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Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory
DANGEROUSLY FREE: OUTLAWS AND NATION-MAKING IN LITERATURE OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY by Jenna Hunnef A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Jenna Hunnef 2016 Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory Jenna Hunnef Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto 2016 Abstract In this dissertation, I examine how literary representations of outlaws and outlawry have contributed to the shaping of national identity in the United States. I analyze a series of texts set in the former Indian Territory (now part of the state of Oklahoma) for traces of what I call “outlaw rhetorics,” that is, the political expression in literature of marginalized realities and competing visions of nationhood. Outlaw rhetorics elicit new ways to think the nation differently—to imagine the nation otherwise; as such, I demonstrate that outlaw narratives are as capable of challenging the nation’s claims to territorial or imaginative title as they are of asserting them. Borrowing from Abenaki scholar Lisa Brooks’s definition of “nation” as “the multifaceted, lived experience of families who gather in particular places,” this dissertation draws an analogous relationship between outlaws and domestic spaces wherein they are both considered simultaneously exempt from and constitutive of civic life. In the same way that the outlaw’s alternately celebrated and marginal status endows him or her with the power to support and eschew the stories a nation tells about itself, so the liminality and centrality of domestic life have proven effective as a means of consolidating and dissenting from the status quo of the nation-state. -
Free Land Attracted Many Colonists to Texas in 1840S 3-29-92 “No Quitting Sense” We Claim Is Typically Texas
“Between the Creeks” Gwen Pettit This is a compilation of weekly newspaper columns on local history written by Gwen Pettit during 1986-1992 for the Allen Leader and the Allen American in Allen, Texas. Most of these articles were initially written and published, then run again later with changes and additions made. I compiled these articles from the Allen American on microfilm at the Allen Public Library and from the Allen Leader newspapers provided by Mike Williams. Then, I typed them into the computer and indexed them in 2006-07. Lois Curtis and then Rick Mann, Managing Editor of the Allen American gave permission for them to be reprinted on April 30, 2007, [email protected]. Please, contact me to obtain a free copy on a CD. I have given a copy of this to the Allen Public Library, the Harrington Library in Plano, the McKinney Library, the Allen Independent School District and the Lovejoy School District. Tom Keener of the Allen Heritage Guild has better copies of all these photographs and is currently working on an Allen history book. Keener offices at the Allen Public Library. Gwen was a longtime Allen resident with an avid interest in this area’s history. Some of her sources were: Pioneering in North Texas by Capt. Roy and Helen Hall, The History of Collin County by Stambaugh & Stambaugh, The Brown Papers by George Pearis Brown, The Peters Colony of Texas by Seymour V. Conner, Collin County census & tax records and verbal history from local long-time residents of the county. She does not document all of her sources. -
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
NFS Form 10-900 REC! )24-0018 United States Department of the Interior \ \' National Park Service OCT222008 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NAT. REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE This form is for use in nominating or requesting determination for individual properties and districts. See instructioniri How to Complete the A ational Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property__________________________________________ historic name Silver City Cemetery________________________________ other names/site number Old Pioneer Cemetery__________________________ 2. Location_______________________________________________ street & number 6/1 Oth of a mile from Section Line on South side of Section 22. T10N. R6W I.M. [N/A] not for publication city or town Tuttle__________________________________ [X] vicinity state Oklahoma code OK county Gradv code 051 zip code 73089 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this ^ nomination n request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property El meets CD does not meet the National Register criteria. -
Western-Experience-Brochure2017
1 2 1. A to Z Guest Ranch 64599 Ashby Rd. Located approx. 1 mi. W. off Hwy. 259 between Big Cedar Smithville, OK 74957 THE SPUR OF & Octavia. Watch for signs. 580-244-3729 Creeks, lush pine forests & abundance of wildlife with more than 150 mi. of trails for hikers, ATVs & horseback riders. Rental horses avail., or bring your own. 27 RV sites with hookups, 2 dump stations. Chef-prepared meals avail. for THE MOMENT cabin/camping guests. Cabins avail. w/fireplace & satellite TV. www.atozguestranch.com With more than 80 attractions spread across the state, you have the freedom to act on your impulse to unplug and relax on any given weekend. 2. Arbuckle Trail Rides LLC Sulphur, OK 73086 Call for directions. Reservations required. 580-622-6326 Arbuckle Trail Rides offers guided trail rides year-round for 580-993-0097 riders age 6 and up. Ride 1-2 hours up to full-day excursions on well-trained horses with experienced guides. Riding FARM & RANCH ATTRACTIONS instruction is available, teaching safe, effective confidence- The rich stories, culture and history of Oklahoma’s agricultural roots building horsemanship skills. No riding experience FARM & RANCH are on display at our museums and ranches for adventurers of all ages. necessary! Call or email for reservations. ATTRACTIONS www.arbuckletrailrides.com GUEST RANCHES 3. Arrowhead Stables Canadian, OK 74425 Guest ranches are a Western experience getaway – stay all night, Stables located in Arrowhead State Park, 6 mi. S. of Eufaula at the 918-465-1500 Canadian exit off Hwy. 69. Follow signs to Arrowhead State Park, GUEST RANCHES hit a hiking trail at dawn and be fishing by noon. -
Texas Forts Trail Region
CatchCatch thethe PioPionneereer SpiritSpirit estern military posts composed of wood and While millions of buffalo still roamed the Great stone structures were grouped around an Plains in the 1870s, underpinning the Plains Indian open parade ground. Buildings typically way of life, the systematic slaughter of the animals had included separate officer and enlisted troop decimated the vast southern herd in Texas by the time housing, a hospital and morgue, a bakery and the first railroads arrived in the 1880s. Buffalo bones sutler’s store (provisions), horse stables and still littered the area and railroads proved a boon to storehouses. Troops used these remote outposts to the bone trade with eastern markets for use in the launch, and recuperate from, periodic patrols across production of buttons, meal and calcium phosphate. the immense Southern Plains. The Army had other motivations. It encouraged Settlements often sprang up near forts for safety the kill-off as a way to drive Plains Indians onto and Army contract work. Many were dangerous places reservations. Comanches, Kiowas and Kiowa Apaches with desperate characters. responded with raids on settlements, wagon trains and troop movements, sometimes kidnapping individuals and stealing horses and supplies. Soldiers stationed at frontier forts launched a relentless military campaign, the Red River War of 1874–75, which eventually forced Experience the region’s dramatic the state’s last free Native Americans onto reservations in present-day Oklahoma. past through historic sites, museums and courthouses — as well as historic downtowns offering unique shopping, dining and entertainment. ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ 2 The westward push of settlements also relocated During World War II, the vast land proved perfect cattle drives bound for railheads in Kansas and beyond. -
2014 Winter the Medallion
WINTER 2014 Scouting the Forts Trail Frontier Outposts Near Abilene Tell Real Stories of Texas’ Past CONTENTS PRESERvatiON NEwS THC Commissioner Emeritus T.R. Fehrenbach Dies WINTER 2014 Legendary Texas Historian, Writer Was ‘Recognized the World Over’ TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION FEATURES Matthew F. Kreisle, III, Chairman By Andy Rhodes Thomas E. Alexander, Vice Chair Robert K. Shepard, Secretary 4 On the Road Managing Editor, The Medallion to Progress Former Texas Historical Commission Fehrenbach authored Earl Broussard Jr. Bankhead Highway John W. Crain Team Embarks on (THC) Chairman T.R. Fehrenbach, an several significant Michael D. Donegan Resource Development. iconic Texas historian, author, and books, some of which August W. Harris, III columnist, died on December 1, 2013 are required reading for Steven L. Highlander Tom Perini of congestive heart failure. He was 88 students of Texas and Gilbert E. Peterson years old. Korean War history. He Judy C. Richardson Nancy M. Steves THC OUTREACH Theodore Reed Fehrenbach served published 18 nonfiction Daisy Sloan White on the commission for three terms books, including the 6 Frontier Texas from 1983–2001, and was chairman 792-page Lone Star: Texas Forts Trail Region from 1987–1991. Gov. Rick Perry A History of Texas Executive Director: Mark Wolfe ‘Is the Real Texas People appointed him commissioner emeritus and the Texans (1968, Expect to Experience.’ in 2001. 1999), the most widely Medallion Staff: “T.R. Fehrenbach was the read history of Texas. Heather McBride embodiment of the Texas Historical His book This Kind Department Head Andy Rhodes 10 Grass-Roots Commission’s mission to preserve of War (1963, 1995) Managing Editor Preservation Texas history and to tell the real stories is considered the Barbara Putrino of the real places of the Lone Star classic military history Senior Projects Coordinator Researchers Unearth Judy Jensen Cultural Heritage Clues at State,” said THC Executive Director of the Korean War. -
Ally, the Okla- Homa Story, (University of Oklahoma Press 1978), and Oklahoma: a History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press 1989)
Oklahoma History 750 The following information was excerpted from the work of Arrell Morgan Gibson, specifically, The Okla- homa Story, (University of Oklahoma Press 1978), and Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press 1989). Oklahoma: A History of the Sooner State (University of Oklahoma Press 1964) by Edwin C. McReynolds was also used, along with Muriel Wright’s A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (University of Oklahoma Press 1951), and Don G. Wyckoff’s Oklahoma Archeology: A 1981 Perspective (Uni- versity of Oklahoma, Archeological Survey 1981). • Additional information was provided by Jenk Jones Jr., Tulsa • David Hampton, Tulsa • Office of Archives and Records, Oklahoma Department of Librar- ies • Oklahoma Historical Society. Guide to Oklahoma Museums by David C. Hunt (University of Oklahoma Press, 1981) was used as a reference. 751 A Brief History of Oklahoma The Prehistoric Age Substantial evidence exists to demonstrate the first people were in Oklahoma approximately 11,000 years ago and more than 550 generations of Native Americans have lived here. More than 10,000 prehistoric sites are recorded for the state, and they are estimated to represent about 10 percent of the actual number, according to archaeologist Don G. Wyckoff. Some of these sites pertain to the lives of Oklahoma’s original settlers—the Wichita and Caddo, and perhaps such relative latecomers as the Kiowa Apache, Osage, Kiowa, and Comanche. All of these sites comprise an invaluable resource for learning about Oklahoma’s remarkable and diverse The Clovis people lived Native American heritage. in Oklahoma at the Given the distribution and ages of studies sites, Okla- homa was widely inhabited during prehistory. -
Heritage Tourism Guidebook
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION HERITAGE TOURISM G ook uideb Tbl f n INTRODUCTIONa e o ...................................................................................................................Co tents ..........................1 WHAT IS TOURISM?........................................................................................................................................2 WHAT IS HERITAGE TOURISM?...................................................................................................................3 GROWTH OF THE HERITAGE TOURISM INDUSTRY .............................................................................6 THE HERITAGE TOURISM TRAVELER........................................................................................................7 HERITAGE TOURISM PLANNING ................................................................................................................8 STEP ONE: ASSESS THE POTENTIAL ..................................................................................................9 STEP TWO: PLAN AND ORGANIZE...................................................................................................14 STEP THREE: PREPARE, PROTECT AND MANAGE........................................................................28 STEP FOUR: MARKET FOR SUCCESS................................................................................................36 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................43 -
Notes and Documents the Texas Frontier in 1850: Dr. Ebenezer Swift
Notes and Documents The Texas Frontier in 1850: Dr. Ebenezer Swift and the View From Fort Martin Scott by: CALEB COKER AND JANET G. HUMPHREY The Texas Frontier in 1850 was guarded by a line of army forts ranging from Fort Worth to Fort Duncan near Eagle Pass. With the end of the Mexican War, settlers had begun pushing toward the Texas interior, and troops became available to furnish new towns some measure of protection from raiding bands of Indians. 1 Fort Martin bScott, established between the towns of Fredericksburg and Zodiac in December 1848, was one such military post. The letter reproduced here, from the fort's physician, provides a marvelous glimpse of frontier Texas in 1850. It includes candid descriptions of a farm in Austin, life at the fort, and relationships with the local Indians. Native Americans living in the vicinity of Fort Martin Scott belonged to a number of tribes. The least predictable and most feared, however, were the Comanches. White settlements disrupted their wide-ranging lifestyle and threatened the abundant supply of game. In the mid-1840s their primary tactic was to attack settlers in small raiding parties and then vanish, often taking with them horses and other livestock. These hit-and-run assaults terrorized those on the frontier for decades.2 The Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas had purchased 10,000 acres of forested land just north of the Pedernales River on Barron's Creek in December 1845. By the following May, settlers began arriving from New Braunfels at the town site named Fredericksburg. -
The Chisholm Trail
From the poem “Cattle” by Berta Hart Nance In the decades following the Civil War, more than 6 million cattle—up to 10 million by some accounts—were herded out of Texas in one of the greatest migrations of animals ever known. These 19th-century cattle drives laid the foundation for Texas’ wildly successful cattle industry and helped elevate the state out of post-Civil War despair and poverty. Today, our search for an American identity often leads us back to the vision of the rugged and independent men and women of the cattle drive era. Although a number of cattle drive routes existed during this period, none captured the popular imagination like the one we know today as the Chisholm Trail. Through songs, stories, and mythical tales, the Chisholm Trail has become a vital feature of American identity. Historians have long debated aspects of the Chisholm Trail’s history, including the exact route and even its name. Although they may argue over specifics, most would agree that the decades of the cattle drives were among the most colorful periods of Texas history. The purpose of this guide is not to resolve debates, but rather to help heritage tourists explore the history and lore associated with the legendary cattle-driving route. We hope you find the historical disputes part of the intrigue, and are inspired to investigate the historic sites, museums, and attractions highlighted here to reach your own conclusions. 1835-36 The Texas Revolution 1845 The United States annexes Texas as the 28th state 1861-65 The American Civil War 1867 Joseph G. -
MCMAKIN, JOHN. IHTSR7IM. ,» INDEX Immigration—Cherokee
MCMAKIN, JOHN. IHTSR7IM. ,» 164 INDEX Immigration—Cherokee Nation Intermarried whites—Cherokee Nation Permit s—Cherokee Houses—Cherokee Nation Schools—Cherokee Nation Grist Mills--Cherokee Nation Grist Millfl—Creek Nation Sawmills—Cherokee Nation Stage rout08 Bacone, A. C. Farming—Cherokee Nation Wealaka; Porter, Pleasant Ferries—Arkansas River Goose N6ck Bend Community Ferries—Verdigris River Ranch ing—Creek Nation Ranching—Cherokee Nation Turner, Clarence Severs, F. B. Halsell, Hale Trails Texas Trail Schools—Creek Nation Cemeteries—Creek Cemeteries—Gherokee Muakogee V Railroads—Missouri Pacific Hotels—Creek Nation Springs—Cherokee Nation Insane asylums—Cherokee Nation Fort Gibson Intoxicants—Cherokee Nation Agenc ie s—C re ek Agencies—Union Finance—Creek Nation Fianace—Cherokee Nation Indian trade—Osage Trading posts—Osage Payments—Osage Hominy Food—Creek Newspapers—Muskogee JOHN. INTERVIEW. 1G5 Interview with John McMakin by L. W. Wilson, Field Worker Mr. McMakin was born at Marietta, Georgia in 1863 and moved to the Cherokee Nation in the Indian Territory in 1873 and located at Muskogee, Oklahoma the same year. FATHER: lilliam Jefferson McMakin, born in North Carolina in 1833, and died in Muskogee, Oklahoma, August 1899. MOTHER: Adeline DeLaney-McMakin, born and died prior to my father's moving to Muskogee, Oklahoma. My father married the second time, to Savannah Brown in the state of Georgia, which was a lawful and legal marriage but when they came to the Indian Territory they had to marry again in order to become citizens of the Cherokee Nation, which was in accordance with the Cherokee laws. In order for an Indian and a white man to marry, it was necessary to get ten respectable citizens by blood to the Indian, to sign a petition and then take the petition before the clerk of the Cherokee court of the Cherokee Nation. -
Heritage Corridors: Pathways to History
f.o. r. .u. .m . .j. o. .u. r. .nn. .a. .l . The Journal of the National Trust for Historic Preservation • Fall 2007 • Volume 22 • No. 1 Heritage Corridors: Pathways to History . Periodicals Postage Paid Washington, D.C. 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 Return Postage Guaranteed Address Correction Requested Published by National Trust Forum, a program of the National Trust’s Center for Preservation Leadership ...............................................................................................................foru m journal National Trust Forum Peter H. Brink Senior Vice President, Programs Katherine Adams Director, Center for Preservation Leadership Elizabeth Byrd Wood Editor Kerri Rubman Assistant Editor Brenda Barrett Guest Editor Steve Elkinton Guest Editor Ron Woods Business Manager National Trust for Historic Preservation Richard Moe President David J. Brown Executive Vice President Peter H. Brink Senior Vice President, Programs Gregory A. Coble Vice President, Business and Finance David Cooper Vice President, Development Paul Edmondson Vice President and General Counsel Stanley A. Lowe Vice President for Community Revitalization Dolores McDonagh Vice President, Membership Jan Rothschild Vice President for Communications and Marketing James Vaughan Vice President, Stewardship of Historic Properties Emily Wadhams Vice President, Public Policy National Trust Forum Advisory Board Paul Bruhn Preservation Trust of Vermont Pratt W. Cassity University of Georgia Alan Downer National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers E. Renee Ingram African American Heritage Preservation Foundation, Inc. Bruce D. Judd, FAIA Architectural Resources Group Heather MacIntosh Preservation Action Ann McGlone National Alliance of Preservation Commissions David Mertz National Council for Preservation Education David Morgan Former Kentucky State Historic Preservation Officer Marcel Quimby National Trust Board of Advisors Nancy Miller Schamu National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers Donna J.