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7. GEOLOGY and GEOHYDROLOGY the Geological and Geohydrology Revised Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Regional General and Hazardous Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Cape 7. GEOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY The geological and geohydrology components of this report were compiled by Reinhard Meyer. The full specialist report is contained in Appendix E. 7.1. Background A report evaluating four potentially suitable sites for the development of a new waste management facility north of Port Elizabeth was issued in 2004 (Meyer, 2004). These four sites were identified following an earlier Geographic Information System (GIS) based study of the Greater Port Elizabeth area during which potentially suitable farms on which such a facility could be established were identified (Godfrey et al, 2000). During 2004, suitable areas located on four of the identified farms were selected for further investigation. During 2005 two additional potentially suitable sites on two adjacent farms, Grassridge 190 (Remainder) and Grassridge 227 (Remainder) were briefly investigated. In the report by Meyer (2004) the original four sites, referred to as Footprints A to D, were evaluated and ranked in terms of their suitability for the development of a regional general and hazardous waste processing facility. In a subsequent report by Bohlweki Environmental (Pty) Ltd (2005) the two additional sites, referred to as Footprints E and F, were also provisionally evaluated and ranked based on very limited information and according to the same criteria as the original four sites. The Final Feasibility Report (December 2007) describes the more detailed information collected during the geohydrological investigation of the two farms Grassridge 190 and 227 and describes the impacts associated with the three sites on these farms (Footprints C, E and F) provisionally identified as potentially suitable sites. Based on the original information, Footprint C on the farm Grassridge 190, Portion 3 was identified as the most suitable of the four original sites (Footprints A-D) that was then compared with Footprints E and F in the Final Feasibility Study with Footprint F emerging as the preferred site. This Chapter focuses on Footprint F as the preferred option for full environmental impact assessment. 7.2. Terms of Reference The two farms Grassridge 190 Remainder (Footprint F) and Grassridge 227 (Footprint E) are owned by the cement manufacturing company PPC (Pretoria Portland Cement). Their interest in the two farms stems from the large economic deposits of calcrete used in the manufacturing of cement on the farms and which are currently actively mined on the farm Grassridge 227. Further geotechnical and geohydrological investigations were done with the permission of PPC. Ch 7 – Geology and Geohydrology 94 July 2010 Revised Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Regional General and Hazardous Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Cape Bohlweki-SSI Environmental appointed Reinhard Meyer, Geohydrological Consultant, to conduct the geohydrological investigation. He has been involved in the selection and development of a new Regional General and Hazardous Waste Disposal Facility since the inception of the project. This section of the report reviews the geological and geohydrological conditions around the farm Grassridge 190 based on previously accumulated information as well as information collected during a recent geophysical survey and exploration drilling programme on the farm. This chapter describes climatic conditions in the catchment area, the physiography, geology and geohydrological conditions in the area, and an evaluation of the suitability of Footprint F as a GHWMF site. Finally, environmental impacts and mitigation actions are described. 7.3. Description of the Affected Environment 7.3.1. General description of larger area served by the proposed GHWMF Physiography (or biophysical environment) The farm Grassridge 190 RE is located approximately 35 km north of Port Elizabeth and 15 km southwest of Addo. The farm is located within the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality's area of jurisdiction. The main access route from Port Elizabeth is from the R335 towards Addo, while from Uitenhage following the R75 towards Kirkwood, and taking the gravel road turnoff towards Addo, provides access to the farm. The farm is situated in a broad valley with gentle rolling topographic features and flanked on the sides by hills that reach an elevation of approximately 300 mamsl. Topographically Footprint F is within the elevation range of 200 to 250 mamsl. No perennial rivers or streams drain the area under investigation. Climate and Hydrology The Remainder of the farm Grassridge 190 is located within the Quaternary catchment of M30B. This catchment drains into the secondary catchment of the Coega River to the south. Footprint F is very close to the surface water divide between the drainage areas of the Sundays and Coega Rivers. Quaternary catchment N40F is part of the secondary catchment of the Sundays River basin, while drainage from the Quaternary sub-catchments M30A and M30B is towards the Coega River to the south. The northern boundary of Footprint F almost coincides with the boundary between quaternary catchment N40F of the Sundays River (north) and the quaternary catchment M30B of the Coega River (south). The preferred site is located at the upper reaches of a small stream and within one kilometre south of the DWEA defined catchment boundary between the Quaternary Catchments Ch 7 – Geology and Geohydrology 95 July 2010 Revised Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Regional General and Hazardous Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Cape M30B and N40F. Because of the proximity to catchment boundaries and the local topographic conditions, no perennial rivers or streams occur in close proximity to the site and therefore 1:50 year flood lines are not really applicable. Nevertheless an assessment of the 1:50 year flood conditions for the stream flowing through the broad valley in which the site is located, has been done. Two assumed catchment areas (100 ha and 200 ha) and existing rainfall records for the area (Rain gauge 0034762, Uitenhage district) were used in the simulation. Calculations show that a peak 24 hour rainfall event of 149 mm would result in a 50-year peak flow of 7.7 m/s and 11.1 m/s for a 100 ha and 200 ha catchment size respectively. This flow would result in a water depth of 0.7 m and 0.8 m in a 30 m wide channel of concave shape for the 100 ha and 200 ha catchment areas respectively. Should the area be approved for further development, these calculations have to be revised once the geometry of the channel has been established more accurately. Preliminary designs for the waste disposal site have taken these predicted flow rates and water depths into account. Geology The geology of the larger study area (i.e. the Uitenhage - Port Elizabeth – Addo area) is summarized in Table 7.1, with the youngest sequence being of Quaternary age and the oldest being Cape Supergroup (information taken from the 1:250 000 geological map 3324 of Port Elizabeth). A prominent feature of the area is a basin structure formed by the erosion of the folded basement of the Cape Supergroup sedimentary succession. During the late- Jurassic period pebble and boulder alluvial deposits accumulated in the basin being washed from the surrounding mountains under a high energy environment to form the Enon Formation. A thick succession of clays was then deposited unconformably onto the Enon Formation forming the mudstones and siltstones of the Kirkwood formation. Subsequently marine and estuarine clays were deposited in the basin during a transgression period forming the Sundays River formation. During the Tertiary numerous transgressions periods occurred to form terraces in the Cretaceous sediments while calcareous sandstones were deposited during these times. Intense east-southeast trending folding characterises the Cape Supergroup rocks to form the Elands River Syncline towards the south and the Swartkops River anticline in the north (Toerien and Hill, 1989). Apart from the dominant folding, the other major structural feature is the normal tensional Coega fault traceable eastwards from the Groendal Dam to the coast. Vertical southward displacement along this fault is substantial; Maclear (2002) cites a value of 1 800 m, while Marais and Snyman (1965) report the average displacement to be of the order of 550 m. Ch 7 – Geology and Geohydrology 96 July 2010 Revised Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Regional General and Hazardous Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Cape As part of an oil exploration drilling programme, deep drilling north of Addo indicated a thickness of 1 863 m for the Sundays River formation. The combined thickness of the Sundays River and Kirkwood formations over large parts of the area, is in excess of 1 000 m. Due to intense folding and the presence of an anticlinal structure underlying the specific farms investigated during this phase, the combined thickness of these two formations is however significantly less in the area under investigation. Table 7.1: The geological sequence in the Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage/Addo area Period and Group Sub- Formation Lithology age range Group (Ma) Quaternary Fluvial terrace gravel (1.65-0 Ma) Bluewater Bay Alluvial sheet gravel and sand Algoa Nanaga Aeolianite Tertiary Alexandria Calcareous sandstone, (67-1.65Ma) shelly limestone, conglomerate Cretaceous/ Sundays River Greenish-grey mudstone, Jura sandstone (210-67 Ma) Uitenhage
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