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Understanding the Hebrew Calendar

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B.Sc., Computer Software Engineering Jerusalem College of Technology Sponsored by Jill & David Mogil in memory of Jill’s father, Saul Mirowitz, ob”m VII. Practical Calendar Issues Anniversaries, Weekly Sidrot, & more… Special Anniversaries Bar/Bat Mitzvah Yahrtzeits Problems to consider: Adar vs. Adar I, II 30th of Cheshvan / Kislev The Sources שו"ע או"ח תקסח סעיף ז שו"ע או"ח נה סע' י' כשאירע יום שמת אביו או אמו אם נער אחד נולד בכ"ט לאדר באדר, והשנה מעוברת, יתענה ראשון משנה מעוברת, ונער אחד באדר ב'. הגה: ויש אומרים דיתענה בראשון נולד באדר שני באחד בו, ושנת )מהרימל ומהר"י מינץ(, אם לא שמת בשנת י"ג אינה מעוברת, אותו שנולד העיבור באדר שני דאז נוהגים להתענות בשני )ת"ה סימן רצ"ה /רצ"ד/(; וכן המנהג להתענות בכ"ט לאדר הראשון צריך להמתין בראשון, מיהו יש מחמירין להתענות בשניהם עד כ"ט לאדר בשנת י"ג להיות בן )פסקי מהר"י בשם מהר"י מולין(. י"ג שנה, ואותו שנולד אחריו באחד באדר השני יהיה בן י"ג משנה ברורה סימן תקסח אם מת אביו ביום ראשון דר"ח אדר שני שנה כיון שהגיע אחד באדר של יתענה לשנה הבאה שהיתה שנה שנת י"ג. הגה: ומי שנולד באדר ונעשה בר פשוטה ביום א' דר"ח אדר ולא בכ"ט בו מצוה בשנת העיבור, אינו נעשה בר מצוה עד דלעולם אדר של שנה פשוטה עומד אדר השני )תשובת מהר"י מינץ סי' ט"ו /ט'/(. תחת אדר שני של שנה מעוברת 30 Cheshvan / 30 Kislev ?? 30 Cheshvan = 1st day of Rosh Chodesh Kislev. 30 Kislev = 1st day of Rosh Chodesh Tevet! Birthday / Bar-Bat Mitzvah Occurred on Month with 30 Month with 29 30th of Month 30th of Month 1st of next month (Cheshvan/Kislev) (Cheshvan/Kislev) (Kislev/Tevet) Yahrtzeits 1st Yahrtzeit 30 day month 29 day month (Chazakah) ‗chazakah‘ for ―Rosh Chodesh‖ Chazakah for last day of month Years with 30 Years with 29 Years with 30 Years with 29 Subsequent Years 29th 30th Rosh Chodesh 30th (some say Kaddish on מגן אברהם תקס"ח Rosh Chodesh as well) Rav M. Feinstein 30th Rosh Chodesh 30th Rosh Chodesh אג"מ יו"ד ג:קנט Adar Birthday / Bar-Bat Mitzah / Yahrtzeits * Occurred Simple Year Leap Year Anniversaries on: BM: Yahrtzeit: 1) Which is the real (1) Adar? Simple n Adar II n Adar I n Adar 2) 30 Adar I = 30 Year: Shevat or 1st Nisan? n Adar (some observe Adar II as well!) Birthdays (including Bar/Bat) - postponed to the later date. Yhartzeits - observed on earlier date. * For Kaddish only, not for chiyuv. Adar Birthday / Bar-Bat Mitzah / Yahrtzeits * Occurred Simple Year Leap Year Anniversaries on: BM: Yahrtzeit: 1) Which is the real (1) Adar? Simple n Adar II n Adar I n Adar 2) 30 Adar I = 30 Year: Shevat or 1st Nisan? n Adar (some observe Adar II as well!) Leap Year: Birthdays (including n Adar n Adar I n Adar I Bar/Bat) - postponed BM: Yahrtzeit: )מג"א( .to the later date th Yhartzeits - observed (2) 30 Shevat 30th Shevat 30th Adar I on earlier date. 30th Adar I (אר'ח אדר) (some 1st of )מנח"י( Nisan as well) * For Kaddish only, not for chiyuv. n Adar II n Adar n Adar II The Weekly Sidrah The Problem: # Sidrot (Parshiyot) / weeks of the year בראשית שמות ויקרא במדבר דברים נח וארא צו נשא ואתחנן לך לך בא שמיני בהעלתך עקב וירא בשלח תזריע שלח ראה חיי שרה יתרו מצורע קרח שופטים תולדות משפטים אחרי מות חקת כי תצא ויצא תרומה קדושים בלק כי תבא וישלח תצוה אמר פנחס נצבים וישב כי תשא בהר מטות וילך מקץ ויקהל בחקתי מסעי האזינו ויגש פקודי )וזאת הברכה( ויחי (11) (10) (10) (11) (12) 53 Sidrot + Simple Year: 47-48 Shabbatot V‘Zot Habracha Gravid Year: 50-52 Shabbatot Simple Year: 353,354,355 = 50 weeks, plus 3-5 days, 50/51 Shabbatot Holiday Schedule overriding weekly Sidrah K‘vi‘ah Total RH/Sukkot Pesach/Shav Remaining RH=Shabbat 001 PES=Sunday 51 3 1 47 353 days RH I, Sukkot I, Sh‖A Pesach VII RH=Shabbat 023 PES=Tuesday 51 3 1 47 355 days RH I, Sukkot I, Sh‖A Chol Hamoed RH=Monday 203 PES=Tuesday 50 1 1 48 353 days Chol Hamoed Chol Hamoed RH=Monday 1 2 (1) 225 PES=Thurs 50 Chol Hamoed 47 (48) Chol Hamoed 355 days Shavuot II* RH=Tuesday 1 2 (1) 315 PES=Thurs 50 Chol Hamoed 47 (48) Chol Hamoed 354 days Shavuot II* RH=Thurs 510 PES=Shabbat 51 2 2 (1) 47 (48) 354 days YK, Chol Hamoed Pesach I, VIII* RH=Thurs 521 PES=Sunday 51 2 1 48 355 days YK, Chol Hamoed Pesach VII Gravid Year: 383,384,385 = 54 weeks, plus 5-7 days, 54/55 Shabbatot Holiday Schedule overriding weekly Sidrah K‘vi‘ah Total RH/Sukkot Pesach/Shav Remaining RH=Shabbat 003 PES=Tuesday 55 3 1 51 383 days RH I, Sukkot I, Sh‖A Chol Hamoed P. RH=Shabbat 3 2 (1) 025 PES=Thursday 55 Chol Hamoed P. 50 (51) RH I, Sukkot I, Sh‖A 385 days Shavuot II* RH=Monday 1 2 (1) 205 PES=Thursday 54 Chol Hamoed P., 51 (52) Chol Hamoed S. 383 days Shavuot II* RH=Monday 220 PES=Shabbat 55 1 2 (1) 52 (53) 385 days Chol Hamoed S. Pesach I, VIII* RH=Tuesday 310 PES=Shabbat 55 1 2 (1) 52 (53) 384 days Chol Hamoed S. Pesach I, VIII* RH=Thurs 501 PES=Sunday 55 2 1 52 384 days YK, Chol Hamoed S. Pesach VII RH=Thurs 523 PES=Tuesday 55 2 1 52 385 days YK, Chol Hamoed S. Chol Hamoed S. Leap Year Rule 1. No parshiyot are combined before the month of Adar! 2. The following Sidrot are usually: combined on Simple Years & separated on Leap Years ויקהל-פקודי Vayakhel-Pekude תזריע-מצורע Tazria-Metzora אחרי מות-קדושים Aharei Mot-Kedoshim בהר-בחקתי Behar-Behukkotai Exception 521 הש"א -Year Type 521 - Vayakhel -קביע הש"א Pekude are separated, even though it is NOT a leap year RH on Thursday -> Simchat Torah on Friday Shleimah pushes Pesach to Sunday -> gives us 1 extra Shabbat 169 days between Simchat Torah & Pesach = 24 weeks + 1 day. This year that day I Shabbat. Tisha Be‘av & Devarim Parshat Devarim must always be read on Shabbat Chazon Weeks between Shavuot & Tisha Be’av (62 days = 8 weeks 6 days) – Parshiyot Naso-Devarim I Pesach = Tisha Be’av, II Pesach = 1 Shavuot = א"ת ב"ש K‘vi‘ah Shavuot 9 Av Shabbat Sidrot Combine 225, 315, Chukkot-Balak Fri Thurs 8 10 025, 205 Matot-Masei 001, 521 Mon Sun 9 10 Matot-Masei 023, 203, 003 Wed Tues 510, 220, 310 Sun Sunday* 9 10 Matot-Masei 501 Mon Sun When RH falls on Thursday, 9 9* there is an extra week before 523 Wed Tues Pesach, and Naso is read BEFORE Shavuot Nitzavim-Vayelech Rule Nitzavim-Vayelech are separated when there is a Shabbat between YK & Sukkot RH YK SUKKOT I Nitzavim-Vayelech Monday Wednesday Monday Separate Tuesday Thursday Tuesday Separate Thursday Shabbat Thursday Combined Shabbat Monday Shabbat Combined Combination of Sidrot – Simple Years זחא זשג בחג בשה גכה הכז השא --- --- Vayelech Vayelech Vayelech --- --- Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim (Vayelech)* (Vayelech)* Vayelech Vayelech Vayelech Vayelech (Vayelech)* * Falls after RH of next year! Combination of Sidrot – GravidYears זחג זשה בחה בשז גכז החא השג --- --- Vayelech Vayelech Vayelech --- --- Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Vayakhel Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Pekudei Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Tazria Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Metzora Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Aharei Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Kedoshim Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behar Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Behukotai Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Chukat Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Balak Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Matot Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Masei Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Nitzavim Vayelech (Vayelech)* (Vayelech)* (Vayelech)* Vayelech Vayelech Vayelech K’vi’ah Year 5781 זחא – Sample Year for 001 5770 זשג – Every K‘vi‘ah 023 5773 בחג – 203 5780 בשה – from 5768 225 5769 גכה – 315 5772 הכז – forward 510 5785 השא – 521 5784 זחג – 003 5787 זשה – 025 5790 בחה – 205 5779 בשז – 220 5782 גכז – 310 (5812) 5768 החא – 501 5771 השג – 523 VIII. Solar Calendar Mitzvoth a) Birkat Hachamah b) Tal Umatar TEKUFOT Shmuel stated: the עירובין נו. occurs only at the beginning of one אמר שמואל: אין נופלת of the four quarters of the day, either אלא בארבעה רבעי היום, או בתחלת at the beginning of the day or at the היום, או בתחלת הלילה, או בחצי beginning of the night, or at midday היום או בחצי הלילה. ואין or at midnight. The occurs only either at the נופלת אלא או באחת ומחצה end of one and a half, or at the end או בשבע ומחצה, בין ביום ובין of seven and a half hours of the day בלילה. ואין נופלת or the night.
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  • Behar Roundup

    Behar Roundup

    Dear Youth Directors, Youth chairs, and Youth Leaders, NCYI is excited to continue our very successful Parsha Nation Guides. I hope you’re enjoying and learning from Parsha Nation as much as we are. Putting together Parsha Nation every week is indeed no easy task. It takes a lot of time and effort to ensure that each section, as well as each age group, receives the attention and dedication it deserves. We inspire and mold future leaders. The youth leaders of Young Israel have the distinct honor and privilege to teach and develop the youth of Young Israel. Children today are constantly looking for role models and inspirations to latch on to and learn from. Whether it is actual sit down learning sessions, exciting Parsha trivia games, or even just walking down the hall to the Kiddush room, our youth look to us and watch our every move. It’s not always about the things we say, it’s about the things we do. Our children hear and see everything we do whether we realize it or not. This year we are taking our Youth Services to new heights as we introduce our Leadership Training Shabbaton. This engaging, interactive shabbaton will give youth leader’s hands on experience and practical solutions to effectively guide your youth department. Informal education is key. What the summer shows us as educators is that informal education can deliver better results and help increase our youth’s connection to Hashem. More and more shuls are revamping their youth program to give their children a better connection to shul and to Hashem.
  • Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas a Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible

    Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas a Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible

    Judaism’s Life-Changing Ideas A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas.indd 1 6/8/20 6:29 PM Rabbi Jonathan Sacks JUDAISM’S LIFE-CHANGING IDEAS A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible The Phillips Family Edition Maggid Books & OU Press Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas.indd 3 6/8/20 6:29 PM The Phillips family are delighted to support the work of Rabbi Sacks. תשרי תשפ"א ,London, September 2020 Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas.indd 5 6/8/20 6:29 PM Contents Foreword: The Secret of Our Staying Power / Bari Weiss xiii Introduction: The Transformative Power of Ideas xvii Genesis Bereshit The Faith of God 3 Noaĥ The Trace of God 9 Lekh Lekha Inner-Directedness 13 Vayera The Space Between Us 17 Ĥayei Sara The World’s Oldest Man 21 Toledot Why Isaac? Why Jacob? 25 Vayetzeh Out of the Depths 31 Vayishlaĥ The Struggle of Faith 35 Vayeshev Improbable Endings and the Defeat of Despair 39 vii Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas.indd 7 6/8/20 6:29 PM Miketz Jews and Economics 45 Vayigash The First Psychotherapist 51 Vayeĥi What It Takes to Forgive 57 Exodus Shemot God Loves Those Who Argue 65 Va’era Free Will – Use It or Lose It 71 Bo The Story We Tell 77 Beshallaĥ The Longer, Shorter Road 81 Yitro The Bond of Loyalty and Love 85 Mishpatim The Power of Empathy 91 Teruma Why We Value What We Make 97 Tetzaveh Crushed for the Light 103 Ki Tissa Anger – Its Uses and Abuses 107 Vayak’hel Beyond the Self 113 Pekudei Making Space 119 viii Judaism's Life-Changing Ideas.indd 8 6/8/20 6:29 PM Leviticus Vayikra The Call 127 Tzav Giving Thanks 133 Shemini
  • Through the Tanakh in a Year

    Through the Tanakh in a Year

    Jul 4 – 10, 2021 Parshat Matot-Masei Aug 15 – 21, 2021 Parshat Ki Teitzei 4 S Job 13–16 15 S Nehemiah 1–3 5 M Job 17–21 16 M Nehemiah 4–6 6 T Job 22–26 17 T Nehemiah 7 8 7 W Job 27–30 18 W Nehemiah 9 10 8 Th Job 31 32 19 Th Nehemiah 11–13 THROUGH THE TANAKH 9/10 Torah Portion: Num30:2 –36:13 20/21 Torah Portion: Deut 21:10–25:19 Haftarah: Isaiah 66:1-24 Haftarah: Isaiah 54:1-10 IN A Y EAR Jul 11 – 17, 2021 Parshat Devarim Aug 22 – 28, 2021 Parshat Ki Tavo 5781 / 2020 — 2021 11 S Job 33–35 22 S A Jewish Bible Reading Plan for 12 M Job 36–38 23 M 13 T Job 39–42 24 T 14 W 25 W 15 Th 26 Th Oct 11 – 17, 2020 Parshat Bereshit Nov 15 – Nov 21, 2020 Parshat Toldot 16/17 Torah Portion: Deut 1:1–3:22 27/28 Torah Portion: Deut 26:1–29:8 11 S Joshua 1–3 15 S 1 Samuel 21–23 Haftarah: Isaiah 1:1-27 Haftarah: Isaiah 60 SIMCHAT TORAH (See *Holidays) 16 M 1 Samuel 24–25 12 M Joshua 4–6 Jul 18 – 24, 2021 Parshat Vaetchanan Aug 29 - Sep 4 Parshat Nitzavim 17 T 1 Samuel 26–27 13 T Joshua 7–9 18 W 1 Samuel 28–31 18 S Ruth 1 2 29 S 14 W Joshua 10–11 19 Th 2 Samuel 1–2 19 M Ruth 3 4 30 M 15 Th Joshua 12–14 20 T 31 T 16/17 Torah Portion: Genesis 1:1–6:8 20/21 Torah Portion: Genesis 25:19–28:9 21 W 1 W Haftarah: I Samuel 20:18-42 Haftarah: Malachi1:1 –2:7 22 Th 2 Th Oct 18 – 24, 2020 Parshat Noach Nov 22 – 28, 2020 Parshat Vayetzei 23/24 Torah Portion: Deut 3:23–7:11 3/4 Torah Portion: Deut 29:9–30:20 Haftarah: Isaiah 40:1-26 Haftarah: Isaiah61:10 —63:9 18 S Joshua 15–18 22 S 2 Samuel 3–5 19 M Joshua 19–21 23 M 2 Samuel 6–8 Jul 25 – 31, 2021 Parshat Eikev Sept
  • Parashat Behar-Bechukotai

    Parashat Behar-Bechukotai

    NEWS YOU CAN USE IMPORTANT INFORMATION TIME SENSITIVE RESPONSE REQUIRED PARASHAT BEHAR-BECHUKOTAI Leviticus 25:1 – 27:34 Parashat Behar-Bechukkotai opens on Mount Sinai. At the introduction to this parasha, we find the detailed laws related to sh'mitah, the sabbatical year as well as the yovel, the jubilee year. While sh'mitah involves a seven–year cycle of letting the land lay fallow and the remission of loans, the yovel reflects a fifty-year cycle involving the emancipation of slaves and the return of property to their original owners. Abarbanel; the medieval exegete, (1437-1508, Spain, Italy) suggests that sh'mitah and yovel were emblematic of two of God's expressions of kindness: creation as in the first Shabbat after the creation of the world and revelation as in the giving of Torah fifty days after the Israelites flight from Egypt. For Abarbanel, the cyclical pattern of seven reflected in sh'mitah is part of the larger, existential order of God's creation of the world; similarly, yovel, the jubilee year connects us directly back to the moment of revelation at Sinai through recalling the number fifty. Creation and revelation become bound in two sacred moments in the Jewish calendar. During the seventh year, one is compelled to remember God created the land that we cultivate. Moreover, God is the ultimate loan officer as all blessings emanate from this source. The jubilee year reminds us explicitly of the moment in which God declares unequivocally that we are God's servants — not the servants of humans. Therefore, it is not surprising that slaves are emancipated; they return to the master of the universe.