Palabras clave hispana. mundo habla de el en distribuidos EE. en producido yexhibido han se 100 documentales de más presente el orígenes hasta sus Desde Chicana. experiencia sobre la muy informativo y extraordinario espejo un constituyen yChicanas por realizados documentales los Además, político. mensaje contundente un artístico con valor alto ycombinan un mas amúltiples te refieren se cintas Estas yChicanas. Chicanos de documental cine del recientes pasos y desarrollos primeros orígenes, los de panorámica una presenta artículo Este artísticas. prácticas formas y las que incluyo todas cultural florecimiento el fue logros grandes sus Unidos. Uno de Estados en lugar tuvo civiles– por derechos los Movimiento el como –conocido trascendental 1960s los de y1970s, social movimiento un décadas las En Resumen Directors. Evolution, Keywords world. Spanish-speaking the in well-distributed not have been they yet US, the in exhibited and produced been have 100 documentaries over present, its inception to the Since experience. into Chicano mirror informative highly and outstanding an is documentary Chicana/o the addition, In message. political definite a with value artistic of and combine highly topics amultitude address cinema. Such documentary Chicana/o of the developments current and steps first origins, of the overview an presents article This . documentary the is importance one them, of single Among practices. and forms art the all encompassed that flowering acultural was achievements One of major its . the in took place Rights– Movement for Civil Chicano the as known was movement –which social 1960s 1970s, of the and decade atrascendental the In Abstract lución, directores. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas yDocencia de Investigación Centro : , Chicana/o Documentary Cinema, Genesis and Stages, Stages, and Genesis Cinema, Documentary Movement, Chicana/o : Chicano : movimiento chicano, cine documental chicano/a, génesis y etapas, evo y etapas, génesis chicano/a, documental cine chicano, : movimiento THE CHICANO DOCUMENTARY CHICANO THE DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.81.08DOI: EL FILME DOCUMENTAL CHICANO DOCUMENTAL FILME EL VISIONS OFVISIONS AZTLÁN: VISIONES DE AZTLÁN: DE VISIONES David R. Maciel David R. , 81; November 2020, pp. 113-131;, 81; 2020, November e-2530-8335 ISSN: UU.; sin embargo no han sido bien no han embargo UU.; sin

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 113 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 114 in American cultural, visual and print expressions (Maciel and Racho 375-378). Racho print and (Maciel and expressions visual cultural, American in norm the being population, latter the about Chicana/o the stereotypes negative and denigrating the and invisibility the aprofoundhave had on addressing impact Their works artistry. to their narratives and images critical forth bringing specialists, evenhavetheeluded that attention of issues important have addressed filmmakers people. Frequently, of Chicana/o the experience cultural documentary and political of social, the for knowledge source the aprimary been has documentary the that Tovares and Jesús SalvadorTreviño among others. among SalvadorTreviño Jesús Tovares and Telles, Joseph Rey Racho, Susan Portillo, Lourdes Ibarra, Cristina Galán, Héctor Espinosa, Paul Santos, los de Nancy Artenstein, Isaac years: the over experiences and time their him with shared pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/ origin.” byspecific Origin or Hispanic decades, more than a hundred documentaries have been produced and exhibited, produced have been and documentaries ahundred more than decades, 1970sand present “Elthese florecimiento, (Maciel very to the During 82-86). 1960s the in of intense activism time from the fashion continued aremarkable in developmentand its out stands has certainly film documentary theChicana/o field, cinematography. last theater, this In certainly music, and art, letters, genres: artistic legacy, and Laachievements Causa its many people), equality. young Among and social and justice who demanded women, peoples indigenous Americans, (African society ofsectors American differentfrom contextthe intensein of mobilizations framed was conflict social Movement Chicano the (or as known La Causa rights, for civil struggle social of country. the essence fabric and very the changing are fact, in Chicanas/os, cultural. and social, economic, political, society: American of areas all in influential increasingly and have become uniquely important US. Additionally, the throughout its members dispersed geographically for being known well also is community This years. forty number doubling every in almost it out pointing is that experts with quite is extraordinary Its population growth United the in States. terms numerical in minority national it largest the makes which Chicana/o filmmakers. generations of three By year. already now each are there number increases this and os) is currently made up of 36.6 million people, according to the Census Bureau, Census to the people, according upos) of made million 36.6 currently is 3 2 1 In the 1960s and 1970s, this community actively participated in a heroic in 1960s the participated In 1970s, actively and community this The Mexican-origin population in the in populationhere Chicanas/ United States (called The Mexican-origin

See “US Census Bureau 2017 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates 1-Year B03001 Survey Estimates Community 2017 Bureau American “US Census See Personal interview with the filmmaker Héctor Galán (29 Aug 2020). Aug (29 Galán Héctor filmmaker the with interview Personal The author greatly appreciates that various Chicano documentalists have generously generously have documentalists Chicano various that appreciates greatly author The 3 Due to the diversity of its evident topics, diversity Due to the it more is than 1. INTRODUCTION fostered a cultural flourishing that included all all included that flourishing fostered acultural Galán– Héctor Treviño and Salvador For Jesús exemplary filmmakers and cultural promoters. cultural and filmmakers exemplary . ). This 1 2

uses images to inform creatively about different social problems about social creatively different to inform (8 images uses that formation discursive isa thedocumentary that affirms point, Jane Chapman – cinema: documentary of Chicana/o understanding for an crucial are that modes United the in States. practices cultural and life representation social , in and forgreater rights theircivil for fight constant their as well as traditions, and identity language, their Mexicanness, maintain efforts–to multiple diverse very and of resistance–through trajectory courageous and extensive the also is there hand, its history. throughout other On the society dominant by the community this against out have carried violence been and that , harassment discrimination, of multiple the on one the practices experience: hand, of Chicana/o the issues essential two the capture masterfully that narratives have exemplified documentaries Chicano all, documentary.Above of Chicana/o study the to the most pertinent are community, especially in the face of situations adverse face the in community, especially help of14; asense create can 34-35). documentary the that states Nichols also third of Chicana/o documentaries are produced, written or directed by Chicanas. or produced, directed written are documentaries of Chicana/o third over Nowadays, a practice. cultural this in of Chicanas participation increasing the is premise essential Another documentaries. of their directors as well producers as and writers as serve they often that is filmmakers of these characteristic One main as the order of the presentation of events that can be chronological or not chronological be order the of presentationas can the of that events well as of testimonials; translators possible and the of presence narrators images, the of accompanies type music shot, what each film and how to frame images, juxtapose how to or edit cut, decisions to make: have important team his/her with and style own then world.his/her develops the director The away of observing becomes that story a construct evidence to gathers filmmaker how documentary underlines the and life, real in occurred to related that events actors people are or social documentary the of the Nichols Bill points protagonists that out work. part, his Forfrom afictional it 12-14), is” as (Hardy it presents differentiates “life situation that certainly which John Griersonin the as filmmaker treatment” 1926 “creative of a Scottish real – – – Observational mode, in which the participants of the documentary are filmed filmed are of documentary the participants the which mode, in Observational that passages descriptive with associations by visual Poetic mode, characterized Participatory mode, where the director interacts with the subjects of subjects the the with interacts mode, where director the Participatory Expository mode, where verbal comment and logical argumentation are argumentation mode, comment where logical verbal Expository and Nichols outlines a typology of documentaries, in which there exist certain certain exist there which in of documentaries, Nichols atypology outlines It should be noted that the documentary as a was defined by defined was genre afilm as It documentary the should noted be that 4 in their daily activities. cinema. experimental of an typical are documentaries). (these more are traditional emphasized documentary through conversations or interviews through documentary

Personal interview with the filmmaker Héctor Galán (29 Aug 2020). Aug (29 Galán Héctor filmmaker the with interview Personal

(p. 215). last to this Adding

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 115 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 116 practices; immigration issues and the US- border, US-Mexico the and others among issues immigration practices; cultural issues; struggles; political and history); social the to Mexican linked (deeply history includes: Chicano range thematic Its extensive after. years the and (1966-1979),stage Movement emergence of to Chicana/o the the parallel runs which festivals. film through and later–on and 1970s the in and–already public libraries circuits, centers, art community circles, university it for its through found exhibition that ample spaces due fact to the also addition, was In development the faced. origin of documentary the of Mexican community the that issues other relevant and struggle of social the scenes to-day day- filming for medium the ideal time was it thesame and at films, of feature that much than was lower cost that givenits of incipient choice for these filmmakers, classics–stood out: Yo Joaquín (1969) soy classics–stood Unida Party. Raza of La the founding the Moratorium Chicano the Mexico, New in lost lands Youth of Chicano the founding Denver,the in Conference movement the to recover student demonstrations, the Movement, strikes, farmworker the Chicano as the such (Treviño of events 68). chronicler of and seminal Treviño amajor participant was one be must support” and of defense art Our common our cause. with us unite future pave intowaythe [and] our lifestyle, of theour beauty community, reflect of the needs the it serve must further: go must and present and brutalities of past its denunciation in clear be must cinema “Chicano terms: following the in context, thesocial with filmmakers pointed out of relationship the Chicano media–clearly the in pioneer and of incursion Chicanos the in Treviño–activist Salvador Jesús director The prominent of . ideology the with associated discourse a political andtransmit to value contributeartistic to high works of filmmakers: of Chicano bandolero has a unique aesthetics as it is based on it based is Treviño. as Salvador by Jesús Yo aunique aesthetics Joaquín has soy that characterized challenges and intense on energy, the screen commitment, captured creativity works film Their conflict. pioneering social extraordinary this of facets out different the in carried actions andpolitical other demonstrations thestrikes, to need film prevailing felt the they because Super 8cameras, their with whostudents took streets to the community.eventstheirthe chroniclers of of them university Most werefilmic of first the became They emerged. filmmakers documentary generation of Chicano America. Latin and to related Mexico themes selected as well as with, faced are they issues current the communities, Latina/o and of Chicana/o the history the encompassing screen The list of Chicano documentaries grew at an impressive rate during its first first impressivean rateits during at grew documentaries Chicano list of The In this early period, two films of pioneering directors–now considered of directors–now pioneering films two period, early this In It was during the effervescence of the Chicano Movementthefirst Chicano ofa that effervescence the during It was have brought been categories to the of these from each Documentaries , 142-56). All the documentaries clearly reflected the double commitment reflected , 142-56). clearly documentaries the All La Causa GENESIS AND FIRST STEPS FIRST AND GENESIS

(Treviño 54-68). The documentary was the film genre genre film the was (Treviño 54-68). The documentary

by , Yoby and Luis soy Chicano (against the Vietnam War) Vietnam the and (against

(Maciel (1971) El El reviewed both the Chicano Movement and the agendas of its Movement leaders agendas Chicano the the and both reviewed of documentary. the narrative and images to the deal agreat adds score that musical Movement. achievement of great ofYo Chicano the Another ethos soy Chicano the captures beautifully film this Tijerina. Above all, López Reies Gutiérrez and Angel José Gonzales, “Corky” Rodolfo Chávez, Movement, Dolores César as Huerta, such about iconic of Chicano the chronicles leaders the and interviews segment contains process(es)historical the at of play.narrative a succinct offers second general, The in and, figures historical representing actors population, with includes scenes Chicano developmenthistorical thethe of andsketch of creative conciseupondraws a first Themajor other Yodocumentary, soy Chicano, Congress. of Library the at Registry the Film of National is nowthat part film cult Treviño (1972) Unida Chávez’s Raza movement;César farmworker as well as Salvador by Jesús Chávez; Chávez; 88). Strike are: (1965) them Among Valdez by Luis on movement union the of César a matter of a few weeks, as the director himself related. himself director the as weeks, of afew a matter in fashion artisanal an donein was The butdocumentary entire race. represents an identity. formation the of is Chicano not Joaquín is oneof documentary person, the theme history.central The Mexican with intertwined while civilizations Columbian fromdraws pre- largely and Chicano the roots of historical the reviews film The Valdez its narrator. Luis as has and epic Gonzales, the by “Corky” poem Rodolfo Esparza recounts stories of Mexican-American characters living in East ; Los East in living characters stories of recounts Mexican-American Esparza Vidas Cinco Angeles; Siqueiros Los in by Alfaro David painted of amural censorship the documents director same the Tropical by América and name, of same the jail prisoners the in ofplight Chicano documentaries stand out: Soledad stand documentaries achievements and lingering challenges lingering and achievements 1970s, from the their women of Chicanas who testimonies discuss and narratives, historical imagery, powerful contains film present. to the This times pre-Columbian Chicana, 1979, In nature. documentary with harmony the directed wrote and Sylvia Morales of aweaver, eyes the great in who lives through Mexico of New Northern essence (1977) Country Our People explores the Our that Martínez: Agueda Vázquez filmed Esperanza works. who important produced other filmmakers documentary Chicana there were pioneering stage, first this In Unida. Raza La named party political the Moratorium War Vietnam (the the Chicano against protests Chicano on critical García David Mexico; New in by Anglos usurped of land Tijerina, the who fought for recovery the López

These pioneering films were followed by numerous documentaries that were followedfilms bynumerouspioneeringThese documentaries 5 In regard to the social problems of the Chicana/o community, problems various of Chicana/o social to the the regard In

and and which is an influential and thepioneering on reflection role of influential fromwomen an is which Tijerina: Fighting for the Land (1968) Tijerina: Land Fighting for the (1970) Moratorium Chicano by Tom Requiem-29 and Myrdahl Luis Valdez (lecture delivered at the Cineteca Nacional, Mexico City, 10 2014). Aug. Mexico Nacional, Cineteca the at delivered (lecture Valdez Luis ); ); Cristal Cristal (1972) sePuede Sí Tejada-Flores by Rick on Fietinghof Gayanne and (1975) of by Pérez Severo importance on emergence and the (1971) the Treviño Salvador by Jesús addresses

(1972) Moctezuma and Ruiz by José Luis (Leen 207-10).(Leen

is divided into two segments: the the segments: into two divided is by Paco Pérez on Reies leader the 5 To become a it date, has

(Noriega 152- (Noriega (1971) by is its is

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 117 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 118 by the Bilingual Education Law of 1968) Law Education Bilingual by the of 1967) Act allocated of (using Education Service US funds Department the and Service Public the Broadcasting network: public the television from both funds with foundations groups and specialized combined which donations from sources, funding their additionally, to diversify control and, greater to seek over tapes production ofwas the distribution their and 1977,in 1979. in Films Productions Sylvan Xóchitl and and objective main Their Productions 1975, in Productions 1976, Garden in Productions Vista Learning New in Productions Esparza 1974, with Ruiz Moctezuma case the was This companies. production own distribution their and establishing began Portillo Lourdes and Treviño, Pérez, Salvador Severo Jesús Ruiz, Sylvia JoséMorales Luis Esparza, asMoctezuma such Also,filmmakers, some works. of film new dissemination 1975, Antonio in San in Festival contributed Film which widespread to the Chicano the as such began, festivals film time this around Furthermore, Coalition. Cinema Chicano and Coalition Media Latino National Consortium, Latino Carisma, as such organizations, of from promotionterms various came distribution and San Antonio San York New Chicago, major in as such cities, and were others broadcasted although Reflections Acción Chicano as such public in private programs, television and participated neverbefore, As directors some films. their to finance ways moreand substantial greater professionalization toward new paths sought filmmakers) fiction as well (as documentalists Chicana/o various period, this During agencies. immigration US by the criminals exploitation as treatment thereby denouncing their their and United the in States, of enormous the migrants contributions of Mexican analysis (1975) The Unwanted and community; exceptional represents an Ruiz by José Luis (1976) Chicana Onda La touches Gutiérrez on the music rock in created by Efraín documentaries. Chicana/o of and broadcasting of filming element the expansion the in avital be PBS Nonetheless, continued to discrimination. and as such issues, with quo concerned and of status the were critical that those especially expressions, artistic of public the financing presidents Both were Bush. against George and Reagan governments of republican the Ronald United the in during right States political the to theearlyshift in the result of asa moreand difficult 1980s 1990s became program that allowed the funding and national-level screening of Chicana/o of Chicana/o screening national-level and funding the allowed that program Generally speaking, all of these endeavors by Chicano documentalists documentalists endeavors of these by Chicano all speaking, Generally 6 In addition, the support for Chicano – addition,In support the for Chicano

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(Noriega 160-61). 6 This entity gradually opened the doors to an affirmative action affirmative thean doorsopened to gradually entity This and Unidos and 2. A MARVELOUS FLOWERING AMARVELOUS 2. . Most of these programs were produced in , were produced California, in programs . Most of these

(Noriega 9-21). (PBS) (created Public by the Broadcast . el cine chicano –in , (1983), Juan Chacón de corrido El directed Padilla Sánchez Beverly Chicano afamous its contributions US, community. but the in to also its destination faced challenges not multiple only the it neighborhood highlights Pilsen of to the Chicago; Mexico (1981).family, whofrom moves immigrant an of the story on focuses film The of de Entry los Port into ventured Santos in complex of the Nancy migration issue community. the model within arole as icon and acultural about as intellectuals Chicana among discussion a screen to the second brings the and life, professional and her personal with deals film outsidefirst US. and inside The the popularity great achieved of 24, having age at the died who tragically name of same singer the Chicana famous refer to the and Movie for Selena AHome into United the Corpus: States. transplanted been has tradition how this (1988)and tradition in theexploresof Mexico, the honoringthat dead afilm is Dead the of Days The 1986. in Ofrenda: La Documentary for Best Oscar for an was nominated film dictatorship. This Argentine brutal by the violations committed rights human in front excesses the denouncing the in line, was that organization (1985),de Mayo the Plaza of Mothers The Madres: woman’s she a seminal depicts America. Latin and topics to related Mexico as well as communities, Latina/o problems and contemporary of Chicana/o the immigration, covered themesmultiple history, creativity, films Withon great their gender issues, States, consequently bringing different realities to thescreen to realities different consequently bringing States, of regions United the from various came generations and belonged to two already They craft. to their perspectives and contributed unique experiences Chicanas and of breadth content together. and Chicanos Both came maturity artistic which in from flourishing of1980 2000 to exceptional atime had documentary Chicana/o documentaries far exceed the scope of Chicana/o feature films. feature of scope Chicana/o the exceed far documentaries forChicano audiences Galán, Héctor like to filmmakers, according reason, this of audience For up people to an one night. nationwide asingle reach million in can the US,stationsacross PBS affiliated fifty and three hundred it.its Through not or does acable subscription require satellite and to free view is its access that given of open system, television the part integral an of being advantage the It has would later to shown by be United PBS, public the the in network television States. which ofdocumentaries, filming supportthe for considerableproviding financial of charge in director.been then, LPBexecutive has Since its first and initiative an founder the of such who Olmos, was James actor Edward of acclaimed advocacy to the 1998, in established (LPB) thanks was Service Public Broadcasting Latino the fact, In resources. minimal with thenfilm produced until who filmmakers, of Chicana/o of professionalization the attainment the as well as documentaries Other Chicana documentary filmmakers also made important contributions. important made also filmmakers documentary Chicana Other Las In apioneer is Portillo of documentaries. valuable director Lourdes PBS has become the cultural alternative to commercial television stations. stations. television to commercial alternative cultural become the PBS has 7

Personal interview with the filmmaker Héctor Galán (112016).Galán Dec Héctor filmmaker the with interview Personal (both from 1999)Conversations with Intellectuals about(both Selena 7 In this scenario, the the scenario, this In

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 119 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 120 & Other Stories (1999)of movement. Stories the Villa Pancho &Other And aspects of critical footage actual and interviews narratives, by using Chávez by César workersTelles Tejeda-Flores, led Rick and of agricultural plight the the chronicled Movement, Gonzales. “Corky” Rodolfo of of leader Chicano the the of life the aspects key with dealt al., et Salazar Daniel by of (1985) Justice Crusade Joaquín: The After film, Another Great Depression years. late-1920s US the the in in radio the during and of Spanish-speaking celebrity first the who became of Pedro story recounted the J. González, Artenstein by Isaac (1983) Unsung for an Hero Ballad producer/writer by as Paul directed Espinosa and history. The Chicano/Mexican century notable 20th in episodes several highlighted the two countries. Also, in in Also, countries. two the (1989) The (1990),New Tijuana and on major focus between border which issues of Uneasycase the Neighbors was relationship.of Mexico-United States the This aspects key on Diego. addition, In documentaries San he filmed near school district a in discrimination institutionalized against of acommunity on mobilization the remained in el in remained that community led emergence to of Chicana/o the and the countries of both destiny the changed of United the States), part southwestern the certainly and became the 1846-1848 the loss in of that resulted 51% conflict of Mexico’s territory (which (Fregoso Lourdes community on Chicana/o the disease Is AIDS AIDS produced documentary the film cult the in portrayed strike dramatic 1950s role from the leader union the in who played Mexico, acrucial New in in various capacities. various in Revolution of 1910. Mexican the during Villa Francisco order General in territory to capture Expedition) into Mexican (the incursion Pershing US military relationship: failed Mexico-United States the the chapter in acontroversial addressed by Paul Espinosa, written produced and for The Hunt (1993), Pancho state. Villa that in community Mexican-American the (1903-1946), copper mines Arizona aprofoundof had history the which influence on The Miners (1991), in struggle labor Chicano the narrates by Paul Espinosa, written Mineros: quality. Los artistic and originality thematic by great were characterized films his that given genre, this in filmmaker aprolific out. stood He became Galán reviews. positiveof critical deal great a event that received afilmic schools, in environment about anti-immigrant the documentary revealing extremely an It was in Elementary. Hoover Learning and Fear filmed Angeles, school from Los teacher women Texas. South in 1997, In Chicana Simón, elementary an Angélica Laura (1993), amujer mujer De violenceher against films, of sexual on bearing the focuses Producer/writer/director Paul Espinosa contributed to other important films films important other to contributed Espinosa Paul Producer/writer/director as Héctor such documentary, filmmakers of Chicana/o the stage this At 8

Personal interview with the filmmaker Paul Espinosa. Paul filmmaker the with interview Personal

Mexico perdido 8 (1985), Grove Incident Lemon adirector, The in As he focused The US-Mexican (1998),War US-Mexican The addressed Espinosa director

(Maciel El bandolero The The Struggle in the Fields Fields the in Struggle The (1989) terrible of about this impact the

Salt of the Earth Earth of the Salt , 150-56 , ). Other documentaries documentaries Other

(1954). Sylvia Morales (1954). Morales Sylvia by Phillip Rodríguez Rodríguez by Phillip , 34-36 , (1997), by Ray ). Another of of Another

by PBS and its Latino arm, the LPB, have been crucial to its continued blossoming. LPB, crucial have been the arm, by PBS its Latino and provided distribution wide and funding toto the note its prime. It important that is documentary the Chicana/o brought has exhibitionand mechanisms of financing pride.fine-tuning The of ethnic messages political strong integrating while value, artistic double embody the high ofworks of offering purpose generations–still of Chicano genre cine el dominant the documentary the present, continued making very to the has process This others. among immigration, and politics policies, social gender issues, culture, topics diverse to related history, continued addressing creativity. also and It has quality artistic high their and development number of of films itsterms growing in much pending. very is millennium new the in community of Chicana/o the challenges and achievements endeavor aboutthe film many asimilar that is remains what series, of this importance See also Latino Public Broadcasting (2020). Broadcasting Public Latino also See La otra cara otra La (Maciel Villa Revolution, Francisco of Mexican the general on famous the views popular narrated Moreno and Sylvia Morales. Sylvia and Moreno Mylène Racho, episode producers producer the were series and Susan supervising the as Galán hired Héctor Producers. They Treviño Salvador co-Executive Jesús as and Ruiz sponsoredwas Luis by prominentJosé PBS with film a very The place. (1996) Movement Rights Civil occupied Mexican-American of the History Chicano! academics served as advisers to the filmmakers. to the advisers as served academics renowned four series, of this Treviño. Salvador Jesús and making the In Ruiz Luis Mylène Sylvia Morales, José Moreno, Héctor Racho, Galán, including Susan parts, of direction four the its theandin script of writing the in participated filmmakers Prominent Gutiérrez. José Angel and Gonzales Tijerina, “‘Corky” Rodolfo López Dolores Reies Huerta, Chávez, César ofachievements its including iconic leaders, Movement Chicano the from 1965 and to 1975, agendas main the as well as development the of captures artistically and powerfully its legacy. Its narrative MovementtheChicano and of on significance the ambitious documentary and and university cinema circuits. This is the case of several documentaries financed financed documentaries several of case the is This circuits. cinema university and Moreover, art in andlaterhave distributed been independent produced on films Rights Movement. Movement In the new millennium, the Chicana/o documentary has had a prodigious aprodigious had has documentary Chicana/o the millennium, new the In Among the documentaries of the late-twentieth century, the masterful series series masterful century, the of late-twentieth the documentaries the Among 11 10 9

History of the Mexican-American Civil Civil Mexican-American the of History series the thetopic of of synthesis (1996).is a This

Personal interview with the director Jesús Salvador Treviño (14 Treviño Salvador 2020). Sept Jesús director the with interview Personal Personal interview with Luis Ortiz (a high-ranking official of Latino Public Broadcasting). Broadcasting). Public Latino of official (a high-ranking Ortiz Luis with interview Personal See Francisco A. Rosales, Rosales, A. Francisco See 3. CONSOLIDATION AND SPLENDOR AND 3. CONSOLIDATION . The most recent Chicano documentaries–of at least three three at least documentaries–of . The Chicano recentmost , 354-55). , 9 This four-episode series is thecomprehensive four-episode most is series This Chicano!: The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Rights Civil American Mexican the of History The Chicano!: 10 Upon acknowledging the enormous enormous the acknowledging Upon 11

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 121 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 122 the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. and diagnosis the with reflection on autobiographical experience her an with deals Portillo director a film that includes interviews and her own narrative. In and narrative. her own includesinterviews that a film (2008), Allá Más region inAl the in broaderMexican-Caribbean trafficking of drug realities the horrendousexamines such director gender violence.prolific same The of thecauses rootexploring while and testimonies, moving insightful collects film This time. most violent the at that of Mexico city Ciudad Juárez, in committed have been womenthat fifty and hundred three of femicides more than ruthless the Woman For example, documentaries. produced key has of crime. consideredlaterevent war a was tragic This died. them andmany of abuse suffered Mexico–who from New of Chicanos them majority vast members–the of soldiers of about abattalion 2,000 was them Among aprison camp. towards march” “death the forced to perform and Japanese by the Philippines, the of Bataan, Filipino USin and soldiers were captured thousands II World how recounts during which War (2002)of New Mexico by Martínez, Paige projects was OneMexico. of its most ambitious documentary University late 1990s at the of the since New Studies Center by the for Regional and cultural interactions that occur at the border. at the occur that interactions cultural and complex reflection on social insightful an up ends generating creativity,great Ibarra With traits. cultural Mexican and celebration by Chicana/o introducing American atraditional changing Texas, are Laredo, in that of agroupstory of Chicanas young conquerorSpanish Marthas de Oñate. Las Juan In of of the a statue Paso, of El people Texas, city building the the in divided around with co-directed/co-produced (2008), border.Conquistador Last US-Mexico the The in links transboundary 212-13). (Leen Cotera Martha and Escalante Alicia Cherríe Moraga, “Betita”to Martínez, empower of other lives women: the Dolores Elizabeth Huerta, contributionstheir highlighting activists, of five notableChicana history personal in Sylvia Morales documentaries. their in issues administration has done everything possible to end DACA. So far, the immigration authorities have have authorities immigration the far, So DACA. end to possible done everything has administration The US. of the Trump future the to contribute and careers their start to ready graduates, college were of them Many world. the around and America Latin in countries other from but also Mexico, from parents undocumented their by adolescence or childhood their in brought were people young These Dreamers States–the United the in reside legally to requirements) (who certain met youth 700,000 experiences of having been incarcerated in one in US of “private many incarcerated been prisons,” of having experiences where Ibarra along with Alex Rivera follow the story of two Dreamers of two follow story the Rivera Alex with along Ibarra el cine Chicano (2001) is a shocking, groundbreaking film about the terrible tragedy of theabout terribletragedy film (2001) groundbreaking a shocking, is Chicana filmmakers have also significantly contributeddevelopment the to significantly also have filmmakers Chicana Cristina Ibarra develops various films related to the complexity of the complexity the of to related films develops various Ibarra Cristina 14 13 12

See See See At one point, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) allowed more than more than allowed (DACA) Arrivals Childhood for Action Deferred one point, At Las Marthas Las (2016). (2016). Portillo Lourdes of and Videos Films The during the two decades of the present millennium. Lourdes Portillo Portillo Lourdes of present the millennium. decades two the during (2013). (2013).

John J. Valdez, traces the great controversy that controversy that great the John J. Valdez, traces 12 Other Chicanas depicted key women’s depicted key Chicanas Other Señorita Extraviada: Missing Señorita Extraviada: Young 13 Crushing Love Crushing (2014), the addresses director this The The In Infiltrators Night Passages Night Passages Colors of Courage: Sons , (2009) reviews the the (2009) reviews 14 who narrate their their who narrate (2019), Cristina (2013), (2013), . United States that is definitely changing forever the profile and future of theUS. of future theand forever profile changing definitely is United that States the of Americanization” of the “Latin of process significance transcendental the documented: have already studies academic what supports series this point that is important United the An in populations major States. of four the of Latina/o each singularities the as well as similarities to the demonstrate was purpose Its ultimate andculture. society, politics American of aspects all in influence and participation increasing their and communities of these demographic growth the depicts series excellent PBS in audience history. This viewing (when Latina/o showed) largest the comprehensivein a issues Latina/o format, received in depicting first the series, The 2000. to the 16th from the century American Central recently and Rican, Puerto United Cuban-American, the in Chicana/o, States: communities Latina/o development and of origins the principal of four the aspects critical narrates series The filmmakers. Latina/o and commitment of Chicana/o political and artistic of highly the illustrative particularly is six-hour documentary includes athree-part, Telles that Ray monumentalseries McCabe, John This Valadez. and Dan Alvarez, of other Producers: participation Nina key Producer the Series with the was Did It End Up in the Supreme Court of the United States?”. United of the Court Supreme ItDid the Up End in Why DACA and is “What Dickerson, Caitlin See, DACA. for applications new receiving stopped bicultural roots.” deeply complex of with by step to aplace her step, words: own aportrait “traces, of COVID-19, era the the about in Paso El onaccording that adocumentary afilm routinely working sent. are is Currently, Ibarra individuals undocumented director ambitious series must be highlighted: Latino Americans (2013). highlighted: be must ambitious series Ramírez-Berg. Charles Noriega and Maciel, Fregoso, Chon of its Linda R. script: David Rosa making the in advisors as Studies Film Chicana/o in of most four renownedof the specialists including virtue the had Screen addition,Bronze In The Hollywood. in experiences into their insights who others, key offer among Anthony Quinn, and Montalbán, Ricardo Moreno, Jurado, Rita Lupita Katy Tovar, as such actresses and actors Latina/o and prominent with Chicana/o interviews incredibly valuable contains documentary silent from the 1990s. cinema to era the Hollywood This of Chicanas/os–in them majority vast Latinas/os–the of theandrepresentationstereotypes negative films, original from clips the and It images recreates Domínguez. Alberto and Racho Susan Image (2002), in Hollywood Latino of Santos, the 100 years Los De Screen: by Nancy all kinds of genres and musical themes. For his decade-long career, Lalo Guerrero For decade-long career, Lalo themes. his musical and of genres kinds all composer prolific and singer of extraordinary of this life the through century 20th Chicano Original The Guerrero Guerrero: produced Dan Lalo de with los along Santos Nancy When reviewing the documentaries of the new millennium, aunique, millennium, of new the documentaries the reviewing When work, impressive the collective The is Bronze A most prominent documentary 17 16 15 (2006), which recalls critical episodes of Chicana/o cultural history of the history cultural of episodes Chicana/o critical recalls which (2006), See See

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 123 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 124 concept of Aztlán with comedy drama from the group Culture Clash. group from the Culture comedy drama with concept of Aztlán mythical and on historical commenting the scholars and he intercuts historians film the In decades. last the in documentaries innovative for example, He directed, filmography. Salvador his continued Jesús augmenting Treviño Veteran filmmaker Southwest. the throughout community Latina/o and of Chicana/o the rights voting promotion the the in and participation atitan of political Velázquez became culture. Project critically on Mexico’scritically of reforms 1990s. the neoliberal Revolution late-1930s, the to its in consolidation other segment the focuses while of Mexican the origins from the one segments; span into covers a time two divided is preludethe 1910 to the Revolution into 1990s.excellent and the documentary This from of Mexico ofhistory the interpretive unique discussion and impressive, diligent US. the and Mexico in Guerrero left Lalo that legacy transboundary great the on reflects documentary Ultimately, this children’s (1958). ardillitas Las popular very album his with fame where he achieved in as Mexico, theas well in United States artist influential and afamous became J. Valadez. J. Myléne as Galán, MorenoandHéctor such John filmmakers, noted Chicana/o with his the interviews site on of five-minute film, projects mini-documentaries case the topics. In Latina/o and pioneering and website to Chicana/o dedicated imaginative 2012, In Treviño prominent artists. founded Latinopia Chicana/o twenty than of 1960s the 1970s. decades and the ofin testimonies morethe includes film The Aztlán de that refer to the Chicana/o social struggle. In In struggle. social refer Chicana/o to the that Tovares explores the context of racial tension in Los Angeles in 1943 that culminated 1943 in Tovares culminated Angeles that tension Los in context of explores the racial (2016) Your Willie Vote Velázquez: filmed Your is also Texas Voice in racism society. Galán themethe institutional of uniqueaddressing in was film Hollywood remarkable of epic episodes the production Giant on dramatic Texas South in os 1940s the based in 1950s.is and principally The documentary and oppression Chicanas/ of discrimination the shows sensitivity, inordinate film the (2015).Giant of Children works: innovative The With of another his directed and produced theGalán period. recent in filmography outstanding their to increase specialists. well-known as well as events of these all in participants Mexican with interviews with footage historical actual interweaving by skillfully analysis insightful century.an It most of 20th offers development the the through of Mexico (2004), which was broadcasted on PBS in Los Angeles, Angeles, on PBS Los in broadcasted (2004), was which of Aztlan In Search

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See, See, See, See, (2010), development and art he of into delves meaning Chicana/o the Personal interview with the director Jesús Salvador Treviño (31 Treviño 2020). Aug Salvador Jesús director the with interview Personal 20 Among the documentaries of the most recent years, there are several several are there of most recent years, the documentaries the Among Mexico Swept that Storm The Latinopia (2020). (2020). Riots Suit Zoot (1956) This Stevens. by George 18 The documentary illustrates illustrates The documentary (2014), Joseph director , which constitutes an an constitutes , which 19 In In Visiones Visiones , an , an fighter of the peak era of the Chicano Movement, Acosta Zeta Movement,theChicano era of Oscar thepeak fighter of andsocial lawyer, novelist andwork enigmatic controversialthe of influential and (2018) Buffalo Brown the of Fall and Rise The . And, Times Angeles Middle Middle them down.” them zoot-suiters (the Chicanas and Chicanos young violence terriblein and of against episodes racism “social bandit,”“social who 1853 ended decapitated in up being US by the authorities. Chicano (2016) of this story of The the Head Joaquín Murrieta with film, his deals Movement, of Latino monumental the series Americans part Rights Civil Chicano the with 2013,population. dealing In Pride and Prejudice he filmed Héctor leader P. for this rights American on question civil of the forging García Presidentcontentious Lyndon between relationship Mexican- B. Johnson the and Paso, El Texas.de in Oňate the 2010, In Valadez addresses Affair, Longoria The in conqueror of Spanish about the Juan statue acontroversial Ibarra) Cristina with co-producer of and The Last Conquistador co-director the he was 2008, In and Culture producer the 2003, of PBS In he Visiones: the was series millennium. new Latino Arts the in issues Latina/o and Chicana/o on filmography extensive his through career Unafraid Movement. Chicano The the out In contributions during musical carried his and Way (2018), our Singing Freedom to Sánchez “Chunky” of Ramón story the depicts in Dolores Paul and Espinosa, Huerta. Chávez of César struggle the who preceded workers, of migrant of leader rights forgotten the somewhat woman torefers the the electoral processes of such years in particular. in of years such processes electoral the 2012 (2012 RACE ’08 entertainer. Latinos influential of an story the identity, highlighting Dream American the and López George New Green: the is to come. Brown years US the in the happen in also aprelude it considering as to will what Angeles, of Los Americanization” “Latin the borderpeople showcases addition, Now both In (2004) cities. in Angeles Los Diego/Tijuana San Feelings: produced for PBS. documentaries For Mixed important example, in themes Dreamers residence to the temporary granted (DACA) that program Arrivals for Childhood Action approval of Deferred the the with administration Obama Barack the during fruition came to efforts US. Their the reform in favor in of immigration activists to become out people, undocumented young forced invisibility of who their came (2014) Professor, producer, John his consolidated J. director writer Valadez and has 22 21 The prolific and creative filmmaker Philip Rodríguez probed into critical probed into critical Rodríguez Philip filmmaker and creative The prolific See, See, See, See, , permitting them the continuation of their studies and to work and legally. continuation the studies of them their , permitting (2018), ) at the hands of members of US Navy, the went hands ) at the out who literally to “hunt , a pioneer and panoramic view of major cultural trends and perspectives. perspectives. and trends of major view , apioneer cultural panoramic and 21

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(2020). by Bernardo Ruiz chronicles the stories and stories and the chronicles Ruiz by Bernardo 23 a Mexican migrant who was who was migrant a Mexican (2020). 25

by Siqueiros: Siqueiros:

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any cause and with total impunity. total with and cause any without Mexicans adozen murdered more Texas than border, Rangers infamous the history. 1918 In Chicana/o in Texas Mexican Porvenir, the in near town asmall episode amost tragic It examines Shapter produced by and Héctor Galán. Andrew Tijerina. López of Reies contributions the legacy and investigating interested in writers and scholars future Movement.invaluable toolan forwithout become The documentary, a doubt,will icon of Chicano the charismatic of this images provides last the and career activist about his outstanding activist’s testimonies thefamed own captures film this fact, In Tijerina. contribution valuable a made interviewing extensively by filmmakers two Mexican US. These the and Mexico between war the after Mexico New in lost by Mexicans/Chicanos of lands the for plight recovery the Tijerina his and López Reies leader of Chicano the life producer Cordera Inti depict exceptional the outstanding films have showcased the richness of its cultural practices to many many to practices cultural of therichness its have showcased films outstanding addition, In these issues. contemporary and on its history, itself, including culture andknow reflect to community the for source aterrific is documentary Chicana/o is noteworthy.genre the that film evident is it ofFurthermore, this categories the all have well-incorporated filmmakers documentary Chicana/o that fact the and variation Its thematic experience. Chicana/o the to interpret analyze its and ability as well as practice visual and value of its terms artistic in United the both in States, origin of Mexican of community the manifestations cultural innovative and outstanding &Webb Texas in 179-238).to Carrigan 1928, (De particularly from 1848 Southwest American violence the in institutionalized of extreme, victims were of Mexicans/Chicanos cases thousand five more that than recent books their in and Clive Webb documented Carrigan in fields William historians fact, Texas.”In “killing so-called the in population of the Mexican-origin against occurred that for contemporary social movements. social for contemporary of asource inspiration as well as community icon for Chicana/o the become atrue how and she has causes to larger activist devotion social of noteworthy time the thelife- captures faithfully documentary This hercontinues intense activism. with old years Dolores leader who at ninety Huerta, heroic the of Chicana the life traces Dolores addition, Peter directs Bratt property. of their In destruction the and land compensation valuable forany their Another notable effort is is effort notable Another It is undeniable that the Chicana/o documentary is one is of most the documentary Chicana/o It the undeniable that is 27 26 In See See See See They Called King Me (2017),Tiger Called Soto and They Estrada Ángel director Porvenir (2019); and (2019); Tiger King Me llamaban (2020). 4. CONCLUSION 4. Porvenir Porvenir 27 This incident was part of the hundreds theof others of hundreds incident part This was (2017), an award-winning documentary that (2017), that documentary award-winning an 26 (2019). by directed is a documentary This Dolores (2018).

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 127 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 128 we have our history and we’ve fought it in our way, as the films speak to that.” we’ve and to we have history our speak fought it way, our in films the as for along time, “we struggling states: have been Portillo Lourdes director As worth. its for all acknowledged population would fully be of this importance growing and experience historical the disseminated, better If tasks. important support these clearly would Undoubtedly, platforms. filmmakers digital as well documentary as institutions, andcultural and non-governmentaleducational governmental different exhibition by distribution and financing, of forin terms effort lobbying concentrated a documentary, including of Chicana/o the discussion and broader dissemination future. near the in documentaries exhibitionand of Inc.) have opened for financing up the possibilities new Galan (such production of companies as Chicana/o founding of the PBS LPB, and and co-sponsorship The examined. and to addressed be pending characters and episodes themes, contemporary and historical Chicana/o many still are there Furthermore, future. promising extremely an has documentary Chicana/o the that ensures arts visual in specialize many that and on rise the are students college of Chicana/o currentgenerations outsidethat and United the fact The States. within both audiences In addition,In it to have would imperative not but desirable, only be also 28

Personal interview with director Lourdes Portillo (11 Portillo 2020). Sept Lourdes director with interview Personal revised paper accepted for publication for accepted paper revised Reviews sent to author to sent Reviews : 12-6-2020; : 12-9-2020 28

Maciel Maciel Maciel Maciel Leen (2019). Museum Texas History https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/ Bullock Tiger. King Me llamaban Las Las Marthas Latino Public Broadcasting Latinopia (2013). Americans http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/ PBS Latino King Hernández Hardy Screen Bronze The Linda. , Rosa Fregoso Portillo Lourdes Linda. , Rosa Fregoso Dolores Dickerson De Carrigan Dream American the Building 30 Aug.Accessed 2020. About Philip Rodriguez http://www.cristinaibarra.com/ Ibarra (2020). Cristina Progress &Work in Films Ibarra Cristina Chapman Routledge Routledge Films.” Chicana/o Foundational Huerta: Dolores to “From Juan Don , Catherine. , Susan “Classic Hollywood: ‘Children of Giant’ explores legacy of ‘Giant’ in Marfa, Texas, 11 Texas, Marfa, in of ‘Giant’ legacy explores of Giant’ ‘Children Hollywood: “Classic Susan , (2018). http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/dolores-huerta/ Lens. Independent PBS , Forsyth. Grierson on Documentary. , Forsyth. , David R. “El florecimiento cultural chicano.” NEXOS chicano.” cultural florecimiento “El R. , David , David R. & Susan Racho &Susan R. , David chicano pueblo del acerca Ensayos México: de cara otra La R. , David , David R. R. , David (2020). Tenopia Jt (2020). and http://latinopia.com/ Maciel. UNAM, 2018.Maciel. UNAM, 375-378. David Ed. chicano. pueblo del acerca Ensayos México: de cara otra La televisión.” yla cine el nexos.com.mx/?p=39479 Editores, 2000. Handbook of Chicana/o Studies Sept 2020. Sept visit/calendar/education/viva-cinema-me-llamaban-king-tiger-20180908 30 Aug.Accessed 2020. hollywood-children-giant-20150412-story.html 2015.April, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/classichollywood/la-et-mn-ca-classic- Accessed 15 2020. May Accessed Accessed 3 Sept. 2020. 3Sept. Accessed (18 New Times York The https://www.nytimes.com/es/article/daca-que-es.html 2020) June 1848-1928.States, com/about Accessed 28 Sept. 2020. Sept. 28 Accessed Issues in Contemporary Documentary. Issues in Contemporary , Jane. (2013). https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/las-marthas/ Lens. Independent PBS , Caitlin. “¿Qué es DACA y porqué terminó en la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos?” Unidos?” Estados de Suprema Corte la en “¿Qué terminó DACA yporqué es , Caitlin. , Daniel. “Finding His Story in Theirs.” Los in Angeles Times Story His “Finding , Daniel. , William and Clive Webb. Clive and , William El bandolero, el pocho y : imágenes cinematográficas del chicano del cinematográficas imágenes raza: y la pocho el bandolero, El . Accessed Aug. 30 2020. 30 Aug. . Accessed (2020). https://www.philliprodriguez.co/about Philip Rodriguez. (2020). http://lpbp.org/ Oxford UP, 2017. Oxford (2020). Ford Foundation et al. http://www.buildingtheamericandream. al. et (2020). Ford Foundation . Accessed 21 2020. Sept. . Accessed . “Yo soy chicano: La heroica y turbulenta vida de los chicanos en en chicanos los de vida yturbulenta heroica La . “Yo chicano: soy WORKS CITED WORKS : Uof Texas P,Films. 2001.Other and Sleeps Never Devil The . Ed. Francisco A. Lomelí et al. Routledge, 2019. Routledge, 207-10. al. et Lomelí A. Francisco . Ed. Forgotten Dead: Mob Dead: Forgotten . U of Minnesota P, 1993.. Uof Minnesota U of California P, 1966. Uof California . Accessed 2 May 2019. 2May . Accessed Polity Press, 2009. Press, Polity . Accessed 28 September 2020. September 28 . Accessed

Violence against Mexicans in the United United the in Mexicans against Violence

. Accessed 2 Sept. 2020. 2Sept. . Accessed XL/490 (2018): 82-86. https://www. (2018): 82-86. XL/490 (23 Aug. 2020): E8. . Accessed 19 2020. May . Accessed . UNAM, 2018. . UNAM, . Accessed 26 . Accessed . Siglo XXI XXI . Siglo . . . . .

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 129 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 113-131 130 Treviño http://lpbp.org/programs/the-storm- Broadcasting. Public (2020) Latino Mexico Swept that Storm The US. Census Bureau 2017 Bureau Census US. https://www.lourdesportillo.com/ (2016). Portillo. Portillo Lourdes Lourdes of and Videos Films The Gallery Valdés Trailer. The Pushouts. Stream Harvest Season Harvest Stream Estrada Espinosa Espinosa Esparza Santos los De Artenstein Personal interviews Rosales Morales Ibarra Gutiérrez Galán Galán Porvenir Massacre Porvenir Noriega Nichols Morales Morales , Héctor. Personal interview, 29 Aug. 29 2020. 29 Aug. interview, Personal , Héctor. 11 2016. interview, Dec. Personal , Héctor. , Cristina. Personal interview, 22 Sept. 2015. Sept. 22 interview, Personal , Cristina. , Luis. Lecture delivered at the Cineteca Nacional, Mexico City, August 10, 2014. City, August Mexico Nacional, Cineteca the at delivered Lecture , Luis. , Moctezuma. Personal interview, 5 Oct. 52019. 5Oct. interview, Personal , Moctezuma. , Francisco A. Chicano! A. , Francisco , Bill. , Arte Público Público Arte Movement. Chicano the of Memoir AFilmmaker’s Eyewitness: Salvador. , Jesús Soto Chicanos and Film: Essays on Chicano Representation and Resistance and Representation Chicano on Essays Film: and Chicanos ed. A., , Chon Accessed 27 Sept. 2020. Sept. 27 Accessed that-swept-mexico/ Press, 2001. index.php 2020. Sept. 27 Accessed suit-riots-gallery/ 2019. 2May Accessed tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table http://www.https.com//factfinder.census.gov/faces/ Origin. bySpecific Origin Latino Público Press, 1996. Press, Público Accessed 29 Sept. 2020. 29 Sept. Accessed 1992. , Paul. Personal interview, 13 Sept. 2020. 13 Sept. interview, Personal , Paul. 2019. July 20 interview, Personal , Paul. , Alejandro. Personal interview, 19 Apr. interview, 2017. Personal , Alejandro. , Sylvia. “Filming a Chicana Documentary.” In Somos In Documentary.” aChicana “Filming , Sylvia. 16, 1980): (Dec 14. Angeles] [Los Opinión La in Chicana’” ‘La hizo se “Cómo , Sylvia. , Efraín. Personal interview, 3 Oct. 1998. 3Oct. interview, Personal , Efraín. , Isaac. Personal interview, 24 May 2000. May 24 interview, Personal , Isaac. Introduction to Documentary , Angel. Personal interview, 8 July 2018. 8July interview, Personal , Angel. , Nancy. Personal interview, 30 Jan. 2015. Jan. 30 interview, Personal , Nancy. (2020). TSHA. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/porvenir-massacre (2020). TSHA. . Accessed 31 2020. Aug. . Accessed (2020) PBS SoCal https://www.pbssocal.org/programs/voces/preview-7qdpm7/ (2020) SoCal PBS (2020). PBS. (2020). https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/harvest-season/ PBS . American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates Hispanic or Hispanic 1-Year B03001 Survey Estimates Community . American . Accessed 2 Sept. 2020. 2Sept. . Accessed . Accessed 22 May 2020. May 22 . Accessed : Arte Arte Movement. Rights Civil American Mexican the of History The https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/zoot- . 2 nd ed., Indiana UP, 1992. Indiana ed., [Mexico City ] (March 1979): ](March 7-16. City [Mexico . Garland, . Garland, . . . . Simón Treviño Treviño es Tovar Telles Ruiz Racho Portillo Portillo Ortiz , José Luis. Personal interview, 12 July 1997. 12 July interview, Personal Luis. , José , Laura Angélica. Personal interview, 2 June 1999. 2June interview, Personal Angélica. , Laura 18 2019. Jan. interview, Personal , Luis. , Ray. Personal interview, 24 May 2014. May 24 interview, , Ray. Personal , Susan. Personal interview, 3 Mar. 2014. 3Mar. interview, Personal , Susan. , Joseph. Personal interview.21 May 2014. May interview.21 Personal , Joseph. , Jesús Salvador. Personal interview, 14 2020. Sept. interview, Personal Salvador. , Jesús 31 2020. Aug. interview, Personal Salvador. , Jesús , Lourdes. Personal interview, 11 2020. interview, Sept. Personal , Lourdes. 19 2019. Dec. interview, Personal , Lourdes.

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