The origin of modern birds: new fossil evidence from China and Antarctica Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Modern birds: 10,000+ species Origin of birds
Gallus Origin of birds
Gallus
Archaeopteryx Origin of birds
Velociraptor Gallus
Archaeopteryx Birds are dinosaurs
Velociraptor Gallus
Archaeopteryx Birds are dinosaurs
Velociraptor Gallus
Transition well-documented
Archaeopteryx Feathered dinosaurs
Microraptor
Sinosauropteryx Caudipteryx The ‘Chicken from Hell’
Anzu wyliei Lamanna et al. 2014 Birds are dinosaurs
Transition poorly documented
Velociraptor Gallus
Archaeopteryx T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord (Neornithes) modern birds
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx ~80 million years million~80
(Neornithes) modern birds
neornithines Paleogene
Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Aves Liaoning Province, China
LiaoningLiaoning Province Province
Beijing Feathered dinosaurs
Microraptor
Sinosauropteryx Caudipteryx Confuciusornis
Neornithes (modern birds)
Aves Confuciusornis
Neornithes (modern birds)
Have short tail, large breastbone, anisodactyl foot (reversed 1st toe); retain separate, clawed fingers
Aves T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx ~60 million years ~60 million
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Aves Avian evolutionary tree
(‘opposite birds’)
Neornithes (modern birds)
Aves Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’)
Eoenantiornis
Cathayornis
Mostly small, terrestrial perching birds; most retain teeth and separate fingers with claws
Protopteryx Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’)
Eoenantiornis
Cathayornis
Mostly small, terrestrial perching birds; most retain teeth and separate fingers with claws
Most abundant Cretaceous birds, but Protopteryx went extinct at its end T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Enantiornithes
Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx
(Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Aves Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Aves Ichthyornis and Hesperornis
Both closely related to, but not within, modern birds (Neornithes) Hesperornis
Ichthyornis T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Archaeopteryx Hesperornis
Ichthyornis (Neornithes) modern birds Confuciusornis
neornithines Paleogene
Liaoning Province, China
LiaoningLiaoning Province Province
Beijing Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Aves Avian evolutionary tree
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Ornithuromorpha
Aves Archaic ornithuromorphs Yanornis Hongshanornis
Yixianornis T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis (Neornithes) modern birds
neornithines Paleogene
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds ~40 millionyears
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
~40 Ma gap in avian fossil fossil gapinavian ~40 Ma record T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds ~40 millionyears
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Gansus
Hou & Liu 1984 Northwestern China Gansu Province Gansu Province
Changma Basin Changma Basin Xiagou Formation Xiagou Formation Xiagou Formation Age of the Xiagou Formation 66 Maastrichtian 66 71
Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89
Turonian 94 Cenomanian
100 146
Albian
112
Jurassic Aptian
125
Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134
Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma Age of the Xiagou Formation 66 Maastrichtian 66 71
Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89
Turonian 94 Cenomanian
100 146
Albian
112
Jurassic Aptian
125
Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134
Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds Gansus
?
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
2002 CAGS Changma expedition
Second Changma avian fossil
Enantiornithes indet. CAGS-IG-02-0901
You et al. 2005 2004-2009 Changma expeditions
2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds 2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds Soft-tissue preservation
feathers Total: >100 partial to nearly complete birds New Gansus specimens
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 New Gansus specimens
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus skeletal anatomy
Reconstruction: Mark Klingler You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Evolutionary relationships
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Ornithuromorpha
Aves
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Evolutionary relationships
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Ornithuromorpha
Aves
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) Avian fossilrecord Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Gansus T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)
Mya) fills the Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx ‘mid - Cretaceous gap’
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Gansus anatomy and ecology
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology
You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology
CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Avian evolution and ecology
Neornithes (modern birds)
Ornithurae
Ornithuromorpha
Aves Paraves terrestrial (lives on land) Maniraptora aquatic (lives partly in water) Mark Klingler Did modern birds arise in aquatic habitats? aquatic in arise birds modern Did
Antarctica Antarctica? Antarctica? zimbio.com Modern birds (Neornithes) When did modern birds evolve?
Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004 Cretaceous origin of modern birds? T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Cretaceous origin of modern birds? T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
neornithines? Cretaceous
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Robert Nicholls Antarctic Peninsula
Robert Nicholls Antarctic Peninsula
Birds!
Antarctic Peninsula
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. López de Bertodano Formation Age of the López de Bertodano Formation
66 Maastrichtian 66 71
Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89
Turonian 94 Cenomanian
100 146
Albian
112
Jurassic Aptian
125
Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134
Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis
Michael Skrepnick Michael
Clarke et al. 2005
Vegavis
Michael Skrepnick Michael
Clarke et al. 2005 Relationships of Vegavis
Clarke et al. 2005 Vegavis: a Cretaceous ‘duck’
Clarke et al. 2005 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. Polarornis
Chatterjee 2002
Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon?
Aravind Aravind Krishnaswamy
Chatterjee 2002 Cretaceous origin of modern birds? T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis
Cretaceous origin of modern birds! T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines Hongshanornis
Antarctica: Antarctica: ofmodern birds? cradle T I M E
Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis
Archaeopteryx
Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds
Gansus
Yanornis
Antarctic Cretaceous
neornithines Hongshanornis
2011 Antarctic Peninsula expedition The Naze, James Ross Island
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. Snow Hill Island Formation Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island
Vega Is.
James Ross Is. López de Bertodano Formation Field camp, Vega Island Field camp, Vega Island
2011 expedition discoveries
Robert Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries
1 cm Plants cf. Sapindaceae
Winged seed
Robert Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries
Sharks
1 cm
Robert Robert Nicholls Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries 2011 expedition Bony fishes Bony
Articulated Articulated vertebral column 2 cm
Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries 2011 expedition Plesiosaurs
5 cm Articulated Articulated partial skeleton
Robert Nicholls Non 2011 expedition discoveries 2011 expedition - avian dinosaurs avian
Pedal phalanx (toe bone) Right side side view Right 1 cm
Tooth 1 cm
Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries 2011 expedition Birds!
2011 expedition discoveries
Birds! Tarsometatarsus (foot bone) Coracoid
Thoracic (back) vertebra (shoulder bone)
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm Robert Robert Nicholls 2016 Antarctic Peninsula expedition Target: Vega Island Follow our expedition! Web: www.antarcticdinos.org Twitter: @antarcticdinos February 2–March 24, 2016 Acknowledgments
Collaboration and field assistance (China) Hailu You, Jerry Harris, Daqing Li, Qiang Ji, Luis Chiappe, Jingmai O’Connor, Jessie Atterholt, Shu’an Ji, Junchang Lu, Chongxi Yuan, Xing Zhang, Peter Dodson, Ken Lacovara, Zhongcai Bai, Cuo Peng, Jinsen Liang, Tim Pirolli, and all members of the Changma Basin field team Collaboration and field assistance (Antarctica) Ross MacPhee, Pat O’Connor, Julia Clarke, Steve Salisbury, Eric Roberts, Joe Sertich, Eric Gorscak, Meng Jin, Nick Swanson-Hysell, Chris Strganac, Kerin Claeson, Zubair Jinnah, Jane Francis, Joe Kirschvink, Peter Ward, Dave Barbeau, Carrie Schweitzer, Rodney Feldmann, Cara Ferrier, Chris Denker, Kelley Watson, John Evans, Antarctic Support Contract, Raytheon Polar Services Corporation, Edison Chouest Offshore Funding (China) Discovery Quest Program for The Science Channel, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Dixie State College, Gansu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China Funding (Antarctica) National Science Foundation (grants ANT 1142129 [PI Lamanna] & ANT 0636639 [PI MacPhee]) Questions?