Prolog programming for pdf

Continue Programming for Artificial IntelligenceThird editionIvan Bratko The third edition of this bestselling guide to Prolog and artificial intelligence has been updated to incorporate key developments in this area while maintaining its clear approach to these topics. Divided into two parts, the first part of the book introduces the Prolog programming language, and the second part teaches artificial intelligence, using Prolog as a tool to implement AI techniques. Prolog has its roots in logic, but the main purpose of this book is to teach Prolog as a practical programming tool. Therefore, this text focuses on the art of using the basic mechanisms of Prolog to solve interesting problems. The third edition has been completely revised and expanded to provide an even larger range of applications, which further enhances its value as a self-sustaining programming guide to Prolog, AI or AI for students and professional programmers. Features- A combined approach to Prolog and AI allows flexibility for learning and learning-provides a thorough presentation of AI, emphasizing the practical methods and Prolog implementation-prolog programs for use in projects and studies available for download on the World Wide Web. New for this edition: - Constraint - Qualitative Reasoning- Inductive Logic Programming - Adding Belief Networks to Handle Uncertainty - Major Update of Additional Methods to Improve Program Efficiency - Meta-Programming Updated, To show how Prolog can be used to implement other languages (including object-oriented programming) - The new Companion website will contain additional training materials and updates Author : Professor Ivan Bratko heads the AI group at the Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences of the University of Ljubljana and the Joseph Stefan Institute in Slovenia. He has taught Prolog worldwide as well as applying Prolog in medical expert systems, robot programming, quality modeling and computer chess research. The fourth edition of this bestselling guide to Prolog and artificial intelligence has been updated to include key events in the field while maintaining its clear approach to these topics. New and expanded topics include limited logical programming, stolen reasoning, and partial order planning. Divided into two parts, the first part of the book introduces the Prolog programming language, and the second part teaches artificial intelligence, using Prolog as a tool to implement AI techniques. This tutorial is designed to teach Prolog as a practical programming tool and so it focuses on the art of using prolog's basic mechanisms to solve Problems. The fourth edition has been completely revised and expanded to provide an even larger range of applications, making it an independent guide for Prolog, AI or AI AI for students and professional programmers. From the Publisher: This bestselling guide to Prolog has been completely revised and expanded to provide an even larger range of applications, increasing its value as a self-guided guide to Prolog, Artificial Intelligence, or AI programming. Ivan Bratko discusses natural language processing with grammatical rules, planning and machine learning. The reach of meta-programming includes meta-translators and object-oriented programming in Prolog. The new edition includes coverage: limiting the logic of programming; High-quality reasoning; Inductive logical programming; Newly developed algorithms Belief networks to handle uncertainty and a major machine learning update. This book is for programmers who need to learn AI programming. Sunkle S, Kholkar D and Kulkarni V Model managed regulatory compliance Proceedings 18th International Conference on The Model of Managed Engineering Languages and Systems, (436-445)Akan B., Ereckle B., Spampinato G and Asplund L To reliable human robot cooperation in the industrial environment Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of ACM/IEE on Human and Robot Interaction, (71-72)Bitter C, Elizondo D and Yang Y (2010) Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence Review, 33:1-2, (151-173), Online Publishing Date: 1-February-2010. Morcillo P, Moreno G, Penabad J and Vazquez C Practical Management fuzzy truth degrees with the help of FLOPER Proceedings 2010 International Conference on Semantic Web Rules, (20-34)Novak M and Dolchak B (2008) Intelligent FEA-based Development Improvement, Artificial Intelligence Engineering Applications, 21:8, (1239-1254), Online Publishing Date: 1-December-2008. 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Blockeel H, De Raedt L, Jacobs N and Demoen B (1999) Scale inductive programming logic by learning interpretation, data extraction and knowledge detection, 3:1, (59-93), Online publication date: 1-March-1999. Hadjief thymiades S and Merakos L (2019) ESW4, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, 29:5, (24-35), Online Publication Date: 5-October-1999. Sison R, Numao M and Shimura M (1998) Detection of error classes from discrepancies in beginner behavior through Multistrategy Conceptual Cluster , User Simulation and Adapted User Interaction, 8:1-2, (103-129), Online Publication Date: January 1-1998. Haberman B, Schertz and Shapiro E Abstract Data Types as The Organizer of project development of The Proceedings 6th Annual Conference on Computer Science and the 3rd Annual Conference on Technology Integration in Computer Science Education: Changing the Delivery of Computer Science Education, (102-104)Haberman B, Schertz and Shapiro E (1998) Abstract Data Types as Project Development Organizer, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 30:3, (102-104) , Online publication date: 1-Sep-1998.Roselli T, Donfrancesco A and Loverro S HyperPro Proceedings Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces, (272-274)Moonie R and Selle J (1994) Integration ILP and EBL, ACM SIGART Bulletin, 5:1, (12-21), Web Date: 1-Jan-1994. Robinson J (1992) Logic and Logic Programming , ACM Messages, 35:3, (40-65), Online Publication Date: 1-March-1992. A programming language that uses the logic of the first order This article is about the language of programming. For the narrative, see Prologue (disambigation). PrologParadigmLogic programming Appointed by Alain Colmerauer, Robert KowalskiFirst appeared1972Filename extensions.pl, .pro, . PMajor implementationsB-Prolog, Ciao, ECLiPSe, GNU Prolog, Jekejeke Prolog, Poplog Prolog, PL, quint Prolog, SICStus, Strawberry, SWI-Prolog, Tau Prolog, tuProlog, WIN-PROLOG, XSB, YAP. DialectsISO Prolog, Edinburgh PrologInfluenced byPlannerInfluencedCHR, Clojure, Datalog, Erlang, KL0, KL1, Mercury, Oz, Strand, Visual Prolog, XSB Prolog on Wikibooks Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the logic of the program is expressed in the relationships presented as facts and rules. The calculation is initiated by triggering a request for these relationships. The language was developed and implemented in Marseille, France, in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel, based on Robert Kowalski's procedural interpretation of Horn's provisions. Prolog was one of the first logical programming languages and remains the most popular such language to date, with several free and commercial implementations. The language was used for the theorem proving that it is an expert system, rewriting of terms, model systems, and automated planning, as well as the originally intended area of use, processing of natural language. Modern Prolog environments support the creation of graphic user interfaces as well as administrative and network applications. Prolog is good for specific tasks that benefit from rule-based logical queries such as database search, voice control systems, and template-filling. Syntax and semantics Main article: Syntax Prolog and Semantics In Prolog, the logic of the program is expressed in terms of relationships, and the calculation is initiated by launching a request for this relationship. Relationships and queries are built using a single type of Prolog data, a term. Relationships are defined by provisions. Given the request, Prolog tries to find a rebuttal of the permission of the denied request. If the denied request can be refuted, i.e. a moment for all free variables is found, which makes the combination of reservations and a single-ton set consisting of a denied request false, it follows that the original request, with the moment applied, is a logical consequence of the program. This makes Prolog (and other logical programming languages) particularly useful for databases, symbolic math, and language analysis applications. Since Prolog allows for unclean predicates, checking the value of the truth of some special predicates can have some deliberate side effects, such as printing values on the screen. Because of this, the programmer is allowed to use a certain amount of conventional when the logical paradigm is inconvenient. It has a purely logical subset called Pure Prolog, as well as a number of extralogical features. Data types of one type of Prolog data are a term. Terms are either atoms, numbers, variables, or complex terms. An atom is a general purpose name that has no meaning. Examples of atoms include x, red, 'Taco' and 'some atom'. Rooms can be floats or integers. Standard compatible ISO Prolog systems can check the associated Prolog flag. Most of the major Prolog systems support an arbitrary number of length integrators. Variables are denoted by a line consisting of numbers and symbols of underlining, and starting with the top body of letters or underlining. Variables are very similar to the variables in logic in that they are they for arbitrary terms. A complex term consists of an atom called a functor and a series of arguments that again terms. Complex terms are usually written as a functor that follows a comma divided list of term argument, which is contained in brackets. The number of arguments is called the burning of the term. The atom can be considered as a complex term with a zero term. An example of the term connection is person_friends (zelda, tom, jim). Special cases of complex terms: The list is an orderly collection of terms. It is marked by brackets with terms divided by commas, or in the case of an empty list, on . For example, 1,2,3 or red, green, blue. Lines: A sequence of characters surrounded by quotes is equivalent to either a list (number) of character codes, a list of symbols (atoms of 1 length), or an atom depending on the value of the Prolog flag double_quotes. For example, to be or not to be. ISO Prolog provides atom/1, number/1, integrator/1 and float/1 predicates to test types. The rules and facts of the Prolog Program describe relationships defined by provisions. Pure Prolog is limited to Horn's position. There are two types of provisions: facts and rules. Head Shape Rule:- Body. and reads like the head is true if the body is true. The body rule consists of predicate calls, which are called rule goals. The built-in logical statement,/2 (meaning arity 2 with the name) refers to a target connection, and;/2 means separation. Connections and disconnection can only appear in the body, not in the rule's head. Empty-body clauses are called facts. An example of the fact is: a cat (crookshanks). which is equivalent to the rule: cat (crooks) :- truth. The built-in predicate true/0 is always true. Given the above fact, one may ask: is crookshanks a cat? ? - cat (crookshanks). Yes, what is a cat? ? - cat (X). X and crookshanks Clauses with bodies are called rules. An example of the rule is: animal (X) : - cat (X). If we add this rule and ask what are animals? ?- animal (X). X and crookshanks Due to the relational nature of many built-in predicates, they can usually be used in several ways. For example, length/2 can be used to determine the length of the list (length (list, L), based on the list list), as well as to create a list of skeletons of a given length (length (X, 5)), as well as to create both list skeletons and their length together (length (X, L)). Similarly, the /3 application can be used for both the two lists app (ListA, ListB, X) and list lists (X, Y, List) and the list. For this reason, a relatively small library predicate set is sufficient for many Prolog programs. As a general language, Prolog also various built-in predicates to perform routine activities such as entry/exit using graph graphics otherwise communicate with the operating system. These predicates have no relational value and are only useful for the side effects they exhibit in the system. For example, predicate/1 displays the term on the screen. Prolog is initiated by placing a user with one goal called a request. It is logical that the Prolog engine tries to find a refutation of the denied request. The resolution method used by Prolog is called SLD resolution. If the denied request can be refuted, it follows that a request with appropriate variable bindings is a logical consequence of the program. In this case, all generated link variables are reported to the user, and the request is said to have succeeded. In terms of operational execution strategy, Prolog can be seen as a generalization of function calls in other languages, one difference being that multiple clause heads may meet that call. In this case, the system creates a point of choice, combines the goal with the head of the first alternative paragraph and continues with the objectives of this first alternative. If any goal fails during the run of the program, all the binding variables that have been made since the last point selection was created are canceled, and the execution continues with the next alternative to that choice of point. This execution strategy is called a chronological rollback. For example: mother_child (trude, sally). father_child (Tom, Sally). father_child (Tom, Erica). father_child (Mike, Tom). Brother (X, Y) :- parent_child (I, X), parent_child (I, Y). parent_child (X, Y) :- father_child (X, Y). parent_child (X, Y) :- mother_child (X, Y). This leads to the following query being rated as true: ?- brother (Sally, Erica). Yes, it is obtained as follows: Initially, the only appropriate head clause for the request of the brother (Sally, Eric) is the first, so the proof of the request is equivalent to the proof of the body of this provision with the relevant variable bindings in place, i.e. the connection (parent_child (I, sally), parent_child (I, Eric)). The next goal to be proven is the most left-wing of these connections, i.e. parent_child (me, Sally). Two chapters of points correspond to this goal. The system creates a point of choice and tries the first alternative, the body of which father_child (me, Sally). This goal can be proven by the fact father_child (tom Sally), so that binding and volume is generated, and the next goal to be proven is the second part above the connection: parent_child (tom Erica). Again, this can be proved by an appropriate fact. Because all goals can be proven, the request is successful. Because the request did not contain variables, no bindings were reported to the user. Request with variables, like: ?- father_child (Father, child). lists all valid responses to the rollback. Please note that As stated above, the request?- brother (Sally, Sally). Also also Additional targets could be included to describe the relevant restrictions if necessary. Cycles and recursive iterative algorithms can be implemented with recursive predicates. Denial of the Built-in Predicate Prolog q/1 provides denial as a failure that allows for non-monotonous reasoning. The goal is illegal (X) in the rule, legal (X) : - - illegal (X). rated as follows: Prolog tries to prove illegality (X). If evidence for this purpose can be found, the original target (i.e. illegal (X)) fails. If the evidence cannot be found, the original goal is successful. Thus, the q/1 prefix operator is called an unprovable operator because the request is a ?- Target. succeeds if the target is not provable. This type of denial is justified if its argument lands (i.e. does not contain variables). If the argument contains variables and the proof procedure is completed, the sound is lost. Specifically, the request ?- legal (X). can now not be used to enumerate all things that are legal. Programming in Prolog In Prolog, the download code is called consulting. Prolog can be used online by typing queries in the operational ?-. If there is no solution, Prolog writes no. If a solution exists, it is printed. If there are multiple solutions to request, then they can be requested by entering a semi-colon;. There are guidelines for improving programming practices to improve code efficiency, readability, and maintenance. Here are some examples of programs written in Prolog. Hello World Sample Request: ?- write ('Hello World!'), nl. Hello world! True. ?- Optimization of the compiler Any calculations can be expressed declaratively as a sequence of state transitions. For example, optimization of a compiler with three optimization passes can be implemented as a link between the original program and its optimized form: program_optimized (Prog0, Prog) :- optimization_pass_1 (Prog1), optimization_pass_2 (Prog1, Prog2), optimization_pass_3 (Prog2, Prog). or equivalent to using dcG notation: program_optimized ---'gt; optimization_pass_1, optimization_pass_2, optimization_pass_3. The quicksort sorting algorithm that refers to its sorted version: section (I, q, q). sections (X) Xs, Pivot, Smalls, Bigs) :- (X qlt; Pivot - Smalls Recreation, Section (Xs, Pivot, Recreation, Biggs) ; Biggs and X Rest, Partition (Xs, Pivot, Smalls, Recreation) ). quicksort (i.- ...... quicksort (X) Xs) ---'gt; section (Xs, X, Smaller, Bigger) , quicksort (less), X, quicksort (Bigger). The Design Pattern Design Pattern is a common reusable solution to common software development problems. The Prolog Patterns fit under different names: skeletons and techniques, cliches, hemat programs, and logic descriptions of schemata. An alternative to design patterns is higher-order programming. Programming higher-order Main articles: the logic of the highest order and programming a higher-order predicate is a predicate that accepts one or more other predicates as arguments. Although higher-order programming support extends Prolog beyond the realm of first-order logic, which does not quantify predicates, ISO Prolog now has some higher-order built-in predicates such as call/1, call/2, call/3, findall/3, setof/3 and bagof/3. In addition, since Prolog's arbitrary goals can be built and evaluated during the run time, it is easy to write higher-order predicates, such as a maplist/2 that applies an arbitrary predicate to each member of the list, and a substifier/3 that filters elements that satisfy the predicate by also allowing curry. To convert solutions from a temporary view (replacing rollback responses) into spatial representation (terms), Prolog has different predicates of all solutions that collect all the replacement responses of this query in the list. This can be used to understand the list. For example, ideal numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisions: ideal (N) :- between (1, inf, N), U N / 2, findall (D, (between (1,U,D), N mod D : 0), Ds), sumlist (Ds, N). This can be used to list ideal numbers as well as to check whether the number is perfect. As another example, the predicate cartographer applies the P predicate to all relevant positions in a pair of lists: cartography (P, X Xs, Y Ys)) :- call (P, X, Y), cartographer (P, Xs, Ys). When P is a predicate of what for all X, P (X,Y) combines Y with one unique value, the cartographer (P, Xs, Ys) is equivalent to applying the card function in like Ys and Map (Function, Xs). Prolog's top-order programming style was first introduced to HiLog and Prolog. Modules for programming in large, Prolog provides a modular system. The modular system is standardized by ISO. However, not all Prolog compilers support modules, and there are compatibility issues between the modular systems of the main Prolog compilers. Therefore, modules written on one Prolog compiler will not necessarily work for others. Review of the main articles: Syntax Prolog and Semantics - Certain state grammars, and a certain state of grammar There is a special notation called a certain state of grammar (DCGs). The rule, defined through ----2 instead of :-/2, is expanded by a preprocessor (expand_term/2, an object similar to macros in other languages) in accordance with several simple rewrite rules, which leads to the usual Prolog reservations. In particular, rewriting equips the predicate with two additional arguments that can be used for the implicit state of the flow around, similar to monads in other languages. DCGs are often used to write parsters or list generators, as they also provide a convenient interface for site differences. Meta-interpreters and reflection prolog is a homoiconic language and provides many many for thought. Its implicit execution strategy allows you to write a short meta-circular evaluator (also called meta-translator) for pure Prolog code: solve (admittedly). solve ((Subgoal1, Subgoal2)) :- solve (Subgoal1), solve (Subgoal2). solve (Head) :- position (Head, Body), solve (Body). where the true is an empty connection, and the item (Head, Body) is combined with the positions in the database of the head form:- Body. Because Prolog programs are in themselves sequences of Prolog terms (:-/2 is an infix operator) that are easily read and verified by built-in mechanisms (such as read/1), you can write individual translators that complement Prolog with domain-specific features. For example, Sterling and Shapiro represent a meta-translator who performs discussions with uncertainty, reproduced here with small changes: solve ((Subgoal1, Subgoal2), Definition) :-!, decide (Subgoal1, Certainty1), decide (Subgoal2, Certainty2), Certainty of mines (Certainty2). Solution (Goal, 1) :- built-in (Goal), !, Goal. Solve (Head, Confidence) :- clause_cf (Head, Body, Definition1), Solve (Body, Definition2), Certainty Certainty1 and Certainty2. This translator uses a table of built-in Prolog form predicates ,29:327 builtin (A is B). (Read (X)). %, etc., as well as the provisions clause_cf (Head, Body, Definition). With this in mind, it can be called a solution (Target, Certainty) to accomplish the goal and gain certainty about the outcome. Turing the fullness of Pure Prolog is based on a subset of first-order predicate logic, Horn Position, which is Turing-full. Turing Prolog's fullness can be shown using it to simulate the Turing machine: turing (Tape0, Tape) :- perform (q0, Ls, Tape0, Rs), reverse (Ls, Ls1), app (Ls1, Rs, tape). perform (qf, Ls, Ls, Rs, Rs) :-!. (No0, Ls0, Ls, Rs0, Rs) :- symbol (Rs0, Sym, RsRest), once (rule (Rule (No 0, Sim, No1, NewSym, Action)), Action (Action, Ls0, Ls1, NewSym RsRest, Rs1), perform (No 1, Ls1, Ls1, Rs Rs). b, k). symbol (Sim Rs, Sim, Rs). actions (left, Ls0, Ls, Rs) :- from left (Ls0, Ls, Rs), actions (stay, Ls, Ls, Rs). left (LEFT) Ls, Ls, Rs, L Rs). A simple example of a Turing machine is indicated by the facts: the rule (q0, 1, q0, 1, right). rule (q0, b, qf, 1, stay). This machine increment is one of the number in non-coding: it loops over any number of 1 cells and an additional 1 application at the end. Sample query and result: ?- Turing (No1,1,1), Ts). Ts No1, 1, 1, 1; This illustrates how any calculation can be expressed declaratively as a sequence of state transitions implemented in Prolog link between successive states of interest. Implementation Additional information: Comparison of implementations Prolog ISO Prolog Standard ISO Prolog consists of two parts. ISO/IEC ISO/IEC Published in 1995, it aims to standardize the existing practice of many implementations of the main elements of Prolog. He explained aspects of language that had previously been ambiguous and led to portable programs. There are three bullfights: Cor.1:2007, Cor.2:2012, and Cor.3:2017. ISO/IEC 13211-2, published in 2000, adds support for modules to the standard. The standard is supported by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG17 working group. THE ANSI X3J17 is the U.S. Technical Advisory Group on the Standard. A compilation for efficiency, the Prolog code is usually compiled to abstract machine code, often influenced by Warren's Abstract Machine Instructions Set (WAM). Some implementations use abstract interpretation to obtain information about the type and mode of predicates during compilation or compilation into real machine code for high performance. Developing effective methods for implementing Prolog code is an area of active research in the logical programming community, and some implementations use different other execution methods. These include binaryization of reservations and virtual stack-based machines. (quote is necessary) Prolog tail systems typically implement a well-known optimization method called tail call optimization (TCO) for deterministic predicates exhibited by tail recursion or, more generally, tail calls: the clause stack frame is discarded before the call is made in a tail position. Thus, deterministic tailed recursive precursibles are performed with a permanent stack space, as well as cycles in other languages. The term indexing Main article: The term indexing Search for reservations that are not verifiable with the term in the query is linear in the number of reservations. The term indexing uses a data structure that allows sublinear search time. Indexing only affects the performance of the program, does not affect semantics. Most Prologs only use indexing in the first semester because indexing on all conditions is expensive, but methods based on locally coded words or superimposed codes provide quick indexing to the full request and head. Some Prolog systems, such as WIN-PROLOG and SWI-Prolog, are now hashing to help handle larger datasets more efficiently. This tends to give very big performance benefits when dealing with large corpora such as WordNet. The tabling of some Prolog systems (B-Prolog, XSB, SWI-Prolog, YAP and Ciao) implements a memorization method called tabulation that frees the user from manual storage of intermediate results. Tabling is a compromise of space-time; Execution times can be reduced by using more memory to store interim results: the table retains the headboards found in the assessment of the request, as well as the responses to these head restraints. When the subgola is repeated, the score will re-isolate the information from the table rather than re-authorize the provisions of the program. Tabling can be in different directions. It can support recursive predicates with SLG resolution or linear tabling. In the multi-dark Prolog system, tabulation results can be kept secret from the stream or shared between all threads. And in additional tabs, tabs can respond to changes. The implementation of the hardware during the fifth generation Computer Systems project attempted to incorporate Prolog into the hardware in order to achieve faster implementation with dedicated architectures. In addition, Prolog has a number of properties that can allow it to accelerate through parallel execution. A more recent approach is to compile limited Prolog programs to the field programmable gate array. However, rapid progress in general purpose hardware has consistently overtaken more specialized architectures. Restrictions Although Prolog is widely used in research and education, Prolog and other logical programming languages do not have a significant impact on the computer industry as a whole. Most applications are small by industry standards, with more than 100,000 lines of code. Programming in large is considered difficult because not all Prolog support modules support, and there are compatibility issues between the modular systems of the main Prolog compilers. The portability of the Prolog code in different implementations has also been a problem, but events since 2007 have meant: The transfer to the Prolog implementation family received by Edinburgh/Quint is good enough to support portable real-world applications. The software developed in Prolog has been criticized for its poor performance compared to conventional programming languages. In particular, an indefinable Prolog evaluation strategy can be problematic when programming deterministic computing, or even when used without worrying about indefinability (where one choice is made instead of backing away from all possibilities). Cuts and other language designs may have to be used to achieve the desired performance, destroying one of Prolog's main attractions, the ability to run programs back and forth. Prolog is not purely declarative: because of designs such as the cut operator, it requires a procedural reading of the Prolog program. The order of reservations in the Prolog program is important because the strategy of language execution depends on it. Other logical programming languages, such as Datalog, are indeed declarative, but limit language. As a result, many practical Prolog programs are written in accordance with the depth of the first Prolog search order, not as purely declarative logic programs. Expansions from Prolog to expand the possibilities of logical programming in many ways. These include types, modes, programming logic limit restrictions object-oriented logical programming (OOLP), competitiveness, linear logic (LLP), functionality of logical programming and higher order, and compatibility with knowledge bases: Types Prolog is an uncharacteristic language. Attempts to introduce types date back to the 1980s, and as of 2008, attempts are still being made to expand Prolog with types. Type information is useful not only for type security, but also for talking about Prolog programs. Mode modes specified Interpretation and navar at the entrance - var at the entrance? It is not specified Syntax Prolog does not specify which predicate arguments are inputs, and which outputs. However, this information is important and it is recommended that it be included in the comment. The modes provide valuable information when talking about Prolog programs, and can also be used to speed up execution. Restricted logical programming Constraint expands Prolog to include concepts from meeting limitations. The Restriction Logic Program allows for restrictions in the body of positions such as: A'X,Y: X'Y'gt;0. It is suitable for large-scale combinator optimization problems and is thus useful for applications in industrial settings such as automated time planning and production. Most Prolog systems are a vehicle with at least one limit solver for end domains, and often also with solvers for other domains as rational numbers. Flora-2 object orientation is an object-oriented system of knowledge and reasoning representation based on F-logic and includes HiLog, transaction logic and unfeasible reasoning. Logtalk is an object-oriented logical programming language that can use most Prolog implementations as a back-end compiler. Like a lot of paradigmual language, it involves supporting both prototypes and classes. Oblog is a small, portable, object-oriented extension of Prolog by Margaret McDougall of EdCAAD, University of Edinburgh. Objlog is a language that combines objects and Prolog II from CNRS, Marseille, France. The prologue was developed by Logic Programming Associates and first released in 1989 for MS-DOS PC. Support for other platforms was added, and a second version was released in 1995. In 1994, Addison-Wesley published a book by Chris Moss about Prologue. The Prolog graphics systems that provide library graphics are SWI-Prolog, Visual Prolog, WIN-PROLOG, and B-Prolog. Concurrency Prolog-MPI is an open source SWI-Prolog extension for distributed message interface computing. In addition, there are various parallel programming languages Prolog. Web Programming Some Prolog implementations, in particular SWI-Prolog and Ciao, support on the side of the server with web protocol support, HTML and XML. There are also extensions to support semantic web formats such as RDF and OWL. Prolog has also been offered as a client Adobe Flash Cedar is a free and main prolog translator. From version 4 and above Cedar has FCA (Flash Cedar App) support. This provides a new programming platform in Prolog through ActionScript. Other F-logic expands Prolog with frames/objects to present knowledge. Transaction logic expands Prolog with logical theory of changing states of update operators. It has both model-theoretician and procedural semantics. OW Prolog was created to respond to the lack of graphics and interface Prolog. There are interfaces to other languages that can be overcome between Prolog and other languages: LPA Intelligence Server allows you to embed LPA Prolog in C, C, C, Java, VB, Delphi, .Net, Lua, Python and other languages. It uses the dedicated type of data line that LPA Prolog provides logic Server API allows both the extension and embedding of Prolog in C, C, Java, VB, Delphi, .NET and any language/environment that can cause .dll or .so. It's implemented for Amzi! Amzi's prologue! Prolog and Logic Server, but the API specification can be available for any implementation. JPL is a two-direction Java Prolog bridge that comes with SWI-Prolog by default, allowing Java and Prolog to call each other (re). It is known that it has good support and is in the stage of active development. InterProlog, the bridge of the programming library between Java and Prolog, implementing a two-directional predicate/call method between both languages. Java objects can be compared in Prolog terms and vice versa. Allows you to create GIUs and other Java functionality, leaving processing logic in the Prolog layer. Supports XSB, with the support of SWI-Prolog and YAP scheduled for 2013. Prova integrates native syntax with Java, messaging and agent response rules. Prova positions itself as a rules-based scenario system (RBS) for medium-sized programs. Language is a new foundation in a combination of imperative and declarative programming. PROL Embedded Prolog engine for Java. It includes a small IDE and several libraries. GNU Prolog for Java is the implementation of ISO Prolog as a Java (gnu.prolog) Ciao provides C, C, Java, and relational database interfaces. Ss-Prologue is a Prolog translator written in (managed) C. Features can be easily integrated into C. Features: reliable and fairly fast interpreter, command-line interface, Windows interface, built-in DCG, XML predicates, S'L predicates, elongated. Full source code is available, including a parter generator that can be used to add special purpose extensions. The Jekejeke Prolog API provides closely related parallel call and call objects between Prolog and Java or Android, with a noticeable ability to create separate basic knowledge objects. It can be used Embedding ISO Prolog Translator in standalone, applets, servlets, APKs, etc. A A Abstract machine for compiler PHP A Prolog and translator in PHP 5.3. A library that can be used autonomously or within the Symfony2.1 framework that has been translated from the work of Stefan Buettcher in Java, which can be found here stefan.buettcher.org/cs/wam/index.html tuProlog is a lightweight Prolog system for distributed applications and infrastructures, deliberately designed around a minimum core that will be either static or dynamically configured by downloading/unloading predicate libraries. tuProlog at home supports multi-paradigm programming, providing a clean, seamless model of integration between Prolog and major object-oriented languages, namely Java, for the tuProlog Java version, and whatever. Net-based language (C,F...), for the tuProlog .NET version. The history of the name Prolog was chosen by Philippe Roussel as an acronym for programming en logique (French for programming in logic). It was created around 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel on the basis of a procedural interpretation of Robert Kowalski's provisions on Horne. This was partly due to a desire to reconcile the use of logic as a declarative language of knowledge representation with the procedural presentation of knowledge that was popular in North America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. According to Robert Kowalski, the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel. Prolog's first implementation was a translator written in Fortran by Gerard Battani and Henri Meloni. David H. D. Warren took this translator to Edinburgh, and there implemented an alternative front end, which came to define the Edinburgh Prolog syntax used by most modern implementations. Warren also implemented the first compiler for Prolog, creating the influential DEC-10 Prolog in collaboration with Fernando Pereira. Warren later had the science of the ideas behind the DEC-10 Prolog to create Warren's Abstract Machine. European AI researchers favored Prolog while Americans favored Lisp, reportedly causing many nationalist debates on the merits of languages. Much of Prolog's modern development came from the fifth generation of computer systems (FGCS) project, which developed a Prolog variant called Kernel Language for its first operating system. Pure Prolog was initially limited to using a resolution theorem to prove with Horn's form provisions: H:- B1, ... Bn. The application of the theorem-dotormer considers such provisions as procedures: to show/resolve H, show /solve B1 and ... and Bn. Pure Prolog was soon expanded, however, to include denial as failure, in which negative form conditions are not (Bi) shown by trying and failing to resolve the socieus comparable positive bi conditions. Subsequent extensions of Prolog original introduced the ability to program the limitations of logic. Use in the industry Prolog Prolog were used in Watson. Watson uses IBM Deep'A software and the Apache UIMA platform. The system has been written in a variety of languages, including Java, C and Prolog, and runs on the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 operating system using Apache Hadoop platforms to provide distributed computing. Prolog is used to map patterns by natural language by disassembling trees. The developers said, We needed a language in which we could conveniently express rules for comparing patterns over parsing trees and other annotations (such as ous-recognition results) as well as technology that could implement these rules very effectively. We found that Prolog was the perfect choice for language because of its simplicity and expressiveness. Prolog is used in a low-code Development Platform called GeneXus, which focuses on artificial intelligence. See also The Prolog Logico-Linguistic Modeling Implementation Comparison. A method of building a knowledge-based system that uses Prolog. A set of programming responses. A fully declarative approach to logical programming. The Association of Logical Languages Related to Programming, Gedel's language is a highly risky implementation of parallel restriction logic programming. It is built on sicStus Prolog. Visual Prolog, formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a highly typical object-oriented Prolog dialect that is very different from the standard Prolog. Like Turbo Prolog, it was in the Borland market, but is being developed and marketed by Danish firm PDC (Prolog Development Center), which originally produced it. Datalog is a subset of Prolog. It is limited to relationships that can be stratified and does not allow for complex terms. Unlike Prolog, Datalog is not Turing-full. Mercury is an offshoot of Prolog, focused on software development in large with static, polymorphic type systems as well as mode and determinism of the system. GraphTalk is a patented implementation of Warren's abstract machine with additional object-oriented properties. In a way, what? Prolog is a subset of the planner. Ideas in the planner were later developed in the metaphor of the scientific community. AgentSpeak is a Prolog option for programming agent behavior in multi-agency systems. Erlang began life with a Prolog-based implementation and supports much of the syntax based on the Prolog merger. Pilog is a declarative language built on top of PicoLisp, which has the semantics of Prolog but uses Lisp syntax. Inquiries - Clocksin, William F.; Mellish, Christopher S. (2003). Programming in Prolog. Berlin; Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-00678-7. Ivan Bratko (2012). Programming prologue for artificial intelligence (4th st. Harlow, England ; New York: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-41746-6. Covington, Michael A. (1994). Natural language processing for Prolog Prolog Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-629213-5. a b Lloyd, J. W. (1984). The basics of logical programming. Berlin: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-13299-8. b Kowalski, R.A. (1988). The first years of logical programming (PDF). ACM Communications. 31: 38. doi:10.1145/35043.35046. S2CID 12259230. Colmerauer, A.; Roussel. (1993). Birth of prologue (PDF). ACM SIGPLAN notifications. 28 (3): 37. doi:10.1145/155360.155362. Cm. The logic of programming and history. Stykel, M.E. (1988). The prologue technology theorem prove: Implementation of an extended compiler prologue. In the journal Automated Reasoning. 4 (4): 353–380. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.47.3057. doi:10.1007/BF00297245. S2CID 14621218. Merritt, Dennis (1989). Create expert systems in Prologue. Berlin: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97016-5. Felty, Amy. The logic of programming is the approach to implementing a higher-order term rewriting. Logical programming expansions (1992): 135-161. Kent D. Lee (January 19, 2015). The basics of programming languages. Springer. page 298-. ISBN 978-3-319-13314-0. Ute Schmid (August 21, 2003). Inductive synthesis of functional programs: universal planning, folding of end programs and abstraction of Shema on similar reasoning. Springer Science and Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-40174-2. Fernando C.N. Pereira; Stuart M. Schieber (2005). Prologue and analysis of natural language. A microcosm. a b Adam Lally; Paul Fodor (March 31, 2011). Natural language processing with Prolog in IBM Watson. Logical programming association. See watson (computer) as well. - ISO/IEC 13211- 1:1995 Prolog, 6.3.7 Terms - double list notation. International Organization for Standardization, Check the type of term - SWI-Prolog - Karlsson, Mats (May 27, 2014). SICStus Prolog 4.3 user guide: Core reference. BoD - Books on demand. ISBN 9783735737441 - via Google Books. Michael A. Covington; Roberto Bagnara; Richard A. O'Keefe; Wielemaker, Jan. Simon Price (2011). Coding guidelines for Prolog. 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ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor 3:2017 -. ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG17. Constant Dead Link - X3J17 and Standard Prolog. Archive from the original 2009-08-23. Received 2009-10-02. David H.J. Warren. An abstract set of Prolog instructions. Technical Note 309, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, October 1983. Van Roy, P.; Despain, A. M. (1992). High performance logic programming with Aquarius Prolog compiler. Computer. 25: 54– 68. doi:10.1109/2.108055. S2CID 16447071. Count, Peter (1995). Timing indexing. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-61040-3. Wise, Michael J.; Powers, David MV (1986). Indexing Prolog Clauses through superimposed code words and box coded words. International Symposium on programming Logic. 203-210. Columb, Robert M. (1991). Strengthening the association in PROLOG by indexing reservations. In the journal Logic Programming. 10: 23–44. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(91)90004-9. Swift, T. (1999). Tabling for non-monotonous programming. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. 25 (3/4): 201–240. doi:10.1023/A:1018990308362. S2CID 16695800. Chou, Neng-Fa; Sato, Taisuke (2003). Effective fixation of computations in linear tabling (PDF). Materials from the 5th ACM SIG CONFERENCE on Declarative Programming Principles and Practices: 275-283. Swift, T.; Warren, D.S. (2011). XSB: Expansion Prolog with a table of programming logic. Theory and practice of logical programming. 12 (1–2): 157–187. arXiv:1012.5123. doi:10.1017/S1471068411000500. S2CID 6153112. Abe, S.; Bando, T.; Yamaguchi, S.; Kurosawa, K.; Kyriema, K. (1987). High performance of the integrated Prolog IPP processor. Materials of the 14th Annual International Symposium Computer Architecture - ISCA '87. page 100. doi:10.1145/30350.30362. ISBN 978-0818607769. S2CID 10283148. Ian Robinson (1986). The Prolog processor is based on a template matched with a memory device. Third International Conference on programming Logic. 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Limited logical programming. Computational logic: logical programming and beyond. Lecture notes in computer science. 2407. page 512-556. doi:10.1007/3- 540-45628-7-19. ISBN 978-3540456285. XPCE Graphics Library. Prologue-mpi. Apps.lumii.lv. Received 2010-09-16. Ehud Shapiro. A family of parallel languages of logical programming ACM Computing Surveys. September 1989. - Wielemaker, J.; Huang, S.; Van Der Meij, L. (2008). SWI-Prolog and Internet (PDF). Theory and practice of logical programming. 8 (3): 363. doi:10.1017/S1471068407003237. S2CID 5404048. Jan Vilemaker and Michael Hildebrand and Jacco van Ossenbruggen (2007), S. Heymans; A. Polleres; E. Rookhaus; J. Pearce; G. Gupta (eds.), Using Prolog as a fund for applications on the semantic network (PDF), Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Application of Programming Logic and the Internet, Semantic Web and semantic Web Services, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Porto, Portugal: CEUR-WS.org, 287, p. 84-98 Vangelis Vasiliadis, Jan Wilmaker and Chris Mungall. Materials of the 5th International Seminar on OWL: Experience and Directions (OWLED 2009), Chantilly, Virginia, USA, October 23-24, 2009 - Loke, S.V.; Davison, A. (2001). Secure mobile code based on Prolog. Theory and practice of logical programming. 1 (3): 321. arXiv:cs/0406012. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.58.6610. doi:10.1017/S1471068401001211. S2CID 11754347. An archival copy. Archive from the original for 2019-03-17. Extracted 2019-06-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Pountain, Dick (October 1984). POP and SNAP. Bytes. page 381. Received on October 23, 2013. The Page Wikipedia GeneXus. Further reading Blackburn, Patrick; Bos, Johan; Strignitz, Kristina (2006). Find out Prolog now!. ISBN 978-1-904987-17-8. Ivan Bratko, Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 4th 2012, ISBN 978-0-321-41746-6. Book additives and the source code constant dead link by William F. Chassin, Christopher S. Mellish: Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO standard. Springer, 5. N., 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-00678-7. (This edition is updated for ISO Prolog. Previous editions have described the Edinburgh Prologue.) William F. Clocksin: Clause and influence. A programming prologue for a working programmer. Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-62971-9. Michael A. Covington, Donald Nat, Andre Wellino, Prolog Programming in Depth, 1996, Michael A. Covington, Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers, 1994, ISBN 978-0-13-629213-5 M. S. Dawe and C.M. Dawe, Prolog for Computer Sciences, Springer Verlag 1992. ISO/IEC 13211: Information Technology - Programming Languages - Prolog. The International Organization for Standardization, Felix Kluniak and Stanislav Spakovic (with the participation of Janusz S. Bie). A prologue for programmers. Academic Press Inc. (London), 1985, 1987 (available under Creative Commons license at.google.com/site/prologforprogrammers/permanent dead link). ISBN 0- 12-416521-4. Richard O'Keefe, Craft Prologue, ISBN 0-262-15039-5. Robert Smith, John Gibson, Aaron Sloman: Two-tiered virtual machine support PLOG for Interactive Languages in The Cognitive Sciences Research Volume 5: Artificial Intelligence, Eds D. Slimane and N. Bernsen, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 203-231, 1992. Leon Sterling and Ehud Shapiro, The Art of Prologue: Advanced Programming Techniques, 1994, ISBN 0-262-19338-8. David H D Warren, Luis M. Pereira and Fernando Pereira, Prolog - language and its implementation compared to Lisp. ACM SIGART Newsletter Archive, issue 64. Materials of the 1977 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Programming Languages, page 109-115. 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