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From the Early Late Cretaceous of Egypt

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From the Early Late Cretaceous of Egypt The origin of modern birds: new fossil evidence from China and Antarctica Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Modern birds: 10,000+ species Origin of birds Gallus Origin of birds Gallus Archaeopteryx Origin of birds Velociraptor Gallus Archaeopteryx Birds are dinosaurs Velociraptor Gallus Archaeopteryx Birds are dinosaurs Velociraptor Gallus Transition well-documented Archaeopteryx Feathered dinosaurs Microraptor Sinosauropteryx Caudipteryx The ‘Chicken from Hell’ Anzu wyliei Lamanna et al. 2014 Birds are dinosaurs Transition poorly documented Velociraptor Gallus Archaeopteryx T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian (Neornithes) birds modern T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx ~80 million years (Neornithes) birds modern neornithines Paleogene Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Aves Liaoning Province, China LiaoningLiaoning Province Province Beijing Feathered dinosaurs Microraptor Sinosauropteryx Caudipteryx Confuciusornis Neornithes (modern birds) Aves Confuciusornis Neornithes (modern birds) Have short tail, large breastbone, anisodactyl foot (reversed 1st toe); retain separate, clawed fingers Aves T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx ~60 million ~60 million years (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Aves Avian evolutionary tree (‘opposite birds’) Neornithes (modern birds) Aves Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’) Eoenantiornis Cathayornis Mostly small, terrestrial perching birds; most retain teeth and separate fingers with claws Protopteryx Enantiornithes (‘opposite birds’) Eoenantiornis Cathayornis Mostly small, terrestrial perching birds; most retain teeth and separate fingers with claws Most abundant Cretaceous birds, but Protopteryx went extinct at its end T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Enantiornithes Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Aves Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Aves Ichthyornis and Hesperornis Both closely related to, but not within, modern birds (Neornithes) Hesperornis Ichthyornis T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Archaeopteryx Hesperornis Ichthyornis (Neornithes) birds modern Confuciusornis neornithines Paleogene Liaoning Province, China LiaoningLiaoning Province Province Beijing Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Aves Avian evolutionary tree Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Ornithuromorpha Aves Archaic ornithuromorphs Yanornis Hongshanornis Yixianornis T I M E Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) fossilrecord Avian Confuciusornis Archaeopteryx Hesperornis Ichthyornis (Neornithes) birds modern neornithines Paleogene Avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis ~40 million years Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx ~40 Ma gap in avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis ~40 million years Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Gansus Hou & Liu 1984 Northwestern China Gansu Province Gansu Province Changma Basin Changma Basin Xiagou Formation Xiagou Formation Xiagou Formation Age of the Xiagou Formation 66 Maastrichtian 66 71 Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89 Turonian 94 Cenomanian 100 146 Albian 112 Jurassic Aptian 125 Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134 Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma Age of the Xiagou Formation 66 Maastrichtian 66 71 Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89 Turonian 94 Cenomanian 100 146 Albian 112 Jurassic Aptian 125 Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134 Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma Avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus? Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx 2002 CAGS Changma expedition Second Changma avian fossil Enantiornithes indet. CAGS-IG-02-0901 You et al. 2005 2004-2009 Changma expeditions 2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds 2004: ~30 partial to nearly complete birds Soft-tissue preservation feathers Total: >100 partial to nearly complete birds New Gansus specimens You, Lamanna et al. 2006 New Gansus specimens You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus skeletal anatomy Reconstruction: Mark Klingler You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Evolutionary relationships Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Ornithuromorpha Aves You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Evolutionary relationships Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Ornithuromorpha Aves You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Gansus fills the ‘mid-Cretaceous gap’ modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Gansus anatomy and ecology You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Gansus anatomy and ecology CAGS-IG-04-CM-008 You, Lamanna et al. 2006 Avian evolution and ecology Neornithes (modern birds) Ornithurae Ornithuromorpha Aves Paraves terrestrial (lives on land) Maniraptora aquatic (lives partly in water) Mark Klingler Did modern birds arise in aquatic habitats? Antarctica Antarctica? Antarctica? zimbio.com Modern birds (Neornithes) When did modern birds evolve? Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004 Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Cretaceous Hesperornis neornithines? Gansus Hongshanornis 66 66 Mya) Confuciusornis - Cretaceous Cretaceous (146 T I M E I T Yixianornis Yanornis 146 - Mya) Jurassic (200 Archaeopteryx Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Robert Nicholls Antarctic Peninsula Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Birds! Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is. López de Bertodano Formation Age of the López de Bertodano Formation 66 Maastrichtian 66 71 Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Coniacian Cretaceous 89 Turonian 94 Cenomanian 100 146 Albian 112 Jurassic Aptian 125 Barremian 200 130 Hauterivian 134 Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is. Vegavis Clarke et al. 2005 Vegavis Michael Skrepnick Michael Clarke et al. 2005 Vegavis Michael Skrepnick Michael Clarke et al. 2005 Relationships of Vegavis Clarke et al. 2005 Vegavis: a Cretaceous ‘duck’ Clarke et al. 2005 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is. Polarornis Chatterjee 2002 Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon? Aravind Aravind Krishnaswamy Chatterjee 2002 Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) 0 Mya) - Paleogene Cenozoic (66 neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis
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