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Haridas Chaudhuri's Contributions to Integral Psychology Bahman Shirazi California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 37 | Issue 1 Article 7 9-1-2018 Haridas Chaudhuri's Contributions to Integral Psychology Bahman Shirazi California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Shirazi, B. (2018). Haridas Chaudhuri's contributions to integral psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 37 (1). http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2018.37.1.55 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Haridas Chaudhuri’s Contributions to Integral Psychology Bahman A. K. Shirazi California Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, CA, USA This article provides a summary of Haridas Chaudhuri’s contributions to the field of integral psychology. First an outline and a brief discussion of his principal tenets and triadic principle of integral psychology are presented, followed by a review of Chaudhuri’s critical reflections on some aspects of early transpersonal psychology. The article concludes with a reflection on recent trends in the field of transpersonal psychology and its evolution toward a whole person orientation compatible with integral psychology. Keywords: Haridas Chaudhuri, Integral psychology, transpersonal psychology he intricate relationship between psycho- integral philosophy in the 1940s, became the logical and spiritual development had main exponent of integral yoga and philosophy Talready been contemplated well before the in the United States in the early 1950s and beginnings of American transpersonal psychology onward. According to Paul Herman (personal in the mid-1960s. Some three decades earlier in communication, n.d.), who was asked by Chaudhuri Europe, Carl G. Jung (1875–1961) and Roberto in the early 1970s to create the first integral/ Assagioli (1888–1974), who were both trained transpersonal psychotherapy training program in in the scientific tradition as physicians and were the world, Chaudhuri had suspected that much early founders of depth psychology, expanded of the spiritual dilemmas and issues that he was the boundaries of Freudian psychoanalysis by consulted about were in fact psychological issues including the transpersonal dimensions of the in disguise. With this insight, as well as his own human experience in their systems of psychology personal knowledge and experience of psychology and psychotherapy. and spirituality, he affirmed that there is a profound In India, Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950), relationship between psychology and spirituality who referred to yoga as “nothing but practical and that spiritual growth and transformation is psychology,” developed integral yoga mainly in the inseparable from psychological development. last few decades of his life. Indra Sen (1903–1994), Chaudhuri devoted much of his efforts in a prominent Indian psychologist, coined the term the last few years of his life to developing his own Integral psychology with Sri Aurobindo’s consent creative approach to integral psychology. A short and developed workshops and classes in what may version of his unfinished work in this area was be called integral yoga psychology. Sen (1960, later published as a chapter titled “psychology” in 1986) extracted and placed the psychological the posthumously published work, The Evolution essence of Sri Aurobindo’s metaphysical and yogic of Integral Consciousness (Chaudhuri, 1977). The framework in the foreground of his work, which present article includes an outline of Chaudhuri’s was also informed by Western depth psychology principal tenets and the triadic principle of Integral and traditional Indian psychologies to create the psychology presented in Chaudhuri (1977) which first systematic approach to integral psychology. was based on an earlier unpublished monograph Haridas Chauduri (1913–1975), who written in the early 1970s (Chaudhuri, n.d.). It focused his doctoral dissertation on Sri Aurobindo’s will also review Chaudhuri’s early critique of Chaudhuri’sInternational Contributions Journal of Transpersonal to Integral Psychology Studies, 37(1), 2018,International pp. 55–62 Journal of Transpersonal Studies 55 https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2018.37.1.55 transpersonal psychology and examine how his integral psychology anticipated and addressed • The wholeness of personality: The human be- some of the issues that challenged the field of ing is an onto-psycho-somatic continuum, or transpersonal psychology in later decades. In a spirit-mind-body unity which in the ultimate conclusion, this paper will argue that the field of analysis, is an indivisible whole. transpersonal psychology has evolved toward a • Different levels of consciousness: Conscious- whole person framework as well as integral themes ness is the basic structure of the psyche. Thus and insights and that the two fields might converge the various states below the waking con- in the coming decades. sciousness, as well as higher meditative states are worthy of investigation as valid dimen- Chaudhuri’s Approach sions of the total human experience. to Integral Psychology n an unpublished paper developed in the early • Importance of all phases and areas of experi- I1970s, Chaudhuri (n.d.) laid out the basic ence: Not only is it important to make direct framework for his own independent approach empirical observations of human experience, to Integral psychology in which he outlined it is imperative that all areas of human expe- about a dozen “principal tenets” that defined the rience be included in the process of inquiry. general parameters of his formulation. Some of Not only wakeful, conscious experiences, these principles share much with the essential but also dreams and deep sleep stages, al- assumptions of existential/phenomenological tered states of consciousness, and creative and humanistic/transpersonal psychologies imagination are important areas of research of the 1960s and 1970s; others are resonant with in integral psychology. Beside ordinary states principles of yoga psychology and integral yoga. of consciousness, pathological, paranormal, The “triadic principle” of uniqueness, relatedness and peak experiences must be considered. and transcendence is resonant with the three • Need for personal integration: A full experi- modes of the Self (Individual, Universal/Cosmic, ence of wholeness presupposes the full in- Transcendent) that form one of the pillars of Sri tegration of the diversified components and Aurobindo’s (1992) integral psychology. aspects of human personality. To this end it is Chaudhuri’s Principal Tenets essential to appreciate the role of understand- of Integral Psychology ing the self, because it is “only by following Chaudhuri’s approach to integral the inner light of one’s own self that the hu- psychology is not primarily concerned with man psyche can be comprehended in its full- extrapolation of psychological insights from Sri ness” (Chaudhuri, n.d., p. 24). Aurobindo’s overall teachings. Instead, it directly applies an integrative methodology to the domain • The concept of integral self-realization: In- of psychological knowledge in order to construct a tegral psychology holds that integral self-re- system of psychology that is phenomenologically alization is the profoundest potential for the oriented in its epistemological outlook, and human being. This achievement requires a that holds psychospiritual development and thorough integration and harmonization of transformation, as well as integration toward the personal, the social and the transcenden- wholeness, as its central objective. tal; and of the existential and the ontological In his effort to outline the basic concepts dimensions of existence. of integral psychology with a minimum of • The doctrine of transformation: In integral metaphysical assumptions, Chaudhuri (n.d.) psychology the doctrine of transformation re- proposed a number of “principal tenets” that form places the kind of transcendence which re- the basis for his approach to integral psychology. sults from withdrawal from, or negation of, The following is a brief list of selected principal the world. The lower spheres of conscious- tenets: 56 International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Shirazi The uniqueness principle may be best ness (instincts, drives, etc.) are not escaped understood in terms of two ancient yogic principles from or suppressed, but are transformed into of Swabhava and Swadharma. Swabhava, the desirable qualities. Psychological transforma- unique state of an individual, refers to the fact that tion is achieved through a process of purifica- each individual human being is the resultant of a tion and psycho-ethical discipline. unique set of qualities and characteristics that are not replicable in their exact configuration. Indeed • The doctrine of ontomotivation: “In the no two objects or events are exactly the same in course of self-development ego drives are nature. Just as no two leaves of a tree or no two ultimately transcended and action becomes snowflakes are the same despite similarities, no a spontaneous outpouring
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