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Managing the with Villagers: An Experience from Dong Kapho State Production Forest in Savannakhet, Lao PDR

Khamphay Manivong, Director , Forest Research Centre Department of Vientiane, Lao PDR

Berenice Muraille , Joint Adviser, Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme Provincial Forestry Section Savannakhet, Lao PDR

Abstract

In Asia, governments have been reluctant to hand over large tracts of valuable production forest area to local communities. Thus, most participatory forest management programs are only applied in degraded or areas. Presently, the Government of Lao PDR is testing various approaches to participatory forest management. This case study presents a joint forest management approach (collaboration between villagers and the Forest Department) to sustainably harvest timber in the Dong Kapho State Production Forest of Savannakhet Province in southern Laos. The following paper describes the technical processes of the joint forest management approach in harveting and processing timber in Dong Kapho.

Introduction

Over the last decade, the Government of Lao PDR has increasingly recognized that for sustainable forest management to be successful it needs to actively involve the communities living in or near forest area. In Savannakhet Province in southern Laos, a partnership has been formed between the government and local villagers to implement a forest management plan for Dong Kapho State Production Forest (SPF). To test this joint Forest Management (JFM) concept, in 1994 two models were initiated in 15 villages located around Dong Kapho. The two models differ in their arrangements for the sharing of responsibilities and benefits, however, both models include similar activities such as: pre- inventories, harvesting, log measurement and grading, sales, enrichment plating, and .

Dong Khapo SPF covers an area of 9,600 ha of which 5,900 ha have been classified for production (see Figure 1). The Dong Kapho SPF management plan was developed by the Department of Forestry (DoF) and implementation began in 1994. Before this management plan, villagers living around Dong Kapho witnessed the mining of their forest without being associated with its exploitation or subsequent benefits. In view of this, one of the primary objectives of the management plan was to involve the surrounding villages in the management of the forest. This has been achieved by developing forest protection agreements that, through various arrangements, entitle villagers to participate in all forest operations (including pre-logging inventories, logging, enrichment planting and patrolling), to be paid for their labor, and to receive a share of the revenue generated from logging activities. Each year, three villages of the 15 actively participate in forest operations, while the other 12 participate only in forest protection activities. Money to pay for labor and support community development activities is secured through the revenue generated from timber sales in the three logging villages. Page 2 of 14

Figure 1: Dong Kapho State Production Forest and Surrounding Villages

Dong Kapho SPF Management Plan

The three main objectives of the Dong Kapho SPF management plan are:

 Sustained yield production of valuable timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs);  Maintenance of the ecological, conservation, and protective capacity of the forest; and Page 3 of 14

 Involvement of the local people.

The Dong Kapho Forest Management Plan is based on a 50 year sustainable cycle. Dong Kapho is subdivided in three "management areas" and every year 118 ha of forest area is surveyed for logging. This is then divided into three cutting areas (one in each management area) based on where the annual cutting area falls in. While the boundaries between Dong Kapho and traditional use areas often intersect, villagers are permitted to collect NTFPs and hunt in these areas throughout the year.

Implementation of the Forest Management Plan

The responsibility for the management, protection, production, monitoring, and control of the management plan lies with the Savannakhet Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office (PAFO). In order to implement the plan, PAFO establishes contracts ("Forest Contracts") with the villages surrounding Dong Kapho. Contracts are signed by three parties: PAFO, the District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO) and the villege committee. Contracts specify the rights and obligations of each party as to the implementation of the forest management plan (Annexes 1 and 2) as well as the distribution of benefits generated by the sale of logs (Annexes 3 and 4).

Pre-logging survey

Before logging, a pre-logging inventory takes place to quantify the stocking of the selected cutting area and its quality using a systematic line plot survey with a sampling intensify seven of seven percent (Annex 5). This operation is conducted by staff from PAFO, DAFO, and hired villagers. The villagers' roles consist of guiding the staff in the forest and identifying the actual cutting area from the maps and aerial photos. Villagers also have the to decide whether or not cutting in the area can take place, especially if it falls in a traditional use area. For example, one area selected for logging was located in an area considered as a sacred forest. Consequently, this area (about 20 ha) was reclassified as protection forest.

During this operation, the field data collected includes: species, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), tree status and number of five meter logs. From this data, number of and its volume per hectare in different DBH classes are computed per species and tree status.

Elaboration of cutting regime (regulations on tree marking)

Ensuring the appropriate cutting regime is important to ensure the sustainability of the 50 year cutting cycle. It involves the determination of which species at what diameter can be cut (the Modified Minimum Diameter - MMD) which is based on pre-logging measurements and the current situation in each cutting area. Management objectives and economic factors are also taken into consideration. A number of rules and criteria are applied in elaborating the cutting regime. The most common are:

 A Minimum of 36 healthy commercial trees (or equivalent trees) per hectare with more than 30 DBH cm should be left in the residual stand, after logging. Allowance of 20 percent should be made to compensate for logging damage.  The cutting of both healthy and damaged trees should not exceed 2 5 percent of the total standing volume (only trees with DBH < 20 cm) in the logging area.  Trees with DBH bigger than the MMD should be considered for felling, except for species with a density less than 1m 3/ha.  Single (healthy or damaged) trees, qualified for felling according to the above criteria, should be selected only if the distance to the nearest selected tree is a minimum of 15 meters. If the trees are growing in clusters, within a circle of 10 meters, two trees may be selected for felling even if the distance between them is less than 15 meters.  Damaged or dead trees more than 40 DBH cm should be selected for felling.  No trees in riverine areas (up to 100 meters wide on both sides) should be selected for felling.  Resin-tapped trees less than 100 cm DBH should be excluded from felling (resin is a major source of income for villagers).

Based on the above, the instructions for the data containing general rules and the table showing a list of species with minimum DBH are prepared by PAFO staff. In addition, the staff also prepare an enlarged (1/5,000) map of the cutting area and indicate the survey lines for tree marking on the map. Page 4 of 14

Tree marking survey

Equipped with a map and instructions for tree marking (a cutting regime), a survey is undertaken by villagers and DAFO and PAFO staff in each cutting area. A tree marking line system is used with parallel lines at 50 meters apart, in order to measure and mark the stumps to be logged. Each marked tree is given a number and indicated on the tree marking survey map (Annex 6). Besides helping with the measurements, the villagers advise on which trees can (or cannot) be cut according to traditional use patterns. For example, a tree marked for cutting might be used by an individual or a family for resin tapping. In this instance, the tree will not be felled. In addition, silvicultural treatments (such as the cutting of climbers) is also carried out by villagers. Later, the bole volume of the marked trees is calculated for each cutting area by the team leader with the help of a volume table developed by the National and Planning Office (Annex 7).

Market surveys

The data resulting from the tree marking survey assists in estimating the volume for each species. This data is then used for the sealed bid to in the province. Each has about ten days to submit an offer. Once these offers are received, village representatives and DAFO and PAFO staff analyze them to secure the best offer. Sale contracts are signed between the sawmill, the village, and PAFO, and advance payment can be negotiated.

Harvesting

Logging is undertaken by the villagers under the supervision of one staff member from DAFO or PAFO. Logging related work comprises two main tasks: the felling of trees and the clearing of logging tracks to allow extraction. The felling is done with handsaws. The village is given the map (See Annex 6) established during the tree marking survey, on which each tree and its position is indicated. Since the Dong Kapho SPF had already been logged, about 10-17 m 3/ha is currently removed against 127 m 3/ha of average standing volume. in order to undertake logging operations, villagers need to acquire basic equipment such as handsaws, machetes and hooks. An advance on their future benefits from the sawmill allow them to buy this equipment in the first year. The logging equipment the stays with the village.

Organizing, Villages for logging

Each village has developed its own system for carrying out logging and related operations which has evolved from its own social structure. Every village in Laos is divided into administrative neighborhoods ( Nouay ) composed of a number of households. Each neighborhood is headed by a chief and deputy. Before the logging work begins, the head of each neighborhood meets with the head of the village and the village committee to decide which trees each neighborhood will cut. Responsibilities to clear the logging tracks are distributed in the same way.

Some villages create their own systems. For example, one village created a special group of young people who are keen to work and earn money. Another village assigned the responsibility of clearing the tracks to one neighborhood, while another worked on cutting. Both men and women participate in the work. In some villages women provide support by preparing food for the workers (they will be paid the same amount), while in other villages women help in clearing logging tracks.

Tree marking map

The map developed during the tree marking survey and a list of tree species (see Annexes 6 and 7) are handed out to the village. This map is the key to efficient logging. Because some villagers have been working with the staff during the pre -logging survey and the tree marking survey, they have a sound knowledge of the area and information presented on the map. By having every tree localized along an inventory line, its number and species identified, villagers can avoid the felling of wrong trees. It also allows villagers to attribute the trees to each neighborhood before the actual logging work starts.

Practical work

The villagers agree when the work will begin, and requests that DAFO send a staff member to supervise the work. Before starting the work, villagers offer (and eat!) a pig or a cow to the spirits of the forest to ensure logging operations will go safety. The actual fieldwork takes between 10 and 20 days. In some villages, the workers spend the whole period in the forest, while other villages return home everyday. Page 5 of 14

The work is conducted in such a way so as to minimize the damage to the residual stand. In case there is doubt about a tree to be cut or the direction for felling, the DAFO staff member is requested to advise the villagers. The head of each neighborhood keeps daily accounts of trees felled and who participated in the work. This data is important to ensure fair payment to the individuals participating in the operations.

Transportation of logs from first to second landing

After cutting, the logs need to be transported from the forest to the second landing where the sawmill receives them. This work is done through private transportation companies often located in the district. Again, companies are selected by tender and chosen by the best price and/or having a reputation of providing good service. While the logs are removed from the forest, villagers are present to make sure that all logs are extracted, and that minimum damage is caused to standing trees.

Measurement and grading of trees

As per official regulations, removal permits for the logs at the second landing can only be given once the measurement, stamping, and grading of the logs have been carried out by the PAFO control section staff. These records are used to calculate royalties and other taxes that are paid to the central government. Villagers are always keen to be present during this operation in order to avoid wrong grading or an under estimation of the volume measured.

Seed collection and nursery activities

Villages entitled to harvest timber have an obligation to undertake enrichment planting as per the forest management plan. The villagers, with advice and instructions from PAFO and DAFO, collect seeds from selected species in the forest and establish a nursery in the village in order to have seedlings when time comes in the rainy season (June). Villagers are also paid for this work.

Enrichment planting

Areas for enrichment planting are selected by forest department staff and the villagers. In case the area is not degraded, enrichment planting takes place in the logging tracks of the cutting area. If there are degraded patches (often old areas), the area is surveyed, cleaned and planted when the first rains come. Only indigenous species are used such as Dipterocarpus alatus , Afzelia xylocarpa , Hopea odorata , Pterocarpus macrocarpus , and Sindora cochinchinensis . DAFO has to submit a plantation map and report on the number of seedlings and area planted. Each year, between 2,500 to 3,500 seedlings of two or three indigenous species are planted in the villages that have undertook logging. Depending on the planting site and animal damage, the success rate varies from about 30 percent (in newly abandoned shifting cultivation fields) to 70 percent (in logging tracks and in old fallows).

Protection activities

Protection activities are undertaken by all villages around Dong Kapho, mainly to protect the area from encroachment, forest fires, poaching, and illegal hunting from both villagers and outsiders. In addition, the borders between the village territory and the SPF are identified and delineated by the villagers and DAFO and PAFO staff so that all villagers are aware where the SPF area starts within the village territory.

Since villagers are entitled to collect NTFPs, harvest trees for their own use and hunt within the SPF, the village is requested to keep an account of these activities. One or two forest volunteers per village have been trained to perform such tasks. PAFO and DAFO staff make regular visits to the village to monitor this activity. To promote forest protection activities in the 12 villages where no logging takes place, the villages receive incentives through the Forest Protection Fund (see below), and villagers working with the staff are paid for their daily labor.

Long term planning and operational planning

As specified in the forest management plan, a management inventory needs to take place every ten years. This leads to revisions of the management plan based on the inventory results and experience accumulated during the ten previous years. Though such a process should be initiated by PAFO, it will require inputs and participation from the DoF, particularly from the National Office of Forest inventory and Planning (NOFIP).

PAFO is also in charge of developing five year timber harvesting plans. This task consists of identifying and Page 6 of 14

mapping the logging areas for the coming five years in the three management areas of the forest. It also helps to rectify past errors. For example, if too large of an area has been cut over the five years, the areas to be cut in the following five years can be reduced. It also helps to determine which village will have a cutting area in a particular year.

The yearly planning of forest operations is a joint exercise between DAFO and PAFO. Staff meet together to determine which activities have to be undertaken as foreseen in the forest management plan as well as take into account the experiences gained from working with the villagers. Both offices share the workload and submit yearly workplans, which eventually become quarterly and monthly workplans.

Revenue from the Sale of Logs and Benefit Sharing

Once a sawmill has been authorized to remove the logs from the second landing, the payment to the villages can take place. Payment procedures differ according to the type of contract the village has signed. The average volume annually cut by a village is between 350 to 400 cubic meters generating several thousands of dollars in revenue.

Case 1. PAFO sells the logs (Contract Model 2)

In this model, villagers are paid for their time and do not really manage revenue earned. In compensation for their work, the villages are paid a logging fee covering labor costs.

Other costs are paid directly by DAFO (such as payment for transportation, payment to various village organizations, village administration costs and the village development community fund). How much money is allocated depends on the village. Some villages prefer to be paid and thus there is less money available for the village development community fund and vice versa in other villages.

In addition, some of the revenue goes to a District Forest Development Fund (under DAFO) to support activities in villages not located around Dong Kapho SPF. Some revenue falls into a Forest Protection Fund (under PAFO) in order to support forest protection activities and development in the 12 villages where no logging activities occur.

Some revenue goes to a Forest Improvement Fund (under PAFO) in order to pay for the costs of various activities such as: forest inventories, removal of marked hollow trees, enrichment planting, and post logging inspections. Most revenue (from 50 to 60 percent) goes to the central government in the form of royalties and other taxes. What is left of the revenue after all these payments falls into a Provincial Emergency Fund (under PAFO) in order to support emergency interventions (in case of severe droughts or floods) anywhere in the province. Summary of benefit sharing and use of money under Contract Model 2 is given in Annex 3.

Case II. The village itself sells the logs (Contract model 1):

In the case of Contract Model 2, the villagers are involved in the whole operation. The villagers receive all the revenue for the sale of logs, decide how much they will give to those who have worked in the forest and directly pay for transportation, pre-logging surveys, and other forest operations performed by DAFO and PAFO as indicated in the forest management plan. Moreover, the village has to ensure its own enrichment planting and forest improvement obligations as per the forest management plan.

The village also has to pay the royalties and other taxes to the central government and contribute to the District Forest Development Fund and to the Dong Kapho Forest Protection Fund. The remainder is used to cover administration costs and implement village development activities. A summary of the benefit sharing arrangements and use of money under Contract Model 1 is given in Annex 4.

Support to villages

In order to support the villages, several facilitating activities are provided by DAFO and PAFO. Training has been organized on logging techniques, accounting and booking, administration, forest protection and forest data collection. Regular visits by the staff are similar to "on-the-job training" for villagers, since these visits are often a forum where villagers can discuss issues that have arisen. It represents an opportunity to clarify any problems or conflicts and improve the village understanding of joint Forest Management (JFM) concepts and procedures. Page 7 of 14

Being aware that forest management is not the main preoccupation of the villagers, DAFO is also providing various types of support to the villages such as: land use and land allocation surveys, agricultural extension, support to community development activities funded through the logging revenue, and study tours to other areas. During the land allocation process, villagers, with the support of DAFO, develop their own rules for the management of all natural resources located within the village territory. The land allocation process is also an opportunity for the villagers to develop their own integrated village development plans.

Problems Encountered

In the four years of implementation many problems have been encountered and some of them solved through a learning process approach.

Though a forest management plan had been prepared at the beginning of the experiment, very little had been done to develop a process to implement the plan. These steps have been progressively defined while undertaking the work in order to adjust the JFM concept to the actual context where activities are occurring and institutionalize this through the various line-agencies. Still some aspects of the management plan (such as participatory post-logging inspections, growth measuring and natural regeneration) have no real procedures. These should be addressed within the coming year (1999).

When the implementation began in 1994, only one model contract (Model 1) was properly defined. The second model had not yet been developed, though some villages were selected to implement it. This created confusion as to the purpose of the experiment. For three years, some villages participated without even signing a contract. This led to the drafting and signing of new contracts for both models. Rewriting the contracts three years later has proved to be a blessing in disguise since it has allowed all three parties (province, district and village) to learn from their experiences and introduce many new features that were not initially considered.

The Southeast Asian economic crisis has seriously affected the timber market. In 1998, it was difficult to secure decent prices from the sawmills. The revenues generated were much lower than in the past and the incentives for participation decreased. At the same time, the crisis is deeply affecting the living standards of the staff in charge of implementing JFM. Compared to other staff involved in less intensive work or traditional logging operations, JFM staff do not have opportunities to increase their own income. With no additional incentives, it makes it difficult for them to be enthusiastic.

Issues for Discussion

As already mentioned, the majority of revenue goes to the central government in the form of royalties. This tax is a fixed amount determined by the cubic meter of a particular species. It is arbitrarily fixed with little account of the market situation. It would be fairer to establish an ad valorem tax calculated as a fixed percentage of the actual sale price.

In terms of forest management, the recent fall in timber prices will have an influence on whether to harvest in a particular year. Delaying the felling of an annual cutting area for two or three years would have little influence on the sustainability of the forest. It might, however, have a greater influence on the revenue generated from logging operations. It could be financially beneficial for all parties involved to delay the felling for a few years while waiting for the timber market to revive. Such a move would require indepth discussions between the villagers and PAFO staff.

There are still technical areas where little is known and there is a need for research to support the development of forest management knowledge in Laos. Some areas which need further investigation include:

 The impact of logging on forest regeneration.  The level of logging ensuring sustainable growth and yield.  Indigenous species growing characteristics and plantation techniques.  Sustainable levels of harvesting for NTFPs.  Multiple-use participatory inventory methods.

Moreover, there is no forest management unit at the Department of forestry that can integrate the field Page 8 of 14

lessons from the various projects involved in forest management and in return, give feed back to villagers and field staff on these technical issues.

The JFM approach in Savannakhet is authorized to be tested for five years (1994 to 1999). At the end of this period, the Forestry Department will decide on which model to be pursued. The development of a forestry regulatory framework for the country has been evolving quickly. In the next few years, the development of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management will be developed, and a national forest management system for village forestry approved. At this stage, it is therefore difficult to foresee how the national system will be shaped, how much it will affect JFM in Savannakhet, and will it be rigid allowing only one type of participatory management, or Will it be more open to various systems and local circumstances?

Annex 1: Forest Protection Contract Model 1

Contracting Partners Government Village Executing contract parties PAFO DAFO Village Association (2 members from each family)

Responsible units JFM Unit Rangers Forest Management Staff JFM Board Extension Staff Land-use Staff

Roles and responsibilities of 1. Implement all of DKSPF 1. Support the JFM Board 1. Implementation of the executing Management Plan to undertake the contract DKSPF management plan and ensure the in NE management area 2. Manage the protection of development of the village DKSPF 2. Organize the village JFM 2. Delineate and demarcate Board as a business 3. Contract the village JFM borders of DKSPF and development enterprise with Board for protection and village territory planning, budgeting, etc. implementation of DKSPF Management Plan in NE 3. Organize an annual 3. Ensure protection of the Management Area meeting of advisory group SPF within village to village association boundaries and report to 4. Delineate and Demarcate PAFO the border of DKSPF within 4. Support the village to hire the village territory an external auditor for 4. Implement logging, accounting and book harvesting, market surveys 5. Issue instructions to the keeping and sale of logs JFM Board for harvesting and enrichment planting 5. Advise the JFM Board on 5. Demarcate and delineate operations seed collection, nursery the border of the SPF within techniques, enrichment village territory 6. Follow-up and control the planting, marketing, etc. implementation of the 6. Raise seedlings, carry contract by the JFM Board 6. Support land-use out enrichment planting and planning and land allocation weeding of planted areas 7. Issue regulations to the and development and JFM Board on hunting and implementation of village 7. Pay royalties and other NTFP collection FM & development plan fees as agreed in contract

8. Collect royalties and 7. Collect fee from the 8. Open and manage a taxes from the village village and manage the bank account District Forestry Development Fund 9. Collect protection fee 9. Keep accounting records from the village and of all activities manage the Forest 8. Monthly, quarterly, and annual report Protection Fund 10. Hire an external auditor to review and improve accounting

11. Implement the village FM & Development plan Page 9 of 14

12. Organize village forest volunteers

Annex 2: Forest Protection Contract Model 2

Contracting Partners Government Village

Executing contract parties PAFO DAFO Village Resource Management and Development Committee (VRMDC)

Responsible units JFM Unit Rangers Forest Management Staff Village Forest Extension Staff Volunteer(s) Land-use Staff Village Headman

Roles and responsibilities of 1. Implement all of DKSPF 1. Support to all villages in 1. Organize VRMDC the executing contract Management Plan undertaking all aspects of committee for the parties the contract and village implementation of the 2. Manage the protection development contract and of forest and follow-up operations (protection, implementation of DKSPF 2. Delineate and demarcate plantation, nursery, etc. DKSPF border within village 3. Contract the protection of territory 2. Manage funds for village DKSPF to the village development and 3. Organize training for supporting forest protection activities 4. Delineate and Demarcate villagers in activities the border of DKSPF within the village territory 4. Support land-use 3. Pay logging tax to the planning and land government 5. Organize the sale of logs allocation; development and and distribute revenues as implementation of village 4. Ensure protection of the agreed in the contract to the forest management plans SPF within village different parties and village development boundaries and report to plans PAFO

6. Hire village labor in conducting all forest 5. Collect fee from PAFO 5. Develop and implement operations and manage the District village development plan Forestry Development Fund and village forest management plans 7. Issue instructions to the village for logging and 6. Prepare a map of enrichment planting enrichment planting areas 6. Organize village forest and instructions on seed volunteers collection, nursery, and 8. Issue regulations on enrichment planting hunting and collection of activities NTFPs 7. Prepare monthly, 9. Manage the Forest quarterly, and annual Protection Fund in all reports villages and Forest Improvement Fund for financing forest operations

10. Follow-up contract implementation

Annex 3: Benefit Sharing Arrangements for Contract Model 1

Province Central Gov. DAFO Village (PAFO) Page 10 of 14

District Benefit (100%) = Sale of logs - (royalties + other taxes + Royalties Forest Forestry Revenue logging fee + log transportation + district forestry Other taxes protection fee Development development fee) fee 30% 60% 10% Expenses National Forest District Administration/forest Village Forest Budget Protection Forestry operations Development Protection fee Fund Development Activities Fund - Pre-logging survey (paid to PAFO) - 30% to - Village rangers for - development - Tree marking survey development forest control activities in activities activities, villages - Scaling of logs - Extension and hunting services from and office - Demarcations of SPF DAFO admin. border expenses - Seed collection, - 70% as nusery and plantation village development/ protection fee - Sale of logs in villages where no - Hospality logging takes place - Stationary and equipment

Annex 4: Benefit Sharing Arrangements for Contract Model 2

Central Province (PAFO) DAFO Village Gov. Revenue Royalties District - Logging fee Other Forestry taxes Development - Forest fee

Improvement fee

- Protection fee where no logging takes place

Expenses National 10% 30% 60% District - Logging tax Budget Forestry Forest Forest Provincial Development - Village Protection Fund Improvement Emergency Fund Fund development Fund fund - 30% to rangers - Drought/ flood - development for forest control - Pre-logging emergency activities in - Log activities, illegal survey Building, villages transportation logging and construction and hunting and - Tree marking maintenance - Labor for office admin. survey villagers expenses - Survey for - Incentive for - 70% as village enrichment village development/ planting organizations protection fee in villages where no logging takes - Delineation of - Village place DKSFP border administration Page 11 of 14

- Seed collection, nusery and plantation

- Hollow trees fee

- Others

Annex 5: Pre -logging Survey Map Page 12 of 14

Annex 6: Tree Marking Survey Map Page 13 of 14

Annex 7: Tree Marking Survey - List of Trees and Volume Estimation

Name of SPF ...... Survey Number ...... Planning Year......

ACA ...... Logging Ara Number ...... Bearing of Survey Line ......

Volume Com acc to Corrected Line Tree DBH Tree Volume Species Code Height Tree Volume No. No. (cm) (Quality) m3 (m) Quality (m 3) Class 1 2 3 4 1 1 D alatus 182 104 18 2 1002 1002 501 Page 14 of 14

Vatica 2 175 75 20 1 888 888 711 cinerea Anisoptera 3 231 92 20 1 1336 1336 1069 costata Hopea 4 105 155 12 3 2109 2109 1055 odorata

Correction 08 05 05 07 Factor Sum 2224 1002 2109 0 5335