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Cook Islands Populations Today, in Relation to European Mixtures and Inter-Island Crossbreedings*

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Cook Islands Populations Today, in Relation to European Mixtures and Inter-Island Crossbreedings* J. Anthrop. S㏄. Nippon 人 類 誌 96(1): 47-59(1988) Cook Islands Populations Today, in Relation to European Mixtures and Inter-island Crossbreedings* Kazumichi KATAYAMA1), Akira TAGAYA2), Hiroyuki YAMADA3)and Keiichi KAWAMOTO3) 1)Department of Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University 2) Department of Anatomy , Osaka City University Medical School First Department of 3) Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-GakuinUniversity Abstract As a preliminary study for analysing human biology data, recently collected from Cook Islanders, the reliability of the data in representing the indigenous population of the pre-European period has been assessed in three islands of the Cook group, Rarotonga, Mangaia, and Pukapuka, in terms of the population changes since European contacts and the ongoing process of mix- ture with foreign strains and of inter-island crossbreeding among the residents. All the islands surveyed suffered a decline in population after European con- tacts to a moderate extent, but the degree was far slighter than many is- lands in Eastern Polynesia, suggesting that random genetic drift did not so seriously affect these island populations as to change the genetic compositions significantly. Concerning gene flow from outside through European admix- tre and inter-island crossbreeding, the effect appeared to have advanced pro- foundly on Rarotonga, slightly on Mangaia, but rather negligibly on Puka- puka. It has been concluded that the present-day populations of Pukapuka and probably of Mangaia are still qualified enough to represent the prehistoric indigenous populations, but that on Rarotonga, even living pure-blood Poly- nesians cannot be considered as representative of the pre-European Raro- tongan population. Keywords Cook Islands, Polynesia, Depopulation, European mixture, Inter- island crossbreeding * The present study was financially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey, No. 60042012 and 61041072, from Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Article No. 8716 Received June 26, 1987 48 K. KATAYAMA, A. TAGAYA, H. YAMADA and K. KAWAMOTO In 1985 and 1986, two anthropological whereas in Western Polynesia including field surveys collecting somatometric, der- Samoa and Tonga, the process occurred to matoglyphic, odontological, and serological a lesser extent. samples were carried out in some of the Next, it is doubtless true that almost all Polynesian islands of the Cook group. the present-day island populations in Poly- These samples will be analysed with aims nesia have more or less suffered a dilution of identifying the physical characteristics of native stock by European and other of early Cook islanders, describing inter- foreign admixture. In many of the island island variations, evaluating their affinities groups, mixture with foreign strains has with neighbouring South Pacific island been going on for at least one century and populations, and drawing inference about a half. According to SHAPIRO (1940), in the the migration history of human populations island groups, such as the Hawaii, Mar- in the Cook Islands. quesas, and Society islands, the islanders Certain problems arise in such a study, have freely cohabited with sailors, traders, which lead to caution in drawing firm con- beachcombers, missionaries, contract la- clusions. The most significant problem is bourers or tourists who have visited their the reliability of the samples in represent- shores, and consequently unmixed natives ing the indigenous population of the pre- are hard even to find. In many cases, na- European period. It has been sometimes tives themselves are unaware of any foreign argued that present-day Polynesian popula- admixture in their lineage although the tions more or less differ from those of the traces seem obvious to the observer. Thus, past due to the drastic changes in society many scholars are inclined to emphasize the since European contacts. The main factors external influence upon the native popula- responsible for change in traditional indi- tions, but few attempts have been thus far genous populations are a marked decline in made to get substantial data on the effect population, an introduction of foreign genes, in Polynesia. and an increase in inter-island marriage. In addition, we can easily suspect that Physical characteristics could hardly be with the changing way of life of inhabitants expected to remain the same, especially and the improvement of transportation in where rapid depopulation has occurred, be- recent times, the inter-island exchange of cause random genetic drift is quite likely to Polynesian genes has rapidly increased affect populations in such a situation. Ac- through inter-island marriage, as elsewhere cording to MCARTHUR (1967), in many areas in the world. of Polynesia, almost unbelievable population The present Cook Islands population, also, losses seem to have happened, mainly due is likely to have been more or less affected by to the outbreak of introduced diseases fol- such factors. Thus, before examining the bio- lowing European contacts. The intensity logical data, this paper presents some demo- of such depopulation, however, seems to graphic data on population changes since have not been the same either in area or European contacts, and on the ongoing pro- in time. In areas of Eastern Polynesia such cess of mixture with foreign strains and of as Easter, Hawaii, Tahiti, and the Marquesas, inter-island crossbreeding among residents the depopulation was early and very severe, on the islands, Rarotonga, Mangaia, and Cook Islands Populations Today 49 Pukapuka. Based on this data, the genetic suspect the randomness of each sampling contribution of non-Polynesians, other archi- either. pelagic Polynesians, and other Cook island The Cook Islands and The Inhabitants populations to each island population is evaluated, and the representativeness of the The Cook Islands consist of 15 islands, data collected during the field surveys is scattered over more than two million square assessed. In addition, before discussing kilometers of the South Pacific ocean (Fig. these matters, a brief reference is made to 1). From the geographic and historical environmental and historical aspects which background, two distinct groups are dis- will affect any interpretation of the above tinguished there ; the southern Cooks con- factors. sisting of nine islands, Mangaia, Rarotonga, Mauke, Atiu, Mitiaro, Takutea, Manuae, Materials and Methods Aitutaki, and Palmerston, six of which are The source material includes various kinds volcanic and three atolls ; and the northern of statistics presented by other researchers Cooks consisting of six atolls, Penrhyn (BEAGLEHOLE and BEAGLEHOLE, 1938; HA- (Tongareva), Rakahanga. Manihiki, Puka- TANAKA et al., 1982; LANGE, 1982; MC- puka, Nassau, and Suwarrow. ARTHUR, 1967; SHAPIRO, 1930; SHAPIRO A vast distance intervenes between the and BUCK, 1936; SULLIVAN, 1923; WILLIAMS, groups, so that even now, they are con- 1838) and published by NEW ZEALAND nected with each other only by the trading STATISTICS DEPARTMENT (1925-1977; schooner of 300 tons or so, which visits 1980) and COOK ISLANDS STATISTICS once in one to three months. It has been DEPARTMENT (1986), which have been reported that there are considerable ethno- used mainly for making clear the population changes, and the information on the island- ers' pedigree obtained through personal interviews and questionnaires, which has given the basis for the evaluation of ad- mixture and crossbreeding. The questionnaires have been collected from school children with the help of na- tive interpreters. The children were asked for the native places of their parents, often of their grandparents, and when suspected of foreign admixture, of their great grand- parents. The subjects were randomly sam- pled at the Titikaveka, Tereora, and Nuku- tere colleges in Rarotonga, at the Mangaia primary school and college in Mangaia, and at the Pukapuka primary school in Puka- puka. No exclusion of siblings was made Fig. 1. Map Showing Territory of the Cook in each sample, but there is no reason to Islands. 50 K. KATAYAMA, A. TAGAYA, H. YAMADA and K. KAWAMOTO graphic (BURROWS, 1938), linguistic (PAWLEY, but he did not see Rarotonga though he 1966), and physical anthropological (SHAPIRO sailed close to it (BEAGLEHOLEand BEAGLE- and BUCK, 1936; HOWELLS, 1970) differences HOLE, 1938). Rarotonga's first European between the natives of these two groups. visitors were probably the mutineers of the Also there is a vast difference between the Bounty in 1789 (MAUDE, 1958). Of the mountaneous islands of the southern group islands of the northern group, almost all and the atolls of the northern group in seem to have been first visited by European ecological conditions and hence in carrying navigators at some later dates, but only capacity. The volcanic southern islands Pukapuka seems to have been visited by have large well-watered fertile land areas Commodore BYRON on his voyage around enough to grow various kinds of vegetation, the world in 1765, who named it the Island whereas the northern atolls comprise only of Danger. After the first visits of Euro- a tiny palm-laden strip of sand, where the peans, the Northern atolls seems to have dwellers have traditionally subsisted on co- been more rarely visited by Europeans than conut products, supplemented by fish and the Southern Islands frequented by trading pandanus. and whaling ships, presumably because of At present the resident population of the their isolation and the proverty
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