This document has been scanned from hard-copy archives for research and study purposes. Please note not all information may be current. We have tried, in preparing this copy, to make the content accessible to the widest possible audience but in some cases we recognise that the automatic text recognition maybe inadequate and we apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 2

POTENTIAL BIOTA OF EDEN FOREST STREAMS

BY

D.W. EDWARDS

FORESTRY COMMISSION OF NEW SOUTH WALES POTENTIAL BIOTA OF EDEN FOREST STREAMS

By

D. W. Edwards

WOOD TECHNOLOGY AND FOREST RESEARCH DIVISION, FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N.S.W. 1989 Forest Resources Series No.2

Published by:

Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Wood Technology and Forest Research, 27 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2120 PO. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119 Australia

Copyright © 1989 Forestry Commission of New South Wales

ODC 120 (944) ISSN 1033-1220 ISBN 0 7305 7702 2 - i - Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

SUMMARy 1

INTRODUCTION 1

POTENTIAL AQUATIC BIOTA 2

1. Aquatic andAquatic-associatedAngiosperms Recorded for the South 3 Coast and Southern Highlands Regions ofNew South Wales (Tables 2 and 3).

2. Aquatic andAquatic-associated Ferns and FernAllies in New South Wales 3 (Table 4).

3. Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Mosses ofNew South Wales 3 (Table 5).

4. Potential Freshwater Molluscs ofthe Eden Forestry Region excluding Estuarine and 3 Tidal Waters (Table 6).

5. Freshwater Fish which may occur in the Eden Forestry Region 4 (Table 7).

6. PotentialAmphibian Taxa ofthe Eden Forestry Region 4 (Table 8).

7. Reptiles associated with Aquatic Environments in South-Eastern New South Wales 4 (Table 9).

8. PotentialAvian Components ofthe Riverine Biota ofthe Eden Forestry Region 4 (Table 10).

9. Aquatic and Aquatic associated Mammals ofSouth Coast and Southern Highland 4 Regions ofNew South Wales (Table 11).

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - ii - Eden Forest Streams

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Potential aquatic and aquatic-margin biota of the Eden Forestry Region 2

Table 2. Aquatic and aquatic-associated angiosperms recorded for the Eden Forestry Region 5 of New South Wales.

Table 3. Potential semi-aquatic components of the angiosperm flora of the Eden Forestry 15 Region listed in Eden Draft E.I.S. (1986) but not in Sainty and Jacobs (1981). Families are listed in alphabetical order to facilitate comparison with the Harris-Daishowa (1986) report.

Table 4. Ferns and fern allies recorded from New South Wales in or ne.ar aquatic 20 environments. The order in the Table follows the sequence given in Deadle et.al. (1972) which is a widely used and comprehensive account of much of the New South Wales flora.

Table 5. Potential aquatic moss biota of the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families 26 follows Scott et al. (1976) but, for convenience, is divided into three broad types of ecosystems.

Table 6. Potential freshwater molluscs of the Eden Forestry Region excluding estuaries and 30 tidal waters. The order of Families follows Smith and Kershue (1979).

Table 7. Potential freshwater fishes of the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families 32 follows Lake (1971).

Table 8. Amphibia likely to be associated with aquatic environments of the Eden Forestry 34 Region. The order of Families follows Cogger (1975).

Table 9. Reptilian taxa associated with fresh waters and likely to occur in the Eden Forestry 36 Region. The order of Families follows Cogger (1975).

Table 10. Potential avian components of the Eden Forestry Region aquatic environment. 37 The order of Families follows Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds (1986).

Table 11. Mammals assoicated with aquatic environments in the Eden Forestry Region .42

Table 12. Potential aquatic biota of the Eden Forestry Region not in previous lists .43

REFERENCES 46

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 1 - Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

SUMMARY

Potential flora and fauna species of the Eden Forestry Region in or associated with bodies of freshwater have been listed as an aid to forest management. This Information has been derived from a survey of literature.

Taxa include angtosperms, ferns and fern allies. mosses. molluscs. fish. amphfbia, reptiles. birds and mammals. Briefnotes have been provided on other important groups.

INTRODUCTION

To assist the long term management offorests in the Eden Forestry Region of New South Wales. assessment of the aquatic biota of its catchments is desirable. A series of lists drawn from published sources of plant and animal species. either recorded from the area. or which may be expected to be found there. has been prepared.

The lists are intended as a guide to which taxa should be looked for in field surveys but are riot a substitute for such collections.

The bases for the lists are one or more of the following:-

1. Recent published lists for the Region.

2. Species or genera in such lists are dependent upon. or show preference for aquatic or aquatic-margin habitats.

3. The taxon is known to occur in or nearAustralian fresh waters from published records and its presence in the Region should be determined. The test was a reasonable likelihood that it would be found. e.g. it has been found in similar habitats in south-eastern Australia.

For many groups of Australian aquatic biota little useful scientific Information is available about the species present. their habitats and their roles in aquatic ecology. Thus some groups are identified only to family or genera whilst for others such as plants. mammals. reptiles. birds and fish it has been possible to give specific names.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 2- Eden Forest Streams

POTENTIAL AQUATIC BIOTA

Table 1 lists the major life forms of aquatic and aquatic-margin environments likely to be encountered in the Eden Forestry Region.

Table 1. Potential aquatic and aquatic-margin biota ofthe Eden Forestry Region.

TERRESTRIAL AND/OR AQUATIC AQUATIC

Angiosperms (2 & 3)* Mollusca (mussels. snails) (6) Ferns and Fern Allies (4) Fish (7) Mosses (5) Algae (12) Amphibia (8) Protozoa (12) Reptilia (9) Porifera(sponges) (12) Birds (10) Cnidaria (Hydra) (12) Mammals (11) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (12) Fungi (12) Nemertea (proboscis worms) (12) Bacteria (12) Nematoda (roundworms) (12) Insecta (12) Nematomorpha (gordtan worms) (12) Rotifera (wheel bearers) (12) Gastrotricha (12) Polyzoa (pipemoss) (12) Annelida (true worms) (12) Tardlgrada (bear animalcules) (12) Arachnida (mites. spiders) (12) Crustacea (12) Anostraca (fairy shrimps) Notostraca (tadpole shrimps) Cladocera (water fleas) Ostracoda (seed shrimps) Conchostraca (clam shrimps) Copepoda Branchuira (fish lice) Syncarida Isopoda Amphipoda (shrimps) Decapoda(crabs.crayfish

* Draft Eden E.r.S. (Harris-Daishowa, 1986). Numbers in brackets indicate the number of the following Table which provides full details of the particular biota.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 3- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

1. Aquatic andAquatic-AssociatedAngiospenns Recordedfor the South Coast and SouthemHighlandRegions ofNew South Wales (Tables 2 and 3)

Aquatic angtosperms are well documented for the Eden Forestry Region (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981) and Table 2 draws heavily on these authors. Supplementary information (Beadle et ol., 1972; Aston, 1977; Binns, 1987) has been incorporated where appropriate and all scientific names are up to date to 1981 (Jacobs and Pickard, 1981). This Table like others in the profile ofthe Eden aquatic biota is a basis for future studies and will need to be expanded as new information is acquired.

Appendix 8B of the Eden Draft E.I.S. (Harrts-Daishowa, 1986) lists a number of angiosperms not recognised as aquatic by Sainty and Jacobs (1981). These additional species have been checked against Aston (1977) and Beadle et al. (1972) to determine whether they were likely to occur in aquatic habitats (Table 3). Not all species listed in the Harrts-Daishowa E.I.S. (1986) were located so that further revision is needed.

Where possible the order of Families follows the sequence given in Beadle et al. (1972).

2. Aquatic andAquatic-associated Ferns and FemAllies in New South Wales (Table 4)

For the ferns and fern allies, four texts (Tindale, 1972; Jones and Clemsha, 1978; Clifford and Constantine, 1980; Duncan and Isaac, 1986) were 'compared with the Eden Draft EJ.S. (Harrts-Datshowa, 1986). This had led to the inclusion of species not reported from the Region in the E.I.S. but which may be found in the future.

3. Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Mosses ofNew South Wales (Table 5)

Information on aquatic and semi-aquatic mosses for the Eden Forestry Region has been inferred from records (Scott et ai., 1976) for south-easternAustralia. As such it is a less precise guide to potential local occurrences in the Eden Forestry Region than preceding lists.

4. Potential Freshwater Molluscs ofthe Eden Forestry Region excluding Estuarine and Tidal Waters (Table 6)

This list is based on Smith and Kershaw (1979), Williams (1980) and Walker (1981).

5. Freshwater Fish which may occur in the Eden Forestry Region (Table 7).

This list is based on Lake (1971), Recher et al. (1975), McDowall (1981), Llewellyn (1983) and Harris-Daishowa (1986).

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of -4- Eden Forest Streams

6. Potential AmphibianTaxa ojthe Eden Forestry Region (Table 8).

Species listed in Table 8 are confined to those associated with water bodies in the Region. Two sources, Cogger 1975 and Harris-Daishowa 1986, were used to compile Table 8.

Some species additional to the Eden Draft E.I.S. have been included because the description of Cogger (1978) suggests they may eventually be found in the region.

Cogger (1975) lists the Myobatrachidae as Leptodactylidae.

7. Reptiles associated with Aquatic Environments in South-Eastern New South Wales (Table 9).

As with other groups, the species listed show some habitat preferences for aquatic environments and are based on information in Cogger (1975) supplemented by the Eden Draft E.I.S. [Harrts-Daishowa, 1986).

8. Potential Avian Components ojthe Rioetine Biota ojthe Eden Forestry Region (Table 10).

This list is drawn from the Readers' Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds (1986) and follows the listing order of that text.

9. Aquatic and Aquatic associated Mammals ojSouth Coast and Southern Highland Regions ojNew South Wales (Table 11).

Several lists were used to compile Table 11 (Ride, 1970, Recher et al., 1980; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Australian Museum, 1983 and Harris-Datshowa, 1986). Only species with a reasonably close association with water have been included.

Mus musculus L. (house mouse) although present on occasions in plague numbers has been omitted since it is not aquatic and has a wide range of habitats.

10. Potential aquatic biota ojthe Eden Forestry Region not inprevious lists (Table 12).

Briefcomments are given in on groups of the aquatic biota not listed elswhere in this paper. The order followed is that of Table 1.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales ~ Table 2. Aquatic and aquatic-associated angtosperms recorded for the Eden Forestry Region of New South Wales. The order in the Table a follows the sequence given in Beadle et al. (1972) which is a widely used and comprehensive account of much of the New South Wales ~ flora. '< o o 3 3 TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE 0' o o' ;:, o PART 1. DICOTYLEDONS -z Cl) RANUNCULACEAE =: Cl) o Ranunculus inundatus river buttercup CfT Still to fast streams swamps, lakes, wetlands to 120 cm deep, damp ground. S. R. Br. ex DC. :T R. muricaius L. sharp buttercup CfT Damp places in disturbed areas. Minor introduced weed. ~ R. repensL. creeping buttercup CfT Creek banks, swamps, seepage, mainly in disturbed areas. Minor i6" o introduced weed. (B) R. tiuularis Banks and small river CfT Slow streams, swamps, creek bank mud, shallow water. Submerged or Soland. ex DC. buttercup emergent. (B) R. sceleratus. L. celery buttercup, T Damp places particularly in disturbed areas. Muddy shallow pools, lake > poison buttercup margins, drains. Poisonous to stock. May block drains. Introduced. Ul R. trichophyUus Chaix - T More or less permanent creeks and open areas of swamps. Submerged. Introduced.

BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Rortppo: nasturtium watercress T Margins of, or in still or slowly flowing drains, creeks and lakes. aquaticum (L.) Hayek Emergent up to 50 cm deep or growing in mud. Salad vegetable but I disease contamination possible. May block drains. Introduced. 0..," Cl) 0 -:0 CRASSULACEAE Cl) 0 m 0 Crassula helmsii (T. Kirk) swamp stonecrop, T In or on margins of still or slowly flowing water, usually less than 30 cm Q. e CI)"tl .., Cockayne swamp crassula deep. Useful competitive species for intermittent drains. ;:, 0 0 Cl) 0 o"co;:, .., Cl) 0!.Cl) ­-' ~.IELATINACEAE -Cl) -,ID ~ Elatine gratioloides A. Cunn. waterwort Margins of still or flowing water, swamps, lagoons, temporary ponds, -.., 0 GfT IIICl) III­ ? mud to 40 cm deep. 3 0 J\) 0- m"tl o CLO " (I) .... ~ :l (I) le. :l ODl" :!'. :n ... g:I Table 2 (cont.) (l)aJ- o le. _. e en2. ~ .... Dl (I) ~ 0 ~ITAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE Dl- (I) 3 ... UI ~. UI z PART 1. DICOYTLEDONS (cont.) ? N POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L. curled dock C/T Drains, swampy ground, ephemeral channels. Weed species. Introduced. Polygonum decipiens R.Br. slender knotweed C/T Creek and river banks, margins of swamps and lagoons. (**) P. lapathifolium L. pale knotweed C/T Swamps, lagoons, margins of creeks, rivers and billabongs. P. orientale L. Prince's feather C In or near swamps and creeks, often near disturbed areas.

LYTHRACEAE en Lythrum hyssopifolia L. hyssop loosestrife C/T Water margins, damp places to few cm deep. (** B) I L. salicarta L. purple loosestrife C/T Damp ground, small islands in streams. (** B)

0"... ONAGRACEAE (I) le.... Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) clove strip, water C Edges of lakes, streams. Common in permanent ponds and creeks. '< 0 Raven ssp. montevidensis primrose Obstructs channel flow. May cause gastroenteritis in cattle. 0 3 (Spreng.) Raven 3 iil' UI e)' HALORAGACEAE :l 0 Myriophyllum elatinoides coarse water T Still or slow fresh or slightly brackish water, mainly in creeks and z supply -(I) Gaudich. milfoil, cattail channels. May cause severe obstruction but seldom persists. ~ M. propinquum A. Cunn. common water C/T Still or slow fresh water, damp ground around lakes and swamps to 3 m en 0 s.lat. milfoil deep. Blocks small drains. Floating stems extend into deeper water. (B) e.... M. verrucosum Lindl. red water milfoil T Fresh or brackish water from few cm to to 4 m. Common in slow or still ::r waters fast moving water. Major weed of farm dams and supply ::E Dl channels. Taints water. (D UI "111Table 2 (cont.) 0.. Cl) III ~I- TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE 0 3 3 Cid PART 1. DICOYTLEDONS (cont.) III o' -~I CALLITRICHACEAE CaUitriche stagnalis Scop. common starwort C/T Shallow freshwater or mud to 1 m deep. Amphibious. Introduced. (B) !I (C. vema auct. non L.) 0e :r- :eIMYRTACEAE i' CaUistemon subulatus Cheel bottlebrush C/T Rocky stream beds. Restricted occurrence.

CASUARINACEAE I Casuartna cunning- river sheoak C/T Banks of fresh water streams. Bank stabilisation. (** B) I ..... hamiana Miq. ssp.cunninghamiana C. glauca Sieb. ex Spring. swamp sheoak C Saline areas near estuaries. Bank stabilisation. (B)

SALICACEAE . Salix babylonica L. weeping willow T Creek and river banks, seepage areas. Introduced. 0..." Cl) III APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) -::0 Cl) III Hydrocotyle bonariensts - C/T Sand, soil near coast. Can grow into water and survive floating and m 0 Q. C Lamk. submerged if still connected to shore. Soil stabiliser. Introduced. (B) Cl) "C ~' ... (") Lilaeopsis polyantha lilaeopsis T Fresh, brackish or saline water to 45 cm deep, or wet mud on margins of ::3 0 Cl) ,,- '. III o Cl) 11 (Gandoger) Hj. Eichler water bodies. (B) en ...Cl) a_. Cl) ... Sium latijolium L. var. broadleaf water C Creek banks, water bodies, drains. Obstructs flow. Introduced. III l» ,fl (ij' unvittatumJ.M. Black parsnip enlIJ- III -_. Cl)-... 0 z l» l» !=l 3 0 I\) 111- ." o 0.0m"O CD C'D~ - le. C'D~ .,,::!: :DI Table 2 (cont.) o III C'D .., - en C'DlIJ o en _. e.., -0en­ g'TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE _Ill en CD0 en III - C'D 3 .., en (6' en PART 1. DICOYTLEDONS (cont.) ~, MENYANTHACEAE I\) Nymplwides qeminaia entire marshwort T Fast freshwater streams to still water of swamps at altitudes to 1000 m. (R. Br.) Kuntze Villarsia exaltata (Soland. erect marshflower e/T Still or slow waters. swamps. ephemeral pools and drying mud to 60 cm ex Sims) G. Don deep. (B) V. renifottnis R. Br. running e/T Still or slow waters in swamps and bogs to 80 cm deep. (** B) marshflower

MYRSINACEAE co Aegiceras comiculatum (L.) river mangrove e Periodically inundated estuarine margins and saline or brackish rivers in Blaneo shallow water. Bank stabilisation. Fish habitat.

." 0.., ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) C'D le..., -e Cotula coronopifolia L. waterbuttons e/T Still or slow saline brackish or fresh water. wet or drying ground to o 50 cm deep. May block drains. Unique crab habitat. (B) 0 3 Eclipta platyglossa F. ecltpta, yellow e Damp river banks. drains. swamps. drying ground. May block drains. 3 Muell. twinheads iii' en Aster subulatus Miehx. bushy starwort, e/T Margins of lakes. dams. ponds. salt marshes. damp places. dam 0' ~ wild aster overflows. drains. Introduced. 0 -z CD :E SCROPHULARIACEAE en 0 Limosella australis R.Br. mudwort cri Wet places. c Glossostigma diandrum (L.) T Swamps and periodically inundated areas. -:::T :E Kuntze III G. elatinoides (Benth.) T Swamps and periodically inundated areas. (6' en Benth. ex Hook.f. Veronica anagallis blue water T Still or slow water to about 1 m. Margins of lakes and flowing channels. -aquaiica. L. speedwell Will grow submerged in clear spring water. May block drains. Introduced. (**) 6'I Table 2 (cont.) ca le..., '< TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE o 3 3 iij' PART 1. DICOYTLEDONS (cont.) In S' ::J AVICENNIACEAE (VERBENACEAE) S. Z CD Avicennia marina (Forsk.) grey mangrove e Mud or sandy mud along periodically inundated margins of estuaries and :lE Vierh. var. australasica saline or brackish rivers. Bank and channel stabilisation. (B) Cl) o (Walp.) Moldenke S. ::T :E III iD Ul PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS

ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria graminea Michx. saggttarta T Shallow water to 50 cm, and banks of rivers and streams. May obstruct co var. platyphyUa Englem, channel flow. Introduced. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain T Beside creeks, lakes and in swamps to 50 cm. Persists in drying mud. May obstruct water flow but is desirable part of aquatic environment. Food for birds and animals. (B)

HYDROCHARITACEAE o"Tl Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) seagrass e Intertidal zone on a range of sediments to 10 m deep. ca Hook.f. ssp. ovalis , le. Vallisneria gigantea Graebn. eelweed e/T Rivers, lakes, irrigation systems. Very obstructive in channels. Food for :xl CD black swans. Grows submerged to 4 m. Thrives in water with 1500 ppm Ul m o TDS. c. e.., CD"tl n Ottelia ovalifolia (R.Br.) swamp lily e/T Still or slow fresh water, channels, rich shallow lakes, rivers backwaters ::J g, CD "TlCD Ul Rich. and ponds down to 1 m deep. May block flow. (** B) o ::J Cl) CD.., _. CD ­ .., In III (D' Cl)CJ-- In -, CD_-.., 0 Z o III III 0 I\) 3 In - ." o 0.0m"C (i; (I) .. ::3 (I) !!1. ::3 ."=, ::D o DI (I) ., ~I Table 2 (cont.) (l)lXJ- !!1.-, e (/)!a a .. I» (I) (i;o ~ITAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE DI- (I) 3 ., en (6' en Z PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.) !=> I\) JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin procera R.Br. water ribbons CfT Still or slow streams swamps, deep water, wet mud to 2 m deep. Causes occasional obstruction to flow. Habitat for water birds and fish. (**B) T. striata Ruiz and Pavon streaked C Tidal and freshwater swamps, muddy creek banks. Bank stabiliser. (B) arrowgrass

POSIDONIACEAE .... o Posidonia australis Hook.f. sea grass, C Estuaries and sandy bays, 2-10 m deep. Fish breeding and nursery areas. fibre ball plant, marine fibre plant .." I .,0 (I) .!!1.' ZOSTERACEAE ~ Zostera capricomi Aschers eelgrass C Estuaries, bays, protected ocean habitats exposed to low tides. To 4-5 m 0 3 deep. Commercial and recreation fishing. 3 Z. muelleri Irmisch eelgrass C As for Z. capticomi but tolerates colder water and is found further up rivers. 0' en ex Aschers Commercial and recreation fishing. o' Heterozostera iasmanica ::3 eelgrass, C More exposed conditions than Zostera. On submerged mud and sand to 5-6 m. 0 (Martens ex Aschers) den fishing. .... Tasmanian Commercial and recreational z Hartog grasswrack (I) :E (/) POTAMOGETONACEAE !I Potamogeton ctispus L. curly pondweed T Slow flowing channels to 4.5 m deep especially with some saline tile drainage. I» Obstructs channels temporarily. m, P. ochreatus Raoul blunt pondweed CfT Still to fast-flowing water in deeper channels, lakes, dams and swamps to 5 m. Tolerates 2000 ppm dissolved salts (0.5-2.3 ppt TDS). Blocks drains and channels. P. pectinaius L. fennel pondweed T Static water, 1 to 4 m deep. Thrives in saline water of at least 5000 ppm T.D.S. erI Table 2 (cont.) @ !!l., '< o TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE o 3 3 iij' PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.) UI er :::I P. peljoliatus L. clasped pondweed Slow to fast flowing water to 2.5 m. Tolerates 5600 ppm TDS. Grows 2­ efT z submerged. CD ~ P. tricamatus F. Muell. floating pondweed efT Slow rivers. creeks. channels, large reservoir and dam margins. muddy bottoms Cl) and A Benn ex. A Benn of dams. lagoons. swamps. from 10 cm to 3 m. Blocks small channels. (B) o c :r- ~ RUPPIACEAE CD UI Ruppia maritima L. sea tassel e Estuarine. Grows submerged. Introduced. R. megacarpa R. Mason sea tassel efT Hypersaline inland lakes. coastal lagoons. estuaries. and lakes of lower salinity than seawater. Food for waterbirds.

R. polycarpa R. Mason sea tassel e Coastal lakes and lagoons at similar or lower salinity than seawater on sandy I or alluvial substrates to 1 m deep. Food for waterbirds. ....

I

PHILYDRACEAE Philydrum lanuginosum frogsmouth e Slow-flowing water. margins of ponds. swamps. dams to 20 cm deep. Drying Banks and Soland. mud. ex. Gaertn.

o'TI @ LEMNACEAE !!l jJ Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) duckweed. thin e On or just below the surface of static water or harboured in backwaters by CD Hegelm. var. oligorrhiza duckweed other plants. Dense mats a sign of eutropic conditions. Food source for UI m o birds. Minor nuisance in small dams. Q. e CD"'C ~ :::I 0 CD UI 'TICD o :::I Cl) - TYPHACEAE .,CD -, .,CD UI III­ (6' Typha domingensis Pers. narrowleaf T Fresh or brackish water. either still or slow flowing to 2m deep. Significance -Cl)0J- UI -., 0-, Z cumbungi as for T. otienialis. CD­ ~ III III 3 0 I\) UI- ." c.om"tl o (l) .. ca ::J (l) ~ ." a_. ::DI Table 2. (cont.) o I» (l) '"' UI (l)D:l~ -_. o e enS. ri .. I» (l) TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE ca 0 UI 1»- enl------3 (l) UI

CD''"' UI PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.) z ? I\) T. orientalis e. Presl broadleaf e/T Fresh or brackish, still or slow flowing waters. Erosion control in cumbungt creeks and gullies. Food and shelter for animals. Mosquito breeding ground. Found to depth of 2m. Slows water movement, reduces evaporation.

SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium antipodum floating bur-reed e/T Still or slow moving waters to 1 m deep and at margins of dry beds of creeks, Graebn. rivers, lagoons, and swamps. Erosion control and food for waterbirds. ... I\) JUNCACEAE Juncus acutus L. spiny rush e/T Ephemeral creeks and swamps, channels, banks, waste land with adequate ." subsurface water. Blocks channels. Should be controlled as early as possible o ca Introduced. ~I J. articulatus L. jointed rush Wet places under a wide range of conditions. Causes minor blocking of '<'"' e/T channels. Introduced. (**B) ~IJ. usitatus L.A.S. Johnson common rush, Damp places under wide range of conditions. Causes minor blocking of 3 tussock rush channels. (**B) 3 e/T 0' UI ~ICYPERACEAE z Cuperus dtffonnis L. dirty dora, rice e/T Drying or eutrophic mud under water, in ditches, and channels. (l) ~ sedge C. eragrostis Lam. umbrella sedge T Rocky creeks, gutters, pools, disturbed sandy sites. Weed of small channels. oen e Introduced. ;., Eleocharis acuta RBr. common e/T In or alongside perennial wetlands including channels and shallow water. May :E ll) spikerush block drains. ii) E. equiseiina e. Presl sag e Permanent water to 0.5 m in swamps and lagoons. Wildfowl habitat. UI E. plana S.T. Blake T Ephemeral pools, swamps, periodically inundated flood plains on heavy soils, drains and supply channels. Occasionally blocks intermittently flowing drains. 'TI Table 2 (cont.) ;o !It -< TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE o 3 3 (ij' PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.) III er ::::l o E. pusilla RBr. - T Permanently wet to infrequently inundated sandy to heavy soils. When aquatic -z found only in shallow water. Cl) E. sphacelata R Br . tall sptkerush CfT Freshwater lakes, lagoons, dams, swamps, slow flowing streams. Blocks deep, :lE en slow moving waters. Wildfowl habitat. (** B) o Scirpus jluitans L. floating clubrush Submerged in fast streams to 1 m at altitudes to 900 m and terrestrial. S. CfT ::::l" Erosion control. ~ S. jluviatilis (Torrey) marsh clubrush C Shallow water along creeks and in shallow swamps and brackish water. CD A. Gray Away from water in high rainfall areas. Wildlife shelter. III S. prolifer Rottb. - C Small creeks and swamps in disturbed areas. Introduced. S. validus Vahl river clubrush, CfT Margins of slow creeks, rivers, lakes, swamps and drains. Wildlife shelter great bulrush and erosion control. May block drains. Introduced. Baumea articulata (RBr.) jointed twtgrush C Coastal lagoons and swamps to 1 m deep. Habitat for waterbirds. (B) .... S.T. Blake CrJ B. rubiginosa (Spreng.) rush C Damp places, ephemeral swamps, lagoons, creek banks. (** B) Boeck. Gahnia sieberarui Kunth saw sedge, sword CfT Creek banks. beds of ephemeral creeks and swamps. Erosion control. (** B) grass Carex appressa R Br. tussock sedge CfT Damp areas, lakes, creek banks. ephemeral swamps. Erosion control. Pasture weed. (** B) C.fascicuiaris Soland. tassel sedge T Creek and swamp banks, occasionally inundated areas. (** B)

'TI ex Boott 'I" ..0 " Cl) III f ri -:xl POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Cl)

~. III m < 0 Glyceria declinata Breb. glaucous CfT Creek and river banks swampy ground, drains and channels. May reduce c. C.. Cl)'1:l ~I (') sweetgrass flow. Introduced. ::::la Cl) "li~ III 'TICl) Nl o ::::l ~, en Cl) _. ii' G. maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. reed sweetgrass, T Creek and river banks, in water and on lagoon and dam margins up to 1 m .. ­ r Cl) it .. !It!. CD' water deep. Swampy ground, drains and channels. Introduced. III enl:D ~ _. meadowgrass -.. 0 Z Cl)­ ,~ ? III III ,~~ 3 0 I\) 111- tj 'I "T1 m-c o cootD­ ~ ~ tD ~ !!l. "T1:::!: :Il o Cl tD ~ - en Table 2 (cont.) tDm o !!l.-, e (J)s. c:; ... Cl tD ~ 0 en TAXON COMMON NAME LOCATION* HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE Cl- (J) 3 tD~ en ji' z PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.) ? I'.) Eragrostis australasica canegrass T Claypans and other seasonally inundated slow waters and lakes. Cover for (Steud.) C.E. Hubbard native fauna and wild pigs. Phragmites australis (Cav.) common reed CfT Fresh or slightly brackish water on mud or sandy substrates to 2 m deep. Trill. ex Steud. Blocks channels. Animal cover. Erosion control. (** B) Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) annual beard CfT Wet or damp ground, drains, ditches, drying mud. May block drains. Desf. grass Introduced. Phalaris arundinacea L. seed canary grass CfT Creek, channel and drain banks, swampy ground. May block small channels. Introduced. ... Paspalum dilatatum Potr, paspalum CfT Overhanging drains and channels. Reduces flow in small channels. can be a ~ weed. Introduced. (**) P. paspalodes (Michx.) water couch T Wet and damp places in shallow water. If slowly flowing, floats across water Scribn. surface. May cause severe obstruction in drainage channels where it will encroach up to 1 m. er ~ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) barnyard grass CfT Serious weed of cultivated, flooded land and drains. Introduced.

!!l.~ Beauv. -e Isachne globosa River and creek banks, in lagoons, swamps, or flooded plains. o B (Thunb.) swamp millet C o Kuntze 3 HemarthJia uncinata R.Br. mat grass CfT Creek banks, swamps, damp ground. Possible pasture species. (** B) 3 iij' var. uncinata en er ~ ,-o ZANNICHELLIACEAE Z tD small-fruit T Temporary or permanent saline or brackish lakes. Can form dense mats :E Lepilaena bilocularis (J) T.Kirk watermat, feather- even in deep water. Food for waterbirds. o S. style water-mat ::T ~ Cl iT> en • * C- coastal; T- tablelands ** Draft Eden EJ.S. (Harris-Daishowa, 1986) B Binns (1987) - 15- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 3. Potential semi-aquatic components of the anglosperm flora of the Eden Forestry Region listed in Eden Draft E.I.S. (1986) but not in Sainty and Jacobs (1981). Families are listed in alphabetical order to facilitate comparison with the Harris-Daishowa (1986) report.

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PART 1. DICOTYLEDONS

AIZOACEAE (TETRAGONIACEAE) Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pallas) Sea coasts and margins of salt marshes.

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Margins of swamps. damp places.

ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. and Aschers Wet places. swamps. Senecio mikanioides OUo etWalp. Moist places in tall forests. Introduced. S. minimus Poir. var. minimus ? Moist places. S. quadridentatus Labill. Usually damp situations. S. velleioides A. Cunn. ex DC. Along water courses.

BAUERACEAE Bauera rubioides Andr. Usually in wet places.

BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum latifolium R Br. Moist situations. Ehretia acuminata R Br. var. acuminata? Creek banks.

CAROPHYLLACEAE Stellaria angustijolia Hook. Swamps or wet places.

DROSERACEAE Drosera auriculata Backhouse Damp places. D. binata Labill. Swamps and along creeks. D. peltata Srn. ex Willd. Damp pastures. D. spathulata Labill. Wet places.

EPACRIDACEAE Epacris obtusifolia Srn. Chiefly on marshy ground. E. paludosa RBr. Marshy places. Sprengelia incamata Srn. Wet or swampy sandy soil.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 16- Eden Forest Streams

Table 3 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PART 1. DICOTYLEDONS (cont.)

FABACEAE (PAPILIONACEAE) Sphaerolobium vimineum Srn. Swampy places.

GERANlACEAE Geranium homeanumTurcz. Creek banks. . G. neglectum Carolin Swamps. creek banks. G. potentilloides L. Her. ex. DC. Damp places. not often in swamps. var. potentilliodes Pelargonium inodorum Willd. Damp shade.

HALORA~ACEAE Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. Wet ground. ssp. micranthus

LAMIACEAE Prunella vulgaris L. Wet places.

LENTmULARIACEAE Utricularia dichotoma Labill. Swamps.

LOBELIACEAE Lobelia alata Labill. Damp places or near damp sea rocks. Pratiapurpurascens (RBr.) E. Wimmer Damp places.

MIMOSACEAE Acacia elongata Sieb. ex DC. Usually in wet ground. A. irroraia Sieb. ex Spreng. Usually near watercourses. spp. trrotaia

MYOPORACEAE Myoporum acuminatum RBr. Near tidal waters. M. insulare RBr. Sea shores.

MYRTACEAE Baeckea linifolia Rudge Gullies in damp places. often near waterfalls. B. utilis F. Muell. ex Miq. Damp places. Callistemon ctirtnus (Curtis) Skeels Damp places.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 17- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams Table 3 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PART 1. DICOTYLEDONS (cont.)

C. pallidus (Bonpl.] DC. Damp places. C. salignus (Srn.) DC. Damp places. C. siebeti DC. Damp places. C. subulatus Cheel Creek banks. Eucalyptus botnjoides Srn. Near sea. usually wet and saline soils. E. elata Dehnh. Called river peppermint. E. ouata Labill. Higher altitudes. usually in swampy ground. Leptospermum emarginatum H.Wendl. Creek banks. ex Link L.jlavescens Srn. s. lat, Damp places. L. lanigerum (Ait.) Srn. s.lat. Wet places. heath and creek banks. L. myrtijolium Sieb. ex DC. Wet places. L. phylicoides (A Cunn. ex Often near creeks. Schau.) Cheel L. scoparium Forst. et. f. var. Wet places. scoparium Melaleuca armillaris (Soland. Damp places. coastal. ex Gaertn.) Sm. M. ericifolia Srn. Wet places. M. hypericifolia Srn. Wet places. M. squarrosa Donn ex Sm. Damp places. Tristania (Ttistaniapsts) laurina Creek banks. (Srn.) R. Br. POLYGONACEAE Muehlenbeckia rhyticarya F. Muell. Banks of creeks. Rumex brownii Carnpd. Called swamp dock.

PROTEACEAE Lomatia myricoides (Gaertn. f.) Domin Along watercourses.

RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris betulina Hook. Often in damp places.

RUTACEAE Boronia parviflora Srn. Wet sandy peat. often at edges ofswamps.

STERCULIACEAE Commersoniafraseri J. Gay River banks.

VIOLACEAE Hymenanthera dentata R.Br. ex Ging. River banks. Viola hederacea Labill. Sheltered moist places.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 18- Eden Forest Streams Table 3 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Centrolepsisfascicularis Labill. Damp orwet sandy soil. C. strigosa (RBr.) Roem. and Schult. Damp orwet sandy soil.

CYPERACEAE Baumea acuta (Labill.) Palla Damp places. B. gunnii (Hookf.) S.T. Blake s. str. Damp places. Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth Swamps and creek banks. C. polyantha F. Muell, Swamps and creek banks. Eleocharis gracilis R B. Swampy ground. Gahnia aspera (RBr.) Spreng. Damp places. G. clarkei Benl . Creek banks. G. melanocarpa RBr. Damp places. Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (R Br.) Swamps. Hookf. Schoenus apogon Roem. et Schult. Damp soil. S. maschalinus Roem. et Schult. Damp places. S. melanostachus R Br. Damp places, usually creek banks. S. pachylepis S.T. Blake Damp places.

IRIDACEAE Patersoniajragilis (Labill.) Aschers and Damp soil. Graebn.

JUNCACEAE Juncus australis Hook f. Damp places. J. greg!Jl.oTUs L.A.S. Johnson Damp places. J. pallidus RBr. Damp places. J. paucifuxus R Br. Damp places.* J. planifolius R Br. Damp places.* J. prismatocarpus R Br. Damp places.* J. procerus E. Meyer Damp places.* J. subsecundus N.A. Wakefield Damp places.*

LILIACEAE Sowerbaeajuncea Srn. Wet soil.

* Misapplied to various species (Jacobs and Plckard, 1981).

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 19- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams Table 3 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PART 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS (cont.)

ORCHIDACEAE Calochilus paludosus R Br. Swamps or dry land. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Wet places. ssp. australis (RBr.) Kitamura

POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Agrostis avenacea Gmel. Usually in damp places. Deyeuxia monticola (Roem. et Schult.). Wet ground. Vickery var monticola Tetrarrhenajuncea RBr. Wet situations.

RESTIONACEAE HypolaenaJastigiata RBr. Damp sandy heath. Leptocarpus tenax (Labill.) RBr. Damp ground. Restio australis RBr. Wet, peaty, sandy gravelly soil. R. tetraphyllus Labill. ssp. Wet ground. meiostachyus J ohnson ex. Evans

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xanthorrhoeae resinosa Pers. Swamps and wet places. ssp. resinosa X. r. ssp. concavaAT.Lee Swamps and low dunes. X. r. ssp.Julva A T.Lee (It is uncertain which subspecies is referred to in the E.I.S.).

XYRIDACEAE Xyris gracilis RBr. ssp. gracilis Damp soil in open. X.g. ssp. laxa G.D. Evans (It is uncertain which subspecies is referred to in the E.I.S.).

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 '"T1 m-c o Cl)­Q.O iil :;, Cl) :;, le. '"T1=: :c o Cl Cl) ..- Cl) IXl oCIl Table 4. Ferns and fern allies recorded from New South Wales in or near aquatic environments. The order in the Table follows the sequence CIl _. c given in Beadle et al. (1972) which is a widely used and comprehensive account of much of the New South Wales flora. -0CI)- ri Cl) ;~ CIl Cl- Cl) 3 ..Cl) TAXON COMMON NAME HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE CIl m' z ~ I\) ISOETACEAE Isoetes drummondiiABraun plain quillwort Tempora:ry shallow pools and mud. 1. humilior F. Muell. rock quillwort Submerged in permanent water, swamps, rock pools, small lakes. ex. ABraun I. muelleriA Braun quillwort Submerged in permanent water, swamps, rock pools, small lakes.

LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium australianum Hert. fir c1ubmoss Mountain bogs. L. deutrodensum Hert. mountain moss, Edges of high bushy c1ubmoss altitude swamps. (** B) I\) bushy clubmoss o L.jastigiatum RBr. mountain c1ubmoss Along alpine and subalpine streams and near bogs. L. laterale RBr. slender c1ubmoss Wet boggy coastal areas among ridges, damp heath, wet rocks. (** B) L. serpentinum Kunze bog c1ubmoss Bogs and wet peat. o'"T1 iil SELAGINELLACEAE ..le. '< o Selaginella gracillima (Kunze) tiny selagtnella Wet or peaty depressions. o Spring. ex Salom. 3 S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring swamp selagmella Moist depressions near coast. Near swamps. (** B) 3 (ij' CIl SCHIZAEACEAE S' :;, o Schizaeafistulosa Labill. narrow comb-fern Hillocks in bogs, wet peaty soil. -z S. ruprestris R Br. comb-fern Near waterfalls. Cl) :E Cl) OSMUNDACEAE o 5- Todea barbara (L.) T. Moore Austral king-fern, Creek banks in sclerophyll forests. (** B) :::T king fern ::E Cl Leptopterisjraseri (Hook. et crepe-fern Always near waterfalls. iD Grev.) Presl 1_-CIl "1 Table 4 Icont.) ...0 ID en....

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE . N Hymenophyllum cupressifotme common filmy-fern Creek banks. (**B) I ... Labill. var. rubra (RBr.) Strassberger H. marqtnaiuni Hook. et Grev. bordered filmy-fern Wet cliff faces near waterfalls. H. peltatum (Poir.) Desv. alpine filmy-fern Wet rock faces.

CYATHEACEAE Cyathea australis (RBr.) Domin rough tree-fern Creek banks.(** B) 0 "... ID C. leichhardtiana (F. Muell.) prickly tree-fern Near creeks. (**B) en.... Cope jJ ID Dicksonia antarctica Labill. soft tree-fern Mountain gullies along creeks. (**B) ~l en m 0 c. ";; C ID "'0 ... :s 0 l. n ID .... I en "o ID ...a. re U'! ID et: en m-- "'I ....- I, ~. I UJCJ en ...... -- 0 ! Z ID .... i mm !' 3 0 N en'" m"'C 0.." (1)-Q.O (I) :s I'D ~ ,,::::s :XJ Table 4 (cont.) o AI (I) ..- Ul (1)03 0 ~ _. c enS. ~ TAXON COMMON NAME HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE .... AI (I) ;;; 0 Ul AI- en 3 (I).. Ul (6' DENNESTAEDIACEAE Ul z 0 Culcita dubia (RBr.) common ground-fern, Creek banks. (** B) N C. nymphalis (Forst. f.) Ching - Stream banks, near waterfalls. Dennstaedia davallioides (RBr.) lacy ground-fern Alluvial flats along streams. (** B) T. Moore Hypolepis australis Austral ground-fern Along cool mountain streams. (B) N.A. Wakefield H. muelleri N.A. Wakefield harsh ground-fern Moist or swampy areas. (** B) H. rugosula (Labill.) J. Srn. ruddy ground-fern Open swampy places, along shady forest streams. (** B) Histiopteris tncisa. (Thunb.) bat's wing Shaded creek beds, swamps. (** B) J.Sm. . N N I I LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea linearis Swartz. screw fern Moist depressions, swampy heaths. (** B) 0..". (I) Ul.. '<- PTERIDACEAE Cl 0 Pteris comans Forst. f. netted brake Wet boggy places. 3 P. tremula RBr. tender brake Creek beds, swamps. (** B) 3 P. umbrosa (** in' RBr. jungle brake Creek beds. B) (J Ul er P. otiiaia L. brake Near streams. Rare. :s 0 z -(I) ADIANTACEAE :E en Adiantum aethiopicum L. common maidenhair River and creek banks. (** B) 0 ,C.... A diaphanum Blume. filmy matdenhatr River banks, near waterfalls and wet rocks. ::r A Jormosum R Br. black stem or giant Creek margins. Sometines in colonies. (** B) :E AI maidenhair iD Ahispidulum Swartz rough maidenhair Rocks near waterfalls or above creek beds. (** B) Ul A silvaticum Tindale maidenhair Creek banks, moist cliffs. Anogramma leptophyUa (L.) Link annual-fern Shaded stream banks. Table 4 (cont.) o @" ~I TAXON COMMON NAME HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE '< o o § GRAMMITIDACEAE

~' Grammitis biUardieri Willd. finger-fern Near waterfalls. moist rocks and streams. (** B) g' G. poeppigiana (Mett.) Pie. alpine finger-fern. Mats on rocks and in crevices. often near water. o Serm. matted finger-fern -z nI :E CIJ POLYPODIACEAE o S: Microsorum scandens (Forst. f.) fragrant-fern Rocks and ground cover on sloping river banks. (** B) :lE Tindale Ql (D en THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata (Forsk.) binung Along watercourses. Brownsey and Jermy I\) Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Swamps. Co) Link oar.hirsuius (Mett.) Farwell C. nymphalis (Forst. f.) Clung Along watercourses or near waterfalls. C. parastiicus (L.) Farwell Stream banks. soaks.

ASPIDIACEAE Arachniodes aristaia (Forst. f.) Near creeks on mountain slopes. o Tindale " Polystichumformosum Tindale broad shield-fern Rock gorges. cliffs near permanent water and creek beds. Near waterfalls ~ on mountain slopes. :IJ nI Lastreopsis acuminata (Houlston) shiny shield-fern Near creeks. (** B) en m o Cl. e n1-a ~ ::::J 0 nI en "n1 o -::::J CIJ nI...-, nI ­ ... !eo!.

ASPLENIACEAE Aspleniumjlabellifolium Cav. necklace-fern Forms curtains on creek banks. and near waterfalls. (** B) A. bulbtferum. Forst. f. mother spleenwort On boulders along shady creek beds, banks near waterfalls. ~

BLECHNACEAE ." Blechnum. ambiguum (Pr.) Kaulf. water-fern Wet stone faces near waterfalls. o '(j; ex.C. Christ. !e.... B. camfteldii Tindale water-fern Low lying swamps. margins of salt lakes. rivers and bays. '< B. carlilagineum Swartz gristle-fern. Stream banks. (** B) o lance water-fern 3 B. chambersii Tindale Caves near waterfalls. (B) 3 Cir B. jluviatile (RBr.) Salom. ray water-fern Stream banks. 1/1 o' B. gregsonii (Watts) Tindale water-fern Wet stone faces near waterfalls. :::) B. indicum BUrIn. f. swamp water-fern Edges of swamps. lakes, and in brackish water. o B. minus (RBr.) Ettingsh. soft water-fern Creek banks. wet swampy places. near waterfalls. (** B) z Cl)- B. nudum (LabilI.) Mett. fishbone water-fern. Creek banks, peaty soil near swamps. (** B) :E ex Leurss. black stem en o B. patersonii (R Br.) Mett. strap water-fern Creek banks. near waterfalls and near streams in herb fields. (** B) S. ::r B. penna-marina (Poir.) Kuhn. alpine water-fern Mountain spaghnum bogs. (** :E B. wattsii Tindale hard water-fern Creek banks. B) I» Doodia aspera prickly rasp-fern Creek banks. (6" RBr. 1/1 D. caudata (Cav.) R Br. small rasp-fern Creek banks, near waterfalls. (** B) var. caudata DC. D. c. media (RBr.) Benth. common rasp-fern Creek banks. near waterfalls. (** B) Table 4 (cont.) o11

~ ... TAXON COMMON NAME HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE '< o o 3 MARSILEACEAE 3 Cir UI MarsiIea angustifolia. R. Br. narrow-leaf nardoo Mats in mud, edges of swamps, moss, ponds, floating or rooted. cl' M. drummondii A Braun common nardoo Mats in mud, edges of swamps, moss, ponds, floating or rooted. ::J M. hirsuta R Br. short-fruit nardoo Mats in mud, edges of swamps, moss, ponds, floating or rooted. 9­ z M. mutica Mett. smooth nardoo Mats in mud, edges of swamps, moss, ponds, floating or rooted. ~ Pilularia novae-hollandiae Austral pillwort Soft mud at edges of lagoons and marshes, pools in grass and sedges. Cl) ABraun Rarely floating. o S. ::T ~I AZOLLACEAE is' UI Azollafl1iculoides Lam. var Pacific azolla Free floating in slow or stagnant water. rubra (R BL) Strasburger. A. pinnata RBr. ferny azolla Free floating in slow or stagnant water.

~ SALVINACEAE Salvina auriculata AubI. salvina Aquatic carpets on slow moving waters. Introduced weed.

VITTARIACEAE Vittaria elongata Sw. tape fern Coastal swamps.

11 0 ** Draft Eden E.I.S. (Harris-Daishowa, 1986) ~IB= Binns (1987) ::Xl (I) UI m 0 Q. c (I)"'C ::J 0 a(I) 11(1) III o -::J Cl) (I)...-, (I) III~­ ... (D' -Cl)CJ UI -... 0-. z III(I) III ­ ? 3 0 I\) UI- Potential Biota of - 26- Eden Forest Streams

Table 5. Potential aquatic moss biota of the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families follows Scott et al. (1976) but, for convenience, is divided into three broad types of ecosystems.

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

1. AQUATIC. WHOLLY OR PARTLY UNDER WATER

SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnumjalcatulum Besch. Common, floating in ponds. S. subsecundum Nees Occurs to sea level in swampy country. S. cristaium Hampe S. spp.

FISSIDENTACEAE Fisstdensjontanus (Pyl.) Steud. Floating, attached at base. F. rigidulus Hook f. and Wils. Soft turf on dripping rocks. stones in rivers.

SELIGERIACEAE Blindia robusta Hampe Submerged in streams and pools. or exposed on wet rocks. B. jerruginea (Mitt. in Wils.) Broth.

POTTIACEAE Tridontium tasmanicum Hook f.

BRYACEAE Bryum blandum Hook.f and Wils. Boggy trickles, small streams. waterfalls, submerged orjust emergent.

CRYPHAEACEAE Cryphaea tasmanica Mitt. in Hook.f On stones in forest creeks. and Wils.

AMBLYSTEGIACEAE Cratoneuropsis relaxa (Hook. f. River banks, submerged boulders or in and Wils.) Fleisch. in Broth. marshes. Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Wamst. Lakes. ditches. water trickles. (**) D..fluitans (Hedw.) Wamst. Lakes, ditches, water trickles. (**) Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Wamst. - (**)

BRACHYTHECIACEAE Eurhynchium austrinum (Hook f. and Wils.) Jaeg.

Forest. Resources. Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 27- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 5 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

2. BOGS, MARSHES, ETC.

SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum australe Mitt. Bogs. S. cristatum Hampe Bogs. S.jalcatum Besch. Bogs. S. subsecundum Nees Bogs.

POLYTRICHACEAE Polytrichum commune Hedw. Hummock forming. Common in upland bogs. (**)

DICRANIACEAE Campylopus introjlexus (Hedw.) Brid. Sub-alpine bogs, dry and wet sclerophyll forests, raw humus. C. bicolor (C. Muell.) Wils. Wet rocks and soil.

BRYACEAE Bryum laevigatum Hook f. and Wils. Bogs, marshy ground. Rare. B. pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn., Prefers upland regions. Rare. Meyer and Scherb.

MEESIACEAE Meesia muelleri C. Muell. and Hampe Sub-alpine or alpine bog plant of high plains. Rare. M.triquerta (L.) Aongstr,

AULACOMNIACEAE Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr. Rare plant of upland bogs.

BARTRAMIACEAE Bruteliapendula (Smith) Mitt. Confined to mountain regions. Possibly bogs. Philonotis ienuis (Tayl.) Reichdt. Roadsides, river banks, quarries, intennittently flooded channels.

AMBLYSTEGIACEAE Cratoneuropsis relaxa (Hook f. Submerged boulders, marshes. and Wils.) Fleisch. in Broth. Drepanocladusjluitans (Hedw.) Warnst. D. aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Wamst.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 28- Eden Forest Streams

Table 5 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE Sematophyllwn contiguum (Mitt.) River banks on logs and stones. InSeeman S. homomallum (Hampe) Broth. Swamp forest.

3. WET ROCKS AND SOIL NEAR STREAMS

SELIGERACEAE Blindia robusta Hampe On wet rocks.

DICRANACEAE Campopylus inircflexus (Hedw.) Brid. Roadside banks, dry and'wet sclerophyll, subalpme bogs. C. bicolor (C.Muell.) Wils. Wet rocks.

POTTIACEAE Gymnostomwn calcareum Roofs of caves and overhanging cliffs Nees and Hornsch. especially on calcareous rocks.

ORTHOTRICHACEAE Ptychomitrium mitteniiJ aeg. Rocks and gritty soils by rivers.

RHIZOGONIACEAE Mesochaete undulata Lindb. River banks, rotting trees and other damp habitats. Forms dense swards.

BARTRAMIACEAE Bartramia hallerana Hedw. Rocks and cliffs in damp forest. B. papiUata Hook f. and Wils. Well drained soils of river banks and damp parts of forests. B. stricta Brid. Dry earth banks. Breutelia aifinis (Hook) Mitt. Soil and rock. B. pendula (Smith) Mitt. Soil and rock in mountane regions.

HYPNODENDRACEAE Hypnodendron sptninerotum. (Hook) Jaeg. Soft wet soils and rotting logs subsp. archeri (Mitt.) Touw. (see H. of stream beds in rainforest vitiense) and fern gullies. H.vitiense Mitt. subsp. australe Touw. As above. Difficult to separate in field.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 29- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 5 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

RHACOPILACEAE Rhacopilum convolutaceum (C. Muell.). Rocks, logs, earth inwet or Reichdt. dry sclerophyll forests.

HEDWIGIACEAE Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) Par. Loose mats on wet rocks in. montane and sub-alpine regions.

NECKERACEAE Thamnobryum pandum (Hook. f. Rocks and earth under overhangs in fern and Wils.) Stone and Scott gullies. T. pumiluni (Hook. f. and Wils.) Rocks and earth under overhangs in fern Nieuwel gullies.

ECHINODIACEAE Echinodium hispidum (Hook. f. and Wils.) Rain forests and wet gullies. Reichdt.

LEMBOPHYLLACEAE Camptochaete gracilis (Hook. f. Damp rocks in forest gullies. and Wils.) Par.

HOOKERIACEAE Distichophyllum crispulum Stones on forest floor in wet subtropical or (Hook. f. and Wils.) Mitt. rainforest. D. microcarpuni Rocks on logs in wet forests. Uncommon. (Hedw.) Mitt. D. pulchellum (Hampe) Mitt. Rocks on logs in wet forests. Uncommon. Eriopus apiculatus (Hook. f. and Wils.) Damp stones and earth in shade. Mitt. Epiphytic in swamps. pterygophyllum dentatum (Hook. f. Wet sclerophyll, rain forest and fern and Wils.) Dix. gullies, earth and small stones on forest floor and beside streams.

THUIDACEAE Cyathophorum bulbosum Hedw.) C. Muell. Rocks, roots, trees in rainforest. Thuidium iaeotuscuium (Mitt.) Jaeg. Damp shaded forest soils.

BRACHYTHECIAE Eurhynchium austrinum (Hook. f. Wils.) Semi-aquatic. Jaeg.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 30- Eden Forest Streams

Table 6. Potential freshwater molluscs of the Eden Forestry Region excluding estuaries and tidal waters. The order of Families follows Smith and Kershue (1979).

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

HYDROBIIDAE Glacidorbis hedleyi Iredale Acid waters of mountain streams, lakes and bogs. Pupiphryx grampianensis (Gabriel) Under stones on fast-flowing creeks and rivers. Angrobia angasi (Smith) Under rocks and in weed in streams. Potamopyrgus niger (Quoy and Freshwater streamsjust above tidal influences. Gatmard)

LYMNAEIDAE Austropeplea lessoni (Deshayes) Rocks and blllabongs in weeds. A. tomentosa (Pfefffer) Creeks, dams, btllabongs in weed in shallow waters. Main vector of liver fluke in sheep.

ANCYLIDAE Ferrissia petterdi (Johnston) Dead or living plant material rocks, pebbles, in pools, creeks and rivers. F. tasmanica (Tenison-Woods) Dead or living plant material rocks, pebbles, in pools, creeks and rivers.

PLANORBIDAE Physastra gibbosa (Gould) Slow-flowing rivers, lakes and billabongs in weed and algae. Glyptophysa aliciae (Reeve) Backwaters and slow-flowing creeks and rivers in leaves and debris. G. cosmeta (Iredale) Backwaters and slow-flowing creeks and rivers in leaves and debris. Isidorella hainesii (Tryon) Rivers. creeks, billabongs, lakes and dams in weed or bottom debris. Segnitila victoriae (Smith) Rivers, creeks, billabongs, lakes and dams in weed or bottom debris. In muddy water on weed, especially duckweed. Gyraulus mertdiatuuis (Brazier) Rivers, creeks, billabongs, lakes and dams in weed or bottom debris. Under stones, in crevices and on weed in backwaters of flowing creeks and rivers. G. scottianus (Johnston) Rivers, creeks, btllabongs, lakes and dams in weed or bottom debris. Under stones, in crevices and on weed in backwaters of flowing creeks and rivers. G. tasmanicus (Tenison-Woods) Rivers, creeks, billabongs, lakes and dams in weed or bottom debris. Under stones, in crevices and on weed in backwaters of flowing creeks and rivers.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 31 - Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 6 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PHYSIDAE Physa acuta Draparnaud On weed in freshwater ponds.

HYRIIDAE Velesunto ambiguus (Philllppi) Stable silty sand in rivers and creeks. Alathyriajacksoni (Iredale) Silty mud in rivers and creeks. Hyridella australis (Lamarck) Silty mud in shallow creeks, rivers and dams. H. depressa (Lamarck) Silty mud in shallow creeks. rivers and dams. H. drapeta (Iredale) Silty mud in shallow creeks, rivers and dams.

CORBICULIDAE Corbiculina australis (Deshayes) In sand in swiftly flowing shallow creeks and rivers. A fouling organism in water pipes and irrigation systems.

SPHAERIIDAE Sphaerium. tasmanicum (Tenison-Woods) In soft mud in ponds, dams and billabongs in shallow water in weeds. Pisidium castertanum (Poll) In mud and sand from fast flowing rivers and in creeks, bfllabongs, lakes and dams.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 32- Eden Forest Streams

Table 7. Potential freshwater fishes of the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families follows Lake (1971).

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PETROMYZONIDAE Geotria australis (Gray) Rare. (pouched lamprey) Mordacia mordax (Richardson) Estuaries and rivers. (RB.) (E.G.) (1) (**) (short-headed lamprey)

DASYATIDAE Dasyatisfluviorum (Ogilby) Marine to above tidal limits. (brown stingray)

ANGUlLLIDAE Anguilla australis Richardson Most rivers to higher reaches. (RB.) (E.G.) (**) (short-finned eel) A. reinhardtii Steindachner As above. (E.G.) (**) (long-finned eel)

SALMONIDAE Salmo gairdneli Richardson (S.M.) (E.G.). Introduced. (rainbow trout) S. trutta Linn. (S.M.) (E.G.). Introduced. (brown trout) Salvelinusjontinalis (Mitchill) (S.M.). Introduced. (brook char. brook trout)

RETROPINNIDAE Retropinna semoni (Weber) Lakes. slow-flowing open water. (Australian smelt) (RB) (T) (E.G) (S.M.) (**)

GALAXIIDAE Galaxias brevipinnis (Gunther) Tumbling clear streams and lakes. (E.G.) (S.M.) (**) (climbing galaxis) G. maculatus (Jenyns) Slow flowing streams and lake edges. (commonj ollytail) (B) (T) (E.G.) (**) G. olidus Gunther (S.M.) (mountain galaxis) .

APLOCHITONIDAE Prototroctes maraena Gunther Rare (Australian grayling)

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 33- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 7 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

SERRANIDAE Macquaria australascia Cuvier and Valenciennes Rare (**) M. novemaculeata (Stein Well up rivers. Dachner) (Australian bass)

PERCIDAE Percajluviatilis Linnaeus (S.M.). Introduced. (redfln)

GADOPSIDAE Gadopsis mwmoratus Richardson (S.M.). Vulnerable. (Williams. 1983). (river blackftsh)

BOVICHTHYIDAE Pseudaphritis uruillii (Cuvier Occasional on far South Coast. Moves into and Valenciennes) freshwater streams. (**) (congolli)

GOBIIDAE Gobiomorpuhus australis (Krefft) (E.G.) (striped gudgeon) G. coxii (Krefft) Clear flowing waters. rapids. still water near (Cox's gudgeon) . banks. (B.B.) (**) Hypseleotris compressus (Krefft) Muddy waterholes to clear slow creeks. weed (empirefish) beds. sometimes in estuaries. (E.G.) (**) Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft) In slowly flowing waters in weed beds. (big-headed gudgeon) (B.B.) (E.G.). Calm waters over mud. rocks or weeds. (**) P.sp.2. In slowly flowing waters in weed beds. (B.B.) (E.G.). Calm waters over mud. rocks or weeds. (**)

** Draft Eden E.I.S. (Harrls-Datshowa, 1986). B.B. = Bega Basin; T= Towamba Basin; E.G. = East Gippsland; S.M. = Snowy Mountains.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 34- Eden Forest Streams

Table 8. Amphibia likely to be associated with aquatic environments of the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families follows Cogger (1975).

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

LEPTODACTYLIDAE (MYOBATRACHIDAE) Cttnia signifera Girard Slow creeks, lagoons, pools, shallow water. (common eastern froglet) Geocrinia. haswelli (Fletcher) Wet sclerophyll near creeks. (Haswell's frog) G. otctortana (Boulenger) Uncommon. Moist forest, streams, ponds. (**) (smooth froglet) Heleiopotus australiacus (Shaw) Uncommon. Banks of forest streams. (**) (giant burrowing frog) Limnodynastes dumerilii Peters Uncommon. Streams, ponds. (**) (eastern banjo frog) L. peronii (Dumeril and Bibron) Uncommon. Permanent and temporary (brown-striped frog) ponds. (**) L. iasmaniensis Gunther Uncommon. Marshy sites. (**) (spotted grass frog) Pseudophryne bibronii Gunther Common. Wet grassy areas near small creeks, (brown toadlet) forest, heath, grassland. (**) P.dendyiLucas Common. Wet grassy areas near small creeks, forest, heath, grassland. (**) Uperoleia marmorata Gray Temporary swamps, marshes. (yellow spotted-toadlet)

HYLIDAE Litoria aurea (Lesson) Uncommon. Large permanent ponds. (**) (green and golden bell frog) L. booroolongensis (Moore) Uncommon. Stream edges. (**) (Booroolong frog) L. citropa (Tschudi) Common. Forest stream edges. (**) (Blue Mountain's tree frog) L. ewingii (Dumeril and Bibron) Uncommon. Stream edges. (**) (brown tree frog) L.jervisiensis (Dumeril and Stream edges. Bibron) (Jervis Bay tree frog) L. lesueurii (Dumeril and Common. Stream edges. (**) Bibron) (Leseur's frog) L. peronii (Tschudf) Common. Trees and shrubs near water. (**) (Peron's tree frog) L. phyllochroa (Gunther) Common. Stream edges. (**) (leaf green tree frog) L. raniformis (Keferstein) Uncommon. Large permanent ponds on Tablelands. (**) L. verreauxii (Dumeril) Common. Temporary waterholes, ponds, (Verreaux's tree frog) dams, creeks, swamps, lagoons. (**)

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 35- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 8 (cont.)

TAXON- HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

CHELONIIDAE Cnelodina longicollts (Shaw) Swamps. oxbow lakes. bfllabongs, slow rivers. (eastern snaked-necked turtle. (**) long-necked tortoise)

** Draft Eden EJ.S. (Harris-Daishowa. 1986).

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 36- Eden Forest Streams

Table 9. Reptilian taxa associated with fresh waters and likely to occur in the Eden Forestry Region. The order of Families follows Cogger (1975).

TAXON OCCURRENCE HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

AGAMIDAE Physignathus lesueurii (Gray) Uncommon Semi-aquatic, stream and (eastern water dragon, river edges. (U) Gippsland water dragon)

SCINIDAE Sphenomorpus quoyii (Dumeril Beside creeks, streams or and Bibron) rivers. (eastern water skink) S. tympanum (Lonnberg and Common Beside small creeks, Andersson streams. (**) (southern water skink)

ELAPIDAE Austrelaps superbus (Gunther) Common Near marshes and swamps (copperhead). (V) in tablelands and foothills. (**) Hemiaspis signata (Jan) Low lying marshy areas. (black-bellied swamp snake). (V) Notechis scutatus (Peters) Uncommon Near water. (**) (eastern or mainland tiger snake). (V) Pseudechis porphryiacus (Shaw) Common Near streams, (red-bellied black snake). (V) swamps, lagoons. (**)

(V) =venomous

Two additional species should be considered:-

(1) Egemia luctuosa (Peters) (Scinidae) which is found in the south-west and south­ east of Australia and may extend into the extreme south-eastern corner of N.S.W. No information is given as to whether this skink is associated with water but it should be checked both for habitat and rarity. (2) Sphenomorphus koscuiskoi (Kinghorn) (Scinidael, (alpine water skmk), which may perhaps extend into highland regions of forests in the Eden Forestry Region.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales ------.,

- 37- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Strea ms Table 10. Potential avian components of the Eden Forestry Region aquatic environment. The order of Families follows Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds (1986).

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

PODICIPEDIDAE Podiceps cristatus (Linne) Reed beds in open sheets of water. (great crested grebe) Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Sheltered ponds of fresh water. Stephens (Australian grebe) Poloicephalis poloicephalis Open fresh or saline water. (Jardine and Selby) (hoary-headed grebe)

PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax uartus (Gmelin) Larger river systems. (pied cormorant) P. carbo (Linne) Larger inland lakes and rivers. (black cormorant) P. sulcirostris (Brandt) Inland waters. Uncommon. (**) (little black cormorant) P. melanoleucos (Vieillot) Large and small bodies of fresh (little pied cormorant) water, estuaries, marine. Uncommon. (**)

ANHINGIDAE Anhinga melanogaster Pennant Lakes, rivers, swamps and sheltered (darter) estuaries.

PELECANIDAE Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck Fresh and saltwater lakes, rivers, (Australian pelican) lagoons and swamps.

ARDEIDAE Ardeapacifica Latham Coastal and inland waters, shallow pools. (Pacific heron) A. novaehollandiae Latham Lakes, swamps, dams, pools and estuaries. (white-faced heron) Uncommon. (**) A. ibis Linne Trees and shrubs along waterways. (cattle egret) A. alba Linne Lakes, rivers, swamps, dams. (great egret) A. garzetta Linne Mud flats. (little egret) A. iniermediaWagler Freshwater rivers, lakes in shallow water. (intermediate egret) Nycticorax caledonicus (Gmelm) Permanent and semi-permanent fresh and (rufous night heron) brackish waters. Carries Murray Valley encephalitis. Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 38- Eden Forest Streams

Table 10 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

Ixobrychus minutus Linne Freshwater reed beds. Nocturnal. (little bittern) I. jlavicollis Latham Forest lined freshwaters. (black bittern) Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler) Reedy freshwater swamps. (Australasian bittern)

PLATALEIDAE Plegadisjalcinellus (Linne) In fresh shallow water at margins of lakes (glossy ibis) and swamps. Threskiomis aethiopicus (Latham) Swamp and lake margins. (sacred ibis) T. spinicollis (Jameson) Swamp and lake margins. (straw-necked ibis) Plaialea regia Gould Shallow fresh or saltwater lagoons, and (royal spoonbill) marshes. P. jlavipes Gould Freshwater swamps, dams, shallow lakes (yellow-billed spoonbill) and river margins.

ACCIPITRIDAE Milvus (HaliasturJ sphenurus (Vieillot) Open woodlands near swamps, rivers, lakes. (whistling kite) Uncommon. (**) Accipiterjasciatus (Vigors and Horsfield) Prefers tree-lined watercourses and waterholes. (brown goshawk) Uncommon. (**) Circus approximans Peale Flooded reed beds, open marshes. (swamp harrier) C. aeruginosus Rare. Open areas. (**) (marsh harrier) Haliaetus leucogaster (Gmelin) Rare. (**) (white-breasted sea eagle, white-bellied sea eagle)

FALCONIDAE FaZeo peregrinus Tunstall Favours watercourses. (**) (peregrine falcon)

ANATIDAE Cygnus atratus (Latham) Fresh and salt rivers, lakes, swamps (black swan) and estuaries. Tadoma tadomoides Fresh and brackish marshes, lakes, large (Australian shelduck) lagoons and bfllabongs. Chenonettajubata (Latham) Near fresh, open water. (marsh duck) Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Latham) Fresh and brackish water, floodwaters. (pink-eared duck)

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 39- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams Table 10 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

Anas gibberifrons Muller Fresh, brackish or saltwater in lagoons (grey teal) and billabongs. A. castanea (Eyton) Sometimes in freshwater swamps but prefers (chestnut teal) brackish lakes, mangroves, estuaries. A. superciliosa Gmelin Coastal streams, lagoons, inland lakes, (Pacific black duck) swamps. Prefers deep freshwater swamps. A. platyrhynchos Linne Parks and gardens. Introduced. Potential (mallard) threat to Pacific black duck. A. rhynchotis Latham Deep, well vegetated swamps, lakes, rivers. (Australasian shoveler) Aythya australis (Eyton) Deep water with emergent plants. Still reaches (hardhead) of swamps, lagoons and deep turbulent channels. Bizura lobata (Shaw) Permanent deep freshwater lakes and swamps. (musk duck)

PHASIANIDAE Cotumis australis (= C.ypsilophora) Uncommon. Bose. (brown quail)

RALLIDAE Dryolimas pectoralis Temminck Brackish and freshwater marshes. (Lewin's rail) GaUirallus philippensis Linne Near swamps, lagoons, watercourses, (buff-banded rail) mangroves. Porzanajluminea Gould Permanent swamps, lagoons, drains, flood (Australian crake) pans. P. tabuensis (Gmelin) Reeds and rushes in swamps and (spotless crake) watercourses. P. pusilla (Pallas) Freshwater swamps, marshes, lagoons, (Baillon's crake) waterholes. GaUinula tenebrosa Gould Swamps, lakes, rivers. (dusky moorhen) Porphyrio porphyria (Linne) Edges of fresh and saline swamps, lakes, (purple swamphen) streams. Fulica atra Linne Open fresh or brackish water. (Eurasian coot)

ROSTRATULIDAE Rostratula benghalensis (Linne) Muddy, freshwater swamps. Chiefly nocturnal. (painted snipe)

RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus himantopus (Linn.) Edges of still, shallow, muddy fresh or brackish (black-winged stilt) water. Recuroirostra novaehollandiae Shallow brackish and salinewaters. Viellot (red-necked avocet)

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 40- Eden Forest Streams

Table 10 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

CHARADRIIDAE VaneUus miles (Boddaert) Marshes, swamps, lakes at shoreline. Rare. (**) (masked lapwing) Erythrogonys ci11ctus Gould Shallow floodwaters, swamps. (red-kneed dotterel) Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot) Shingle beds and edges of streams, dams, (black-fronted dotterel) swamps. Charadrius ruflCapillis Temminck Permanent or temporary waters. (red-capped plover)

SCOLOPACIDAE Limosa limosa (Linne) Shallow, open, muddy, salt or fresh-water (black-tailed godwit) swamps. Tringa glareola Linne Shallow freshwater swamps, muddy edges of (wood sandpiper) waterholes. T. nebularta. (Gunnerus) Shallow, surface waters, mangroves, mud flats, (greenshank) stream edges. T. stagnatilis (Bechstem) Still edges of large shallow open sheets of (marsh sandpiper) water. Actitis hypoleucos (Linne) Steep banks of mud or rock of dams, creeks, (common sandpiper) pools, swamps, mangroves, rock puddles. Calidris melanotos (Vieillot) Shallow open swamps and streams, fresh or (pectoral sandpiper) saline. C. acuminata (Horsfield) Open fresh and brackish swamps and lakes, on (sharp-tailed sandpiper) muddy shores. C. ruficollis (Pallas) Rare in inland, shallow, mud-edged waters and (red-necked stint) swamps. C.jerruginea (Pontoppidan) Shallow swamps and flood sheets. Sporadic. (curlew sandpiper)

LARIDAE Larus novaehollandiae Stephens River systems, lakes, permanent. temporary, (silver gull) fresh and salt water. Sterna nilotica Gmelin Inland and coastal swamps, flooded areas, (gull-billed tern) fresh or brackish water. Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas) Inland and sub-coastal swamps, fresh or salty. (whiskered tern)

COLUMBIDAE Geopelia placida (Linne) Grassy woodland near water. Uncommon. (**) (peaceful dove)

CUCULIDAE Eudynamys scolopacea (Linne) Dense vegetation along watercourses. (common koel)

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 41 - Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 10 (cont.)

TAXON HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo azurea Latham Forested coastal streams, and mangroves. (azure kingfisher) Uncommon. (**)

SYLVllDAE Acrocephalus stentoreus (Linne) Reeds and bullrushes in freshwater swamps. (clamorous reed-warbler) Megalurus gramineus (Gould) Reed beds and shrubs at edges of freshwater (little grassbird) swamps and saltmarsh. Uncommon. Cisticola exilis (Vigors & Horsfield) Swamp grass around freshwater. Uncommon. (golden-headed ctsticola, tailor bird)

MALURIDAE Stipiturus malachurus (Shaw) Swamps. (**) (southern emu-wren)

MELIPHAGIDAE Manorina melanophrys (Latham) Usually near water- Common. (**) (bell miner)

EPTHIANURIDAE Epthianura albifroms (Jardine & Open fields and low shrubs around lakes Selby) and swamps. (white-fronted chat)

GRALLINIDAE Grallina cyanoleuca (Latham) Edges of shallow water. (**) (Australian magpie-lark, peewee)

** Draft Eden EJ.S. (Harrts-Datshowa, 1986).

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 42- Eden Forest Streams

Table 11. Mammals associated with aquatic environments in the Eden Forestry Region

TAXON OCCURRENCE HABITAT AND SIGNIFICANCE

Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy Uncommon Large watercourses. (water rat) permanent lakes. ponds.(**) Mastacomysfuscus Thomas Swampy ground. wet (broad-toothed rat) alpine heath. open forest. Rattusfuscipes (Waterhouse) Common Near watercourses. open f. assimilis forest. (**) (bush rat) R. lutreolus (Gray) Common Along rivers and streams. (swamp rat) dense swampy vegetation. edges of salt water lakes. Rare at Tantawanglo. (**) R. rattus (L.) Uncommon Uncommon except near (black rat) human activities. Introduced. (**) R. norvegicus (Berkenhout) Uncommon Degraded rivers and (brown rat) streams. Uncommon except near human activities. Introduced. Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest) Dense moist thickets (swamp wallaby. black especially in gullies. (**) wallaby) Pseudocheirus pereqrinus (Boddaert) Along watercourses and (common ringtail) around swamps. (**) Sminthopsis leucopus (Gray) Swamps and wet fringes (common dmnart, common marsupial close to rain forest. (**) mouse) Omithorhynchus anaiinus (Shaw) Freshwater streams and (platypus) lakes. (**) Antechinus swainsonii (Waterhouse) Swamps. (dusky antechinus)

Another species should be noted - Conilurus albipes (Lichtenstein) (white-footed rabbit-rat) which is believed to be extinct (Watts and Aslme, 1981). Originally it ranged over the area and they note "probably the large river red gums lining watercourses also provided suitable nest sites for it". Species thought to be extinct are sometimes rediscovered and it would be desirable to bear this in mind.

** Draft Eden E.I.S. (Harrts-Daishowa, 1986).

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 43- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 12. Potential aquatic biota of the Eden Forestry Region not in previous lists.

GROUP REMARKS

Bacteria This is a large group associated with the initial breakdown of plant detritus in freshwater. At this

stage specific identifications would not be cost beneficial or immediately applicable. The ecology of the Australian species is little known.

Fungi As above.

Insecta A major study in itself. Recording ofbenthic insect adults and larvae has been hindered by the absence of sufficient riffle beds at the experimental sites. A list of potential species is not considered to be helpful at this stage.

Algae Most algal genera are cosmopolitan and a list of potential species for Eden would not be helpful. Lists of genera found at Yambulla S.F (1986-89) and Tantawangalo S.F. (1988-89) have been prepared and will be reported separately.

Protozoa Best tackled by collections from littoral, benthic and planktonic zones. Listing of potential species considered to be impractical.

Porifera Williams (1980) lists 10genera and 24 species, mostly (sponges) littoral to 2 metres. They occur in running and still water, favouring the latter (Williams, 1980). In New South Wales 19species have been reported. Occurrences at Eden will be listed when detected.

Cnidaria Williams (1980) lists Hydra oligactis, Chlorohydra viridissima (possibly), H. hexactineUa, Cordylophora caspia (=lacustris), Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Australomedusa baylii. None have so far been found in current Eden studies.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 44- Eden Forest Streams

Table 12 (cont.)

GROUP REMARKS

Platyhelminthes This group occurs in the Eden catchments. (flatworms) Williams (1980) quotes Ball (1977) as saying that identification of Australian freshwater planarians is a hazardous venture for non-specialists and presentation of a key would mislead rather than help. For this reason no generic identification has been attempted but at a later stage live collections may be referred to appropriate specialists.

Nemertea Only one species, Prostoma graecense (proboscis worms) (proboscis worms) has so far been reported from Australian freshwaters (Williams 1980). It has not been found in current studies at Eden.

Nematoda Abundant in all collections from littoral zones of the (roundworms) Eden catchments for most of the year. According to Williams (1980) little work has been done on Australian freshwater nematodes. Specific and generic identifications of the Eden material considered to be of low priority.

Nematomorpha There are published descriptions for four (gordian worms) Australian species and unpublished ones for several more Williams (1980). The organisms found in Yambulla Weirs 3 and 6 were Gordius.

Rotifera A large group with a well developed Australian literature. (wheel bearers) A working list for the Eden Forestry Region is not yet available. To date some four genera have been recovered from the Yambulla streams. These are Collotheca. Colureila; Rotaria and Trochosphaera.

Gastrotricha These were seen infrequently in Yambulla streams. Williams (1980) thinks that only the genus Chaetontus has so far been recorded for Australia. The specimens found at Eden are very similar to Williams' illustrations.

Polyzoa Not seen so far in the Yambulla catchments. (pipemoss) Williams (1980) lists 4 genera and 6 species from New South Wales fresh waters. Only one species may be endemic.

Annelida With the exception of Tubifex no other members of (true worms.leeches) phylum have so far been recovered at Yambulla. Identification is difficult in the Oligochaeta.

Tardigrada Found at Eden. Identification to generic level (bear antmacules) not yet attempted. A small group of vegetarian microfauna.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New South Wales - 45- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Table 12 (cont.)

GROUP REMARKS

Arachnida Found occasionally at Eden. Large, group for which (mites, spiders) special listing not yet considered necessary.

Crustacea At Yambulla S.F. there have been flushes of copepods in Weirs 3 and 4 in March 1987 and a cladoceran was collected in Weir 3. Useful data on crustaceans are given by Bayly et al. (1967), Chapman (1967) and Williams (1981).

Isopoda Three genera recorded from New South Wales fresh waters (Williams, 1980). None collected so far at Yambulla S.F.

Amphipoda Five genera recorded from New South Wales freshwaters (Williams, 1980). None collected so far at Yambulla S.F.

Decapoda Williams gives the following genera in New South Wales freshwaters (Williams, 1980).

(i) ATYIDAE (shrimps). Poraiua, CaridinaAtaya.

(il) PALAEMONIDA (shrimps). Macrobrachium.

(ill) PARASTACIDAE (yabbies). Engaeus, Cberax. Eustacus. Yabbies occur in some Eden weirs.

ForestryCommission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2 Potential Biota of - 46- Eden Forest Streams

REFERENCES

Aston, HJ. (1977). Aquatic Plants of Australia. Melb. Univ. Press. 368 pp.

Australian Museum. (1983). The Australian Museum Complete Book ofAustralian Mammals. (Ed. RStrahan et al.). Angus and Robinson, Sydney. 530 pp.,

Bayly, LAE., Bishop, J.A and Hiscock, LD. {1967}. An Illustrated key to the genera of the Crustacea ofAustralian inland waters. Aust. Soc. Limnol. Newsletter. 37 pp.

Ball, LR (1977). On the phylogenetic classification of aquatic planartans, ActaZool. Fenn. 154: 21-35.

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. and Carotin, RC. (1972). Flora of the Sydney Region. Reed, Sydney, 724 pp.

Binns, D. (1987). A preliminary list of vascular plant species for south-eastern New South Wales. For. Comm. N.S. w; Res. Pap. No. 4. 87 pp.

Chapman, M. Ann. (1967). Ostracoda. InAn illustrated key to the genera of the Crustacea ofAustralian inland waters. (Ed. Bayley, LAE Bishop, J.A and Hiscock, LD.) Aust. Soc. 'Limnol. Newsletter. pp. 2-7.

Clifford, H.T., and Constantme, J. (1980). Ferns, fern allies and conifers of Australia. A laboratory manual. Univ, Queensland Press, St. Lucia. 150 pp.

Cogger, H.G. (1975). Reptiles and Amphibians ofAustralia. Reed, Sydney. 584 pp.

Duncan, B.D. and Isaac, G. (1986). Ferns and Allied Plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Melb. Univ. Press, Melbourne. 258 pp.

Harrts-Daishowa (Australia) Pty Ltd. (1986). Appendices to Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Eden N.S.W. export woodchip operations for the period 1989-2009. Appendix 8B 22 pp.

Jacobs, S.W.L. and Plckard, J. (1981). Plants of New South Wales. A Census of Cycads, Conifers and Angiosperms. NSW Govt. Printer, Sydney. 226 pp.

Jones, D.L. and Clemsha, S.C. (1978). Australian Ferns and Fern Allies. Reed, Sydney, 294 pp.

Lake, J.S. (1971). Freshwater Fishes and Rivers of Australia. Thomas Nelson, Sydney. 61 pp.

Llewellyn L,C. (1983) The distribution of fish in New South Wales. Aust. Soc. Limnol. Special Pub. No. 7.

McDowall, RM. (1981). The relationships of Australian fishes. In Ecological Biography of Australia. (Ed. KeastA) pp. 1252-1273. Monog. Biol. 41. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. 1434 pp.

Readers' Digest. (1986). Readers' Digest complete book of Australian birds. (Ed. Schodde, Rand Tidemann, S.C)2nd. Ed. Reader's Digest, Sydney. 639 pp.

Recher, H.F., Clark, S.S. and Milledge, D. (1975). An assessment of the potential impact of the wood chip industry on ecosystems and wildlife in south eastern Australia. Tech. Rpt. 75/1, Dept. Envir. Studies, Aust. Museum. pp. 105-183.

Forest Resources Series No. 2 Forestry Commission of New SOLJth Wales - 47- Potential Biota of Eden Forest Streams

Recher, H. F., Rohan-Jones, W. and Smith, P. (1980). Effects of the Eden woodchip industry on terrestrial vertebrates with recommendations for management. For. Comm N.S.W. Res. Note No. 42. 83 pp.

Ride, W.D.L. (1970). A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia with drawings by E. Fry. Oxford Univ. Press, London. 249 pp.

Sainty, G.R and Jacobs, S.W.L. (1981). Water plants of New South Wales. Water Res. Comm N.S.W. 550 pp.

Scott, GA.M., Stone, I.G. and Rosser, C. (1976). The Mosses of Southern Australia. Academic Press, London. 495 pp.

Smith, B.J. and Kershaw, RC. (1979). Field guide to the non-marine molluscs of south-easternAustralia. A.N.V. Press, Canberra. 285 pp.

Tindale, Mary, D. (1972). Pteridopbuta: In Beadle N.C.W., Evans, O.D. and Carolin, RC. Flora of the Sydney Region. Reed, Sydney. 724 pp.

Walker, K.F. (1981). The distribution offreshwater mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) in the Australian zoogeographic region. In Ecological Biogeography of Australia. (Ed. Keast, A.) pp. 1231-1249). Monog. BiDl. 41. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. 1434 pp.

Watts, C.H.S. and Aslin, H.J. (1981). The Rodents of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 321 pp.

Williams, W.D. (1980). Australian Freshwater Life. MacMillan, Melbourne. 321 pp.

Williams, W.D. (1981). The crustacea of Australian waters. In Ecological Biogeography of Australia. (Ed. Keast, A.) pp. 1231-1249. Monog. BioI. 41. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. 1434 pp.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales Forest Resources Series No. 2