and Tachihara 2010) 8 R. DUFFY, M. SNOW AND C. BIRD year, early maturation, a long spawning period, multiple in December 2011 and February 2012, although each spawnings and a short life span (Ishikawa and Tachihara lake was only sampled on one occasion. A total of 41 2010). Although tropical, the population in Japan has lakes was surveyed using paired single - winged fykes survived water temperatures as low as 17.1oC (Ishikawa (5m wing, 6mm stretched mesh). The pair of nets was set and Tachihara 2010). perpendicular to the shore, with the wing of the second Within Australia, two populations have been reported. fyke attached to the codend of the fi rst. Between one and One population has existed in the artifi cially warmed four of these nets were set in each lake, depending on waters of the Hazelwood Power Station cooling ponds the size of the waterbody. in Victoria since 1978 (Allen 1989). The second Specimens of A. nigrofasciata were euthanased in population was purported to occur in Queensland by an ice slurry. Hybridisation amongst cichlids in the Koehn and MacKenzie (2004), however examination aquarium trade is common, therefore to identify the of the literature referenced to substantiate the presence species, genetic techniques were used. A small piece of this population; Arthington and McKenzie (1997); (approx. 5mm3) of muscle tissue was excised from each Arthington and Bluhdorn (1995); and DPIQ (2001), fi sh specimen. DNA was extracted from each sample reveals no reference to this species. using the FavorPrep™ Tissue Genomic DNA Extraction This report documents the fi rst fi nding of Amatitlania Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions nigrofasciata in a waterbody within Western Australia. (Favorgen). DNA was eluted in a fi nal volume of 100μl of elution buffer. PCR was conducted using 1μl template DNA in a fi nal reaction volume of 25μl which contained MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.5μl 10x DNA polymerase PCR buffer (Fisher Biotech), A survey of waterbodies in the region bounded by 1U Taq DNA Polymerase (Fisher Biotech), 2.5μl 25mM the Perth suburbs of Parkwood, Huntingdale, Southern MgCl2, 1.25μl dNTPs (1mM each) and 1μl each primer River and Canning Vale (Figure 1) was undertaken as (2.5μM stock). Primers used for amplifi cation were part of the Western Australian Department of Fisheries those previously reported for use in barcoding of fi sh survey program for introduced fi sh species. Sampling as follows: FOR 5' TCA ACC AAC CAC AAA GAC occurred during two intensive fi eld surveys conducted ATT GGC AC 3' and REV 5' TAG ACT TCT GGG FIGURE 1 Location of sampling area. The location of the lake containing Amatitlania nigrofasciata is marked with a star. AMATITLANIA NIGROFASCIATA IN WESTERN AUSTRALIAN WATERBODIES 9 FIGURE 2 Convict cichlids, Amatitlania nigrofasciata captured from a waterbody in the greater Perth region. TGG CCA AAG AAT CA 3' (Ward et al, 2005). PCR nigrofasciata with 100% probability of placement to the was conducted on an Applied Biosystems Thermal species level. Hits were generated with 10 specimens at Cycler 2720 programmed to conduct the following >99.08 specimen similarity and provide an unequivocal cycling regime: 94º 1min (x1); 94°C 40s, 45°C 40s, DNA based identification. Following identification, 72°C 1min (x5); 94°C 40s, 51°C 40s, 72°C 1min (x35). specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol and lodged Products were visualised under UV light following with the Western Australian Museum (WAM P.33814– electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide. 001). PCR products were commercially sequenced (AGRF INTRODUCED SPECIES BIODIVERSITY Perth) in forward and reverse orientations using the same primers used for original PCR. Forward and Two individuals of convict cichlid, Amatitlania reverse sequences were aligned using the program nigrofasciata (Figure 2), were captured in December, Sequencher 4.8 (Gene Codes) to generate a consensus 2011, in a single lake within Forest Crescent Reserve CO1 sequence for each specimen. The fi nal consensus (Latitude -32.071, Longitude 115.952). Lengths of the sequences representing 655bp of the CO1 gene were specimens were 45mm and 43mm SL. Determination of used to interrogate the Barcode of Life database (http:// sex of specimens was not possible due to the small size www.boldsystems.org/). and deterioration after preservation. At the time of sampling, no native fi sh species were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present in the waterbody, but 700 tadpoles were captured and returned to the lake. The only other fi sh species IDENTIFICATION captured were 100 non-native mosquito fi sh, Gambusia Consensus sequences obtained from each specimen holbrooki. Follow up sampling was undertaken in June were identical. Interrogation of the Barcode of 2012, however, the catch consisted of 180 G. holbrooki, Life Database identified the species as Amatitlania 7 yabbies, Cherax destructor albidus, and no individuals 10 R. DUFFY, M. SNOW AND C. BIRD TABLE 1 Introduced species present in the South West drainage division, and Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia (DoF 2012). Family Species Common Name South West drainage division Swan Coastal Plain Cichlidae Geophagus braziliensis Pearl Cichlid üü Cyprinidae Carassius auratus Goldfi sh üü Cyprinus carpio Common Carp üü Puntius conchonius Rosy Barb üü Percichthyidae Macquaria ambigua Golden Perch üü Percidae Perca fl uviatilis Redfi n Perch üü Plotosidae Tandanus tandanus Eel tailed catfi sh üü Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki Mosquitofi sh üü Phalloceros caudimaculatus One-spot livebearer üü Xiphophorus helleri Swordtail ü Salmonidae Onocorhynchus mykiss* Rainbow trout üü Salmo trutta* Brown trout ü Terapontidae Bidyanus bidyanus Silver Perch üü Leiopotherapon unicolor Spangled Perch üü * Species stocked by the Western Australian Department of Fisheries for recreational fi shing.
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