Index

INDEX

(Currently, with reference to section numbers rather than page numbers)

Absolute , 1-5 Buildings Acceleration, 4-1 Architectural Fluid Mechanics Acetic acid, 5-2 Ventilation Acoustic waves, 1-5 Wind flow around buildings, 4-3 Advection, Buoyancy Aerodynamic Center of buoyancy, 2-6 Air, 1-5, 4-7 Buoyancy force, 2-5 Air pollution Butter, 1-6 Airfoil, see Airplane, 1-1 Camber Alcohol, 4-7 Capillarity Angle of repose Capillary wave Angular frequency, 3-8 Capsizing, 2-6 Anticyclone Carbon dioxide, 1-5 Antlion Carbon monoxide, 1-5 Aqueduct Carbon tetrachloride, 5-2 Archimedes, 2-5, 4-2 Carbonated beverages, 2-5 Architectural Fluid Mechanics Cavitation Atmosphere Center of buoyancy Mass of the atmosphere Center of gravity Atmospheric , 2-2, 4-2 Champagne, 2-5 At sea level, 2-1 Chaos Avalanche Chézy, Antoine de, 10-3 Chézy formula, 10-3 Babylonians Chinese Balloon Early rockets, 17-1 Hot-air balloon, 2-Q-11 Choking Barometer, 2-2, 4-2 Chord, of an airfoil, 8- Bathtub Circulation, 3-9 Bathtub Closure problem, 6-8 Beer Clouds, 6-7 Benzene, 5-1 Coffee, 1-1 Bernoulli, Daniel, 4-2 Compressibility, 7-4 Bernoulli Principle, 4-2, 7-5-a, 10-4 Compressibility wave, 7-4 Bernoulli function, 4-2 Compressor Birds Conservation , 3-1, 8-6 Conservation of energy Blood, 4-7 Conservation of mass, 3-4, 7-4 Blood cell Conservation of volume, 3-6, 10-2 Blower Contraction Boats – see Sailboat or Ships Control, hydraulic, 10-4 Bottleneck (in traffic), 15- Convection, 6-7 Boundary layer Convection oven Breathing, 1-1, 1-2 Convective Bubbles, 2-5, 5-5, 5-T-2 Convergence, 3-3, 3-6

281

Index

Corn starch, 1-6 Euler, Leonhard, 4-1 Critical depth, 10-4, 10-6 Expansion wave, 15-5, 15-6, 15-7 Critical flow Explosion Curl (of a vector) Curvature, 5-1 Fan Cyclone Faucet, 5-1, 7-4, 10-5 Cylindrical coordinates Fins on a fish da Vinci, Leonardo, 4-2, 6-1 on a rocket, 17-5 Dam, 10-4 First Law of , 7-3 Delta wing, 8-5 Flapping wing Density, 1-5, 3-1, 3-5 Downstroke, 8-6-a Depth Upstroke 8-6-b Critical depth, 10-4, 10-6 Flight Normal depth, 10-6 Airplane flight Detergent, 1-2 Bird flight Diesel fuel, 4-7 Insect flight Diethyl ether, 5-2 Floating body, 2-5, 2-6, 5-3 Dilatant, 1-6 Stability, 2-6 Discharge, 10-3, 10-6-c Flooding, 10-3 Divergence, 3-3, 3-6 Flow Drag coefficient Fluid Definition Definition of a fluid, 1-4 Sample values Foam, 5-6 Drag force, 1-2, Foam toilet, 5-6 Form drag Fog Skin drag Footprint in sand, 16- Draining the bathtub Forces, 4-1, 4-5, 10-2 Drinking Free speed, 15-2 Dripping Free surface Drops, droplets, 5-1, 5-2, 5-4 Freshwater, vs. seawater Dunking Friction, 4-7 Dutch, 10-1 Friction factor in a pipe, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3 Dynamic gliding, 8-6-c Friction velocity, 6-5 Turbulent friction, 6-5 Earth Viscous friction, 4-7 Earth radius Front, atmospheric Eddies, 4-6 Froude number, 10-4 Eddy diameter, 6-2 Froude, William, 10-4 Eddy viscosity, 6-8 Fuel Effective vehicle length, 15- Rocket fuel consumption, 17-2 Egyptians Energy, 4-2 Gage pressure – see Pressure Energy dissipation, 6-2, 6-5, 6-8 , 1-3, 1-5 Energy spectrum, 6-4 Ideal gas, 1-5 Enthalpy, 17-3 Gasoline, 1-5 Entrainment, 6-6 Geophysical Entropy Gliding, 8-4, 8-6-c Equation of State, 1-5, 4-1, 6-7, 13-, 17-3 Glycerol, 5-1, 5-2 Ethanol, 4-7, 5-2 Goddard, Robert H., 17-1. Ethylene glycol, 5-1 Gold, 2-5

282

Index

Gradient, 3-7 Gradually varied flow, 10-6 Lake, 6-7, 10-6b, 10-6c Gravitational acceleration, 2-1 Laminar flow, 7-2 Gravitational force, 4-1 Law of the wall, 6-5 Gravity, 2-1 Leak – leaking container, 4-4 Center of gravity, 2-6 , 8-1 Great Flight Diagram, 8-2 Lift coefficient, 8-1 Gulf Stream, 3-2 Lift force, 1-2, 8-1 Gusher, 1-4 , 1-3, 1-5, 3-6 Logarithmic profile, 6-5, 6-8, 10-3 Head loss in pipe flow, 7-1 Lung Heart Heat capacity, 6-7, 17-3 Mach, Ernst, 17-3 Helium, 1-5, 2-1 Mach number, 7-4, 17-3 Honey, 4-7 Machu Picchu, 10-1 Hoover Dam, 2-1 Manning coefficient, 10-3 Hot-air balloon, 2-Q-11 Manning formula, 10-3 Hydraulics, 10-1 Manning, Robert, 10-3 Hydraulic control, 10-4 Manometer, 2-2, 7-5 Hydraulic head Mariotte bottle, 4-Q-4 Hydraulic jump, 10-5 Material derivative, 3-5, 4-1, 4-2 Hydraulic piston, 2-3 Mercury, 1-5, 2-2, 5-1 Hydraulic radius, 10-2 Meteorology Hydrogen, 1-5 Methane, 1-5 Hydrophilic, 5-2 Methyl iodide, 5-2 Hydrophobic, 5-2 Micelles, 5-6 Hydrostatic equilibrium, 2-1 Mild slope, 10-6 Milk, 1-2, 1-5, 4-7, 5-1 , 2-5 Mist, 7-5-a Iceberg Mixing, 1-2, 6-6 Ideal gas, 1-5 Momentum Immiscible fluids Momentum equations, 4-1, 7-4, 10-2 Impeller in a turbulent jet, 6-6 Incas – see Machu Picchu Moody chart, 7-3 Incompressible fluid, 1-5, 4-7 Muffler, 1-5 Inertial range, 6- Integral scale Navier, Claude-Louis, 4-1 Inviscid flow Navier-Stokes equations, 4-1 Irrigation Newton, Isaac, 4-7 Irrotational flow, 3-8, 8-5 Newton’s Second Law, 4-1, 4-5, 4-7 Isoline, 3-7 Newtonian fluid, 4-7 Niagara Falls, Preface Jam – see Traffic jam Nitrogen, 1-5 Jet, 6-6 Noise, 1-5 Normal depth, 10-6 Kites, 8-5, 8-Q-4 Normal stress, 4-7 Kolmogorov Nozzle, 6-6 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 6-2 Convergent-divergent nozzle, 17-3 Kolmogorov eddy cascade, 6-2, 6-7 Kolmogorov scale, 6-2 Ocean Kutta–Joukowski Theorem, 8-5 Oil

283

Index

Motor oil, 1-5, 4-7 Rapidly varied flow, 10-4 Vegetable oil, 4-7 Reynolds decomposition, 6-8 Oil spills, 5-6 Reynolds number, 6-2, 7-2, 7-3, 8-3 Open-channel flow, 10-2 Reynolds, Osborne, 6-8 Orbital velocity, 6-2, 6-5 Reynolds stress, 6-8 Orifice, 6-6, 7-5 Rinsing Oscillating grid, 6-7 Rivers, 3-1 Oxygen, 1-5 Road capacity, 15-3 Rockets, 17-1 Paint, 1-6 Rocket engine, 17-3 Panama Canal, 10-1 Rocket equation, 17-2 Parachute Rocket stability, 17- Pascal, Blaise, 2-2 Romans, 1-2, 10-1, 10-5 Perching, 8-6-d Rotation Petroleum, 1-4, 1-5 Solid-body rotation, 1-2, 3-8 Piezometric head, 7-4 Roughness Pipe bend, 7-5 Channel roughness, Table 6-2, Pipe flow, 2-2, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5 Pipe roughness, Pitcher – see Pouring from a pitcher Roughness height, 6-5 Pitot tube, 4-3 Platoon, car platooning Sail Plume Sailboat Plumbing – see Pipe flow Saint-Venant, Adhemar, 10-2 Poiseuille, Jean, Léonard Marie, 7-2 Saint-Venant equations, 10-2 Pool, see Swimming pool Sand, 16- Potential Footprint in sand, 16- Potential energy, 2-4 Sand roughness, 6-5 Velocity potential Sand storm, 3-2 Pouring Scour, 4-6 Pouring from a pitcher, 1-2, 10-, 12- Sculling, 8-6-a Power Seawater, 1-5, 2-Q-7 Power spectrum – see Energy spectrum Seawater, vs. freshwater Pressure, 1-1, 1-5, Seeping Atmospheric pressure, 2-1, 2-2 Settling speed, 8-3 Blood pressure, 2-1 Sewer, 1-1 Gage pressure, 2-1, 4-3 Shear Hydrostatic pressure, 2-1 Shear flow, 3-8, 6-5 Pressure coefficient, 8-5 Shear force, 2-1 Pressure energy, 2-4 Shear stress, 4-7, 6-5, 7- Pressure force, 2-1, 4-1 Shear thickening, 1-6 Stagnation pressure, 4-3, 8-5 Shear thinning, 1-6 Tire pressure, 2-1, 2-6 Ships, 2-6 Propane, 1-5, 2-1 Shock wave, 17-4 Propulsion Silly putty, 1-6 Propylene glycol, 4-7 Skin friction Puddles, 5-4 Slurping Puff Soaking Pump, 1-1 Soap, 5-6 Puy de Dôme, 2-2 Soapy water, 5-1 Sonar, 1-5 Rain Sonic boom – see Shock wave

284

Index

Sonic flow, 17-3 Surfactants, 5-6 Sound, 1-5 Swimming Sound speed, 1-Q-6, 7-4, 17-3 Swimming pool, 2-Q-5, 5-5 Sound wave, 7-4 Swirl, 3-8 Span, of a wing, 8- see also Eddy Sparkling water, see Carbonated beverages Syrup, 4-7 Specific energy, 8-, 10-4 Specific volume, 1-5 Temperature Spectrum, of energy, 6-4 Absolute temperature, 1-5 Spilling, 1-4 Tension – see Surface tension Spillway Tensor, 4-7 Spin, 3-8 Terminal velocity, 8-3 Splashing, 5-1 Thermal expansion, 1-5 Spray, 7-5 Thermals, 6-7, 8-6 Sprinkler Three Gorges Dam, 10-1 Squirting Thrust, 8-4, 17-2 Stability Tides of a floating body Tires, 2-1, 2-6 of rocket flight Toothpaste, 1-1, 1-6 Stagnation Torricelli, Evangelista, 2-2, 4-2 Stagnation point, 8-5 Torricelli’s Law, 4-4, 4-T-3 Stagnation pressure, 8-5 Traffic Stagnation temperature, 17-3 Traffic circle, 3-T-4 Stagnation pressure – see Pressure Traffic jam, 15-2 Stagnation temperature Trailing vortices, 8-5 Stall Trajectory, 3-2 Steady flow, 3-2 Back trajectory, Fig 3-3 Steam Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 17-1 Steep slope, 10-6 Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, 17-2 Stirring Tsunami Stirring milk in coffee, 1-2 Turbine, 3-1 Stokes, George Gabriel, 4-1 Turbulence, 1-5, 6-1 Strain, 4-7 footnote Convective turbulence, 6-7 Streaks, 3-2 Definition, 6-1 Stream, 10-6, 10-6b, Energy cascade, 6-2 Streamline, 3-2 Homogeneous turbulence, 6-2 Streamfunction, 3-7 Isotropic turbulence, 6-2 Stress Oscillating grid, 6-7 Definition Shear (wall) turbulence, 6-5, 6-7 Reynolds stress Turbulent kinetic energy, 6-8 Viscous stress tensor, 4-7 Wall stress Urinal – Waterless urinal, 2-3 Subcritical flow, 10-4, 15-3 Urine test, 5-3 Submarines U-tube, 2-2 Submerged body Subsonic flow, 7-4, 17-3 Vacuum, 2-1 Sucking, 7-3 Valves Supercritical flow, 10-4, 15-3 Mechanical valve, 7-4, 7-5 Supersonic flow, 17- Aortic valve Surf Vane, 4-5 Surface tension, 5-1 Vascular system

285

Index

Vehicle density Watershed Vehicle effective length Water hammer, 7- Vehicle flow Water skiing, 4-Q-5 Velocity, 3-1 Water strider, 5-3 Friction velocity, 6-5 Wavelength Terminal velocity, 8-3 Wavenumber, 6-4 Velocity components, 3-1 Waves Velocity profile, 6-5 Acoustic waves, 1-5 Velocity shear, 3-8, 6-5, 6-6 Capillary waves Venturi, 7-5-a Gravity waves Vesicle in traffic, 15-4 Virtual source, 6-6 Shock wave, 17-4 Viscosity, 4-7, 6-2 Wave maker Dynamic viscosity, 4-7 Weather Eddy viscosity, 6-8 Weir, 1-2, 10-4 Kinematic viscosity, 4-7 Wetness, 5-2 Vesicle Wetted perimeter, 10-2 Vinegar, 5-2 Whirl Vodka, 1-Q-4 Whiskey, 2-T-3 Vortex stretching, 4-6 White waters Vortex tipping, 4-6 Wind, 6-5 Vortices – see also Eddies Windmill Trailing vortices, 8-5 Dutch windmills, 10-1, 9- Wingtip vortices, 8-5 see also Wind turbine , 3-8, 4-6 Wind turbine, 3-1 Wing, 8-2 Wake Airplane Past a bridge pier, 4-6 Bird, 8-6 Walking, Camber Walking on water, 5-2 Chord Wall Delta wing, 8-5 Wall roughness – see Roughness flapping, 8-6 Washing machine, 1-2, 5-6, 6-3 Insect Water, 1-5, 4-7, 5-1, 5-2 Loading, 8-2 Water , 1-5 Span Waterfall, 5-1 Wingtip vortices, 8-5 Waterproof Rainproof, 5-2

286