SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION
REPORT TO
THE GOVERNI-TENT OP THE COOK ISLANDS
hy V. T. Hinds, B.Sc. Fisheries Officer
May 22nd - June 16th 1220
File PRO 7/3/5 Part II
SPC Headquarters, Noumea New Caledonia
9!i
L*w to-'^w- CONTENTS page Introduction , U)
Travel Diary 1
Report from the Fisheries Review Committee .... 9 (i) Agenda 11 (ii) Discussion 13 (iii) Recommendations 18 An assessment of the current Crown of Thorns Starfish Population, with Recommendations for Monitoring and Control Measures 27
INFORMATION PAPERS
(i) Notes on the Feasibility of Developing a Commercial Skipjack Fishery V. T. Hinds 29
(ii) Design for a Fisheries Programme in the Cook Islands .... Dr B. White 33
(iii) Aspects of Fisheries Development in the Cook Islands .... I. Forbes 39
(iv) Injection Gun suitable for the Destruction of Crown of Thorns Starfish V. T. Hinds 43/44 (i)
INTRODUCTION
In accordance with a request received from the Government of the Cook Islands during March 1970, the Programme Research and Evaluation Council of the South Pacific Commission assigned the services of Mr V.T. Hinds, Fisheries Officer, to the Government of the Cook Islands, from May 22nd to June 16th, 1970, with the following main objectives:-
(i) to study local reports, and carry out diving surveys where possible, in order to assess the current Crown-of-Thorns Starfish population, and make recommendations for the control of this potential menace to the economy and welfare of the Cook Island people and their environment; (ii) to make reoommendations to, and provide guidelines for, the Government of the Cook Islands in order to establish a viable fishing industry.
During his transit of Auckland en route to, and returning from the Cook Islands, Mr Hinds also had technical discussions with officers of the Fisheries Division of the New Zealand Marine Department, Commercial fishing and fish processing firms, fishing gear suppliers, and fishing boat builders, with the object of gathering information useful to the development of a fishing industry in the Cook Islands.
********
REFERENCES TO PREVIOUS REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
TRAVEL DIARY - SPC/Fisheries Officer - Cook Islands - June 14th - July 12th, 1969. SPC/HQ File: PRO 7/3/5 17th July 1969, NOTES ON A FISHERIES RECONNAISSANCE TO THE COOK ISLANDS June 20th - July 8th. 1969 by V. T. Hinds, SPC Fisheries Officer, Rarotonga 4.7.69 SPC/HQ File: PRO 7/3/5 SUPPLEMENT TO THE REPORT OF THE UNDP/FAQ TUNA MISSION TO THE SOUTH'. PACIFIC. JUNE-JULY 1.969 - THE COOK ISLANDS by V. T. Hinds, SPC Fisheries Officer SPC/HQ File: PRO 7/3/5 July 1969. REPORT ON A VISIT TO COOK ISLANDS (via Auckland)
:•-'-. > ' •-^-.::.: V. T. Hinds, . ' ' - • • SPC Fisheries Officer
17 -'May'-'to 26 June, 1970
17 May : .,,. Noumea/Auckland
18 May a.m. Department of Maori and Island Affairs, Mr T. Lascelles (Director/Auckland), Flight documentation, etc. and arrangements for passage on "TOFUA" to Niue in August. p.m. Visited Mr S. Sands, "Seacraft" Ltd, Boat Yard, Ellerslie, Near Auckland.
19 May a.m. Visited Sanford Fisheries Ltd., Fisherman's Wharf, Auckland, for discussions with Mr R. Brebner, Fleet Technical Director. p.m. Visited the Auckland Seine Boat Association Ltd. for ; discussions with Mr P. L. Buffalora, the local Manager.
20 May a.m. Baggage weigh-in and further documentation at RNZAF Depot, Auckland. p.m. Visit to Fisheries Division, Department of Marine, Customs Street, Auckland,
21 May a.m. Reported to RNZAF Base outside Auckland, but due to mechanical failure flight was postponed for 24 hours.
22 May RNZAF Hercules Flight Auckland/Rarotonga - departure
Auckland.
,D A T JE. LIIE
21 May Arrival Rarotonga. 22 May Short discussion with Hon, A. P. Short, Minister for Economic Development, and Mr R. Scott, Director of Agriculture, -prior to their departure from Rarotonga by Hercules Flight, to attend PIPA Conference in Fiji. Visited Fisheries Division Officers and Fisheries Vessel.
23 May Discussions with Acting Minister for Economic Development, Hon. Raui Pokoati - Decision to hold a Fisheries Review Committee Meeting. Discussed proposed Agenda.
24 May SUNDAY 2
25 May Commenced rigging of multiple trolling gear on Government Fisheries Vessel "RAVAKAI" with Mr Yoaba Marsters, Acting Fisheries Officer, and Mr T. Reeve, Fishing Skipper.- Agenda for meeting:drafted for distribution. Discussions with Mr Thorburn, Financial Secretary and Mr Sadaraka, Secretary to the Premier, concerning the overseas training of Cook Island fisheries administra 26 May Reconnaissance to reef passes around Rarotonga Island and visit to Tereora College to discuss possible extension of marine biology programme for^cience students. -••;•'• t Cohtihiied'work on'RAVAKAIH.' : / • J - ;
f27,,May:: , _. , I*ocal chejCk.qn, fishing gear available .fcom^Island stores. Lunch'Rarotonga Rotary Club." Discussed matter of Pearl Industry control bill. 28 May. Visit"4b Nikao Teachers Training. College to arrange for lecture to students. Finished rigging fishing gear for "RAVAKAI". •29 May • Lectured students at Nikao Teachers Training College on local fishing industry and possible development. '.;•'•-•• Cleared injection guns and chemicals from vessel "BQREE". 30 May. Diving along twonmile stretch of reef on seaward side of Muri Lagoon and also diving survey lines within the Lagoon. No Cr6wh-of-Thorn Starfish whatsoever. This „_, Lagoon is rapidly silting and has fair quantities of .
31 May SUNDAY
;"•••';••*.•.• 1 June Queen's Birthday - PUBLIC HOLIDAY
2 June a.m. First Session- Fisheries Review Committee p.m. Second Session Fisheries Review Committee Addressed Rarotonga Rotary Club on "Experiences as a 7 Fisheries Officer°ini!many countries".
3 June a.m. Third" Session- Fisheries Review Committee -:.; pr.Hu. Fourth Session Fisheries Review Committee. 4 Jv»e Revision, discussion,notes; commenced draft of Report >- :-.,,.,-.•', for Government. ..Gale force winds delay departure for I';..J;'."'.. Aituta_ki in Charter Yacht. *!WHITEWAKE". 5 June a.m. Weather forecast still adverse; 36-hour delay in ... departure. Continued drafting recommendations for Report. 3
5 June, :p»ni» Inspected 32-foot Steel'-LaUneh constructed at Public ; (contd) •• "works Department for service as. passenger transport and towing duties at Aitutaki. This vessel, built to . an Australian design, was started in January and is expected to TE completed in August, and represents a ..; real step forward in local boat construction at Rarotonga.
6 Jurie Rough weather continues. Carried on with Report Drafting with Dr White.
7 June 1030 Departure Rarotonga for Aitutaki on Charter Yacht "WHITEWAKE'* with four New Zealand Public Work Department Engineers who are visiting Aitutaki to survey existing conditions at the airstrip in preparation for HERCULES landings from July when Rarotonga airport is expected to be closed to heavy aircraft. Mr Yoaba Mar-sters and SPC Fisheries Officer shared watches with Dr White for this journey.
8 June 1100 Arrival off Aitutaki pass. 1200 Tied up alongside jetty at Aitutaki. 1300 Survey on original ground where Trochus Shell was -1800 planted after transfer from Fiji by the. original SPC Fisheries Officer, Mr H.. Van Pel, in 1958. The stock of 250 Trochus Shells originally planted in the area have now become firmly established and have moved through subsequent channels around the entire reef area of Aitutaki Lagoon which extends through a perimeter of 26. miles;. The bulk of the shells found were about 4" maximum diameter on the base but fair numbers of shell up to 6" across the base were also found. One . Crown-of-Thorns Starfish was found during this 5-hour period. During the night from 2000 until midnight a further survey was carried out along the top of the ,...-.-....•- reef with the aid of pressure lamps to collect a ..., ' variety of food shells and also Trochus and during _ .. ; this period, one further Crown-of-Thorns Starfish was found.
"9 June!, rQ830 to midday. Diving survey lines on seaward slope of main reef north and south,of Aitutaki main channel and also in „ the main channel. This area is 14 miles from the original site where Trochus were first planted in 1958 and large Trochus shells were plentiful right through this two-mile strip of reef, being mainly concentrated in the highly aerated waters under the heavy surf near the top of the reef, generally in gullsy forms. No Crown-of-TKoriis Starfish were observed during, thjls period of survey. 1300 to 1800. During-this period three divers, including the SPC Fisheries Officer, who was continually engaged in the survey throughout his visit to Aitutaki, observed and destroyed 28 Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. These were 4
9 June Isolated individuals on separate coral patches, usually (contd) ranging from 80 to 150 yards long and 30 to 40 yards wide inside the Lagoon in depths up to 4 or 5 fathoms. The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish were found to be generally within two fathoms of the surfape or top of the coral patch, and only 4 or 5 specimens were found under ledges near the base of the coral patches "at sand level. For a total of 52-g: man-diving hours in several distinct areas inside the lagoon, on the high reef and on the seawards face of the lagoon, only 30 Crown-of-Thorns Starfish weire observed. Th6 Cr"own-of-Thorns Starfish :-r;f-- population was more plentiful within the lagoon area on individual coral patches but even so was well below what may be-considered "plague"'proportions, and local people state that they have observed' these animals "for over 40 i,; ^ ': ' r ye',ars'':.: i!They would welcome any jaunty system which would make it worth their while to collect the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. However,in.spite of the low population observed, it is advisable to monitor the lagoon at regular intervals, jperhaps twice a year,to determine whether there is any increase in future which may reach dangerous proportions.
10 June a.m. Discussions with Mr Buchanan of Aitutaki Island and Mr Jack Neale, who are both local trading company managers, concerning the relative value of the Trochus resources now at Aitutaki. It was stated that during the past year to 18 months, trading figures have increased by over reflecting the higher standardV'of'living of the islanders. With the relatively low price: (i.e,. $150 to $170 per ton) of Trochus Shell, both these traders were rather apprehensive about the willingness of local islanders to dive for this shell and grade it for export through Rarotonga and Fiji or Papeete for the Northern European markets. At this time, Trochus would give a very low return for the effort entaile'd. J&pwever, the shell may be used by local island craftsman in the preparation of ornaments, shell jewellry, etc. for the tourist trade. There are now ample supplies of Trochus Shell for trans plantation to other islands in the Cooks Group and it is "'.'•.•'" ^.expected that the Government Fishing Vessel "RAVAKAI" will be used for such a programme. Sacks of live Trochus Shell were stored pn "the' deck? of., the lacht "WHITBWAKE" for delivery to Barotonga« ; :.,,... 1315 Cleared Aitutaki passage, bound for Rarotonga. 11 June " Docked atAvatiu-Harbour,' Rarotonga. p.m. Discussions with Mr Thorburn and arrangements for interview with Premier. ' 5
12 June' a.m., Finalized. Fisheries Review Committee discussion notes :::I:J:. ••• . .-v.- and. recommendations, ;Obtained permit to depart from, the Cook Islands, .requiring visits to. the Immigration. Department, the ..; Income; Tax Office , and .the Treasury Department. p.m. Presented Recommendations to Premier Henry and had full discussions concerning the establishment of an effective Fisheries Division to activate a number of fisheries projects contained in the Report and Recommendations.
13 June a.m.. All personal baggage, except overnight toilet gear, submitted, to Post Office Department for weigh-in in preparation for flight to Auckland on 15th,
14 June SUNDAY.
15 June HERCULES aircraft delayed 24 hours.
16 June Short discussion with Hon. A. P. Short, Minister for Economic Development, who arrived back from the PIPA meeting last evening. 1000 Departure Rarotonga for Auckland, via Kadi.
17 June 1930 Arrival Auckland.
18 June 0800 Departure for Gisborne for discussions with Mr Arthur Leeves, Manager of the Gisborne Branch'of J. Wattle ' Canneries, concerning' availability of suitable bait for Tuna longline operations at Rarotonga, and also on the current prices offered in New Zealand for Skipjack, Alba- core and Yellow Fin Tuna. Visited main panning complex with particular attention to the; Fish Processing and Canning Section with Mr Woottoii, Fish Factory Supervisor, and . Mr Edmund Stehlin, MBE, Trade and Development Commissioner of Western Samoa. 1800 Arrival Auckland.
19 June Maori and Islands Affairs Office to arrange for purchase of Fishing Gear for Fishing Ve.ssel"RAVAKAI" at Rarotonga. Interview with Mr Ross S'turnfels of the New Zealand Ferro- Cement Marine Association and also Manager of Trailer Craft Marine Ltd., Auckland, concerning' suitable types of fash fishing boats for the Skipjack Fishery in the Cook Islands, recommended building materials, contract prices, marine engine availability, and Marine Department Survey facilities. p.m. Visited Fishing Gear Supply Stores, Auckland.
20 June SATURDAY
21 June SUNDAY 6
22 June ''- Interview with Mr Robert Wellesleyy P.O.. Bex 30042, Takapuna North, Auckland, Or-12 Ewen Street, Takapuna. »': Mr Wellesl'ey is in the process of completing a , ' comprehensive manual on the design and construction of » Perro-Cement boats which is-being published by Messrs. ,,,, ,; Wilson and Houghton, initially as. special_supplements to the. "New Zealand Boating World" and printed at the New. Zealand Herald Offices in ..Auckland, Mr Wellesley also directs a small-team of specialized workers who would be available to travel at short notice to Pacific Island territories, if required, for the setting up and carrying out of all the necessary processes for the ' , " construction, engine installation and finishing of vessels suitable, for fishing operations. Such a group, all of whom are members of the New Zealand Perro-Cement Marine Association, may well be of interest to American Samoa, Cook Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Western..Samoa and others,., p.m. Visited Mr McCarthy, Manager of Prank and Bryce Ltd., Rosebankj Avondale, Auckland, agents for Knox Netting Manufacturers of Kilburnie, Scotland, and also Canada. In view of previous connexions with Knox's in other territories, the SPC Fisheries Officer was able to ' purchase the bulk of fishing equipment required for trials in Niue Island next August, with a saving of 10 to 2C$ on prices through Auckland stores.
23. Jiwe a.m. Interview with Mr Don Anderson? Business Entrepreneur, ,,.. '_,-,'; P.O, Box 18107, Glen Innis, Auckland, concerning New , " Zealand commercial involvement in, the development of .i • Tuna Resources in the Cook Islands, p.m. Visit to Fisheries inspectorate Branch of the Fisheries Division of the Marine Department for discussions with - . Mr J. Reid, District Inspector; Mr I. MacDonald, Inspector of Fisheries; Mr L. Russell, Fisheries Administration Officer, concerning the overall structure and possible lines of communication and co-operation which may be developed between SPC area territories linked directlyno.r indirectly with .New Zealand, in the fields of"shell fish culture and management, and technical fisheries training.
24 June a.m..Maori and Island Affairs Offices to discuss contractual arrangements for the local construction of suitable fishing boats in Auckland for the. Cook Island Government and.for commercial fishing interests. Visit to Mr John Greenway, Senior Fisheries Scientis t, and Mr'Roger Brown, Fisheries Management Technician, .: - at the Oyster Research Laboratories at-Halsey Street, Auckland, for further discussions on the supply of Seed Rock Oysters (Crassostr^a Glomorata) and also 7
24 June possibly Green Mussels (Perna canaliculus - Gmelin) for (contd) transportation to Rarotonga in the first instance for trials to determine their suitability for their establish ment and cultivation in that area. p.m. Interview with Mr Edmund Stehlin, MBE, Trade and Development Commissioner for Western Samoa, to discuss a number of pressing fisheries proje cts proposed by the Fisheries Officer of "Western Samoa which concerned Skipjack, Oyster farming, construction of fast fishing boats for the Bond to fishing in Western Samoa , the construction of Ferro-cement Boats, the extension of small fisheries projects for students of Alafua Colle ge, and negotiations with commercial fishing firms in New Zealand.
25 June a.m. Pinal round-up discussions with Mr B. Ec Turner, District Officer of the Marine Department, who is also senior officer responsible for fisheries activities in Auckland, concerning the training of island people in Oyster farming on local oyster farms at Tetii and Caromandel, which are currently operated by Maori workers. Should such training be required, the Marine Department, Fisheries Division, would be pre pared to support such action locally« p.m. Visit to John Burns Ltd., Marine Supply Section, to inspect Aquabuoy Diving Units in stock, and possibly supply of these units at trade prices to Fisheries Departments in the island territories. Interview with Mr P. L. Buffalora. Manager, Auckland Seine Boat Association Ltd., which is a subsidiary of the J.B. Limited Group of companies (Jeff Bros.), with Mr D. Anderson to discuss the prospects of developing a Skipjack Fishery in the Cook Islands with support from the J.B.Limited Organization,
26 June Auckland/Noumea.
V. T. Hinds 3rd July. 1970 Fisheries Officer 9
REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT.-OF THE COOK ISLANDS ON THE , -,.• FISHERIES REVIEW. COMMITTEE PROCEEDINGS-jdm^'-—" • . RECOMMENDATIONS
June 3rd and 4th. 1Q7Q.... - „• Rarotonga
COPY Government of the Cook Islands, Ministry of Economic Development. Rarotonga, 25 May 1970.
Dear Sir, , •; - . .
Fisheries Review Committee •
It is intended to convene a meeting of ";the Fisheries Review Committee .over a "two-;day period immediately after the Queen's Birthday holiday. The meeting will, he; held in the General Assembly Chambers on Tuesday and Wednesday, 3 and 4 June"• 19.70'. ;
A detailed agenda and list of participants is attached and I personally will be very appreciative of your attendance and valuable contribution to the discussions.
(s-gd)- BAUI POKOATI Acting Minister of Economfc Development Encl. 10
FISHERIES REVIEW COMMITTEE :__ Meeting Ho. 1 . ._ __ TUESDAY a JUNE 1970 O9v0G--—12-v«0: Second Session: 13.00 - 16.00
WEDNESDAY 4 JUNE $&&• —:--—-J- Third Session:,;. /09.00 - 12-00 Fourth Session: 13.00 - 16.00
LOCATION: General Assembly Chambers - Rar«tonga.
.•'•••-.••' LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Hon. Raui Pokoati, Acting Minister of Economic Development Hon. Inatio Akaruru, Minister of Health Mr F Thorburn, Financial Secretary Mr W Hosking, Acting Director of Agriculture Mr G Henry, Premier's Department Mr H Brown, Secretary Mr Ioafca Marsters, Fisheries Officer Mr A. Reeves, Fishing Skipper, G,F,¥.. "RAVAKAI" • Mr I Forbes, Acting Fisheries Adviser Mr T Williams, Fishing Skipper, "MARLIN II" . . - Mr D Beer, Leading Sports Fisherman Dr B White, Skipper, "WHITEWAKE" Mr T Marsters, Premier's Department Mr V. T. Hinds, SPC Fisheries Officer, SPIFDA Co-Director.
CONSULTANTS: Mr D. Murray, Registrar of Co-operative Societies Mr R. D. Murray, Marine Biology Projects.
^::u}-imjEG®mSV To review the present state of Fisheries Development in the Cook Islands and prepare proposals and recommendations (through which a start may be made to develop local fisheries for the economic benefit of the Cook Islands people) for inclusion in a report to be submitted to the Government of the Cook Islands.
PROVISIONAL AGENDA
Note 1. It will be most appreciated, ani of great benefit to the meeting if participants will reflect on subjects in which they are interested and bring notes with them to assist themselves to speak on these 11
subjects. All contributions -•af~-a--e'<3to&trtrctive and realistic nature will be very welcome. ,. '..";. ._ - :.____:_.__:".. J^ __ _
Note 2. The items included in the main agenda do not necessarily covers. all aspects of the Fishing Industry of the Cook Islands,, and partici pants are cordially invited to submit other'subjects they may consider of sufficient important e for inclusion. ;in the agenda should time permit. These items should be handed in to V*.Hinds, at Room 4-, Rarotonga Hotel, before Midday, Friday 29.May 1970.
PROVISIONAL AGENDA I TUESDAY 3 JUNE - 09.00 -• 12 ,00
FIRST SESSION'
•••-• FrfteeduT'ai-- --
1. Meeting ca d to ordei p.. 2. Statement by Acting Minister of Economic Development 3. Election of Chairman 4. Election of Reconteuro (?)
ITEM 1. Objectives of Meeting :-.-.-;— 2. Review of-current status of fishing industry and its development: . . (1) Government contribution (2) Commercial and private contribution 3. Feasibility of expanded commercial and private fishing enterprises 4.' The role of Government inrthe encouragement of local Fisheries development 5. Fisheries projects considered desirable under local Cook Islands conditions: Ca) Reef and lagoon fisheries (b) Pelagic fisheries .-•_..-•:--- (c) Cultivation and management projects: . (i) Mother of Pearl
• (ii) Pearl •;:: (iii) Trochus ....•••.<. (iv) Turtles ""e'[ :-^-- (v) Marine •Crawfish (Spiny Lobsters) 12
PROVISIONAL AGENDA II; . :•:,•,:•,< J;T TUESDAY 2 JUNE - 13.00 - 16.00
SECOND SESSION , v _:-s
ITEM 6. Fishing boats recommended for Cook Islands conditions. 7. Fish handling, preservation and marketing,'including the ' keeping of statistics. 8. Definition of a work programme for Government Fishing Vessel "RAVAKAI". 9. Training of local Fisheries Staff. 10. Improvement of local facilities for the supply and servicing of marine engines. •;_,_
PROVISIOBALj-AGENDA III WEDNESDAY 3 JUNE -09.00 - 12.00 THIRD SESSION •" "";":
ITEM .::,,:•; ;0 •-••• :-,'J-;* ::•*.'. 11. The need for Fisheries Research. 12. The establishment and enforcement of Fisheries conservation measures. 13. An assessment of the current Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acantnaster planci) population in the Cook Islands and measures-heeded.to monitor and control dangerously infested area. 14. (a) Fisheries development projects in which SPC and the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency may be able : ;to assist Cook Islands Government. (b) rFinancial and technical assistance to the'Fishing Industry from other sources. J 15. , The establishment of' Fishermen's Co-O'perative Societies or Associations. jas. ••/ v •'•••••
• ':'°"- "9:- "PROVISIONAL"AGENDA Iv" "'.'', WEDNESDAY 3 JUNE - 14.00 - 16.00 ITEM ' .. it. 16. OTHER BUSINESS ^ i. Formation of permanent FRS* ii. Local Marine Biology projects. iii. Sport fishing an& Tourism.'-.£.= NOTE; Items for inclusion in this Section should be handed in to V. Hinds, .Rome 4, Rarotonga Hotel. 17. Drafting of recommendations. 18. Closing Session. 13
FISHERIES REVIEW COMMITTEE
DISCUSSION NOTES ;j_
REVIEW..OF CURRENT STATUS OF FISHING INDUSTRY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT: (1) . GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION (2) COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE CONTRIBUTION
Government is prepared to"assist" and encourage the fishing industry with extension services, preferably through a Fisherman's Co-operative Society. Local fishing effort is mainly of a subsistence nature, but one group has invested in an ocean going multi-purpose -fishing vessel, and other groups are watching this development with interest. ******.****
FEASIBILITY OF EXPANDED COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE FISHING INTERESTS . ' .
Indications are that there are ample Pelagic fishes near Rarotonga to support a much .greater fishing effort than at present; the population are fish hungry, and there is a definite need for a full time ..fishing community to supply these needs which are currently, being supplemented by heavy imports of New Zealand fish, which takes money out of the Cook Islands. Improved fisfr -handling and marketing methods will help expansion of fishing industry. **********
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LOCAL FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT
Government can accelerate the expansion of the local fisheries effort through increased staffing of the Fisheries Division to activate a number of related projects, and can also do much to assist by providing;;j. financial support for a Fisherman's Co-operative, and loan funds for.the introduction of new vessels. ***********
FISHERIES PROJECTS CONSIDERED DESIRABLE'UNDER COOK ISLANDS . CONDITIONS
(a) Reef and Lagoon fisheries
These resources are fragile:and should be conserved and protected as a food reserve. THE MEED FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH
Several lines of .inyestigation were discussed and the meeting gave priority to those which had a direct bearing on practicalities of the fishing industry. The establishment of a thermocline and upwelling pattern was considered to be of utmost importance since the movement of pelagic fishes is intimately^ locked to such systems. The need to monitor the effects of various pollutants on the marine environment was stressed. ***********
THE ESTABLISHMENT AIMD ENFORCEMENT OF FISHERIES CONSERVATION MEASURES
These measures affect reef and lagoon fisheries only, and in order to nurture and increase the existing fish stacks in these areas, a special study is required to determine minimum fish sizes to be taken, the limited use of nets, the total prohibition of explosives and possible fish poisoning agents, a review of fish trap sites, and other measures as required. ***********
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT CROWN,OF THORNS STARFISH (ACANTHASTER PLANCl) POPULATION IN THE COOK ISLANDS, AND MEASURES NEEDED TO MONITOR 'AND CONTROL DANGEROUSLY INFESTED AREAS . ... '
The meeting was gravely concerned at the general complacency exhibited by the local population in the face of this serious threat to their economic welfare, and was most interested in the very fine example of effective action displayed by two western Samoan village communities who in four organized collections did. take and destroy 16,000 of these dangerous animals, under the active supervision of their local fisherie officer. Plans were suggested for a Cook Islands campaign of eradication directing the energies of the youth organi zations into the vanguard of this attack, under direct Government supervision, advised by Mr W; Hambuechen, assisted by Science Department of Tereora College. *******,****-
(a) Fisheries development projects in which SPC and the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency may be able to assist Cook Islands Government. 17
(b) Financial and technie&l assistance to the Fishing Industry from other sources.
To date the Cook Islands Government has been modest in her demands for International Technical and Financial Assistance for local fisheries development, and it is felt that this may be due to-a lack of awareness of the numerous sources which can be tapped. A number of International Agencies were considered,'and'emphasis was placed on the proper technique to be used in the preparation of applications for assistance, and1also the very necessary provision of" local counterpart staff capable of making the best use of assistance provided.
***•***•***.**
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FISHERMAN'S CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY
High priority was accorded to the early formation of a Fisherman's Co-operative Society through which financial and technical assistance should be channelled into the expansion of fisheries development.
* * * * *• * * •* * * * •
OTHER BUSINESS '
A number of items were discussed under this general heading including the desirability of continuing the useful'work initiated by the Fisheries Review Committee, by setting this up as a permanent body to guide, assist and advise Government and Fishing Industry as required. Appreciating the work being carried out by the Tereora College Science Department in Marine Biology it was felt that this warranted more tangible support in the future through the creation' of more permanent facilities which would make field work even more productive. The importance and potential value of sport fishing must not be underestimated in the light of planned tourist development, and Government may be well advised to lend sympathetic ear to any requests from this sector of the fishing industry. Close liaison should be maintained between the Port Development Authority and the Fisheries Review Committee in order that the interests of the Fishing Industry be given a fair hearing. It was felt that a revision of port fees was advisable' and that- an approach be made to the Port Officer. An effort to ascertain the feelings of other island territories towards illegal landings by the crews of foreign registered fishing vessels on their shores should be1 made in order to protect the islanders from the potential hazards to their health and welfare.
CliAlRMAN - V. T. Hinds, B.:Sc, .Fisheries Officer South Pacific Commission, and Co-Director, South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency. 18
£>:{:;• .:) FISHERIES • REVIEW COMMITTEE
LIST .OF RECOMMENDATIONS
I, ^tckffing of",i fisheries division.&;|4t -:CL •-•IA.J.-•'.-•
'%.'.'„ "Training of Local Fish£r;ies Officer. ,:.; ^
3. ..; Direction of fisheries;:.Programme. : :^;L -,ev,-
4. Permanent Fisheries Review Committee. ^.,
5. Government Fishing Vessel "RAVAKAI". .,,
6. Pelagic Fisheries. 7V Thermocline-Study. ' ' ---.u
8. Fishing vessels for Cook Islands"." 9. Demonstration of Tahitian Skipjack Tuna Fishing Technique,
10. Expansion of local fishing industry. -
II. Refrigerated fish storage.
12. Fishermen's Co-operative Society.
13. Marine Engine maintenance.
14.',' Sport Fishing,facilities;.-cl ....
15. Bait supply facilities, : , >•-•,
16. Conservation of Reef,.-and Lagoon resources., •-. :; •17. Foundation for the Peoples of "the; South Pacific Inc. 18. Supervision of Mother-pfrPearl Fishery at.Manihiki.
19.' Shell marketing survey,. ,,:v ,,^:. - t
.20. Trochus Shell fishery. ••• fl::,; 21. Artificial pearl cultivation. j . 22.. Crown-of-Thorns', Starfish. J 23. : Marine Biology, Projects.; • •.:. f
•(B),,.. Technical/Boats/Gear/Methods
ITEM 3 . ..'No. 1 Senior Fisheries Assistant . (General Liaison Duties)
ITEM 4 Nos. 2 Fisheries Assistants (Aj Aitutaki District -(B)- ' Manihiki District ...:"::.
* *•*••••* -* *• * i
RECOMMENDATION 2 : ACTION - C.I.G. TRAINING OF A IOCAL FISHERIES •'"> ' OFFICER The Committee recognising the need for a trained Indigenous Fisheries Officer, recoauiiends that urgent priority be given to the se.lection, of a suitable local candidate to be proposed for inclusion in theT197Q/Tl Course for Overseas Fisheries Officers,-td be- neld- in the United Kingdom, anc! sponsored by the Overseas Development Ministry, which has already accepted;two applicants from Western Samoa and one from Fiji. It is particularly '"urgent that an application be forwarded through the offices of the New Zealand, High Commissioner, Rarotonga, before end June 1970. It. is proposed, that this Officer be eventually designated Fisheries Officer to replace an Interim Appointment.
* * *"# * *'*'•.''•
RECOMMENDATION 5 ACTION - C.I.G.
DIRECTION OF FISHERIES PROGRAMME The Committee recognising the lack of Government Direction of a local Fisheries Development Programme since the resignation of the previous Fisheries Officer in 1968, feels that this, situation" may well 20 continue should an officer not be appointed to this Post, and strongly recommends to the Cook Islands Government that immediate action be taken to fill this vacancy with a qualified person, on an interim basis, during which time steps will be taken to train a Cook Island Officer as in RECOMMENDATION No. 2.
*******
RECOMMENDATION 4 ACTION - C.I.G. FRC . _; PERMANENT FISHERIES REVIEW COMMITTEE • ' To provide an element of continuation and focal point for the immediate implementation of certain aspects of Fisheries Development, and until such time as an adequate Fisheries Division is suitably staffed, the Committee accords priority to the formation of a permanent Fisheries Review Committee, which would offer advice to Government and the Industry, when required. Such a body would represent the Fishing Industry and Government interests, and may consist of' the following functionaries: 1. Member from Government Ministry of Economic Development (Secretary). 2. Member appointed by Commercial Fishermen. 3. Member appointed by Sports Fishing interests. 4. Fisheries Officer.
Other members possessing special knowledge may be co-opted for assistance as required. * * * * * * * -: .r r:
RECOMMENDATION 5 : ACTION - C.I.G. Through FRC.
G.F.V. "RAVAKAI"
• The Committee strongly recommends that the Government Fishing Vessel "RAVAKAI" be immediately assigned to undertake a full six month fishing programme, and that a full evaluation of this vessel's future usefulness be made on conclusion of this programme. ******* RECOMMENDATION 6 -ACTION - G-;IvGy•
PELAGIC FISHERIES
..:.,..., The Committee recommends that investment in Fisheries Development on the part of the Cook Islands Government, should be principally directed into the expansion of the pelagic fisheries, and that the reef and lagoon resources should be conserved and protected as natural reserves. ******* 21
RKCO"MHBNT)ATlON: T 'ACTION - C.I.G.
THERMOCLINE STUDY
The Committee accords priority.to the purchase of a Thermistor Thermometer designed to indicate seasonal variations in the movement of local thermocline levels, as this information is vital to the, efficient direction of Pelagic fishing operations. *******
RECOMMEMDATION- 8 ACTION - C.I.G.
FISHJNG VESSELS FOR COOK ISLANDS FISHERIES
It is strongly recommended to Cook Islands Government that when financial assistance is being planned for the support of local pelagic fishing operations, that first priority be given to the construction in Rarbtonga, or the purchase from New Zealand, of small fast fishing boats of the type used by Tahitian fishermen in their Bonito fishery, and further, that subject to the satisfactory solution of the existing locally acute bait problem that future consideration be given to the construction of Tuna longline vessels suitable for local conditions...... i^- .^-. ******* RECOMMENDATION q ACTION - C.I.G. Through SPIFDA.
:-o::-,. : _: .DEMONSTRATION OF TAHITIAM SKIPJACK TUNA FISHING ••-':-•• •?••:.} TECHNIQUE •..•J:.:'--.:."
' The Committee recommends to Cook Islands Government that application be made to the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency (SPIFDA) for the Provision of two Tahitian expert Bonito Fishermen, with vessel, if possible, for a maximum 6-months' period, in season, for demonstration of, and instruction in, the Tahitian Mother' of Shell lure technique for Skipjack Tuna; in' thei Rar6tonga area. *#* * * * * *
RECOMMENDATION-10 ' ACTION - C.I.G.
•'•• EXPANSION OF LOCAL FISHING INDUSTRY
The Committee recognising the feasibility of expanding the local fishing industry on more productive lines7, realises the necessity for tangible Government Financial assistance in the creation Of organized extension services, and recommends that this be directed -through aiFishermen's Co-operative Society.
j- • • * * # * * * * 22
RECOMMENDATION 11 ACTION - C.I.G. Through- ";-dPE«3-;.—"----:
REFRIGERATED FISH STORAGE
The Committee6 recommends that negotiations ,be undertaken with the Manager of the Government Freezer to secure refrigerated fish holding facilities whift'h would be readily available as. required.
**•*•****
RECOMMENDATION 12 ACTION - C.I.G. FISHERMAN'S CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY
The meeting was unanimous in recommending the formation of a Fisherman's Co-operative Society, with initial financial assistance from. Government, since, it was considered that membership would include 60 local P.arotongan fishermen, and that such a Society technically advised by a Government. Fisheries Officer, would be self-generating in its beneficial effects on the fishing industry.
RECOMMENDATION 13 ACTION^;- C.-fc.G:. -:v Through FRC.
,___.. MARINE ENGINE MAINTENANCE ;. :.. U : _: i:'.;:, ,.••/.-.
The Committee recommends that a special study be carried out to select a suitable Marine Engine for standardization throughout the Fishing Industry, and that the proposed Fisherman's Co-operative Society should take action to provide a suitable trained Mechanic tO: seirvice and maintain the type of engine selected, and also make available-an .adequate supply of spare parts and workshop facilities.
RECOMMENDATION 14 ACTION - C.I.G.
SPORT FISHING FACILITIES
... Appreciating the lack of any organized facilities for the benefit of visiting sports Fishermen, who are expected to increase in numbers as the Tourist Industry is developed, the committee recommends that Government should consider the provision of such facilities which would provide for- future investment in this very important aspect of .Tourist Development. Such facilities may inolude, financial support for, the local construction of fast Tahitian type Bonit©j\Boats, which are-not only suitable for commercial Fishing, but al^jo fojn Big Game Fishing charter, and also adequate and safe mooring,docking^ and club house facilities within the scope of the current harbour development project.
*•*•*•**** 25
RECOMMENDATION 15 ACTION - C.I.,0.
Through FRC
BAIT SUPPLY FACILITIES'
The' Committee recommends that a special study be made into the provision of portable -deep freeze units with -the object of providing a frozen bait holding facility in outer Islands for subsequent shipment on Inter-Island, steamers to Rarotonga for the support of a local Tuna longline fishery, and sport fishermen. This •facility could also be used- for the supply o.f frozen produces to the outer Islands. '.':•• .*•*..# *..*** RECOMMENDATION 16 ACTION - C.I.G. Through FRC.
CONSERVATION OF REEF AND LAGOON RESOURCES
The Committee noted the lack of effective action to establish and enforce fisheries conservation measures to protect Reef and Lagoon resources, and recommends that a Special Study be made in order to limit the use of nets in lagoons; the possible 'closure of sections of reefs and lagoons to fishing operations for specified periods; a limitation oh the indiscriminate collection of varieties of popular Marine Shells; the potential danger to local marine resources by Pollutants, including sewage, insecticides, detergents, industrial wastes, and finally, the use of explosives.
RECOMMENDATION 17: - ACTION - C.I.G. Through FRC.
FOUNDATION FOR THE PEOPLES OF THE SOUTH ' ',,. PACIFIC \ •';•'';
"')''. The Committee recommends that applications for assistance from the Peoples Foundation for the South Pacific (Inc) New York, be prepared and submitted via SPC, firstly for the introduction, on a limited scale, of a Mother of Pearl Shell cultivation project, based on the drop-line technique, and secondly for the establishment of•-$ Revolving Loan Fund, to be managed by the-Fisherman's - Co-operative Society, for the purchase of fishing gear for sale to local fishermen.
*- -# * * •* *• * 24
RECOMMENDATION 18 - ACTION - C.I.G.
SUPERVISION OF M.O.P. FISHERY AT MNIHIKI
Noting the beneficial effects of an efficient Inspection Service provided by Cook Islands Government during the 1969 season in Manihiki, the. Committee strongly recommends that^this should be continued, and that the existing Assistant Fisheries Officer involved in this service should be retained as Technical Adviser and Safety Inspector to a Control Board proposed under a new Bill now being introduced. The meeting further recommended that the collection season should be established on an annual basis" for a period of three months, or 100 tons taken subject to an annual stock assessment. ,,..-• *******
RECOMMENDATION 19 ACTION - C.I.G.
Through SPC.
SHELL MARKETING SURVEY
The Committee, recognising that the expansion of the valuable M.O.P. and Trochus Shell fishery depends on the vagaries and fluctuations Of the world market for this product, recommends that SPC be approached to undertake a Marketing Survey designed /to provide future guidelines for this very valuable industry in the Cook Islands. *******
RECOMMENDATION 20 ACTION - C.I.G.
TROCHUS SHELL FISHERY
Realizing the effective introduction of Trochus shell into Aitutaki from.. Fiji in 1958, and noting the inroads on this resource by uncontrolled collectors, the Committee recommends that immediate Legislation be introduced to enforce a total ban on the collection of this shell, and further recommends that priority be given to a survey ani transplantation programme designed to extent this potentially valuable resource throughout the Cook Islands. ******* RECOMMENDATION 21 ACTION - C.I.G. Through SPIFDA
ARTIFICIAL PEARL CULTIVATION Noting that the cultivation of artificial Pearl is no longer the exclusive technique of Japanese Specialists, and that successful cultivation is being carried out in other Pacific areas, and realizing the potential value of this lucrative industry in relation to the pur chasing power of the planned tourist influx in future years, the Committee recommends that SPIFDA be approached at this time to introduce an artifi cial Pearl Cultivation Project in conjunction with the existing MOP Shell Fishery at Manihiki. ******* 25
RECOMMENDATION 22 ACTION - C.I.G. Through FRC
CROWN OF THORNS STARFISH
. Being gravely concerned with the considerable danger that may"result to these Islands if the Crown of Thorns Starfish population remains uncontrolled, the Committee strongly recommends that an - immediate eradication campaign be mounted at a national level using all resources available, including voluntary organizations, Youth Clubs .etc. r supported by the equipment required, to collect and destroy all Crown of Thorns Starfish possible on as large a scale as possible and subsequently maintain a frequent monitoring exercise repeating direct collection and destruction operations. A Government action Committee should now be appointed to direct such a campaign.
RECOMMENDATION 25 ACTION - C;1.G.. Through FRC--. '••-.. MARINE BIOLOGY PROJECTS ;' '
• •-...-,- The Committee giving recognition to efforts by the Science Department of Tereora College in the field of ferine Biology, ~] recommends that the work programme of this Department be expanded to include pilot investigations to establish the cultivation of edible Oysters and Mussels-,, and bearing in mind the restricted, area allocated under a local custom (Rahui), further recommends the expansion of the area and the continued enforcement of the Rahui for an indefinite period, subject to the continued success of the proposed operations. Should this recommendation be acceptable to Government, it is envisaged that a permanent Marine Biological Station be established on this, or an alternative site, which would provide facilities and counterpart assistance for visiting scientists, and a Tourist attraction containing an exhibition of local reef fishes. ******* RECOMMENDATION 24 ACTION - C.I.G. Through SPIFDA GREEN TURTLE MANAGEMENT
Noting the necessity for a conservation programme to protect existing stocks of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) as a valuable food reserve, and also for the establishment of Turtle Hatcheries to ensure the future propagation of the species, the Committee recommends that SPIFDA be requested to assign Dr H. Hirth, Turtle Biologist, to the Cook Islands during late 1970 to advise on Turtle conservation measures, and demonstrate the Techniques required for the establishment of Turtle Hatcheries. ******* 26
RECOMMENDATION 25 ACTION - C.I.G. Through;; FRC
MARINE CRAWFISH CULTIVATION
The Committee recommends that the Cook Islands Government direct an enquiry to the Director of,Agriculture, Tonga, concerning the present status of and results so far obtained, by a privately operated. Marine Crawfish (Spiny Lobster) project. *******
RECOMMENDATION 26 ' ACTION - -C.I.G.
FOREIGN FISHING CREWS
Information has been frequently received that foreign registered Fishing Vesselsare in the habit of allowing their crews ashore on Islands within the Cook Island Group. This action constitutes illegal entry.^and also leads to the depredation of reef and lagoon resources, particularly shellfish; due to the lack of any medical control this may also lead to the introduction of disease. The Committee recommends that a paper be submitted for discussion at the next sitting of the South Pacific Commission Conference in Suva, to ascertain the feelings of other Pacific Island Territories with the purpose of organizing instant action to prevent future illegal entry. Local Island councils should be directed at this time to increase their vigilance and inform the necessary authority, with immediate effect, in particular, reporting vessel registration letters, names, numbers, Home port names, and flags. 27
AM ASSESSMENT;.OF THE .CURRENT CROWN OE. THORNS STARFISH POPULATION. WITH RECOMENMTIONS FOR MONITORING, AND CONTROL -MEASURES
:,-.•• From a study of notes, reports and Press Releases available in the Cook Islands, plus observations carried out during diving survey- operations there is evidence of several infestations by the Crown of Thorns Starfish affecting both the fringing reefs of the High Islands, and the reefs and coral patches which make up the low island atolls in the Cook Island Group. HAMBUECHEN and MAHUTAARIKI both report variable concentrations, up to 1 starfish per 5-7 square yards at Manihiki, the centre of a valuable Mother of Pearl Shell:fishery, and state that the starfish are commonly at depths of 12Q-180 feet, Major concentrations were found within the lagoon areas, and,diving traverses on the seawarda slope of the reefs, both at_Manihiki. and Rakahanga failed to reveal a single starfish, HINDS reports that in 57T man diving hours carried out by four divers at Aitutaki Island, only 30 starfish were counted, and that these were mainly,found aa isolated individuals on coral patches within the. lagoon. The Cook Islands News reported in January 1970 that two women- pf Amuri village, Aitutaki, cleared a total of 135 Crown of Thorns Starfish in one day; -WILLIAMS and KAITARA are reported by the same source to have taken two canoe loads of starfish near the much blasted entrance to Avatiu Harbour from depths to 60 feetvon the seaward side 6f the reef, during December 1969, but that no further starfish have been handed in during 1970* HAMBUECHEN also reports from Penrhyn Island that the Crown of Thorns starfish in the lagoon average 8-10 inches in diameter and suggests.-jtha.t they may be a more recently developing population as this average size is smaller than that fQund in other areas,-which are up..to;two feet across. MARSTBRS and HERMAN report-that the starfish have;been:known for well oyer 40 years, constituting-a hazard to subsistence fishermen combing the reefs:at night for shellfish.. The old cure for poisonous punctures inflicted by stepping on a Crown of Thorns starfish, by which the underside of the animal is placed--on the affected area to reabsorb the poi.son; has been handed down: from father to son over many years;
There is however little evidence to show: that population of Crown of Thorns Starfish.is the result of a recent "explosion" or that they exist in "plague" proportions. No previous "base line" information is available in this area, and the evidence would suggest that observers have, as a result of reports received from other areas which have larger populations of Crown of Thorns Starfish, become more aware of the presence of this potentially dangerous animal in the Cook Islands,
The Crown of Thorns Starfish have obviously been in the area for a long time. The coral is not killed 10C$> since the Starfish are selective feeders, and evidence shows that they cannot tolerate strong-wave action. Corals will survive and regrowth will take place in time. After all, corals damaged in tropical storms can take 20»-25 28
years to recover, though it has been suggested that 100-200 years is necessary-to recover from massive ~&$gexUfctions of..the Crown of Thorns Starfishi- It has been suggested that^a-suitable starfish population might maintain itself-indefinitely-on' the remnants of a reef and in so doing prevent the regrowth of the reef, but it is more likely that in doing.so an infestation will destroy itself % destroying its own source of food. There is a growing tendency which irecognises that therd is a starfish problem, and although'this should' be kept under close review, through regular monitoring, precipitate action is unwarranted.
''•'•- 'A elasei-c example'< 4-t- how^ lofcal'islanders-ean^ help themselves was demonstrated by two villages in'Western Samba in December 1970. RecoghisjLng an infestatiipri in the Shallow waters opposite these two villages, the Government of Western' Samoa offered a bounty on each animal killed, and Officers of the Pisheries^Bivisioh bf the Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries, Encouraged the village communities to undertake 4 organized starfish collections. A:total of 15,121 starfish were collected and destroyed by volunteers searching through the shallows at low spring tides; Casual Collection by Fisheries Staff yielded a-further 672. Collection rates are interesting; '21 families in three h6urs3cbllected 2,038 starfish; in another village -23 families collecteeT2j012 starfish in three operations, by wading up to chest depth at low spring tides, during daylight hours. Four months after these operations, five divers, working for Ii hours over a fairly extensive area recovered only 15 starfish.
Generally, the human population of the Cook Islands show a certain complacency in the face of this potential threat to the reef and lagoon environment. Certainly more efforts should be made to organize further surveys; and starfish population counts. Whole island populations should be ehcouraged to carry out starfish hunts, directed through a strong Government Campaign led by a determined action committee involving schools, youth clubs and other volunteer organizations. Results of erradication programmes should:be earefully recorded for evaluation* and regular future monitoring wbuld b<> necessary to assess the"'progreissrof these operations, providing an'r early warning system in the event of future increases in the starfish populations. This is, in the main, an internal affair which can well be dealt with by the ; 'IelahdeTs themselves/and this has been demonstrated already by the collections''darriedout in Western Samoa. • :o:;i 29
INFORMATION PAPER ELJL
NOTES ON THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING" A COWERCIAL" "' SKIPJACK FISHERY. :.!/:.'.. • by ; v. T. Hinds. • . .. .Fisheries Officer
Background The fishlng'vessel""HAKUA-NUI" under the command of Captain Brun of Papeete, crewed by local Rarotongan Fishermen and sponsored by Island Foods Ltd., a subsidiary of ¥. Gregg and Co, Ltd., of Dunedin, New Zealand, carried out fishing trials in the Rarbtonga.area using Japanese style tuna longlines, between January and August 1966. This vessel fished on average 9.6 days/month, shooting an average of 56,3 baskets of 6 hooks, in an area 10-20 miles north of Rarotonga Island, landing 25 tons of mixed fish, achieving an overall percentage hook rate of 2.4^. The crewunder training were capable of shooting 18 baskets per hour, but it was considered that they could shoot up to 25 baskets per hour with further training. An analysis of the catch showed: 62$ Albacore, Yellow- fin and Big Eye Tunas, and 58/<> Marlin, Skipjack, Swordfish, Dolphin Fish, Barracuda and Shark, with the longline rig fishing between 30 and 60 fathoms depending on local seasonal variations. It was considered that Cook Island crews were quite suitable for a commercial fishing operation, working on.a share basisy and plans were being made to expand and intensify operations after the preliminary survey. However, the- operation collapsed in December 1967 due to the loss of."HAKUA NUI" in a hurricane.
From- the results of this exploratory longline fishing operation the'following points emerge: (1) •the vessel fished for a very limited period (9.6 days/month) during the project; '(2).' the operation .was not helped by the lack of a continuous supply of • suitable baitfish at an economic price. Japanese Sauri Pike bait was found most successful, but frozen bait fish from New Zealand was not as successful. i_ •_.'; _:;..;_.:.„.„.._;
Catch rate could have been improved by using 10-12 hook basket units, not 6-hook units, since the'' average . si ze of the tunas landed did not warrant the "orthodox Japanese high sead'"equatorial tuna lines 'designed for larger "fish.; A further handicap was" the .lack of a suitable slipway to maintain the vessel," and puthall her in the event of a hurricane warning. It would appear therefore that until a suitable bait supply is'established, a "bait bank1' maintained, and '.''safe harbour and slipping facilities installed that the prospects of small scale tuna long-line operations using vessels over. 30' (which could be re'moved to shelter in the event of a threatened • storm) are limited at this time. 50
Current Fishing"Operationa-- --•••- The "Marlin II" - a 40.' locally constructed decked fishing launch, Captain Tikake Williams and Tiocal, crew - entered' the fishery in May 1970 and the primary results are hopeful.' From initial longline operations, shooting 2076 hooks in 14 trips, 60 Tunas totalling 5052 lbs. have been landed, giying an average hook rate of 3-.43!#>, excluding shark, marlin and other fishes. This vessel is also limited in longline operations due to the bait problem; to date, local scad mackerel have been used when obtainable, and New Zealand Herring was on order for trials in June 1970. Japanese Sauri Pike bait at USJ 670 per ton f.o.b., Suva, is considered too expensive for this local vessel. .
While the longlines are "spaklxag" during the daily fishing operations, the crew have been developing.their skills in Skipjack Pole-and-Lure fishing, using the Mother of Pearl Shell lure technique now well developed in French Polynesia. This is an interesting develop ment ,iandiin mid-June 1970 this crew were landing in excess of 100 - Skip-jack dailyf or 700-800 lbs. of fish valued at NZ$ .25 per lb. whole round fish;over the quay and selling locally for fresh supply, through local stores, at 35 to 40 cents per lb. as tuna-steaks. The speed of the "Marlin 11% at 8 knots maximum,- is a limiting factor in the expansion x of this:operation, and limits her capacity to take greater benefit from ^--the? scattered:. fast'moving schools of fish which would be tapped by a ^fa^tef-(l5^18-knot): vessel, working in this short1 range ..{'10-15 miles ': offshore) day (0600 hrs - 1600 hrs) Skipjack fishery.1- The.Tahitian type F; "Bonitier" 'fishing boats, engaged iii this type 6f fishery ifi French Pol3mesiaV !in the 30' range, with speeds up to 15 knots, employing 3 crewv 'regularly in season land up to 350 fisih fronra day operation of this type. The recognised season for this fishery in Rarotonga is from late October to early May, but current results,'June.1970, indicate that Bonito are a year-round resource' waiting to be tapped, primarily .to,supply the loeal "fish hungry" population Of Rarotonga, and after that for disposal through other outlets which may include local freezing for shipment to New Zealand processing firms, or local canning in Raro- : torigay should a sufficiently Mgh economical q^tch fate be maintained.
Lo(*al Organization At this time the Cook Islands Government is considering the formation of a Fisherman's Cooperative Society through which aid to fishermen, in the form of- financial assistance .for the purchase of boats, engine maintenance"and repair, slipway and mooring facilities, fish storage and local marketing would be channelled* It is estimated that the initial membership would be about 60 fishermen. Small groups have intimated that they can afford a substantial downr-payment on fast "Bonitier" type vessels, and they are anxious to obtain financial and technical assistance to enter the fishery.; [ . :. -e;
At this time overseas commercial: inyiolvement has: :hot been considered; however the door is open to negotiations with responsible officers of the Cook Islands Government, and private interests, in view 31
';i->-:<-•.'••- of the .modest, but encouraging results presently being obtained. It • r;: would appear that now is the time for overseas interests to reconnoitre ..-•: the feasibility of expanding the Skipjack fishery in particular.
••-• ;• Expansion'of the Skipjack Fishery
The Government Freezer Installation can provide a minimum of i 526 cubic feet of fish storage at 10°F, and further storage could be provided as space becomes available seasonally in fruit storage rooms which can be reduced to 20 F, if required. The New Zealand Government vessel "MOANA R0A" operating a regular monthly service between Auckland - and Rarotonga can provide cold storage for up to 50 tons, at 10°F. Island 1 Foods Ltd. operate a fruit and fruit juice canning plant atrRaretonga and the Manager has indicated that in the event of sufficient fish being produced locally, his firm would seriously consider canning various fish products. With a population of 9>000 in Rarotonga Island the local fresh fish market would readily absorb one ton of fish per day, though there may be a drop off in prices when this demand is met. Consequently, an expansion of the fishery will depend on a lower negotiable price for supplies surplus to local requirements, which, unless present storage and shipping facilities are expanded and improved, or local canning lines established, will be limited according to present facilities. New Zealand interests have quoted,NZ^L .10. cts- lb.- for initial 50-ton lots on a monthly basis delivered Auckland. With a 40$ recovery rate from whole fish, New Zealand tuna have been canned in 7 oz. packs and retail at 35 cts., per tin. However, supplies of Tuna in New Zealand are stated to be behind the demand and capacity of the established fish canning forms, one firm so far in 1970 having dealt with 15 tons_pf Skipjack, yet having a daily throughput potential of 7 tons of raw material.
With the above factors in mind, what could be done to initiate a limited expansion of the Skipjack fishery? Obviously the fresh fish .market would absorb the increased catches landed by one modern fast "Bonitier" vessel. Current facilities would provide for storage and ' shipment of a regular supply to Auckland, or, on the other hand sufficient material for a small canning line in Rarotonga, from the landings of a second vessel. The number of boats, based on landings of one ton per day (300 fish @ 6-8 lbs. weight average), would appear to be limited only by storage processing and marketing facilities. Indications are that the tuna resource itself is capable of supplying a much greater amount of raw material, being subject only to seasonal variations, and to a certain extent, weather conditions.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
1. The outlay on fishing gear would be ridiculously small, since bamboo poles are locally available, and the fishermen make their own lures.
The main expenditure would be as follows - 32
2>,. 30/ - 32,'. hard chine, or double chine, or dee-pr "V" hull, capable '. ._. r of ^speeds. to. 18 knots, with open cockpit aft and shelter _.,..;•;-,.•; ; deck and steering-position midships, powered' by a Perkins Marine diesel in the 100 hp. range, equipped with ship to ship and ship; tp„shore, radio.-of-_3Q/4Q- watt -putput, constructed of first quality marine plywood, and fitted ... with fibreglass:skin, and normal seagoing fittings; ''Cost f.o.b; Auckland (Trailer Craft Marine Ltd.) 3NZ.8,50O Freight to Rarotonga $NZ 500
TOTAL iNZ q.000
3. Operating Costs: Fuel and maintenance = Monthly N/Z 4 galls diesel/hour @ 20"cts x 10 hours x 25 = . 200 Allow 20 N/Z Monthly maintenance =20
4. ReVeiiue/Monthly ._. 15 short tons - fish @ 10 cts/ll>. - N/Z$ 3,000.
5. Shares/Monthly - • Boat/owners' share ' = .^ - INZ 1,500 Crew share (4 crew) ' = : $NZ 1.500
.:..•:.,- Owner pays maintenance @ 220/month >. ;: Deduct from owner's share • = I 1.280/monthly The lower price of fish has beon entered for this calculation, and 3/5 of the estimated day/ton landing. This would mean in effect that the 4- crew would stand to earn $375/monthly, and the owner would recoup his capital in about 8 months, allowing a minimum of 4.5 days/week, on 18 days/month fishing. 33
INFORMATION PHPER NO. U '
DESIGN FOR A FISHERIES PROGRAM-IE IN THE COOK ISLANDS by Dr Barry White
FISHERIES PROJECTS
A. Development of a fleet of small (25 to 30 foot) fishing craft for fishing with pole and bait, very readily adaptable to trolling or hand hauling longlining (l5 to 20 baskets). 1. Ferro-cement craft for Rarotonga, and some of the No. group. 2, 18 to 20 foot canoes with outfeoards for lagoon fishing in No. Group.
B. Formation of a fishing Co-operative (with or without C.I.G. participation), for funding of boat building and equipment purchases and for coordination of marketing.
G. Development and placement of small freezing plants at Raro tonga and other islands to hold fish for marketing (G.M.V. for fish pickup). 1. Diesel engine compress~or with hold plates. Unit self- contained. 2. Block ice machine at Rarotonga,
D. Survey to ensure supply of Bait fish.
E. Oceanographic survey of fishing areas. Mapping of thermo- cline, upwelling areas, sea mounts, etc,
Pearl Shell Collecting : . A. Survey of existing beds and development of regulations 'as to seasons.
B. Development of pearl shell farming,
Cy i-'iarke.ting of shells.
Cultured Pearl Industry. A. Method.
Oyster Farming. : •-.-• A. .Method.
B. Spat. 34
C. Bed layout.
D. Processing. Ci.: : ;i.
V. Crayfish Collection .(.No* ...firojijii)*i:^L:'„^...... --_^.:^.....--:
A. Survey.
B. Home Industry.
C. Processing (freezing). ~
' D. ' Marketing.
VI. Trochus Industry.
A. Survey. "...-.
B. Regulations.;
C. Marketing.
VII. Conservation of Resources. .
VIII. Funding.
JX. Summary, •!-..•'
IMPLEMENTATION .. :.....:.
FISHING FLEET 1. Review presently available stock plans and revise as necessary for Cook Islands application. 2. Order supplies and materials needed for Three (3) boats at once. 3. Utilize present boat shed for building. 4. Captain/owners of boats under construction should undergo instruction in fishing procedures, boat handling, etc. *
;5. ,,Co-Op fish group should be formed, funded through one, -or group of following: Government, Co-Op Assistance Society, private capital, outside financial groups or institutions. 6. Government would fund the building of the first two boats. The owner/captain would repay the Government on the basis of 50% of gross receipts of fish caught uniiil the cost price of the vessel, plus interest, is repayed. 7« After pilot project of two boats is complete future boat building will be funded through a fishing Co-Op. 8. Availability and cost of freezer units should be investigated at once. Units should be self-contained. Two of these units (Rarotonga and Aitutaki) should have capacity for making block ice. Units should be approx. 2000 cu. ft. and the compressor of sufficient 55
size so .that the units could , be doubled inside when necessary. Units shguld .^e : delivered Ah -.-a pre-Fabricated form f or easy erection % unskilled ^workers, A survey should be started at once to ascertain the location and quantity of halt. The best method for.taking, storing and distri bution of bait should be developed. :.: A rather long range and comprehensive oceanographic survey should be instituted as soon as possible and practical. a. A fishing survey by use of fishing logs kept by present and future boats would be utilized, correlated and plotted. b. A Thermocl'ine recorder or Bathythermograph should be obtained. A monthly survey should be run, covering a period of at least two years,' to endeavour to plot the thermocline and layer depth for a distance of at least 20 miles around each island, starting at Rarotonga. Likewise a recording depth sounder should be employed to ascertain if there are any near surface sea mounts in the vacinity. Sea mounts, if they do exist in the'area, usually prove-to be excellent fishing'areas. The ocean areas on the windward side of the islands should be scrutinized by use of temperature, salinity recordings for areas of upwelling of deep ocean water which are usually high in plankton nutritiants and consequently contain a high concentration of fish life. A concerted effort should be made to collect any^ and all, data that has been collected over the past through oceanographic research by various groups and nations, notably the data collected by the HAKUA NUI, the Japanese, Russian and New Zealand government agencies. The Government fishing vessel should be placed into active fishing with the proper captain, fishmaster and crew and regulations covering their responsibilities should be made. A study'should be made to determine the best use of the G.M.V. in the Overall scheme of the fisheries'programme. Possibilities include oceano graphic research, fishing method research, 'Buy Boat' to transport fish from other islands. •-: : v
PEARL SHELL COLLECTING.
A survey of existing pearl shell beads should commence as' soon as practical._ This survey, should, be concerned with the quantity and quality oi" the shell. Statistical information as to self- 'propdgatiori and maturity should be included and from this information regulations as to the use of the beds.; could be developed. Research intoJpearl shell farming should be instituted utilizing the seedingdf nylon line suspended from buoys'.in .lagoon areas. After a feasibility study farming could be undertaken on a commercial scale by leasing lagoon areas to interested parties. Marketing information should be collected and made available to interested parties.
CULTURED PEARL INDUSTRY The possibility of a cultured pearl industry should not be over looked although the problems are great. As the methodology of pearl culturirig are well guarded secrets much research and investigation must go ihtor the project.
OYSTER FARMING Oyster farming would seem to recommend itself highly, especially to the lagoon areas of the No. Group and possibly Muri lagoon area of Rarotonga. A great deal of research has been done on:oyster farming in the Eastern United States, much of which would; be applicable to the Cook Islands. Tahiti and New Zealand are also doing work in this area. This information, as well as that from other sources, should be collected and corrolatod a3 a pilot, project in this area instituted. ~
CRAYFISH COLLECTION • . .;/,''."' Crayfish, being a luxury item, should command a high price as the tourist industry becomes developed in; the Cook Islands. A survey, should be made of the crayfish-aituation with the possibility of fostering it as a 'Home Industry'. If this is done the proper method of processing for market should be taught and the facilities placed,,at hand. Regulations for the taking of crayfish must be developed and enforced to ensure a continuing supply. The possibility of 'farming' crayfish under controlled conditions should be investigated.
TROCHUS It is understood' that V pilot project into the trochus industry has been startedv':--This' project should be evaluated and the necessary steps taken to ensure the future of this line of fishing.- 37/38
CONSERVATION Conservation must command a large part of any fisheries programme. Surveys of the natural resources, in regard to fishing, should be made and from these regulations must be formulated regulations to guard against depletion of these resources. Proper conservation methods will ensure even greater productivity while ensuring that we will hand along to our children all these God given resources,
FUNDING
A first step in implementing the above programmes, and the many others that will surely come to the fore, is the formation of a realistic and comprehensive budget. Funding of a fisheries programme could, and most likely should, come from sources outside the C.I.G. The World Bank, various agencies of the U.N., grants in aid and matching funds grants from various National Governments should be investigated.
SUMMARY
Time would seem to be of the essence in developing a comprehensive fisheries programme, a programme that should be long range at its inception, but one that is flexible enough for the inevitable changes to be met without jeopardizing the whole programme. A programme of the type vi3ualized would, of necessity, require considerable Government control and financing at the inception; however the programme should be developed in such a way that year by year the necessity of Government intervention is lessened and that as soon as possible the fisheries programme becomes one of only advice, conservation and regulation. T is would seem entirely feasible and eminently desirable. Education would be of primary concern, so that local fisheries officers and advisor groups could be employed as soon as possible.
In conclusion, NOV/ would seem to be the time to develop the fishing resources to the greater benefit of all the people of the Cook Islands. 39
INFORMATION PAPER NO. II]:
ASPECTS OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT -IN -THE-€OOK I STANDS -
• "Mr Ian Forbes.
I have just received the official, invitation from the Acting Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture for the forthcoming "Fisheries Review Committee" to be held'next week. I set out a few bf my thoughts below which may provide useful topics for discussion at this meeting:
2. Recommendation of a Fisheries POLICY. The Policy is not to be confused with any subsequent programme. I note that the U.S. Government sum up their whole fisheries policy in just a few words. I am not sure of the exact wording because it is so long since I have seen the text...but I think it is along these lines...TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL FISHERIES RESOURCE OF THE USA.
3. The Programme can change from time to time... But each programme implements the main policy. We could perhaps be more explicit but this should come in perhaps a *FIELD OF OPERATION Schedule as follows: To develop commercial fishing - To assist commercial fishermen . To purchase fishing gear for sale to fishermen To develop the Pearl shell and oyster industry ' To develop fish marketing To recommend legislation covering fisheries activities ;To police Fisheries regulations To develop sports fishing To provide basic technical assistance in statistical gathering, etc.
4. The number one single item which is required is a competent Fisheries Officer. No programi e is going to get off the ground without one. Dr B. White is currently in Rarotonga and has all the require ments needed for a Fisheries Officer. He would be willing to take on this work too and salary would be of secondary consideration for him as he has ;stated that he has a private income. To me then the number one item 5h the Agenda would be the recommendation that a Fisheries Officer be appointed immediately.
Without this basic essential we will be knooling our heads against a brick Wall and wasting our time no fiattef"howbrigh t the ideas are which could come out of this meetirig; :'" ,r
Government should really appoint a Fisheries-Officer first. But this I guess is too much to ask and the best we can do I suppose is to recommend that one be appointed urgently to work on the suggested programme.
A programme would show how each would be implemented. 40
5. Suggested Projects; a. Seeding of all islands with Trochus from Aitutaki. b. Small trial Nylon Rope growing of Pearl shell at Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Manihiki, Penrhyn, Palmers ton. c. Transportation of live crayfish from Palmerston Island in the GM\T:Ravakai.' ---: d. Bait Catching in Rarotonga. ••.,. ;jr.Ti:0 •_ e. Bait catching in outer island and freighting as frozen cargo.
f.: Fish Marketing and processing. , • g. Purchasing' of fishing gear for sale to fishermen. : h. Purchasing of bait for fishermen*, .; ;- i. Dockside freezer for bait and fish storage. j. Thermocline logging. k. Collection of statistical fishing information. ,1, Pearl culture, m. Oyster farming. n. Gill netting of flying fish. o. iiarketing of normally unedible fish (sharks) shark fins etc. p. Navigation courses for fishermen. q. Mechanical training and facilities for boat engines and mechanical gear. r. Development of the Tahitian Bbnito boats; s. Sports fishing, etc.
The most urgent activity I think is in this following order:
..,•!• Local bait survey and methods of catching, coupled with the training of a person and supplying him with nets and boat, etc. to make a com mercial bait fisheries venture. The basic essential is to get someone :;75atching bait as soon as possible,. To achieve this end the Fisheries Division could well find out "how/bo 'ua&f^^^f^eni^wa±±an circular net and train a suitable local personrinitsTuse. When the person is sufficiently trained-so he can use the equipment _,and jcatch enough bait to satisfy the niarket and make a reasonable living; from this, then the equipment can be handed over to the fisherman, ^Repayment can be made from the fish-bait catch with a percentage being credited. The ...Fisheries Division would ;purchase all bait caught ;for.twelve months "and distribu^te this out to commercial fishermen an&sportsfishermen at cost. Or set up a commercial venture tohandle bait. :- 41
2. Seeding of all islands with Trochus. Aitutaki has been planted with Trochus brought over from Fiji 12 or so years ago. This has now multiplied to a stage where it has sufficient stock to ensure future multiplication and a future commercial fisheries but this is still a good ten years from now. It is considered that the taking of stock for seeding of all the islands of the group would not affect the balance,J of Aitutaki shell. The sooner we can seed all the islands of the Group the quicker a commercial fisheries can be started and any Fisheries develojjment must be far-sighted.
"Rarotonga should be seeded first so that the shell can become established a good three years before the island hits the tourist boom. The three years grace may give the Trochus a head start. Trochus could become a tourist attraction for shell collectors and the like within a. few years as is Aitutaki now.
Palmerston Island, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Mitiaro, Mauke, Manuae, Atiu and Mangaia could all be planted in a relative short period of time from Aitutaki stGbk'-and" the remaining islands including Takutati and Suwarrow could be used as a later reserve for stock seeding in larger quantities.
The GMV "RAVAKAI" would be very suitable for this seeding and the Fisheries Division still have the tanks and pumping equipment for shell seeding. These tanks could be fitted on deck of the RAVAKAI and being a fast boat of around 15 knots should be able to transport Trochus for seeding with some success.
Each Island would be required to place some sort of official protection (RAHIill)on the Trochus so that it may have a more than reasonable chance of survival. Say ten years. A RAEUI is not perhaps a legal means of protection but administered by Island Councils it is probably more effective than legislation.
3. '"- Transportation of live Crayfish from Palmerston Island. The inadeqtiacies of present inter-island shipping leave much to be desired in freezer cartage within the Croup. The RAVAKAI is not equipped with freezer equipment and the ice plant seems impossible. It is suggested that the RAVAKAI try to overcome the shipping of crayfish "live" in boxes. Therefore a run to Aitutaki to uplift Trochus seed for Palmerston and return with a shipment of live crayfish could well be an immediate' project.
4. Crown of Thorns programme. From investigations, made by Messrs. Tekake Williams and Walter Hambuechen in Rarotonga, Manibiki, Pukapuka, Rakahanga and Palmerston Island and I think Penrhyn, the Crown of Thorns (Acanthaster planci) has increased in quantity nuch the same as in most other areas of the Pacific Its potential threat is still not fully understood. However, cannot we' afford to wait for 42
the answer. Our'territory is small enough3£OTr0ur .reef 3 to.-be stripped 'bare by this .animal. Action, la. required |© Reduce :th,e: number:iof the Crown of 'thorns so that it is again in bal,a^e;jwith: nature:.and its . predators. In Rarotonga we have .many..people. . wh<>^1 [am surefwould offer their, services free to help in :a :ma^s e'xterminattoiiiroCcthe-efdwn-of- Thorna. ; With-.a great deal;o£ • planning, and all the equipmeiii;- on hand volunteers could ;;be used to /great: advantage with a mass extermination programme covering the whole group. If. thisprogramiiie' we're to co-incide with the Christmas school holiday period I feel we would have many , volunteers from. Mew Zealand and Government would only really need to provide the shipping service to all the islands.
However any project must be .well planned to the smallest detail before a successful onslaught could commence and ai nass onslaught within a relative small time may be the best answer.
I -Ian A. Forbes.
TURTLES; ' .-:.•;••••-
: There;have been small pilot unofficial projects in raising : oturtles. This-has come from Palmerston: Islands.;ahd-Kturtles have been .sen^t.over live to Rarotonga for sale.; .These are'baby turtles about two or.,three months old. Many residentsXinrrRarotonga have these small turtles in buckets which they replace .with: clean salt water daily. They seem to exist on bread and scraps.
This therefore could be done on a :large scale. It- seems common knowledge (right or ^rong) that the .survival.irate of «yourfg turtles is very low. Perhaps. ;a. fenced-in area of rarilagoonoould bemused to protect young turtles until the stage where they:;;wo.uldbe able to~} survive in the open sea and thus build up the breeding stock for a later commercial • fisheries.. I do not know e^ou^^ in-the area of birth or return Tio,it -^ of the vast distances which.turtles Jjgye eo-vered;-. Perhaps turtles can be fenced.in and fed like, chickens. But :I doubt if there isieiiwgh "turtle in the Cook Islands^ fo# ^ commercial fisheries at the moment.
Perhaps selected,- tusctle.s: could be usednfor breeding purposes with artificial insemination..,;!—j-;-.;-.-. :;/^::
COCONUT CRABS:- Of all, the Cr^yf^sh^::;lphsjefeaM^crab^meat I have eaten the Coconut crab is !by: f;ar the.;.best. r However.Jbecause-of our small land area we have very limited Quantities^!; Could this: be--farmed commercially "anil, fed on coconut, its •natur.arl;:-diet?^p.::tM;nt_sav:"-"^Sie legs are very largeL and full of meat..., Dpfoocpnut crabs: grow , new .legs like other crabs'? ^Xprff),would.it be feasible-to; harvest-leg's and allow the coconut crab to grow others to be harvested with killing the crab? Experiments may be well worthwhile. It could become a "Home Industry" and instead of cooking the whole crab .. just whop off its legs and let it grow more. Ian A. Forbes 43/44
INFORMATION PAPER IV
INJECTION GUN SUITABLE FOR DESTRUCTION OF CROWN- OF-THORNS STARFISH
Name ' Manufacturer KAYCEE" Ovijector K. Castiglione Ltd., 15 Collingdale Avenue, LONDON, N.W.9. ion - Rather like a large water pistol made of stainless steel; delivers measured injections of vaccines, usually used on sheep farms in New Zealand, and originally designed as veterinary equipment. Contained in the handle is a spring loaded adjustable screw which is marked in mms and cms; this predetermines the size of the injection.
The gun is supplied with six assorted injection nozzles, a chest harness and an umbilical plastic pipe, one end of which is attached to the gun, the other end attached to standard size sealed plastic pack each with accapacity of 500 mm. of , injection material. In the case of Crown-of-Thorns starfish, one sealed plastic pack costing 55 6 NZ is sufficient to supply 100 "shots". The cost of the gun is $NZ 15. The standard injection fluid supplied contains 90% formaldehyde and 10$ ascetic acid. The length of the injection nozzle is 20 cms. For operation underwater, the umbilical pipe should be 30" in length. The sealed plastic pack can quite conveniently be held down the front of a pair of bathing shorts. The gun is best operated in conjunction with SCUBA diving equipment or the AQUANAUT portable diving unit. If used only with snorkelling equipment, it is possible that only 2 or 3 starfish could be dealt with at one dive whereas with the previously mentioned equipment, work can be carried out for periods from half to . one hour and in depths of 25' plus. It is also noted that modifications may be required in the length of the nozzle particularly where Crowh-of-Thorns Starfish are lying on hard coral where there is a danger of snapping off the nozzle. It is also recommended that the operator wear heavy canvas commercial gloves. The New Zealand Agent for K. Castiglione Ltd. is: Glaxo Laboratory H.Z. Ltd., P.O. Box 624, Palmerston North, and a personal contact has been made with Bryan Ogier, Sales and Service Officer. It is interesting to note that Tahiti have ordered 15 guns, Fiji 10 guns, SPC 2 guns; Nauru, Cook Islands and other groups will be ordering units once the information is passed around. The current stock of guns in New Zealand is 30 units only but the agent has given assurance that he will obtain extra supplies as required. V. T. HINDS SPC FISHERIES OFFICER nt-*t**