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Comparing the Dimensions of Canine Tooth in Different Species B

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Comparing the Dimensions of Canine Tooth in Different Species B Research Article Comparing the dimensions of canine tooth in different species B. V. M. Anirudh1, K. Yuvaraj Babu1*, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj2 ABSTRACT Introduction: In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth are known as cuspid. In case of dog teeth and fangs or within the case of maxilla it’s known as eye teeth that is comparatively long and pointed teeth. In some species, they seem to be flattened which cause them to appear like incisors and lead them to make incisiform (resembling an incisor). They are totally developed and are primarily used for firmly holding the food so as to tear it apart; they additionally may use it as weapons. They are truly the largest teeth in a mammal’s mouth. Most species that develop them ordinarily have four per mammal, 2 canines within the maxilla, and 2 canines within the lower jaw; they are separated by incisors inside each jaw. The aim of this review is to compare and analyze the differences in dimensions of canine tooth in different species. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 articles were identified through the database searches. An additional 5 articles were identified through a recent HTA publication. After removal of duplicates, non-English publications and unrelated articles a total of 48 articles were taken into consideration, and the review was done. Results: The length of canine tooth, skull length, and length of canine crown for each specimen was tabulated. The tiger had the largest canine length (56.1 mm). Lion has the biggest skull of 302.00 mm. Humans have got 31.7 mm canine length and crown length of 10 mm. Cheetah has got 30.13 mm canine length. Conclusion: The current study presents that the canines have a lot of variations in shapes and sizes. The change in size and shape of canine occurring due to evolution depends on the changes of dietary habit. KEY WORDS: Canine, Canine crown length, canine length, Carnivores, Sabretooth, Skull length INTRODUCTION In most species, canines are the most anterior - most teeth within the jaw bone. In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth are known as cuspid. In case of dog teeth and fangs or Many primate species show high sexual dimorphism within the case of maxilla it’s known as eye teeth within the canine teeth, with males possessing that is comparatively long and pointed teeth, but they larger canines than females.[1,2] The canines were seem to be flattened which cause them to appear like typically playing an important role in the task in the incisors and lead them to make incisiform (resembling food process.[3,4] In several species, the canine teeth an incisor). serve a primary function used as weapons in intra- sexual conflicts, and therefore evolve under sexual Their primary use is to firmly hold and tear the food, selection.[5,6] They found a powerful relationship and it may use as weapons. They are truly the largest between male canine size and reproductive success teeth in a mammal’s mouth. Most species that develop in mandrills: Males that successfully sired offspring them ordinarily have four per mammal, 2 canines had longer canines than males that did not, and within the maxilla, and 2 canines within the lower solely males with canines larger than a threshold jaw; they are separated by incisors inside each jaw. length were fathers. Further, the canines became shorter with age. In the case of mandrills, male Access this article online baboons are a decent system for understanding the relationships between canine length, age, and social Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0975-7619 dominance rank.[7,8] 1Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author: K. Yuvaraj Babu, Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: +91-9840210597. E-mail: [email protected] Received on: 23-05-2018; Revised on: 27-06-2018; Accepted on: 30-07-2018 Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Special Issue 3 • 2018 3311 B. V. M. Anirudh, et al. The elongated upper canines of sabre-toothed MATERIALS AND METHODS carnivores show a classic example of an extremely specialized morphological attribute which has evolved A total of 70 articles were identified through the repeatedly within the past, however, the function of database searches. An additional 5 articles were which is still not absolutely understood due to a scarcity identified through a recent HTA publication. After of close analogs in living species. This morph type has removal of duplicates, non-English publications and unrelated articles a total of 48 articles were taken into appeared in many classes such as nimravids, moreover, consideration, and the review was done. as another carnivorous placental, marsupials, and non- mammalian therapsids.[9,10] However, the hypertrophied sabre-toothed condition is barely approached RESULTS nowadays in mammalian carnivores by clouded The length of canine tooth, skull length, and length leopards (Neofelis), with different living felids having of canine crown for each specimen was collected and shorter, conical-shaped higher canines. Among extinct tabulated in the form of a tabular column [Table 1].[17-45] mammalian carnivores, canines play a very important role in prey-killing behavior and show considerable DISCUSSION variability related to variation in prey resource base and presence/absence of ecological competitors.[11] From the collected data, we recorded the canine Sabretooth skeletal and dental morphology suggests a length, crown length of canine, and the skull length hypercarnivorous habit (i.e., >70% vertebrate prey) in of each animal. Lion has the biggest skull of 302.00 mm. In the non sabre-toothed category, tiger has got step with the requirement for well-developed anterior the longest canine crown length (56.1 mm), in the dentition,[10,12-14] however, the extremely exaggerated sabretooth category Smilodon fatalis (141.5 mm). morphology of sabre-toothed canines might have served Homo sapiens canine length is 31.7 mm. Oncilla an additional or alternative function. The evolution of has got the smallest canine crown length (4.24 mm). “bizarre” morphological structures is usually related Smilodon fatalis (141.50 cm) has got the longest to sexual choice, where they will represent ornaments canine but is a sabretooth which became extinct. to draw in mates (intersexual selection) or weapons to Humans got the smallest crown length (10 mm). combat rivals (intersexual selection).[15,16] The aim of this study is to compare and analyze the differences in The upper canines of sabretooths might have dimensions of canine tooth in different species. differentiated in size to allow optimal capture of various Table 1: Length of skull, canine, and canine crown of different animal species Family Specimen Category* Skull Canine Canine crown length (mm) length (mm) height (mm) Felidae: Felinae Wild cat NS 92.47 12.56 4.87 Felidae: Felinae Geoffroy’s cat NS 94.20 13.60 5.79 Felidae: Felinae Marbled cat NS 89.80 13.90 5.92 Felidae: Felinae Leopard cat NS 82.50 11.10 4.49 Felidae: Felinae Sunda clouded leopard NS 146.10 35.10 10.93 Felidae: Felinae Bobcat NS 108.89 12.85 6.47 Felidae: Felinae Eurasian lynx NS 129.40 22.60 9.47 Felidae: Felinae Margay NS 82.41 10.89 5.65 Felidae: Felinae Ocelot NS 126.90 18.40 8.75 Felidae: Felinae Oncilla NS 84.10 10.30 4.24 Felidae: Felinae Clouded leopard NS 167.40 36.31 12.56 Felidae: Felinae Caracal NS 110.92 14.79 6.91 Felidae: Felinae Snow leopard NS 156.85 23.82 10.74 Felidae: Felinae Cougar NS 178.70 29.20 12.19 Felidae: Felinae Cheetah NS 159.30 30.13 14.79 Felidae: Felinae Jaguar NS 224.50 43.50 15.07 Felidae: Felinae Leopard NS 191.90 37.00 13.94 Felidae: Felinae Lion NS 302.00 49.00 23.09 Felidae: Felinae Tiger NS 273.70 56.10 23.93 Felidae: Machairodontinae Nimravides galiani S 245.00 52.05 24.60 Felidae: Machairodontinae Dinofelis barlowi S 239.40 51.50 24.38 Felidae: Machairodontinae Smilodon gracilis S 240.16 107.65 26.06 Felidae: Machairodontinae Smilodon fatalis S 289.30 141.50 44.26 Nimravidae Eusmilus sicarius S 210.86 104.95 31 Nimravidae Dinictis felina S 141.00 37.07 13.61 Nimravidae Nimravus gomphodus S 206.06 44.98 16.00 Barbourofelidae Barbourofelis morrisi S 207.49 88.51 26.18 Hominidae Human being M 220.00 31.7 10.0 Cercopithecidae Baboons M 230.00 28.5 10.2 Category*, NS: Non sabre-tooth, S: Sabre-tooth, M: Mammal 3312 Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Special Issue 3 • 2018 B. V. M. Anirudh, et al. prey species and reduce interspecies competition.[41,42] (Neofelis nebulosa) and Paramachairodus ogygia compared. J The evolution of many morphological characters has Mamm Evol 2008;15:155-79. 12. Meiri S, Dayan T, Simberloff D Variability and correlations in been formed by both natural selection and sexual carnivore crania and dentition. Funct Ecol 2005;19:337-43. selection.[43] These teeth are mainly stabbing weapons, 13. Simpson GG. The function of saber-like canines in carnivorous and pure stabbing demands that the motion transmitted mammals. Am Museum 1941;1130:1-12. to the head must not be backward. The unexplained 14. Andersson K, Norman D, Werdelin L. Sabretoothed carnivores and the killing of large prey. PLoS One 2011;6:e24971. variance in canine length of baboons no doubt resulted 15.
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