Heterogeneous Networks in Three New South Wales Local Government Areas
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University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2017 The politics of place: heterogeneous networks in three New South Wales local government areas Travis Anthony Holland University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. 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Recommended Citation Holland, Travis Anthony, The politics of place: heterogeneous networks in three New South Wales local government areas, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, 2017. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/31 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The Politics of Place: Heterogeneous Networks in Three New South Wales Local Government Areas This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by TRAVIS ANTHONY HOLLAND, BCMS (HONS), BA SCHOOL OF THE ARTS, ENGLISH AND MEDIA 2017 Certification I, Travis A. Holland, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of The Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Signed: 24 April, 2017 i Table of Contents Certification i Table of Contents ii Acronynms viii Glossary xi List of Tables, Figures, Illustrations xiii Abstract xv Acknowledgements xvi Preface xviii Chapter 1 - Imagining place: geographies, stories, governing 1 1.1 Geologies of space and place 3 1.2 Stories of place 5 1.3 The imagination of government 11 Wingecarribee Shire 12 Wollondilly Shire 14 Wollongong City 15 1.4 Imagining a capital 16 1.5 Structure of the thesis 20 Chapter 2: Locating the politics of place 26 2.1 Politics of place: contested imaginings in a complex network of heterogeneous agents 31 ii Contesting place 32 Location and place 35 Heterogeneous participants in the networks of place 37 2.2 Media: sensory apparatus and participatory tool 39 2.3 Whence the public? 52 Public as space of communication 52 Thing-publics 54 The participatory public 56 2.4 Local government, placemaker 58 2.5 Conclusion 62 Chapter 3: A methodology for addressing the complexity of place 64 3.1 Why Local Government? 68 3.2 Situated interpretation 73 3.3 Methods of heterogeneity: from case studies to digital imaginaries 78 Case studies: interviews and textual analysis 79 Digital research methods and visualisation 89 3.4 Conclusion 90 Chapter 4: Council created mediated imagining of place 92 4.1 Mapping local government media networks 93 4.2 Imagining tourist places 104 4.3 Planning space and mapping 114 iii 4.4 Conclusion 124 Chapter 5: Contesting the politics of place through council initiated public participation processes 125 5.1 Mediated spaces of community engagement in the politics of place 127 Use of the IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum 131 ‘Anytime, any place, any topic’: Bang The Table and Engage Wollondilly 137 Public Spaces Public Life Wollongong 145 5.2 Facebook and Twitter engagement 147 5.3 Conclusion 163 Chapter 6: Citizen imagining of place 165 6.1 ‘Gramming' place 167 6.2 Negotiating place on participatory media 179 Green Mile Action Group 179 Stop Wilton Airport Group 183 The Battle for Berrima 186 Conclusion 189 6.3 Imagining place in blogs and community news sites 191 Illawarra News 193 Wollondilly Museum 195 Highlands Votes 196 6.4 Conclusion 198 Chapter 7: Non-local professional media imaginings of place 200 iv 7.1 Place of crime 201 The backpacker murders 203 ‘A town called malice’ 207 Corruption hearings 208 7.2 At the movies: finding place in film and television 210 Tricky: finding Wollongong on television 211 Standing in: Wollondilly or Canada? 213 ‘That’ll do’: rural imaginaries and the Wingecarribee 217 7.3 Conclusion 219 Chapter 8: Conclusion 221 8.1 Critique and suggestions for future work 224 8.2 A final note 227 References 229 Appendices 261 Appendix 1: Participant Information Sheet Example – Councillors 261 Appendix 2: Participant Information Sheet Example – Staff 263 Appendix 3: Interview Questions - Councillors 265 Appendix 4: Interview Questions - Staff 266 Appendix 5: Letter to General Manager - Example 267 Appendix 6: List of Council Policies/Plans 269 Appendix 7: Human Research Ethics Committee Application 273 v vi vii Acronynms ACELG - the Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government. ALGA - Australian Local Government Association, the national industry association of local governments in Australia. ANT – actor-network theory, a methodological approach that examines relations between human and nonhuman actants in a network of associations. API - application programming interface, a method by which certain tools are able to integrate with and collect data from other services, such as social networking websites. CSP - Community Strategic Plan, a legislatively mandated document produced by councils in New South Wales. DBCDE - the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, an authority of the Australian Government. DEC - the New South Wales Government Department of Environment and Conservation. DLG - Division/Department of Local Government, an authority of the New South Wales Government (later renamed the Office of Local Government). DRALGAS - Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport, an authority of the Australian Government. GMAG - the Green Mile Action Group, a residents’ action group active on social media in campaigns against Wollongong City Council. IAP2 - International Association for Public Participation. viii ICAC - Independent Commission Against Corruption, a statutory investigative body of the New South Wales government. ILGRP - Independent Local Government Review Panel, a body established by the New South Wales Government to inform the local government reform process. IPRG - Integrated Planning and Reporting Guidelines, a package of tools developed by the Office of Local Government to assist local government authorities to meet their legislated responsibilities. LAP - Land Application Maps, part of the Local Environment Plans produced by councils in New South Wales. LEP - Local Environment(al) Plan, a series of legislatively mandated documents produced by councils in New South Wales. LGA - local government area (sometimes local government authority), a statutory geographic area governed by a local government authority. NSW - New South Wales, a state of Australia. OLG - Office of Local Government, an authority of the New South Wales Government (previously known as Division/Department of Local Government). PSPL - Public Spaces, Public Life, a large scale study undertaken by Gehl Architects in cities around the world, including Wollongong. QLD - Queensland, a state of Australia. RER - reciprocated edge ratio, a way of measuring the similarity between given user accounts as part of a social network analysis. ix SNA - social network analysis. SNS - social network site(s)/service(s). See social media. SWAG - Stop Wilton Airport Group, a residents’ action group active in various forums campaigning against the establishment of an international airport at Wilton in the Wollondilly Shire. TAFE - an institute of Technical and Further Education. x Glossary actant/actor – from Latour (1987): “whoever and whatever is represented” (p. 84); and “something that acts or to which activity is granted by others” (1998, cited in Mitew, 2014, p. 14). council - generally, any local government authority (especially in Australia), or the elected body governing such an authority. e-government - electronic government, a model for delivery of government services, typically using the internet or other networked technologies such as mobile phones. enframing – enclosing human behaviour within a technological framework, or for the purposes of technology. From Heidegger (1977): “Enframing means that way of revealing which holds sway in the essence of modern technology and which is itself nothing technological” (p. 10). imaginaries – ideas conveyed in media or language. In particular, ideas about what a place is, at essence. local government