Flood Potential Analysis (Fpan) Using Geo-Spatial Data in Penampang Area, Sabah

Malaysian Journal Geosciences (MJG) 1(1) (2017) 01-06

ISSN: 2521-0920 (Print) ISSN: 2521-0602 (Online) Contents List available at RAZI Publishing Malaysian Journal of Geosciences Journal Homepage:http://www.razipublishing.com/journals/malaysian-journal-of-geosciences-mjg/ https://doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2017.01.06 Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) using Geo-Spatial Data in Penampang area, Sabah

Rodeano Roslee*1, Felix Tongkul1, Norbert Simon2 & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham1 1Geology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah,UMS Road, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article history: recorded especially in Penampang area, Sabah (e.g. July 1999; October 2010; April 2013; October & December Received 22 January 2017 Flooding is one of the major natural disasters in Sabah, Malaysia. Several recent cases of catastrophic flooding were Accepted 03 February 2017 Available online 05 February 2017 has affected 40,000 people from 70 villages. The main objective of this study are to analysis the Flood Potential Level2014). (FPL) Heavy in monsoonthe study rainfallarea. In hasthis triggered study, eigth floods (8) parametersand caused weregreat considereddamage in Penampangin relation to area. the causativeThe 2014 factors floods Keywords:

Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) to flooding, which are: rainfall, slope gradient, elevation, drainage density, landuse, soil textures, slope curvatures Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Sabah, and flow accumulation. Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) map were produced based on the data collected from the Malaysia field survey, laboratory analysis, high resolution digital radar images (IFSAR) acquisation, and secondary data. FPL were defined using Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique integrated with GIS software. The information from this paper can contribute to better management of flood disaster in this study area. 1. Introduction

The Penampang District of Sabah, East Malaysia (Fig. 1) is subjected to fromdevelopment rural development pressure as and the cultivation urban centre of rice of paddy Kota to Kinabalu intensive expands urban developmentonto the Sungai presents Moyog afloodplain. range of Thesocial subsequent and environmental transition of issues. land useOf

particular concern to the area are the issues associated with flooding.

In 2014 from October 7 to October 10, Penampang suffered its worse flood ever, since the last big flood in 1991 (Figs. 2 & 3). According to the District Officer of Penampang as many as 40,000 people from 70 villages were inaffected Penampang by the occurredflood. The on flood September coincided 2007 with and continuous May 2013, heavy affecting rainfall several due villagesto typhoon (Fig. Phanfone 3). and typhoon Vongfong. Another recent flood disaster

Daerah Penampang) Figure 2: Some cases of flash flood in Penampang, Sabah (Sources: Pejabat

Figure 3: Daily recorded rainfall of Babagon Agriculture Station from year August 2002 – May 2015 (Sources: Department of Drainage and Irrigation).

The main objectives of this study are to analysis the Flood Potential Level (FPL) in the study area. It is hopes that the outcomes from this study can be an important reference document for the local authority and other relevant

Figure 1: Location of the study area agencies for the purpose of urban planning and flood mitigation. An ad hoc, or reactive, approach to floodplain management has previously *Corresponding Author been standard practice. Insufficient control over floodplain development Email Address: [email protected] (Rodeano Roslee) practice has led to a worsening of the flood problem. Until recently, floodplain management has only involved structural approaches to modifying flood behaviour. However, without planning, the structural flood modification only compensates for the poor development practice by restoring the flood behaviour to pre-development conditions. Ultimately, there is no net benefit. 1

Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Mal. J. Geo 1(1) (2017) 01-06 Cite this article as: Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) using Geo-Spatial Data in Penampang area, Sabah. Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Malaysian Journal of Geosciences 1(1) (2017) 01–06 2

capable of converting subjective assessments of relative importance into a An ad hoc, or reactive, approach to floodplain management has previously decision making process known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is been standard practice. Insufficient control over floodplain development pair-wise comparisons as an input and produces the relative weights as practice has led to a worsening of the flood problem. Until recently, output.linear set Further of weights. the AHP The provides criterion a mathematicalpair-wise comparison method of matrix translating takes thisthe floodplain management has only involved structural approaches to modifying flood behaviour. However, without planning, the structural of the reason that individual judgments will never be agreed perfectly, the flood modification only compensates for the poor development practice by degreematrix intoof consistency a vector of achieved relative inweights the ratings for the is criteria.measured Moreover, by a Consistency because restoring the flood behaviour to pre-development conditions. Ultimately, there is no net benefit. 1 appliedIn the recent using years,probabilistic there have methods.5-9 been many In differentstudies on ways, flood hydrological susceptibility/ and Ratio (CR) indicating the probability that the matrix ratings were randomly stochastichazard/risk rainfall mapping method using hasGIS alsotools2-4 been andemployed many ofin theseother studiesareas.10-16 have shouldgenerated. be revised, The rule-of-thumb in other words is that it is a notCR lessacceptable. than or equal41-42 to 0.10 signifies an acceptable reciprocal matrix, and ratio over 0.10 implies that the matrix studies.17-29 2.3 Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) Likewise neural network methods have been applied in various case The initial step in Phase III is the delineation and conversion processes of data from the radar images (IFSAR). Phase III also covers the integration Determining the flood susceptible/vulnerable areas is very important between criteria weights and maps, producing a Flood Potential Analysis to decision makers for planning and management of activities. Decision (FPAn) using spatial analyst, which determine the Flood Potential Level making is actually a choice or selection of alternative course of action in (FPL). ofmany different fields, criteria.both the Allsocial these and criteria natural need sciences. to be The evaluated inevitable for problems decision All of the thematic maps produced were analyzed through the spatial analysis.30-34in these fields necessitated For instance, a Multidetailed Criteria analysis Evaluation considering (MCE) a large methods number has are related geographically.35-36 Geographic Information System (GIS) analyst technique (raster calculator) based on Eq. (1) for LSL estimation been applied in several studies since 80% of data used by decision makers usingand classification a grid base. (Tab. 1). The FPL calculation was carried out through a combination of input parametric maps in Eq. (1) with the GIS operations setprovides of criteria more with and betterthe overlay information process,37-38 for decision and makingthe multi-criteria situations. [(32.53*Rainfall) + (22.74*Drainage Density) + (15.84*Flow Accumulation) decisionIt allows analysis the decision within makers GIS is used to identify to develop a list, and meeting evaluate a predefinedalternative + (11.08*Landuse) + (7.19*Elevation) + (4.89*Slope Gradient) + (3.35*Soil plans that may facilitate compromise among interested parties.39

2. Materials and Method Textures) + (2.38*Slope Curvatures)] (1) three (3) main phases involved, namely: a) Phase I: Selection andFig. 4evaluation shows theof frameworkcriteria; b) model Phase used II: inMulti-Criteria this study. ThereEvaluation are (MCE); and c) Phase III: Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn).

Criteria Evaluation (MCE) for Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) Figure 4: Framework model of integrating spatial analysis with Multi- 2.1 Selection and evaluation of criteria The main purpose in Phase I are database development. Firstly, soil samples were collected from the field will be analyzed their types in accordance with BS1377-1990. The next step is secondary data compilation and literature review. Lastly observation of Flood Hazard Identification (FHI) parameters was conducted through the fieldwork study (Fig. 4) In Phase II, the choice of criterions that has a spatial reference is an important 2.2 Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique inand the profound study area. step Eigthin Multi-Criteria factors are Evaluationconsidered (MCE) in relation technique. to the Hence, causative the factors,criteria considerwhich are in thisrainfall, study slope is based gradient, on their topography, significance drainage in causing density, flood landuse, soil textures, slope curvatures and flow accumulation (Fig. 4). Several questionnaires were distributed among experts in hydrology and thehydraulics. weights The of each inputs criterion. obtained Pair-wise from those comparison experts wereis more further appropriate used in ifcarrying accuracy out and the theoretical pair-wise comparisonfoundations techniqueare the main in order concern.40 to calculate The technique involves the comparison of the criteria and as allows one to compare the importance of two criteria at a time. This very technique, whichCite this was article proposed as: Flood and Potential developed Analysis by 41 (FPAn) within using the frameworkGeo-Spatial ofData a in Penampang area, Sabah. Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Mal. J. Geo 1(1) (2017) 01-06 Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Malaysian Journal of Geosciences 1(1) (2017) 01–06 3

3. Materials and Method 3.3 Flow accumulation

3.1 Rainfall Flow accumulation is where water accumulates from precipitation with sinks being filled. From the flow accumulation of the study area, two(2) commonly from heavy rainfall when natural watercourses do not have main rivers in the study area were derived: Moyog, and Babagon Rivers Heavy rainfalls are one of the major causes of floods. Flooding occurs most (Fig. 7). For the study area, higher weighted value (0.3612) were assigned as highest flow accumulation areas and lower weighted value (0.1238) downthe capacity slope as to runoff. convey The excess amount water. of runoffFloods is are related associated to the amountwith extremes of rain were assigned as lowest flow accumulation. The flow accumulation in rainfall, any water that cannot immediately seep into the ground flows layer were reclassified in five sub-groups using the standard classification Schemes (very low to very high as shown in the results Table 1 and Figure 7 a region experiences. The level of water in rivers rises due to heavy rainfalls. When the level of water rises above the river banks or dams, the water starts Inoverflowing, the study, ahence rainfall causing map was river developed based floods. based The on thewater daily overflows rainfall valuesto the (short-termareas adjoining intensity to the riversrainfall) or dams,for the causing study areafloods.38 (Figs. 3 & 5). Based on the information obtained from the Metrology Department of Malaysia (MetMalaysia) and the Sabah Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), station, Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) station and Babagon station.a total of four (4) stations were identified, i.e. the Ulu Moyog station, Inanam A mean annual rainfall for fourteen (14) years (2002–2015) was considered and interpolated using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to create a continuous raster rainfall data within and around municipality boundary.

The resulting raster layer was finally reclassified into the five classes using (weighted = 0.0624) for least rainfall to > 300 mm (weighted = 0.4162) for Figure 7: Flow accumulation map highestan equal rainfall interval. (Tab. The 1 & reclassifiedFig. 5). rainfall was given a value < 40 mm 3.4 Landuse

The land-use of an area is also one of the primary concerns in FSAn

because this is one factor which not only reflects the current use of the theland, cover pattern of otherand type crops, of itshas use an butimportant also in relationimpact onto infiltration.the ability ofLand- the soilcover to likeact as vegetation a water cover,store.38 whether Impermeable that is surfaces permanent such grasslandas concrete, or

decreases penetration capacity of the soil and increases the water absorbs almost no water at all. Land-use like buildings and roads,

runoff. Land-use types work as resistant covers and decrease the water hold up time; and typically, it increases the peak discharge of water that enhances a fastidious flooding. This implies that land-use and land- coverIn this are study crucial area, factors land use in mapdetermining shows a fewthe sectorsprobabilities such asof theflood.38 residential & 39 Figure 5: Rainfall map sector, commercial sector, public infrastructure sector, the industrial sector, the higher education institutions and schools sector, and the agriculture, 3.2 Drainage density forestry and others sector (Fig. 8 & Tab. 1). Based on the results of the GIS Drainage is an important ecosystem controlling the hazards as its densities spatial analyst conducted, it was found that the agriculture, forestry and denote the nature of the soil and its geotechnical properties. This means others sector cover the widest area in the study area (53.92%). This was that the higher the density, the higher the catchment area is susceptible to followed by the residential sector (32.98%), the commercial sector (6.00%), water body (2.34%), the higher education institutions and schools sector (2.27%), the industrial sector (1.68%), and the public infrastructure sector erosion, resulting in sedimentation at the lower grounds.38 The first step in the present study area was done using the method proposed by. 43 (0.82%). In terms of the progress of the diversity of land use, this means Drainagethe quantitative density FSAn map is could designation be derived of stream from the order. drainage The Stream map. i.e.,drainage ordering in streams in the watershed to total area of watershed and is categorized. enforcementthat the study of area the activitieshas been ofexplored slope cutting for more can thantrigger 70% the as occurrence a whole for of Themap drainageis overlaid density on watershed of the watershed map to find is calculated out the ratio as: ofD=L/A, total where,length ofD development and agricultural activities. Exploration mass without control/ = drainage density of watershed; L = total length of drainage channel in flash flood. higher weighted value (0.4162) were assigned to poor drainage density areaswatershed and lower (km); Aweighted = total areavalue of(0.0624) watershed were (km2). assigned For theto studyareas area,with drainageadequate density drainage. are > The 200 drainage mm and densitythose with layer very were high reclassified drainage density in five sub-groups using the standard classification Schemes. Areas with very low with value of < 50 mm as depicted in the results Table 1 and Figure 6

Figure 8: Landuse map

3.5 Elevation

A digital elevation model (DEM) of the slope conditions provided by raster datasets on morphometric features (altitude, internal relief, slope angle, Figure 6: Drainage density map aspect, longitudinal and transverse slope curvature and slope roughness) and on hydrologic parameters (watershed area, drainage density, drainage

Cite this article as: Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) using Geo-Spatial Data in Penampang area, Sabah. Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Mal. J. Geo 1(1) (2017) 01-06 Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Norbert Simon & Mohd. Norazman Norhisham / Malaysian Journal of Geosciences 1(1) (2017) 01–06 4

slopenetwork stability order, causedchannel by length, the presence etc.) were of automaticallya digital elevation extracted model from (DEM) the whichDEM (Fig. is evaluated 9). In addition, numerically the slope and isangle illustrated is also byconsidered the spatial as analysts. an index 44 of

The elevation of topography in the study area can be divided into three m) and hilly areas (> 30 m) (Fig. 9 & Tab. 1). Almost 16.01% of the study main areas: lowland areas (<10 m), moderately highland areas (11-30 in the southwestern and northern parts of the study area with little hills. Thisarea consistsregion includes of lowland the areasalluvial (<10 plains m). Lowlandand areas areas which were have concentrated undergone manufacturing and other infrastructure construction. From the satellite imagesa process observations, of cut and lowland fill slopes areas activitieshave brighter for urbanization,tone, incorporeal housing, arise Figure 10: Slope gradient map and intermittent drainages often found in lowland areas and mostly dried and flat. The directional trend of lineaments is northeast-southwest. Short

Moderatelyduring the dried highland season. areas In lowland(11-30 m)areas covered also have about several 42.38% small of lakesthe entire such 3.7 Soil Textures studyTaman area Tuan (Fig. Fuad 9). and It Bukit is located Padang in area. the northeastern and southwestern moistureInformation are on the soil most types important explaining components the diversity and of physicalcharacteristics characteristics of soils. parts of the study area. Moderately highland areas most widespread has for unconsolidated deposition and weathering production. Soil texture and changed from its original height due to the activities of urbanization. From water soon and few runoffs occurs. On the other hand, the clay soils are the satellite images observations, moderately highland areas have medium lessSoil poroustextures and have hold a greatwater impact longer onthan flooding sandy soils.because This sandy implies soil that absorbs areas

Moderately highland areas were produced by the process of adoption or Based on the soil types map derived from the Agriculture Department of dark tone, incorporeal arise with lineaments trends at northeast-southwest. Sabahcharacterized (JPNS), theby clay soils soils association are more in affected the study by area flooding. can be grouped into ten along the valley. folding of the Crocker Formation. In this area there are many rivers flowing parts covered about 41.60% of the entire study area (Fig. 9). This area is (10) categories, namely the Weston association (very silty sand textured, Hilly areas (> 30 m) that extends in the northwestern and southeastern SM) (5.47%), the Tanjung Aru association (sand with little silty textured, SapiSW) (2.98%),Figure 10: the TuaranSlope association gradient map (very silty sand textured, SM) (2.03%), northeast-southwest.part of the Crocker range There that are formsseveral a residential ridge nearly areas parallel (villages) to the built strike in the Kinabatangan association (very clayey sand textured, SC) (1.28%), the thisof the area. bedding Infrastructure planes of andthe Crockerutilities areFormation very limited sedimentary and not rocks as good in the as lowland or moderately highland areas. 3.7 Soil Textures moistureInformation are on the soil most types important explaining components the diversity and of physicalcharacteristics characteristics of soils. for unconsolidated deposition and weathering production. Soil texture and water soon and few runoffs occurs. On the other hand, the clay soils are lessSoil poroustextures and have hold a greatwater impact longer onthan flooding sandy soils.because This sandy implies soil that absorbs areas

Based on the soil types map derived from the Agriculture Department of Sabahcharacterized (JPNS), theby clay soils soils association are more in affected the study by area flooding. can be grouped into ten

(10) categories, namely the Weston association (very silty sand textured, SM) (5.47%), the Tanjung Aru association (sand with little silty textured, SW) (2.98%), the Tuaran association (very silty sand textured, SM) (2.03%), the Kinabatangan association (very clayey sand textured, SC) (1.28%), the Sapi association (peat textured, Pt) (1.28%), the Klias association (organic Figure 9: Elevation map textured, O) (1.69%), the Brantian association (clay textured, C) (1.07%), the Dalit association (very clayey sand textured, SC) (8.89%), the Lokan 3.6 Slope Gradient Theassociation soil types (very in an silty area sandis important textured, as SM)they (26.23%),control the andamount the of Crocker water association (clayey sand textured, S-C) (49.07%) (Fig. 11 & Tab. 1). Elevation and slope play an important role in governing the stability of a that can infiltrate into the ground, and hence the amount of water which or subsurface drainage reaching a site. Slope has a dominant effect on the terrain. The slope influences the direction of and amount of surface runoff becomes flow.45 The structure and infiltration capacity of soils will also have an important impact on the efficiency of the soil to act as a sponge contribution of rainfall to stream flow. It controls the duration of overland whichand soak causes up water.increase Different in surface types runoff. of soils When have water differing is supplied capacities. at a rate The chance of flood hazard increases with decrease in soil infiltration capacity, structure,flow, infiltration type of soil, and and subsurface the drainage. flow. Steeper Combination slopes are of themore slope susceptible angles basically defines the form of the slope and its relationship with the lithology, that exceeds the soil’s infiltration capacity, it moves down slope as runoff on gradientto surface slopes.38 runoff, while flat terrains are susceptible to water logging. Low sloping land, and can lead to flooding.46 Ingradient terms slopesof slope are gradient highly vulnerablein the study to area, flood the occurrences results suggest compared that 48.37% to high of the area can be categorized as 0o - 5o, 28.45% as a 6o - 15o, 22.41% as slope16o - 30o,gradient 0.75% is usuallyas 31o -low. 60o Areas and 0.01% with high in excess slope of gradients 60o (Fig. do 10 not & Tab.permit 1). Rain or excessive water from the river always gathers in an area where the the water to accumulate and result into flooding. If the main concern is river cellscaused with flood, lower elevation elevation difference than the ofsurrounding the various would DEM cellsbe more from important. the river could be considered, whereas for pluvial flood local depressions, i.e., DEM is important. This implies that the way in which elevation could be associated with risk

Figure 11: Soil textures map

3.8 Slope curvatures or dispersing surface and primarily subsurface water in the landscape. Slope shape has a strong influence on flood occurrences in by concentrating hillslopeThere are segment three basic and slope straight curvature hillslope units: (least convex, stable). straight The andmain concave. reason isConvex related landform to landform is most structure stable inaffecting steep terrain,largely the followed concentration by concave or tend to concentrate subsurface water into small areas of the slope, thereby generatingdispersion ofrapid surface pore and water subsurface pressure water.increase Convex during and storms concave or periodshillslopes of rainfall. Whereas a straight hillslope /flat surface that allows the water to Inflow this quickly study, is the a disadvantage slope curvatures and causes map flooding,(Fig. 12) whereaswas prepared a higher using surface the digitalroughness elevation can slow model down (DEM) the floodand surface response. analysis tools in ArcGIS software. The slope curvatures classes having less values was assigned higher value was categorized as lower weighted value due to relatively high run-off weighted value due to almost flat terrain while the class having maximum Figure 13: Flood Potential Level (FPL) map of study area elevation. This implies that slope curvatures may not be the predominant (Fig. 12 & Tab. 1). Most of the entire flooding area lies in a straight or flat

3.9factor Flood in ranking Potential FPL Level classes. (FPL) Deep5. Acknowledgement gratitude to Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) for providing easy access In terms of Flood Potential Level (FPL), of the results of the analyses for Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) for the fundamental the Kota Kinabalu area suggest that 40.49% of the area can be categorised to laboratories and research equipment. Highest appreciations also to the as having very low susceptibility (VLS), 35.08% as low susceptibility (LS), this research. 18.21% as moderate susceptibility (MS), 5.50% as high susceptibility (HS) research grant award (FRG0410-STWN-1/2015) to finance all the costs of and 0.71% as very high susceptibility (VHS (Fig. 13). In general, the VLS to 6. References MS to HS areas are basically not recommended to be developed due to high LS areas refer to stable conditions from flood vulnerability/risk. In contrast, Management in Malaysian Borneo. 2011 Floodplain Management the local authorities really want to develop these areas, some mitigation Conference,[1] B. Tamworth, Caddis, W. Hong,NSW. 22-25C. Nielsen. February 2011. 2011. The Challenges 1-11. of Floodplain proceduresflood vulnerability/risk. to be introduced. However, VHS areas if there are is strictly no choice not recommendedor the developer to beor Flooding Beneath the Forest Canopy: A Review. International Journal of planning controlare recommended. [2] L. L. Hess, J. M. Melack, D. S. Simonett. 1990. Radar Detection of developed and provisions for suitable structural and non-structural works Remote Sensing. 11: 1313-1325.

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