Codes and Ciphers, from the [Cient Pharaohs to Quantum Cryptography1
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To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?
Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2016 Apr 28th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology? Hayley A. LeBlanc Sunset High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y LeBlanc, Hayley A., "To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?" (2016). Young Historians Conference. 1. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2016/oralpres/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. To what extent did British advancements in cryptanalysis during World War 2 influence the development of computer technology? Hayley LeBlanc 1936 words 1 Table of Contents Section A: Plan of Investigation…………………………………………………………………..3 Section B: Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………....4 Section C: Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………6 Section D: Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..7 Section E: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………10 Section F: List of Sources………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix A: Explanation of the Enigma Machine……………………………………….……...13 Appendix B: Glossary of Cryptology Terms.…………………………………………………....16 2 Section A: Plan of Investigation This investigation will focus on the advancements made in the field of computing by British codebreakers working on German ciphers during World War 2 (19391945). -
41760779079990.Pdf
.CONFIS~Ti;~691 BBS'l'RIOHJB· THE DISTBIBUTION OF THIS SPECIAL TEXT WILL BE RESTRICTED TO REGULARLY ENROLLED EXTENSION COURSE STUDENTS, 'l'O MILITARY PERSONNEL, AND TO OTHER PERSONS COMING WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE PHRASE "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY/, ·. ARMY EXTENSION COURSES ~,· ·~~cY-l~~ I!LA)f'~'~ ~ \_ -·----------;-- --·· SPECIAL TEXT No. 166 ADVANCED MILITARY CRYPTOGRAPHY Szcoxn (19'3) EDmox PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER FOR USE WITH 'I1fE ARMY EXTENSION COURSES .',; ,_ • RSS'fRI<ffRB document contains information affecting the nat1 defense of the United States within the meaning of die · nage Act (U.S. C. -Y,. ~:>· 50: 31, 32). The transmission o · ocument · · or the revelation of its contents in any nl:an any unauthorized person is prohibited. + UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ~ (o ~ ~ WASHINGTON : 19'3 . ,. 7.~0NFIDENTIAL Peclassified and approved for release by NSA on 01-14-2014 pursuant to E.O. 1352§ REF ID:A64691 ,·J/ 30 April 1959 Th.is document is re-graded "eEm'!BBrff " of DOD Directive 5200.l dated 8 ~ UP and by autharity of the Directar '2t1:.!i Security ~ncy. ' Paul~w~ S. Willard Colonel, AOC Adjutant Ge.nera.J. • ~· WAR DEPARTMENT, • WAsmNGTON, Februa1"JI S, 1948. Tbis revision of Special Text No. 166, Advanced Milita.ry Cryptog raphy (1935), for use with the Anny Extension Courses, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. BY ORDEB OF THE SlilCBlilTAB.Y OF wAB! :,. G. o. M.ARSHAT,T., General, Ohiejoj8f4. OFFICIAL! JAMES A. ULIO, Major Gemral, 7?i.e Adjut,ant Geneml,. (XI) • SPECIAL TEXT NO. -
THE-POLISH-TRACE-Ebook.Pdf
8 THE POLISH TRACE COMPOSED FROM COMMONLY AVAILABLE SOURCES BY LECH POLKOWSKI FOR IJCRS2017 FOREWORD It is a desire of many participants of conferences to learn as much as possible about the history and culture of he visited country and place and organizers try to satisfy this desire by providing excursions into attractive places and sites. IJCRS2017 also tries to take participants to historic sites of Warmia and Mazury and to show elements of local culture. As an innovation, we propose a booklet showing some achievements of Polish scientists and cryptographers, no doubt many of them are known universally, but some probably not. What bounds all personages described here is that they all suffered due to world wars, th efirst and the second. These wars ruined their homes, made them refugees and exiles, destroyed their archives and libraries, they lost many colleagues, friends and students but were lucky enough to save lives and in some cases to begin the career overseas. We begin with the person of Jan Czochralski, world famous metallurgist, discoverer of the technique of producing metal monocrystals `the Czochralski methode’ and inventor of duraluminum and the `bahnalloy’ who started his career and obtained its heights in Germany, later returned to Poland, became a professor at the Warsaw Polytechnical, played an important role in cultural life of Warsaw, lived in Warsaw through the second world war and the Warsaw Uprising of August-September 1944 and after the war was accused of cooperating ith occupying German forces and though judged innocent was literally erased from the public life and any information about him obliterated. -
Polska Myśl Techniczna W Ii Wojnie Światowej
CENTRALNA BIBLIOTEKA WOJSKOWA IM. MARSZAŁKA JÓZEFA PIŁSUDSKIEGO POLSKA MYŚL TECHNICZNA W II WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ W 70. ROCZNICĘ ZAKOŃCZENIA DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH W EUROPIE MATERIAŁY POKONFERENCYJNE poD REDAkcJą NAUkoWą DR. JANA TARCZYńSkiEGO WARSZAWA 2015 Konferencja naukowa Polska myśl techniczna w II wojnie światowej. W 70. rocznicę zakończenia działań wojennych w Europie Komitet naukowy: inż. Krzysztof Barbarski – Prezes Instytutu Polskiego i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie dr inż. Leszek Bogdan – Dyrektor Wojskowego Instytutu Techniki Inżynieryjnej im. profesora Józefa Kosackiego mgr inż. Piotr Dudek – Prezes Stowarzyszenia Techników Polskich w Wielkiej Brytanii gen. dyw. prof. dr hab. inż. Zygmunt Mierczyk – Rektor-Komendant Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego płk mgr inż. Marek Malawski – Szef Inspektoratu Implementacji Innowacyjnych Technologii Obronnych Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej mgr inż. Ewa Mańkiewicz-Cudny – Prezes Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych – Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej prof. dr hab. Bolesław Orłowski – Honorowy Członek – założyciel Polskiego Towarzystwa Historii Techniki – Instytut Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk kmdr prof. dr hab. Tomasz Szubrycht – Rektor-Komendant Akademii Marynarki Wojennej im. Bohaterów Westerplatte dr Jan Tarczyński – Dyrektor Centralnej Biblioteki Wojskowej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego prof. dr hab. Leszek Zasztowt – Dyrektor Instytutu Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk dr Czesław Andrzej Żak – Dyrektor Centralnego Archiwum Wojskowego im. -
Cryptographyorhioohulmuoft CRYPTOGRAPHY OR the HISTORY, PRINCIPLES, and PRACTICE of CIPHER-WRITING
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cryptographyorhiOOhulmuoft CRYPTOGRAPHY OR THE HISTORY, PRINCIPLES, AND PRACTICE OF CIPHER-WRITING ^ w >TOGRA OR The History, Principles, and Practice OF CIPHER-WRITING e<^ BY Fl^EDWARD HULME, F.L.S., F.S.A U\ AUTHOR OF "familiar WILD FLOWERS," " MYTHLAND," " NATURAL HISTORY LORE AND LEGEND," "the birth and development OF ORNAMENT," " WAYSIDK SKETCHES," ETC Heres noiv mystery and hieroglyphic Ben Jonson— The Alchemysi. LONDON WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.C NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE — CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE Meaning of cryptography—Objections to its study—Its legitimate use and value—Historic examples of its employment—Deliglit in the mysterious—Many other ways of conveying secret information—Symbolism of action—The spoken word imprisoned and dispatched —A matter not necessarily secret because one cannot understand it — Egyptian hieroglypliics — Chinese characters—Indian mutiny Greek—Ancient Biblical cryptogram — Sheshach of Jeremiah — Sir Henry Eawlinson thereon—Statements for and against Julius Caesar's secret code—The waxed tablet of Demaratus—Difference between hidden and secret writing—The shaven head a writing tablet—Charle- magne and Alfred the Great as cryptographic experts —Mediaeval authorities—Trithemius the Benedictine " — " Steganographia —Dabbling in the black art Dr. Dee—Batista Porta's book on "Natural Majick" —Invisible writing—Chemical methods by vitriol, alum, etc. —Writing on glass or crystal—Papal In- quisition—Disappearing writing—Messages wrapped round rollers—Two methods—A slave's back the writing surface—Chemical methods of no great value ordinarily—Disadvantages of use— Action of light and heat—Chloride of cobalt, sulphate of copper, etc. -
Enigma Cryptanalysis - Beginnings
Enigma Cryptanalysis - Beginnings Gaurish Korpal∗ [email protected] July 15, 2015 Abstract Any message may be hidden in two basic ways. The methods of steganography conceal the very existence of the message, for example invisible inks and microdots. The methods of cryptography, on the other hand, do not conceal the presence of a secret message but render it unintelligible as ciphertext, to outsiders by various transformations of the plaintext. Breaking ciphers require ingenuity, creativity and a little math. In this article our focus will be on breaking Enigma ciphers. The skill involved in breaking ciphers is called cryptanalysis. Keywords. Enigma, cryptanalysis, cypher, Caesar, Vigen`ere,Rejewski, Zygalski, Bomba, Bombe 1 Cipher not Code A code is a mapping from some meaningful unit (word, sentence, phrase) into something else (usually a shorter group of symbols). A code requires a codebook, it is simply a list of these mappings. For example we could make up a code where the word Apple is written as 67, historical example of this is \Zimmermann Telegram Code" for more details refer [7]. Ciphers do not involve meaning. Instead they are mechanical operations (known as algorithms) which are performed on the individual or small chunks of letters. A code is stored as a mapping in a codebook, while ciphers transform individual symbols according to an algorithm. It was definitively stated in 1883 by the Dutch linguist Auguste Kerckhoffs von Nieuwenhof in his book La Cryptographie militaire: Kerckhoffs' Principle: The security of a cryptosystem must not depend on keeping secret the crypto-algorithm. The security depends only on keeping secret the key. -
History Today 12 June 2018: Back to Basics
Back to Basics June 12 The CCH has seen a few instances recently where published histories on the outside that deal with World War II cryptology have used WW II cryptologic terminology incorrectly or made other erroneous statements about the wartime effort. We decided it would be a good idea to lay out some terminology and basic facts for reference. If all this sounds like a primer, well, yes, it is. But we hope it is also an interesting primer. Both the United States and Great Britain had intensive cryptanalytic efforts before World War II, and both enjoyed a measure of success. Although both countries worked a variety of targets, the British concentrated on German cryptosystems, and the U.S. on Japanese systems. Each gave a covername to the systems they sought to solve, and, when successful against an adversary’s system, they applied a different covername to the results of the cryptanalysis. The Americans and British began cautious sharing in early 1941 of what the British called Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and U.S. officials called Communications Intelligence (COMINT). Over the course of the war, just as the two nations grew closer in military operations, their cryptologic organizations greatly increased cooperation. Both countries had a covername that was applied to the information derived from exploiting a foreign cryptosystem. This had a double purpose; it would help keep the intelligence information within carefully controlled distribution system, and it would alert the reader to the fact that the intelligence had been obtained through an extremely fragile process and could only be discussed with others who held the proper clearances for that kind of intelligence. -
MTAT.07.006 Research Seminar in Cryptography the Enigma Cipher Machine
MTAT.07.006 Research Seminar in Cryptography The Enigma Cipher Machine Kadri Hendla November 28, 2005 Abstract 3.1 The Rotors The aim of this survey is to give a brief overview on Rotors are the most important part of an Enigma Enigma cipher machine and its cryptanalysis before machine. A rotor is a disc about 10 cm in diameter and during the Second World War. The survey is and it’s usually made of hard rubber or bakelite. mostly based on the articles [1] and [7] on Enigma On one face are 26 brass pins forming a circle; on from Wikipedia. the other side are corresponding electrical contacts. Each pin represents a letter in the alphabet. Inside the rotor are 26 wires connecting the pins on one 1 Introduction side to the contacts on the other side; the wiring is different for each rotor. The rotor also has a finger Enigma is a portable cipher machine, famous for wheel for turning the rotor by hand and an alpha- the role it played in World War II. The breaking of bet ring, so the operator can see the rotor position. Enigma codes is considered to be one of the reasons In the earlier versions of Enigma the alphabet ring for the Allies victory. was fixed; the later versions allowed adjusting the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring. This po- sition of the ring is known as the ring settings. The 2 History of Enigma rotors are placed in the machine side by side, which causes the pins and contacts of the neighbouring In 1918 German engineer Arthur Scherbius applied rotors to form an electrical connection. -
Introduction
ON SOME KNOWN POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF QUASIGROUPS IN CRYPTOLOGY Victor Shcherbacov Abstract. It is surveyed known (published) possible application of binary and n-ary quasigroups in cryptology. Mathematics Subject Classification: 20N05, 94A60. Key words and phrases: Cryptology, cryptography, cipher, key, quasigroup, n-ary quasigroup. Introduction Almost all results obtained in branch of application of quasigroups in cryptology and coding theory to the end of eighties years of the XX-th century are described in [20, 21]. In the present survey the main attention is devoted more late articles in this direction. Basic facts on quasigroup theory it is possible to find in [5, 6, 7, 64]. Information on basic fact in cryptology it is possible to find in many books see, for example, [3, 11, 60, 54]. Cryptology is a science that consists form two parts: cryptography and cryptanalysis. Cryp- tography is a science on methods of transformation (ciphering) of information with the purpose of a protection this information from an unlawful user. Cryptanalysis is a science on methods and ways of breaking down of ciphers ([32]). In some sense cryptography is a \defense", i.e. this is a science on construction of new ciphers, but cryptanalysis is an \attack", i.e. this is a science and some kind \art", a set of methods on breaking of ciphers. This situation is similar to situation with intelligence and contr-intelligence. These two objects (cryptography and cryptanalysis) are very closed and there does not exist a good cryptographer that do not know methods of cryptanalysis. It is clear, that cryptology depends from a level of development of a society and a level of development of technology. -
Cryptology: an Historical Introduction DRAFT
Cryptology: An Historical Introduction DRAFT Jim Sauerberg February 5, 2013 2 Copyright 2013 All rights reserved Jim Sauerberg Saint Mary's College Contents List of Figures 8 1 Caesar Ciphers 9 1.1 Saint Cyr Slide . 12 1.2 Running Down the Alphabet . 14 1.3 Frequency Analysis . 15 1.4 Linquist's Method . 20 1.5 Summary . 22 1.6 Topics and Techniques . 22 1.7 Exercises . 23 2 Cryptologic Terms 29 3 The Introduction of Numbers 31 3.1 The Remainder Operator . 33 3.2 Modular Arithmetic . 38 3.3 Decimation Ciphers . 40 3.4 Deciphering Decimation Ciphers . 42 3.5 Multiplication vs. Addition . 44 3.6 Koblitz's Kid-RSA and Public Key Codes . 44 3.7 Summary . 48 3.8 Topics and Techniques . 48 3.9 Exercises . 49 4 The Euclidean Algorithm 55 4.1 Linear Ciphers . 55 4.2 GCD's and the Euclidean Algorithm . 56 4.3 Multiplicative Inverses . 59 4.4 Deciphering Decimation and Linear Ciphers . 63 4.5 Breaking Decimation and Linear Ciphers . 65 4.6 Summary . 67 4.7 Topics and Techniques . 67 4.8 Exercises . 68 3 4 CONTENTS 5 Monoalphabetic Ciphers 71 5.1 Keyword Ciphers . 72 5.2 Keyword Mixed Ciphers . 73 5.3 Keyword Transposed Ciphers . 74 5.4 Interrupted Keyword Ciphers . 75 5.5 Frequency Counts and Exhaustion . 76 5.6 Basic Letter Characteristics . 77 5.7 Aristocrats . 78 5.8 Summary . 80 5.9 Topics and Techniques . 81 5.10 Exercises . 81 6 Decrypting Monoalphabetic Ciphers 89 6.1 Letter Interactions . 90 6.2 Decrypting Monoalphabetic Ciphers . -
Simply Turing
Simply Turing Simply Turing MICHAEL OLINICK SIMPLY CHARLY NEW YORK Copyright © 2020 by Michael Olinick Cover Illustration by José Ramos Cover Design by Scarlett Rugers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-943657-37-7 Brought to you by http://simplycharly.com Contents Praise for Simply Turing vii Other Great Lives x Series Editor's Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1. Roots and Childhood 1 2. Sherborne and Christopher Morcom 7 3. Cambridge Days 15 4. Birth of the Computer 25 5. Princeton 38 6. Cryptology From Caesar to Turing 44 7. The Enigma Machine 68 8. War Years 85 9. London and the ACE 104 10. Manchester 119 11. Artificial Intelligence 123 12. Mathematical Biology 136 13. Regina vs Turing 146 14. Breaking The Enigma of Death 162 15. Turing’s Legacy 174 Sources 181 Suggested Reading 182 About the Author 185 A Word from the Publisher 186 Praise for Simply Turing “Simply Turing explores the nooks and crannies of Alan Turing’s multifarious life and interests, illuminating with skill and grace the complexities of Turing’s personality and the long-reaching implications of his work.” —Charles Petzold, author of The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine “Michael Olinick has written a remarkably fresh, detailed study of Turing’s achievements and personal issues. -
The Mathematics of the Enigma Machine Student: Emily Yale Supervisor: Dr Tariq Jarad
The Mathematics of the Enigma Machine Student: Emily Yale Supervisor: Dr Tariq Jarad The Enigma Machine is a mechanical encryption device used mainly by the German Forces during WWII to turn plaintext into complex ciphertext, the same machine could be used to do the reverse (Trappe and Washington, 2006). Invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I the cipher it produced was marketed as ‘unbreakable’ (Trappe and Washington, 2006). Adopted by the German military forces, it worked by layering a number of substitution ciphers that were decided by an excess of 1.589x1021 machine settings. With help from Polish and French mathematicians, the cryptographer named Alan Turing created a machine known as the ‘Bombe’ which helped to reduce the time taken to ‘break’ an Enigma cipher (Imperial War Museums, 2015). The report this poster is based on focuses on the mathematics of the Enigma machine as well as the methods used to find the settings for a piece of ciphertext. Advantages and disadvantages of the Enigma code will be explored, alternative cipher machines are considered. Aims and Objective Bombe (Group Theory) • A brief insight into Cryptography The Bombe was a machine that could be used to find the key to an • The history of the Enigma Machine Enigma cipher. It was modelled on the Polish machine, Bomba, which • The mechanism of the Enigma Machine could also do same before Enigma was enhanced. Bombe could find the • The mathematics of the Bombe settings on an Enigma machine that had been used to encrypt a • Understanding Group Theory ciphertext.