Adaptive Water Governance in Himalayan Towns
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ADAPTIVE WATER GOVERNANCE IN HIMALAYAN TOWNS Zeeshan Tahir Virk Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Pakistan Agricultural Research Council • Established in 1978, PARC is the apex body for agricultural research in Pakistan • Research Centres all across Pakistan • Largest centre (National Agriculture Research Centre – Islamabad) • Climate Change, Alternate Energy, and Water Resources Institute • HI-AWARE Project HI-AWARE Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience Research on Glacier and Snowpack Dependent River Basins for Improving Livelihoods Introduction to HI-AWARE HI-AWARE funded through Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative for Africa & Asia (CARIAA) (IDRC / DFID) Project time period – 2013 to 2018 Pakistan – PARC India – TERI University Bangladesh – BCAS Nepal – ICIMOD Introduction to HI-AWARE Study Areas in Pakistan Hunza Sub-basin in High Mountain Upper Indus Basin Study Area (Hunza River Basin) Soan Basin in Pothowar Plateau Mid-Hill Study Area (Soan River Basin) Flood Plain Study Area Chaj Doab in Indus (Chaj Doab) plains Adaptive Water Governance in Himalayan Towns Introduction A regional study, focusing on impacts of; Urbanization Climate Change Water Resources Introduction This study is focusing on water; – Availability – Demand and Supply – Governance – Impacts of climate change • Increasing urbanization, population and climate change impacts in Himalayan river basins are stressing the existing water resources of these areas. • This study is investigating emerging urban settlements in Himalayan river basins, such as “Murree” in Pakistan Himalaya's unique topography and hydrogeology is able to support only 3 % Large cities 8 % Small towns People are flocking to By 2050, more than 50% of the population in six HKH countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, nearest urban and Pakistan) will live in cities. In Afghanistan and centers Nepal, this %age is expected to reach earlier . increasing urbanization and water access challenges in Himalayan towns Urban centers in the HKH region <50000 50000 -100000 100000 - 500000 500000 - 1000000 >1000000 Source: ICIMOD, 2017 Focus From left to right- Haveliyan Tansen Murree Palpa Mussorie Singtam Devaprayag Kalimpong Objectives • Assessing the current status of water resources in Himalayan towns in Pakistan. • Understanding the ways in which residents are adapting to the change in water availability Methodology Literature • Literature Review Review • Secondary Data Secondary • Quantitative Data Data – Household Survey (Stratified Random Quantitative Sampling) Data • Qualitative Data (Participatory Rural Qualitative Assessment) Data – Focus Group Discussions – Key Informant Interviews Data Analysis Historic hill station founded in 1800s MURREE Murree Tehsil: 15 Ucs Rawalpindi, Pakistan Murree City: 1 UC (Murree Urban) Original water supply network Population Projection installed by British army in 1884 250000+ 214230 2017 2016 90% reliance on Estimated current demand is 176426 springs for 3 million gallons per 1998 domestic water 153023 uses day 1981 Murree City (Adminstrative) Challenges No water-body source Strategies such as lake/river/dam Tourist based water Rain water demands and harvesting resultant stresses on available water resources Identification of new Commercial activities such sources as hotels and restaurant activities Jhelum involved in water stealing Water Adaptation measures small Supply and scattered Project Unsustainable and Seasonal resource intensive migration development Murree City (Major Settlements) Major Settlements in Urban Murree • Kachi Abadi Baroori • Kashmiri Muhalla Bansra Gali • Sunny Bank • Pindi Point • Sardar Noor Khan Town (Ihata Noor Khan) • Shawala • Dhobi Ghaat • Abbasi Muhalla • Kashmiri Muhalla Murree Hills Major Settlements in Urban Murree • Lower Bazar • Kasai Muhalla • Mochi Mandi • Kashmir Point • Hill Dholo • Jhika Gali • Mussairri • Mall Road • Kuldana Road Murree City (Water Sources and Distribution) Water Sources • The main source: Spring water 90% • 5 major water sources pump water to the reservoirs at Kashmir point. These include the following; • Doonga Gali: – Oldest water scheme. – Surface water – Two reservoirs of 6.2 Million Gallons. • Khanitak: – Spring water – capacity of 50000 gallons. – It supplies nearly 100,000 gallons – 4 stage pumping system. Water Sources • Masoot – Spring water – 2 capping tanks, of 50000 gallons. – Daily supply 150,000 gallons – 2 stage pumping system • Dharjawa – Largest spring water source – Supplies nearly 800,000 to 1 million gallons daily – 5 stage pumping system. Water Sources • Shawala: – Spring Water – Multi stage pumping system – Supplies 70,000 to 100,000 gallons daily Water Distribution • Water is distributed by means of gravity with water stored in 6 reservoirs at Kashmir point and two other small water tanks, one at Pindi point and the other at Kuldana Road. • Original Water Supply Network Installed by British army in 1894 • Subsequent Addition to the Network (1974 – 1993) • Complete Rehabilitation of the System 2009 – 2010 Water Distribution S. NO Tank Name Capacity 1. Tonely Tank 1.3 Million Gallons 2. New Tonely Tank 0.7 Million Gallons 3. 3rd Storage Tank 2.6 Million Gallons 4. Panj-Paandu Tank 0.65 Million Gallons 5. Panj-Paandu Tank No. 2 2 Million Gallons 6. Panj-Paandu Tank No. 3 0.5 Million Gallons 7. Pindi Point Tank 1 Million Gallons 8. Kuldana Road Tank 0.5 Million Gallons Other Water Sources In addition to the above main water sources the residents of the city utilize other sources such as • Small Springs ( Community based Capping) • Un-capped springs • Hill Torrents • Rain Water Harvesting Results Demographics Migrant/Non-Migrant Gender Status 16% 30% Migrant Male Non Migrant Female 84% 70% Education Type of Family 3% 8% 12% Not literate 13% Primary School 18% Middle School 35% High School Nuclear Higher Secondary Joint Graduation 65% 14% Post Graduation and above 32% Household Statistics Dependence on Foreign Remittances Type of House Ownership Status 9% 1% 3% 7% Yes 5% Rented No Independent Owned 91% Apartment Others (Government Slum/Informal House, etc.) Settlement 92% 92% Monthly Household Income Construction Type of House Less than 10000 1% 7% 9% 6% Between 10001 and 7% 15000 Between 15001 and Kucha 15% 26% 30000 Between 30001 and Pakka 50000 Between 50001 and Others(Both Kucha & 100000 Pakka) 37% More than 100001 92% Main Water uses Different uses of water at Household 200 180 160 140 120 Different uses of water at Household 100 80 60 40 20 0 Drinking Cooking Washing Bathing Livestock Kitchen Garden Main Water Sources Main source of water for Main source of water drinking purpose for cooking purpose Municipal supply 4% 2% Municipal supply 5% 1% Ground water drawn 0% Ground water drawn 10% 1% from personal 11% from personal bore/tube-well 1% bore/tube-well 1% Ground water drawn Ground water drawn trough community trough community tube-well tube-well Stream/river/lake Stream/river/lake 82% Private water vendor 82% selling bottled water Private water vendor selling bottled water Springs Springs Main Water Sources Main source of water for bathing purpose Main source of water for washing Municipal supply purpose 4% Ground water drawn from personal bore/tube-well Municipal supply 4% Ground water drawn 17% trough community 4% 2% tube-well 17% Ground water drawn from Stream/river/lake personal bore/tube-well 3% 5% Ground water drawn Private water 2% trough community tube- 69% vendor selling 2% well bottled water Stream/river/lake 1% Springs Springs Rain water storage 70% Rain water storage Alternate Water Sources Alternate source for drinking Alternate source for cooking purpose purpose 2% 1% 2% Municipal supply 1% 3% Municipal supply 4% 0% 3% 4% 3% Ground water drawn from 6% 0% Ground water drawn from personal bore/tube-well 4% personal bore/tube-well Ground water drawn trough 3% Ground water drawn trough community tube-well community tube-well Stream/river/lake Stream/river/lake Private water vendor selling Private water vendor selling bottled water bottled water Springs Springs Rain water storage Rain water storage 83% 81% Water Tankers Water Tankers Alternate Water Sources Alternate source for bathing purpose Alternate source for washing purpose 5% 4% Municipal supply 3% 6% 5% Ground water drawn from Municipal supply personal bore/tube-well 3% 1% 5% 3% 3% 6% Ground water drawn trough Ground water drawn from community tube-well 5% 3% personal bore/tube-well Stream/river/lake 1% Ground water drawn trough community tube-well Private water vendor selling Stream/river/lake bottled water Springs Private water vendor selling bottled water Rain water storage Springs 73% Water Tankers Rain water storage 74% Water Tankers Source Water Quality Color Smell Taste Type of Water Dirty/ha Foul No Foul Unaccept Normal Source Clear s Color Smell Smell able Taste Taste Municipal water 2 27 6 23 9 20 supply 18.2% 16.5% 60.0% 13.9% 45.0% 12.9% 0 8 0 8 0 8 Ground Water 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 4.8% 0.0% 5.2% 0 1 0 1 0 1 Lake/river/pond 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% Private water 0 1 0 1 0 1 vendors selling 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% 0.0% .6% bottled water 9 127 4 132 11 125 Spring Water 81.8% 77.4% 40.0% 80.0% 55.0% 80.6% 11 164 10 165 20 155 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Seasonal Variation in Water quality Seasonal Type of Variation in Water Water Quality Summer Monsoon Winter Source No No No Yes No Good Average Response Good Average Response Good Average Response Municipal 7 22 0 6 22 0 2 22 2 5 22 water supply 17.1% 16.4% 0.0% 22.2% 16.4% 0.0% 25.0% 16.4% 11.8% 31.3%