ADAPTIVE WATER GOVERNANCE IN HIMALAYAN TOWNS
Zeeshan Tahir Virk Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
• Established in 1978, PARC is the apex body for agricultural research in Pakistan • Research Centres all across Pakistan • Largest centre (National Agriculture Research Centre – Islamabad) • Climate Change, Alternate Energy, and Water Resources Institute • HI-AWARE Project HI-AWARE
Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience Research on Glacier and Snowpack Dependent River Basins for Improving Livelihoods Introduction to HI-AWARE
HI-AWARE funded through Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative for Africa & Asia (CARIAA) (IDRC / DFID) Project time period – 2013 to 2018 Pakistan – PARC India – TERI University Bangladesh – BCAS Nepal – ICIMOD Introduction to HI-AWARE Study Areas in Pakistan
Hunza Sub-basin in High Mountain Upper Indus Basin Study Area (Hunza River Basin) Soan Basin in Pothowar Plateau Mid-Hill Study Area (Soan River Basin) Flood Plain Study Area Chaj Doab in Indus (Chaj Doab) plains Adaptive Water Governance in Himalayan Towns Introduction
A regional study, focusing on impacts of;
Urbanization Climate Change
Water Resources Introduction
This study is focusing on water; – Availability – Demand and Supply – Governance – Impacts of climate change
• Increasing urbanization, population and climate change impacts in Himalayan river basins are stressing the existing water resources of these areas. • This study is investigating emerging urban settlements in Himalayan river basins, such as “Murree” in Pakistan Himalaya's unique topography and hydrogeology is able to support only 3 % Large cities 8 % Small towns People are flocking to By 2050, more than 50% of the population in six HKH countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, nearest urban and Pakistan) will live in cities. In Afghanistan and centers Nepal, this %age is expected to reach earlier . increasing urbanization and water access challenges in Himalayan towns Urban centers in the HKH region
<50000 50000 -100000 100000 - 500000
500000 - 1000000
>1000000
Source: ICIMOD, 2017 Focus From left to right-
Haveliyan Tansen Murree Palpa Mussorie Singtam Devaprayag Kalimpong Objectives
• Assessing the current status of water resources in Himalayan towns in Pakistan. • Understanding the ways in which residents are adapting to the change in water availability Methodology Literature • Literature Review Review
• Secondary Data Secondary • Quantitative Data Data – Household Survey (Stratified Random Quantitative Sampling) Data • Qualitative Data (Participatory Rural Qualitative Assessment) Data – Focus Group Discussions – Key Informant Interviews Data Analysis Historic hill station founded in 1800s
MURREE Murree Tehsil: 15 Ucs Rawalpindi, Pakistan Murree City: 1 UC (Murree Urban)
Original water supply network Population Projection installed by British army in 1884 250000+ 214230 2017 2016 90% reliance on Estimated current demand is 176426 springs for 3 million gallons per 1998 domestic water 153023 uses day 1981 Murree City (Adminstrative) Challenges
No water-body source Strategies such as lake/river/dam Tourist based water Rain water demands and harvesting resultant stresses on available water resources Identification of new Commercial activities such sources as hotels and restaurant activities Jhelum involved in water stealing Water Adaptation measures small Supply and scattered Project Unsustainable and Seasonal resource intensive migration development Murree City (Major Settlements) Major Settlements in Urban Murree
• Kachi Abadi Baroori • Kashmiri Muhalla Bansra Gali • Sunny Bank • Pindi Point • Sardar Noor Khan Town (Ihata Noor Khan) • Shawala • Dhobi Ghaat • Abbasi Muhalla • Kashmiri Muhalla Murree Hills Major Settlements in Urban Murree
• Lower Bazar • Kasai Muhalla • Mochi Mandi • Kashmir Point • Hill Dholo • Jhika Gali • Mussairri • Mall Road • Kuldana Road Murree City (Water Sources and Distribution) Water Sources
• The main source: Spring water 90% • 5 major water sources pump water to the reservoirs at Kashmir point. These include the following; • Doonga Gali: – Oldest water scheme. – Surface water – Two reservoirs of 6.2 Million Gallons. • Khanitak: – Spring water – capacity of 50000 gallons. – It supplies nearly 100,000 gallons – 4 stage pumping system. Water Sources
• Masoot – Spring water – 2 capping tanks, of 50000 gallons. – Daily supply 150,000 gallons – 2 stage pumping system • Dharjawa – Largest spring water source – Supplies nearly 800,000 to 1 million gallons daily – 5 stage pumping system. Water Sources
• Shawala: – Spring Water – Multi stage pumping system – Supplies 70,000 to 100,000 gallons daily Water Distribution
• Water is distributed by means of gravity with water stored in 6 reservoirs at Kashmir point and two other small water tanks, one at Pindi point and the other at Kuldana Road.
• Original Water Supply Network Installed by British army in 1894
• Subsequent Addition to the Network (1974 – 1993)
• Complete Rehabilitation of the System 2009 – 2010 Water Distribution
S. NO Tank Name Capacity 1. Tonely Tank 1.3 Million Gallons 2. New Tonely Tank 0.7 Million Gallons
3. 3rd Storage Tank 2.6 Million Gallons 4. Panj-Paandu Tank 0.65 Million Gallons 5. Panj-Paandu Tank No. 2 2 Million Gallons 6. Panj-Paandu Tank No. 3 0.5 Million Gallons
7. Pindi Point Tank 1 Million Gallons 8. Kuldana Road Tank 0.5 Million Gallons Other Water Sources
In addition to the above main water sources the residents of the city utilize other sources such as • Small Springs ( Community based Capping) • Un-capped springs • Hill Torrents • Rain Water Harvesting Results Demographics Migrant/Non-Migrant Gender Status
16% 30% Migrant Male Non Migrant Female 84% 70%
Education Type of Family 3% 8% 12%
Not literate
13% Primary School 18% Middle School 35% High School Nuclear Higher Secondary Joint Graduation 65% 14% Post Graduation and above 32% Household Statistics Dependence on Foreign Remittances Type of House Ownership Status 9% 1% 3% 7% Yes 5% Rented No Independent Owned 91% Apartment Others (Government Slum/Informal House, etc.) Settlement 92% 92%
Monthly Household Income
Construction Type of House Less than 10000 1% 7% 9% 6% Between 10001 and 7% 15000 Between 15001 and Kucha 15% 26% 30000 Between 30001 and Pakka 50000 Between 50001 and Others(Both Kucha & 100000 Pakka) 37% More than 100001 92% Main Water uses
Different uses of water at Household 200
180
160
140
120 Different uses of water at Household 100
80
60
40
20
0 Drinking Cooking Washing Bathing Livestock Kitchen Garden Main Water Sources Main source of water for Main source of water drinking purpose for cooking purpose
Municipal supply 4% 2% Municipal supply 5% 1% Ground water drawn 0% Ground water drawn 10% 1% from personal 11% from personal bore/tube-well 1% bore/tube-well 1% Ground water drawn Ground water drawn trough community trough community tube-well tube-well Stream/river/lake Stream/river/lake
82% Private water vendor 82% selling bottled water Private water vendor selling bottled water Springs Springs Main Water Sources Main source of water for bathing purpose Main source of water for washing Municipal supply purpose 4% Ground water drawn from personal bore/tube-well Municipal supply 4% Ground water drawn 17% trough community 4% 2% tube-well 17% Ground water drawn from Stream/river/lake personal bore/tube-well 3%
5% Ground water drawn Private water 2% trough community tube- 69% vendor selling 2% well bottled water Stream/river/lake 1% Springs
Springs Rain water storage 70%
Rain water storage Alternate Water Sources
Alternate source for drinking Alternate source for cooking purpose purpose 2% 1% 2% Municipal supply 1% 3% Municipal supply 4% 0% 3% 4% 3% Ground water drawn from 6% 0% Ground water drawn from personal bore/tube-well 4% personal bore/tube-well Ground water drawn trough 3% Ground water drawn trough community tube-well community tube-well Stream/river/lake Stream/river/lake
Private water vendor selling Private water vendor selling bottled water bottled water Springs Springs
Rain water storage Rain water storage 83% 81% Water Tankers Water Tankers Alternate Water Sources
Alternate source for bathing purpose Alternate source for washing purpose 5% 4% Municipal supply 3% 6% 5% Ground water drawn from Municipal supply personal bore/tube-well 3% 1% 5% 3% 3% 6% Ground water drawn trough Ground water drawn from community tube-well 5% 3% personal bore/tube-well Stream/river/lake 1% Ground water drawn trough community tube-well Private water vendor selling Stream/river/lake bottled water Springs Private water vendor selling bottled water Rain water storage Springs 73% Water Tankers Rain water storage 74% Water Tankers Source Water Quality
Color Smell Taste Type of Water Dirty/ha Foul No Foul Unaccept Normal Source Clear s Color Smell Smell able Taste Taste
Municipal water 2 27 6 23 9 20 supply 18.2% 16.5% 60.0% 13.9% 45.0% 12.9% 0 8 0 8 0 8 Ground Water 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 4.8% 0.0% 5.2% 0 1 0 1 0 1 Lake/river/pond 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% Private water 0 1 0 1 0 1 vendors selling 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% bottled water 9 127 4 132 11 125 Spring Water 81.8% 77.4% 40.0% 80.0% 55.0% 80.6% 11 164 10 165 20 155 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Seasonal Variation in Water quality
Seasonal Type of Variation in Water Water Quality Summer Monsoon Winter
Source No No No Yes No Good Average Response Good Average Response Good Average Response Municipal 7 22 0 6 22 0 2 22 2 5 22 water supply 17.1% 16.4% 0.0% 22.2% 16.4% 0.0% 25.0% 16.4% 11.8% 31.3% 16.4% Ground Water 0 8 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 0 8 0.0% 6.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.0% Lake/river/pon 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 d 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7% Private water 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 vendors selling bottled water 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7% 0.0% 0.0% .7%
Spring Water 34 102 5 21 102 4 6 102 15 11 102 82.9% 76.1% 100.0% 77.8% 76.1% 100.0% 75.0% 76.1% 88.2% 68.8% 76.1% Total 41 134 5 27 134 4 8 134 17 16 134 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Spring Water Frequency of Spring Water Use
Use of Spring Water 11% 6% Very Often
11% Only During Crisis Not Applicable
Yes 83% No
89%
Last time since Spring Water Seasonal Dependency on Water was used from Springs 1% 1% 5% 11% Within Last 15 Days to Throughout the year One Month 0% 11% Within Last 6 months 6% Summers and Pre- monsoon More than 6 months to Monsoons one year back 83% Not Applicable Winters 82% Not Applicable Spring Water Different Uses of Spring Water
Others(Livestock and Kitchen Garden) Different Uses of Spring Water Washing • Average Distance of household from Bathing spring source = 380
Cooking meters • Average cost of Drinking accessing spring water =913 PKR 0 50 100 150 200 approximately 1000 PKR Spring Water Household Water Collection
Not Collecting Household Water Collection Male Children
Female Children
Adult Males
Adult Females
0 20 40 60 80 100 Average Household Daily Water Consumption & Storage
S.NO Consumption (Litres) Storage (Litres) Drinking 15.07 - Cooking 10.28 - Drinking + Cooking 24.92 27.67 Bathing 77.085 - Washing 84.11 - Bathing +Washing 159.65 196.1 Household Water Storage No. of Household Storage Tanks Average Access to Household Storage Tank Capacity of Storage Tank = 525 Litres 42% One Two 42% 52% Yes Not Applicable No 58% 6%
Source of Water for storage Number of times the storage Tank tanks are filled in a day
Personal Bore-wells 19% Water Tankers 42% 3% Once 42% Twice Others (Municipal Supply, Springs etc.) 53% More than two times 36% Not Applicable Not Applicable
2% 3% Perceptions of Water Availability Changes in Water availability Most Critical Water Challenge over the past 20 years Long distance of the water source from the house 7% Yes Limited people in the 22% house to help in water No collection 71% No Response/Don't Know/Can't Say 27% High expenditure on water 33% (includes water bills, investments, transportation costs etc.) Limited Hours of Supply
Low Quality of Water 9%
8% 8% Lack of sufficient storage facilities 14% 1%
Others Perceptions of Water Availability
Reasons for Change in Water Availability
Decrease in Rain and
3% Increase in Temperature 10% Depleteing Water Resources 24% due to Increasing Demand
Over Exploitation of Ground Water Resources 19% Mismanaged Water Resources
Poor and Inefficient Water Infrastructure
26% Others(Increase in 18% Poupulation, Urbanization, Earthquakes etc.) Perceptions of Climate Change
Household Perception Changes in Winters over the last Changes in Summers over of Climate Change in 20 years the last 20 years the city
19% 19% 2% Warmer 3% Warmer 19% Colder 4% Colder Yes No Change No Change 22% 57% No Not Applicable 74% Not Applicable 81%
Changes in Summer Rains Changes in Snowfall over Changes in Onset of Monsoon over the last 20 years the last 20 years Rains over the last 20 years
7% 19% 19% 19% 27% Increased Before time 1% Increased 4% 38% Decreased On time Decreased No Change Delayed No Change 21% Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 50% 73% 22% Perceptions of Climate Change Occurrence of Flash floods Changes in Intensity & Duration of Monsoon Rains over the last 20 years 18% 14% Increased 9% Decreased Short Duration Heavy Showers No Change 19% Long Duration Heavy Not Applicable 2% Showers 59% 0% Short Duration Light Showers Long Duration Light 15% 59% Showers No Change 5% Occurrence of Frequent Not Applicable Droughts
8% 19%
Yes No Not Applicable
73% Organizational Support
Organizational Support Type of Organization
5% 11% 22% NGO
Yes Political Party/Party based organization No Government Organization 67% 95%
Type of Support
13% 12% Financial
Technological/Infrastruc tural
Capacity building/awareness generation 75% Discussion Water Demand and Consumption
Estimated current demand as per TMA is 2.5 to 3 Million Gallons per Day (MGD). The per capita demand is considered to be around 40 gallons per capita per day as per Town Municipal Administration. The current water supply to the city varies from 1.2 to 1.5 MGD. 55% Municipal Water for Civil Population, 45% Cantonment Increase in population, increased tourism in recent years and load shedding of electricity are the main reasons of deficit Commercial Water Consumption
• Tourism is a huge Industry for the City. • Seasonal Tourist Influx plus the migrant population increases the original 25000 inhabitants to 0.5 Million people • Limited hours of Municipal Water Supplies to the Hotel Owners • Use Water Tankers at High costs to meet demands • Often forced to steal water and affect the system Water in Sub-Urban Murree
• Condition of Water Resources, availability and management is extremely poor in the Sub-Urban areas and Urban-Rural Fringe areas.
• Most Communities rely on spring water for drinking and rain water for domestic purposes. Water in Sub-Urban Murree
• Government and NGOs have worked in past on water supply schemes, many of which have become dysfunctional and need rehabilitation, others are over stressed due to increase in population
• The slow development process is unable to compete with fast urbanization and increasing population Potential Adaptive Strategies
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Deep Water Wells
• Seasonal Migration
• Identification of New Sources
• Revival of the Jehlum Water Supply Project Thank You Questions ?