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Apuntes De Hardware De Ordenadores

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Apuntes De Hardware De Ordenadores I. E. S. “MARIA MOLINER”. SEGOVIA. CICLOS: Equipos Electrónicos de consumo - Instalaciones Electrotécnicas. 2009-10. Módulos: “SISTEMAS ELECTRONICOS DE INFORMACION” – “INFORMATICA TECNICA”. PT: Nicolás Sacristán Chico. Índice de contenido 1.-INTRODUCCION.....................................................................................................................1 1.1.-Hardware y software...........................................................................................................1 1.2.-Componentes del hardware.................................................................................................1 1.2.1.-La unidad central..........................................................................................................1 1.2.2.-Los periféricos..............................................................................................................1 1.3.-Componentes del software..................................................................................................1 1.3.1.-El sistema operativo.....................................................................................................1 1.3.2.-Los programas..............................................................................................................2 1.4.-Tipos de ordenadores...........................................................................................................2 1.5.-Fabricantes...........................................................................................................................3 1.5.1.-Hardware......................................................................................................................3 1.5.2.-Software.......................................................................................................................3 1.6.-Redes de ordenadores..........................................................................................................3 1.6.1.-Periféricos de comunicación........................................................................................4 1.6.2.-Redes locales................................................................................................................4 1.6.3.-Redes globales..............................................................................................................4 1.6.4.-Internet.........................................................................................................................4 1.6.5.-Redes sin hilos.............................................................................................................5 1.7.-Las medidas en informática.................................................................................................6 1.7.1.-El bit.............................................................................................................................6 1.7.2.-El byte..........................................................................................................................6 2.-Sistemas microprocesador........................................................................................................7 2.1.-Microcontrolador.................................................................................................................8 2.2.-ORDENADOR....................................................................................................................8 3.-PLACA BASE............................................................................................................................9 3.1.-Factores de forma y estándares...........................................................................................9 3.2.-Los elementos de la placa base..........................................................................................12 3.2.1.-Zócalo del microprocesador.......................................................................................12 3.2.2.-Ranuras de memoria...................................................................................................15 3.2.3.-Chipset de control......................................................................................................15 3.2.4.-Bus del sistema...........................................................................................................16 3.3.-La BIOS.............................................................................................................................16 3.3.1.-MEMORIA CMOS RAM..........................................................................................17 3.4.-Buses.................................................................................................................................19 3.4.1.-Subconjunto de un bus...............................................................................................20 3.4.2.-Los buses principales.................................................................................................20 Índices 3.4.3.-Slots para tarjetas de expansión.................................................................................20 3.4.4.-El bus PCI..................................................................................................................22 3.4.5.-Bus AGP....................................................................................................................24 3.4.6.-Velocidad de transferencia - Ancho de banda...........................................................26 3.5.-Conectores externos..........................................................................................................27 3.5.1.-Teclado:......................................................................................................................28 3.5.2.-Puerto para ratón PS/2:..............................................................................................28 3.5.3.-Puerto de juegos:........................................................................................................28 3.5.4.-Puerto VGA:..............................................................................................................28 3.5.5.-Puerto paralelo:..........................................................................................................28 3.5.6.-Puerto serie:................................................................................................................29 3.5.7.-USB............................................................................................................................29 3.5.8.-IEEE 1394. (Fire Wire o cable de fuego)...................................................................30 3.6.-Conectores internos...........................................................................................................31 3.6.1.-Fuente de alimentación. Conector eléctrico...............................................................31 3.6.2.-Pila.............................................................................................................................32 3.6.3.-Elementos integrados variados...................................................................................32 3.7.-Cajas..................................................................................................................................33 4.-MICROS...................................................................................................................................35 4.1.-Partes de un microprocesador............................................................................................35 4.2.-ARQUITECTURAS..........................................................................................................35 4.2.1.-CISC...........................................................................................................................35 4.2.2.-RISC...........................................................................................................................36 4.3.-CARACTERISTICAS.......................................................................................................36 4.3.1.-Modos de funcionamiento:.........................................................................................36 4.3.2.-Doble plano de voltaje:..............................................................................................36 4.3.3.-Pipeline (canalización):..............................................................................................36 4.3.4.-Arquitectura superescalar:..........................................................................................38 4.3.5.-Ejecución dinámica:...................................................................................................38 4.3.6.-Ejecución fuera de orden:..........................................................................................38 4.3.7.-Arquitectura DIB........................................................................................................38 4.3.8.-MMX:.........................................................................................................................38 4.3.9.-3Dnow! (AMD)..........................................................................................................38 4.3.10.-SSE (KNI (MMX2)) (INTEL).................................................................................38 4.3.11.-Tecnología mejorada 3DNow! (AMD)....................................................................38 II Índices 4.3.12.-SSE2. (INTEL).........................................................................................................39
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