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2009

A New Clemens from Guatemala and Redescription of H. Iceryaeella (Riley) from the United States (: : Blastobasinae: Holcocerini): Two Congeners with Incidental Preference for Avocado

David Adamski Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, D.C., 20013- 7012, U.S.A., [email protected]

Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA, [email protected]

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Adamski, David and Hoddle, Mark, "A New Holcocera Clemens from Guatemala and Redescription of H. Iceryaeella (Riley) from the United States (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holcocerini): Two Congeners with Incidental Preference for Avocado" (2009). USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory. 50. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda/50

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 111(1), 2009, pp. 254–262

A NEW HOLCOCERA CLEMENS FROM GUATEMALA AND REDESCRIPTION OF H. ICERYAEELLA (RILEY) FROM THE UNITED STATES (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE: BLASTOBASINAE: HOLCOCERINI): TWO CONGENERS WITH INCIDENTAL PREFERENCE FOR AVOCADO

DAVID ADAMSKI AND MARK HODDLE

(DA) Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, NHB - E523, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (MH) Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract.—Two of Holcocera Clemens (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holcocerini) are known to feed on Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae), but their frequency of infestation appears low. One species, Holcocera plagatola,n.sp., from Guatemala, is described herein. Holcocera iceryaeella (Riley) is known only from California and has been recorded on many different host ; it is also known to be a predator of immature Hemiptera and scale . Photographs of the imagos of both Holcocera species are included, in addition to illustrations of the male and female genitalia. We comment on host preferences for both species. Key Words: avocado, fruit, Histura, horticulture, Neotropics, opportunist, Persea, predator, catenifer,

Holcocera is represented by about 70 Several host relationships are known species worldwide (Adamski 1996; for the . For example, larvae of Adamski 2002a, b); its center of diversity Holcocera gigantella Chambers and H. is in the New World tropics. The genus is paradoxa Powell feed on seeds and pods characterized by having the ventrolateral of Yucca spp. (Liliaceae) (Chambers margins of the gnathos fused with the 1876, Powell and Mackie 1966, Powell tegumen, having an aedeagus with a 1976); H. chalcofrontella Clemens feed multisetose anellus, and having the apex on the seeds of Rhus sp. (Anacardiaceae) of the proximal flange of the valva (Dietz 1910); H. panurgella Heinrich feed rounded or pointed. Although many on the seeds of pine (Pinaceae) (Heinrich undescribed Holcocera are represented 1920); H. immaculella (McDunnough) on in major institutional and private collec- seeds of spruce (Pinaceae) (Prentice 1965, tions, many additional species undoubt- Kinzer 1976); and several undescribed edly will be available for study through species (Adamski and Brown 1989) are future efforts of collectors, especially in associated with plants within the Faga- tropical regions worldwide. ceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Salicaceae, and Polyporaceae (a fungus). In addi- tion, several species of Holcocera are * Accepted by David R. Smith opportunists and/or predators, feeding VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 255 on scales and aphids, while some species sected as described by Clarke (1941), are either gall inducers or secondarily except mercurochrome and chlorazol associated with galls (Powell 1976, 1980; black were used as stains. The Methuen Powell et al. 1999). Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and During this study on pests of Hass Wanscher 1978) was used as a color avocado, Persea americana Miller (Laur- standard for the description of the adult aceae), in Guatemala, several species of color pattern. Type specimens from this Lepidoptera were collected from fruits. study are deposited in The National Among these was a new Holcocera Museum of Natural History, Smithso- (Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holco- nian Institution, Washington, D.C. cerini) whose larvae were observed feed- (USNM), and The Entomological Re- ing within the pulp of fruits picked from search Museum, University of California a commercial orchard that was treated at Riverside (UCR). Authorship of the monthly with one of two broad-spectrum new species is attributed to Adamski. insecticides, malathion or endosulfan. Another species of Holcocera from Cal- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ifornia, H. iceryaeella (Riley), also is Holcocera plagatola Adamski, known to feed on avocado as well as on new species several other phytophagous hosts, in- (Figs. 1, 7–8, 11) cluding immature Homoptera and scale insects. The purpose of this study is: 1) to Diagnosis.—Holcocera plagatola is make known to science a new species of similar to two congeners from Costa Holcocera from Guatemala, 2) document Rica, H. aclydis Adamski and H. bucinae that an allied species of Holcocera is Adamski, by sharing a forewing pattern known also to feed on avocado, and 3) that includes surface of veins demarcated characterize the feeding preferences for with dark-brown scales forming longitu- both species from known hosts. dinal streaks, and a basal area distally demarcated by 3–4 rows of arched scales, MATERIALS AND METHODS forming a narrowly convex band. These were reared from Hass avoca- three species can be distinguished only by dos picked from commercial trees in dissection and examination of the geni- Guatemala, i.e., these fruits were not talia. The male genitalia of Holcocera from the ground. Fruit came from trees plagatola differ from those of H. aclydis that showed visual signs of feeding by having a rounded median lobe of the damage characterized by the presence proximal flange and a less abruptly of frass at entrances of larval tunnels on curved sclerite of the aedeagus. The male the surface of the fruit. We examined genitalia of Holcocera plagatola differ 6,740 avocados from two of 22 collecting from those of H. bucinae by having the sites for Lepidoptera and reared only median lobe of the gnathos at least twice two specimens of Holcocera. Host data as wide and more deeply notched. The for Holcocera iceryaeella are from spec- female genitalia of Holcocera plagatola imens reared by Jerry Powell (rearing #’s differ from those of H. aclydis by having within brackets) and/or reliable literature a more widely notched anterior margin references (within parentheses). of the eighth sternum and a more Gross morphological observations of broadly rounded posterior margin of the adult specimens and measurements the seventh sternum. The female of of the wings were made using a dissecting Holcocera bucinae is unknown. microscope (reflected light) with a cali- Description.—Head: Vertex and fron- brated micrometer. Genitalia were dis- toclypeus grayish brown; scape and 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Figs. 1–6. Adults of Holcocera spp. 1, H. plagatola, paratype. 2–6, H. iceryaeella. VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 257

Figs. 7–10. Male genitalia of Holcocera spp. 7–8, H. plagatola. 7, Genital capsule. 8, Aedeagus–anellus complex. 9–10, H. iceryaeella. 9, Genital capsule. 10, Aedeagus–anellus complex. flagellum of antenna grayish brown, with basal 1/4 brown, distal 3/4 grayish pecten brown; first flagellomere in male brown. Legs brownish gray. Forewing widened laterally, at least twice the width (Fig. 1) length 9.5–9.7 mm (n 5 2), of second flagellomere, forming a notch- grayish brown intermixed with few like space; inner surface of first flagello- dark-brown scales; surface of veins mere with piliform sex scales; first demarcated with dark-brown scales, flagellomere unmodified in female; outer forming longitudinal streaks; basal area and inner surfaces of labial palpus with pale brown with a straight and narrow segment-1 and distal 3/4 of segment-2 crossband of shiny, arched, dark-brown brown; distal 1/4 of segment-2 and scales. Undersurface brown. Hindwing segment-3 grayish brown; proboscis translucent brown basally, gradually brown. Thorax: Tegula and mesonotum darkening to apex. Abdomen: Terga 2–7 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

with apical 1/3 produced into a broadly curved spinelike process; inner surface of ventral margin curled inwardly, partially overlying ventral portion of proximal flange; proximal flange with a large, setose median lobe, confluent with a broadly curved dorsal arm, extending dorsoposteriorly to point of articulation between tegumen and vinculum; juxta subrectangular, distally fused with a conical and setose anellus (5 distal support of aedeagus); aedeagus abruptly curved basally; sclerite of aedeagus slightly coiled; portion of vesica micro- trichiate. Female genitalia (Fig. 11) with ovipositor telescopic, with three mem- branous subdivisions; papillae anales elongate, setose; apophyses posteriores elongate, extending from base of papillae anales to slightly beyond posterior mar- gin of seventh tergum; apophyses ante- riores shorter, extending from postero- lateral margin of eighth tergum to near posterior part of seventh segment; ante- rior margin of eighth sternum broadly emarginate near ostium; antrum spicu- late; inception of ductus seminalis from a bulbous base slightly beyond posterior margin of seventh tergum; posterior margin of seventh sternum broadly rounded and anterior to straight poste- Figs. 11–12. Female genitalia of Holcocera spp. rior margin of seventh tergum; postero- 11, H. plagatola. 12, H. iceryaeella. lateral arms of seventh tergum slightly curled around to venter; ductus bursae at with 3–4 irregular rows of spinelike setae least 3 times as long as corpus bursae, in male; terga 2–6 with irregular rows of membranous, densely spiculate to near spinelike setae in female. Male genitalia inception of corpus bursae; corpus bur- (Figs. 7–8) with uncus wide basally, sae ovate, spiculate, bearing a spiculate, gradually narrowing to apex, pointed platelike signum. posteroventrally, ventrally keeled, setose; Material examined.—Holotype -, gnathos weakly fused with tegumen, with ‘‘GUAT[EMALA]: Solola Pr[ovince], a deeply emarginate median lobe, pro- San Lucas Toliman, nr. Santiago Ati- duced posterolaterally into elongate, tlan, 1585 m, 14u379310N, 91u89430W, ex. slightly curved arms and ventroante- Avocado fruit, xii-2006-iii-2007, M. & C. riorly into very short recurved arms; Hoddle’’; ‘‘- Genitalia slide by D. vinculum narrow; valva deeply dissected Adamski, USNM 83293’’ [green label]. distally, forming a digitate upper part Pupal exuvium is glued to a small paper and a broad lower part; upper part card attached to pin. Deposited in slightly membranous, setose; lower part USNM. VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 259

Paratype: 1 U, ‘‘GUAT[EMALA]: or space between the first and second Sacatepequez or Escuintla or Solola flagellomeres of the antenna in the male Pr[ovince], various localities & dates and a longer and more slender sclerite of reared from avocado fruit, xii-2006-iii- the aedeagus, and by lacking a sclerite [20]07, M. Hoddle’’; ‘‘Univ[ersity] of near the posterior end of the corpus Calif[ornia] at Riverside, Ent[omologi- bursae in the female. cal] Res[search] Museum, UCRCENT Redescription.—Head: Scales on ver- 160946’’; ‘‘U Genitalia Slide by D. tex and frontoclypeus narrow, brownish Adamski, No. 5777’’ [yellow label]. Pu- gray, tipped with pale brownish gray, or pal exuvium is glued to a small paper pale brownish gray; marginal scales of card attached to pin. Deposited in UCR. frontoclypeus together with pecten on Distribution.—Known only from scape of antenna entirely covering eye; Guatemala. scape brownish gray intermixed with Host.—Avocado fruit, Persea ameri- white; flagellum pale gray, with more cana Mill. (Lauraceae). Larvae were cilia in male; first flagellomere widened found feeding in the fruit pulp surround- basally, forming a flattened lobe with a ing the seed and possibly the seed itself. dense cluster of piliform sex scales on An opening of a tunnel containing a inner surface in male; outer surface of was conspicuous owing to the labial palpus brownish gray or pale presence of accumulated frass on the brownish gray intermixed with white, surface of the infested fruit. and with white along apical margin; Remarks.—Other species of Lepidop- inner surface as above but paler; pro- tera reared from avocados collected at boscis pale brownish gray. Thorax: the same sites as Holcocera plagatola Tegula and mesonotum brownish gray were four , Amorbia sp. (Tor- intermixed with pale brownish-gray tricinae: Sparganothini), Netechma pyr- scales or brownish gray on basal 1/3– rhodelta (Meyrick) (Tortricinae: Euliini), 1/2, pale brownish gray on 1/2–2/3. Cryptaspasma sp. (Olethreutinae), an Foreleg brownish gray with pale brown- ish-gray scales and/or white scales along undescribed species of Histuroides (Chli- apical margin of tibia and tarsomeres; danotinae: ); one gelechioid, mid- and hindleg brownish gray inter- Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Elachis- mixed with pale brownish-gray scales tidae: Stenomatinae); and two species of and/or white scales near middle of , Euxoa sorella Schaus (Agro- segments and along apical margin of tini) and triplex Walker tibia and tarsomeres (some specimens (: Leuconyctini). with hindleg paler than fore- and mid- Etymology.—The species epithet, pla- legs). Forewing (Figs. 2–6) length 9.8– gatola, is derived from the Latin, plaga- 14.1 mm (n 5 102), brownish gray tus, meaning streaked, and refers to the intermixed with pale-gray and few white dark streaks of the forewing pattern. scales or white intermixed with gray and pale-gray scales; basal area darker than Holcocera iceryaeella (Riley 1887) or concolorous with adjacent area prox- (Figs. 2–6, 9–10, 12) imal to submedian fascia; submedian Diagnosis.—Holcocera iceryaeella is fascia incomplete; a narrow costal band similar in wing pattern to several unde- and large midcell spot coalescent or scribed Meyrick (Blastoba- separate, not extending to posterior sinae: Holcocerini) from southwestern margin; often with an oblique streak United States, but it can be distinguished originating from costal margin of basal from the latter by having a smaller notch area extending to an area (behind costal 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON band) along posterior margin; two large sternum broadly emarginate near osti- spots near end of cell separate or um; antrum microspiculate; posterior coalescent with tornal spot, forming a margin of seventh sternum slightly emar- single elongate marking, or posterior ginate medially; posterolateral arms of spot near end of cell coalescent with seventh tergum slightly curled around to tornal spot forming and short streak venter; ductus bursae about as long as posterior to single spot near end of cell; corpus bursae, gradually widening and marginal spots separate, coalescent, or increasingly spiculate slightly anterior to absent. Hindwing translucent on basal seventh segment; inception of ductus half, gradually darkening to margin. seminalis anterior to seventh segment; Undersurface brownish gray. Specimens corpus bursae slightly dilated on side of with more white, gray, or pale gray anterior end occupied by signum; signum ground color may have more prominent large, platelike, spinulate, with a slightly markings or tend to have pale or sunken, transverse, median furrow. partially obliterated markings (Figs. 2– Distribution.—Known only from Cal- 6). Abdomen: Three transverse, irregular ifornia. It is found throughout most of rows of spinelike setae on posterior part the coastal counties and a narrow region of terga 2–7 in male, and 3 transverse, from the San Francisco Bay area north- irregular rows of spinelike setae on east to the central Sierra Nevada Moun- posterior part of terga 2–6 in female. tains. Holcocera iceryaeella is known to Male genitalia (Figs. 9–10) with uncus occur in: Alameda, Butte, Contra Costa, wide basally, gradually narrowing to El Dorado, Humboldt, Los Angeles, apex, ventrally keeled, setose; gnathos Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Orange, weakly fused with tegumen, median lobe Placer, Sacramento, San Diego, San wide, entire, produced posterolaterally Francisco, San Mateo, San Luis Obispo, into straight, elongate arms; vinculum Santa Barbara, and Sonoma counties. narrow; valva deeply dissected distally, hosts.—Agavaceae: Yucca whip- forming a digitate upper part and a plei (Torr.) Trel. [pods]; Cupressaceae: broad lower part; upper part slightly Juniper sp. with Epinotia sp. (Tortrici- membranous, setose, nearly as wide as dae) [JAP Lot 63D22: Larva collected in lower part; lower part with inner surface foliage with larvae of Argyrotaenia sp. of ventral margin slightly curled inward- (Tortricidae)]; Sequoia sempervirens (D. ly; apical 1/3 produced into an abruptly Don.) Endl. [JAP Lot 74B7]: [larva curved spinelike process; proximal flange found in foliage]; Fagaceae: Quercus with a large, setose median lobe; juxta agrifolia Nee [JAP Lot 68D51]: Twig subquadrate, distally fused with an samples, taken from upper part of tree, elongate and setose anellus; aedeagus were infested with 3 spp. of tortricids and slightly curved; sclerite of aedeagus chrysopyla (Keifer) (Gelechii- slightly curved, forming a ring support dae)], [JAP Lot 68D71–75: larvae were at base. Female genitalia (Fig. 12) with collected by beating foliage]; Q. lobata ovipositor telescopic, with three mem- Nee; Lauraceae: Persea americana Mill.; branous subdivisions; papillae anales Leguminosae: roots of Medicago arborea elongate, setose pads; apophyses poster- L.; Moraceae: Ficus sp., dried fruits; iores elongate, extending from base of Pinaceae: Abies concolor (Gordon & papillae anales to slightly beyond ostium; Glend.) Lindl. Ex Hildebr. [JAP Lot apophyses anteriores shorter, extending 79F31: Larvae feeding in bracts and axils from posterolateral margin of eighth of two new growth shoots]; Pinus radiata tergum to near midlength of seventh D. Don [JAP Lot 80C3.2: Pine branches segment; anterior margin of seventh with a large quantity of silk and remains VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 261 of staminate cones and foliage infested Although no other host is known for the by Chionodes nitor Hodges, Coleotech- latter species, it conceivably could be nites sp. () and Epinotia sp. found to be an opportunistic organism (Tortricidae)]; Polygonaceae: Eriogonum like H. iceryaeella. parvifilium Sm. [JAP Lot 74C10: Clumps of webbing in foilage infested by Tor- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ipalpus trabalis (), Chionodes Funding for this work came in part dammersi (Keifer), and paraplu- from the California Avocado Commis- tella (Busck), (Gelechiidae)]; Polypora- sion. We thank Richard and Eugenia ceae: Polyporus hirsutus (Wulfen) [a West and DurWest Farms for providing series of larvae collected from fungi on invaluable help with logistics and plan- a willow stump (Powell, per. comm.)]; ning while in Guatemala; Peter Frank Rosaceae: Heteromeles arbutifolia M. and members of Anaguacate for assis- Roem. [JAP Lot 79C3: A single larva tance with the location of field sites; was found in debris under an abandoned Hector Leal for unlimited access to Finca cocoon of Sabulodes sp. (Geometridae), San Miguel Urias; Christina Hoddle who in foliage infested by sp. assisted with all field collections of (Gelechiidae)]; Prunus fruit, trash of ,7,000 avocado fruits, processing of ex- Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb; Ruta- tracted seeds, and cataloguing of speci- ceae: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, (Basin- mens reared from fruit pulp and seeds; ger 1924, 1927a, b, 1928, 1936, 1938; John W. Brown, Systematic Entomology Basinger and Boyce 1935; Ryan 1934; Laboratory, USDA, c/o National Muse- Swain and Buckner 1935; Woglum um of Natural History, Smithsonian 1935a, b). Institution, Washington, DC, who pro- hosts.—Diaspididae: Lepido- vided identifications of Tortricidae, and saphes camelliae Hoke; Margarididae: Michael Pogue of the same laboratory, Icerya purchasi Maskell; Lecanium persi- who provided the identifications of cae (Fabr.) (Essig 1916, Riley 1887); Noctuidae; Jerry A. Powell, Essig Muse- Planococcus citri (Risso); Pseudococci- um of Entomology, University of Cali- dae: Pseudococcus sp. fornia, Berkeley, for providing host information from his host database; DISCUSSION John S. Steiner, Center for Scientific Holcocera iceryaeella appears to be an Imaging and Photography, Smithsonian opportunist, able to feed on live or Institution, Washington, DC, for the decaying plant tissue or as a predator on images of the adult moths and plate gregarious Hemiptera. Powell has reared production; and Mary Crooks from this many times (J. Powell, per. Dunedin, New Zealand, for the fine comm.), and it appears that larvae of H. illustrations of the male and female iceryaeella seem to feed in foliage infested genitalia of the species treated herein. by other insects, often larvae (J. Powell, per. comm.). In California, larvae LITERATURE CITED of this moth have been observed feeding Adamski, D. 1996. An annotated list of North in the fruit pulp of avocados, and it American Blastobasinae (Lepidoptera: Gele- became a serious of Valencia Orang- chioidea: Coleophoridae). Proceedings of the es in the late 1920s and early 1930s in Entomological Society of Washington 98(4): California (see above references by Ba- 708–740. ———. 2002a. Holcocerini of Costa Rica (Lepi- singer, Ryan, and Woglum). Similarly, doptera: : Coleophoridae: Blasto- avocado appears to be an incidental host basinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Soci- for Holcocera plagatola in Guatemala. ety of Washington, No. 24, 147 pp. 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

———. 2002b. A synopsis of described Neotrop- Kinzer, H. G. 1976. A synoptic list of insects ical Blastobasinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: associated with seeds and cones of New Coleophoridae). Thomas Say Publications in Mexico conifers. University of New Mexico Entomology, Monographs. John W. Brown Agriculture Experiment Station Research Re- (ed.), Entomological Society of America, port 311: 1–6. 150 pp. Koenerup, A. and J. H. Wanschner. 1978. Adamski, D. and R. L. Brown. 1989. Morphology Metheun Handbook of Colour. 2nd ed. and Systematics of North American Blastoba- Methuen and Co., Ltd., London. 234 pp. sidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Mississippi Powell, J. A. 1976. The giant blastobasid moths of Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station Yucca (Gelechioidea). Journal of the Lepidop- Technical Bulletin 165, Mississippi Entomo- terists’ Society 30: 219–229. logical Museum no. 1. 70 pp. ———. 1980. Evolution of larval food preferences Basinger, A. J. 1924. A supposedly beneficial insect in . Annual Review of Ento- discovered to be a citrus pest. Journal of mology 25: 133–59. Economic Entomology 17(6): 637–639. Powell, J. A. and R. A. Mackie. 1966. Biological ———. 1927a. Field key to separate two of the interrelationships of moths and Yucca whipplei most important orange worms. The California (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, , Pro- Citrograph 12(3): 107. doxidae). University of California Publications ———. 1927b. Summary of orange worm investi- in Entomology 42: 1–46. gations. The California Citrograph 12(9): 342. Powell, J. A., C. Mitter, and B. Farrell. 1999. ———. 1928. Orange worms in relation to Evolution of larval food preferences in Lepi- Valencia Oranges. Citrus Leaves 8(2): 1–2, 30. doptera, pp. 403–422. In Kristensen, N. P., ed. Basinger, A. J. and A. M. Boyce. 1935. Prompt Handbuck der Zoologie, Lepidoptera, part 1, treatment necessary for Holcocera control. Vol. 35. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New Citrus Leaves 15(9): 7–9. York. 494 pp. Basinger, A. J. 1936. Orange worms in California Prentice, R. M. 1965. Forest Lepidoptera of and their control. Journal of Economic Ento- Canada recorded by the Forest Insect Survey. mology 29(1): 161–168. ———. 1938. The orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia Vol. 4. Microlepidoptera. Department of For- citrana. Hilgardia 11(11): 635–669. estry Canada 1142: 545–840. Chambers, V. T. 1876. Tineina. Canadian Ento- Riley, C. V. 1887. Miscellaneous Insects. The mologist 8: 217–220. cottony cushion-scale, (Icerya purchasi Mas- Clarke, J. F. G. 1941. The preparation of slides of kell.). Natural Enemies, pp. 484–487. In, the genitalia of Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the Report of the Entomologist. Report of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 36: 149–161. Commissioner of Agriculture for the year Dietz, W. G. 1910. Revision of the Blastobasidae of 1886: 459–592. North America. Transactions of the American Ryan, H. J. 1934. Annual Report of the Agricul- Entomological Society 36: 1–72. tural Commissioner - County of Los Angeles Essig, E. O. 1916. A coccid-feeding moth, Holco- for the Year Ending June 30, 1934. pp. 1–50. cera iceryaeella (Riley), ( iceryaeella Swain, A. F. and R. P. Buckner. 1935. Control of Riley). Journal of Economic Entomology 9(3): orange worms. The California Citrograph 369–370. 20(5): 144–147. Heinrich, C. 1920. On some forest Lepidoptera Woglum, R. S. 1935a. Orange worm control. The with descriptions of new species, larvae, and Exchange, Pest Control Circular No. 8: 1–3. pupae. Proceedings of the United States ———. 1935b. Orange worm control. The Cali- National Museum 57: 53–96. fornia Citrograph 20(11): 366.